Full text of "Psyche"
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OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS,
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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE CAMBRIDGE
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
NAME AND OBJECTS.
The association shall be called the Cambridge Entomological Club,
and its object shall be to cultivate the study of Entomology.
ARTICLE II.
ELECTION OF MEMBERS.
Members may be chosen at any regular meeting, after nomination, in
g, and the affirmative
top)
vote of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to a choice.
ARTICLE III.
RIGHTS OF RESIDENT MEMBERS.
writing, by two members at a preceding meetin
Members residing in the neighborhood of Cambridge shall alone be
entitled to vote or to hold office, or shall be subject to the payment of
fees.
ARTICLE IV.
OFFICERS.
The officers shall be a President, Secretary, Treasurer, and an Exec-
utive Committee of five, of which the President, Secretary and Treas-
urer shall be members ex officiis.
ARTICLE V.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Officers shall be chosen by ballot at a meeting designated for the
purpose at least three weeks in advance, and a majority of the votes
cast shall be sufficient for a choice.
ARTICLE VI.
AMENDMENTS.
The Constitution may be altered or amended by a two-thirds vote to
that effect at any regular meeting of the Club, after a written proposi-
tion at a preceding meeting.
BY-LAWS.
ARTICLE I.
FEES.
The entrance fee shall be two dollars, and an assessment of the same
amount shall be due January first of each year. The President and
Treasurer may, at their discretion, exempt a member from assessment.
ARTICLE II.
TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP.
Members may withdraw from the Club by giving written notice of
their intention and paying all arrearages due. A delay in the payment
of any fee shall work forfeiture of membership, unless said fee is paid
within one month after a written notice to that effect given at the end
of the year.
ARTICLE ITI.
MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS.
Regular meetings of the Club shall be held on the second Friday of
each month from October to June. Five members shall form a quorum
for business. Officers shall be elected at the January meeting ; at this
meeting the retiring President shall give an address suitable to the occa-
sion, the Secretary a written statement of the annual progress of the
Club, and the Treasurer an account of its financial condition.
ARTICLE IV.
PUBLICATIONS.
The Club will publish a periodical, entitled Psycun, the general char-
acter of which shall be determined by the Club, and one or more Edi-
tors shall be chosen at the annual meeting.
ARTICLE V.
P DUTIES OF OFFICERS.
The duties of the President, Secretary and Treasurer shall be those
ordinarily required of such officers. The Executive Committee of five
shall be the governing board of the Club in the intervals between the
meetings ; the members of this Committee chosen at large shall audit
the accounts of the Treasurer. The Library shall be in charge of the
Secretary.
ARTICLE VI.
AMENDMENTS.
The By-Laws of the Club may be altered, added to, or amended by
a majority vote of the members present at any meeting ; provided that
they shall have been duly notified, at the previous meeting, of an inten-
ded change.
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Percrt.,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
VOLUME 3.
1880-1882.
EDITED BY
G: Dimmockx, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickKMAN Mann, Washington, D.C.;
ALBERT J: Cook, Lansing, Mich. ; CLirForp CuasEe Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JosErpH Duncan Putnam, Davenport, [owa;
Francis HuNTINGTON Snow. Lawrence, Kansas.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.
PuBIl ISHED BY. GEORGE DiIMMock.
1886.
eS, lat page of the succeeding issue; the last proofs of the final pages (part of nos. 10
of volume 3 were sent to the printer 10 Jan. 1887. ar
y <\
‘
>
For the contents of this volume arranged in alphabetic order of authors see nos. 2941-
3100 of the Bibliographical record, on pages 421-430.
The following list gives an explanation of the initials appended to the different numbers
of the Bibliographical record, and, at the same time, serves as a list of persons who
have contributed to the record.
£: B. Edward Burgess.
A. ¥: C. Albert John Cook.
A. K. D. Anna Katherina Dimmock.
G: D. George Dimmock.
H: &. Henry Edwards.
C: H: F. Charles Henry Fernald.
R. H. Roland Hayward.
S: H. Samuel Henshaw.
L. O. H. Leland Ossian Howard.
B: P. M. Benjamin Pickman Mann.
S. H. P. Selim Hobart Peabody.
F. D. P. Joseph Duncan Putnam.
A. R. Henri Albert Robin.
Ff. G: S. Frank George Schaupp.
E&. A. S. Eugene Amandus Schwarz.
S: H. S. Samuel Hubbard Scudder.
R. Th. Roland Thaxter.
W; T. William Trelease.
H: W. T. Henry Ward Turner.
F. M. W. Joseph Martin Wilson.
PS Y Glide
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL - CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. |
. EDITED BY
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Citrrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 69.
JANUARY 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS — Acknowledgements : ; : 7 : ; : ‘ . 2
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE Errect oF CoLp APPLIED TO come ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES
—W: H: Edwards. 2 : , : : F : : : : ; ; . 38-6
InrrRopucTORY — Announcement 5 F ; ; : : : ; : ; ; ; a
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD Fs ‘ ; : 5 ; : : 8-10
EntromoLocicaL Items — Society Meetings _ tgumetearals ; : - - - root
ADVERTISEMENTS — Notice : , Z F E ; : ; ’ ‘ : : aera bY
CampripGe, Mass., U. S. A.: PusiisHep sy Grorce Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
|Entered as second class mail matter.]
os
2 PSYCHE.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
(> Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed.
Sample copies, postpaid, 10 cents.
Yearly subscription, postpaid, . s 3 $1.
One volume (three years), postpaid, . ae By
Yearly, printed on one side of thin paper
(for pasting the titles of the bibliographical
record on title-slips,) postpaid, . 3 : $1.
One volume, printed on one side of thin
paper, postpaid, : 2 ; - : 2 $3.
One volume (regular) and one volume on
one side of thin paper, postpaid, . + x ah
Twenty-five extra copies, without change of
form, to the author of any leading article,
if ordered at the time of sending copy, Free.
Author’s extras over twenty-five in num-
ber, under above mentioned conditions,each, 2c.
Separates, with changes of form —actual cost
of such changes in addition to above rates.
Ba= Scientific publications desired in exchange.
ADVERTISING RATES, ETC.
TERMS CASH— STRICTLY IN ADVANCE.
8a= Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
will be allowed in PSYCHE, and the advertising
pages will be numbered consecutively with those
of reading matter and indexed at the end of the
volume. The editors reserve the right to reject
advertisements.
Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects
for exchange or desired for study, not for cash,
free, at the discretion of the editors.
Regular style of advertisements plain, at the
following rates:—
Outside Inside
Page. Pages.
Per line, first insertion, $0.10 $0.08
Eighth page, first insertion, . 2 he 60
Quarter “ ‘ “ 125 1.00
Half a £ Cx . 2.25 1.75
One < of Ae 4.00 3.50
Each subsequent insertion one half the above rates.
Address Epitrors oF Psycue,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaegev’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 & 25 & 35 em., 45 cts’
Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 em., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 380 X 8.5 K 0.5 cm., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 & 50
mm., 10> 60 mm., 12 * 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets.
per 1000; 27x12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Lucanus cervus : each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER, Cambridge, Mass.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The Cambridge Entomological Club gratefully
acknowledges the receipt of the following contri-
butions to the permanent publication fund.
Previously acknowledged, $146.85
From S: H. Seudder, Cambridge, Mass.
(Sale of specimens) . ~° . 2.60
« . T..Cresson, Philadelphia, Pa. 2.00
« . A. Schwarz, Washington, D.C. 5.50
« HH. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn. 80
H.K. Horton, Boston, Mass. 10.00
ee . $167.75
e
ee CC EIR.
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD .APPLIED TO CHRYS-
ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
1. In May 1878, I placed many chrys-
alids of Papilio ajax, from eggs laid by
form walshii, in the ice box. The youngest
were aged but 10 to 15 minutes after pu-
pation and were still soft ; others were add-
ed at intervals up to the age of 24 hours
(the chrysalis is hard at about 12 hours),
and others yet at 2 days, 3 days and so
on to 8 days after pupation. All were re-
moved from the box on the same day. The
exposure had been from 19 to 5 days, those
chrysalids which were put in latest gener-
ally having had the shortest exposure. I
wished to determine, if possible, whether,
in order to effect any change, it was neces-
sary that cold should be applied immediate-
ly after pupation, or if one or several days
might intervene between pupation and ic-
- ing. Inasmuch asno color begins to show
itself in the pupa till a few hours, or at
most a day or two, before the butterfly
emerges, I thought it possible that cold
applied shortly before that time might be
quite as effective as if applied earlier, and
particularly very soon after pupation. The
result was that more than half the young-
est and immature chrysalids died; one
which had been exposed at 10 minutes
after pupation, two at 1 hour, one at 2
hours, two at 3 hours. On the other hand,
one exposed at 15 minutes, one at 2 hours,
and one at 12 hours, produced butterflies.
The temperature was from 32° to 34° F.
[0° to 1° C.] most of the time, rising some-
what daily as the ice melted. The nor-
mal chrysalis period in this species is from
11 to 14 days, in case the butterfly emerges
the same season, but now aud then a single
butterfly will emerge several weeks after
pupation. The latter is an uncommon oc-
currence, however, as usually the chrysa-
lids which do not give imagos within 14
days retain them till the following spring.
The form which would naturally emerge
the first season from these chrysalids is
marcellus, but all the overwintering chrys-,
alids would produce telamonides or walshii,
which latter are the winter forms of the
species. If then, from the chrysalids sub-
jected to cold, the winter form should
emerge the same season, it would be owing
to the exposure to cold.
On the 14th day after taking the chrysa-
lids from the ice, one telamonides emerged,
from a chrysalis placed in the ice box 3
days after pupation, and kept there 16 days.
4 PSYCHE.
On the 19th day, emerged one telamonides,
or a form between that and walshii, from a
chrysalis put in the box 12 hours after pu-
On the
19th day emerged one walshii, from chrys-
alis 2 hours old, and on ice 11 days. All
the rest emerged unchanged marcellus, but
at periods prolonged in a surprising way : —
pation and kept there 11 days.
One on 43d day, exposed at 15 minutes.
One on 46th day, exposed at 2 hours.
One on 53d day, exposed at 24 hours.
One on 62d day, exposed at 6 days.
One on 63d day, exposed at 4 days.
One on 66th day, exposed at 7 days.
One on 77th day, exposed at 4 days.
One on 81st day, exposed at 12 hours.
One on 91st day, exposed at 5 days.
One on 96th day, exposed at 19 hours.
Five chrysalids lived over until the
spring of 1879, when all produced tela-
monides.
2. In June 1879, I obtained eggs of
the form marcellus, and in due time had
from them 104 chrysalids. I placed about
one third, or 35, in the ice box, at from 12
to 24 hours after pupation, dividing them
into three lots: 1st, 9 chrysalids, kept on
ice 14 days; 2nd, 12 chrysalids, 20 days ;
3d, 11 chrysalids, 25 days.
and conditions the same as. in experiment
No. 1.
Of the 69 chrysalids not exposed to cold,
34 gave butterflies at from 11 to 14 days
after pupation, and one additional example
emerged 11 Aug., or at least 22 days past
the regular period. I reserved these chrys-
alids that I might be able to compare the
butterflies from these with the butterflies
from the same lot of eggs, but whose chrys-
alids were iced.
Of the chrysalids on ice, from lot No. 1,
Temperature
emerged 4 9 at 84 to 9$ days after
removal from the ice, and 5 are now living
and will pass the winter. From lot No. 2,
emerged 1 % 5 2, at 8 to 9 days; another
? came out at 40 days, and 5 go over the
winter. From lot No. 3, emerged 4 , at
9 to 12 days; another % at 54 days, and
6 were found to be dead.
In this experiment, I wished to see, as
exactly as possible: 1st, in what points
changes would occur; 2d, if there would
be any change in the shape of the wings,
as well as in markings and coloration, —
that is, whether the shape might remain
that of marcellus, while the markings might
be of telamonides or walshii, or a summer
form with winter markings — (in previous
experiments I had not noted this point so
carefully as I wished now to do); 3d, to
ascertain more closely than I had yet done
what length of exposure to cold was re-
quired to bring about a decided change,
and what would be the effect of prolonging
that period. After my experiments with
Phyciodes tharos, as shown in Butterflies
of N. A., v. 2, and which had resulted in
a suffusion of color, I hoped that I might see
a similar change in Papilio ajax, brought
about either by the low temperature or pro-
longed exposure.
I obtained from these chrysalids 11 per-
fect butterflies, 1 6 10 2. Some others
emerged crippled, and these I rejected, as
it was not possible to make out their mark-
ings satisfactorily. From lot No. 1, 14
days: 1 ¢ between marcellus and tela-
monides, 2 2 murcellus. These latter
were pale colored, the light parts a dirty
white, the submarginal lunules on hind
wing only two in number and small, at
anal angle one large and one small red
spot, and the frontal hairs very short.
_
PSYCHE. 5
The black of the first, or imtermediate,
female was also pale, but the light parts
were more green and less sordid; there
were three large lunules, the anal red spot
was double and connected as in telamoni-
des, the frontal hairs were short as in
marcellus. I find these the most salient
points for comparing the several forms of
P.ajazx. In nature there is much difference
in shape also between marcellus and tela-
monides, still more between marcellus and
walshii, and the latter may be distinguished
readily from telamonides by the white tips
of the black tails. In telamonides the
white edges both sides of the tail. Walshii
is smaller and the anal spot is larger and
edged with white on upper side, and the
frontal hairs are long and brush-like and
black. In marcellus they are very short
and with much yellow; in telamonides
they are of a length between the other two,
black with yellow next the eyes.
From lot No. 2, 20 days, came: 1 2
marcellus, with single red spot; 1 @
between marcellus and telamonides, the
colors pale, the lunules all obsolescent, two
large red spots but not connected, frontal
hairs of medium length, as in telamonides ;
1 2 between marcellus and telamonides,
color not pale, but black and green, three
lunules, two large red spots, frontal hairs
short; 1 @ telamonides, colors black and
green, four lunules, a large double and
connected red spot, frontal hairs medium ;
2 2 telamonides, colors like last, three
and four lunules, two large red spots, not
connected, frontal hairs medium.
From lot No 3, 25 days: 1 % telamon-
ides, clear colors, four large lunules, one
large and one small red spot, frontal hairs
long; 1 @ telamonides, of medium color,
four lunules, large double and connected
red spot, frontal hairs long.
In general shape all are marcellus, the
wings produced, the tails long.
By which it appears that those exposed
25 days were fully changed ; of those ex-
posed 20 days, three were fully, two partly
changed, and one not at all. Of those ex-
posed 14 days, one partly, two not at all.
The butterflies from this lot of 104
chrysalids, but which were not subjected
to cold, were put in papers as they emerged.
Taking 6 % 6 2 from the papers, as they
came to hand, I spread them and compared
with the iced examples.
Of the 6 &,4 have one red anal spot
only, 2 have one large and one small; 4
have two green submarginal lunules on
hind wing, 2 have three, and these latter
have a fourth, which is obsolescent, at outer
angle ; all have short frontal hairs.
Of the 6 2, 5 have but one red spot, 1
has one large and one small spot; 5 have
two lunules only, 1 has three; all have
short frontal hairs.
Comparing 6 of the females from the
iced chrysalids, being those in which a de-
cided change occurred, with the 6 females
not iced : —
1. All the former have the colors more
intense, the black blacker, the light, green.
2. In 5 of the former the green lunules
on hind wings are decidedly larger; 3 of
the 6 have four distinct lunules, 1 has three,
1 has three, and a fourth, at outer angle,
obsolescent.
Of the 6 not iced, none have four, 2
have two, and a third, being the lowest of
the row, obsolescent, 3 have three, the
lowest being very small, 1 has three and a
fourth, at outer angle, obsolescent.
3. In all the former the subapical spot
on fore wing and the stripe on same wing
which crosses cell inside the common black
band, are distinct and green; in all the
latter these marks are either obscure or
obsolescent.
4. In4of the former there is a large
double and connected red spot at anal
angle, and in 1 of them it is edged on its
upper side by white ; 2 have one large and
one small red spot. Of the latter, 5 have
one spot only, and the 6th has one spot
and a red dot.
5. The former have all the black por-
tions of the wing of deeper color but of less
extent—the bands being narrower; on
the other hand, the green bands are wider
as well as deeper and clearer colored.
Measuring the width of the outermost
common green band along middle of upper
median interspace on fore wing in tenths of
a millimetre, I find it as follows : —
On iced chrysalids, 81, 66, 76, 76, 66, 66.
On not iced, 56, 56, 51, 51, 46, 51.
Measuring the common black discal
band along middle of lower median inter-
space on same wing : —
On the iced, 51, 66, 51, 51, 56, 61.
On the not iced, 76, 71, 66, 63, 71, 76.
In other words, the natural examples
are more melanic than the others.
I find no difference in length of tails or
in the length and breadth of the wings.
The cold has produced no effect in the
shape of the wings.
Comparing 1 male from the iced chrys-
alids with the 6 males not iced : —
1. The former is bright colored; 2 of
the latter are the same, 4 have the black
pale, the light pale and sordid.
2. The former has four lunules; 3 of
the latter have three, 3 have two only.
PSYCHE.
3. The former has a large double con-
nected red anal spot, edged with white; 3
of the latter have but one red spot, 2 have
one large and one small spot, 1 has one
large red spot and a red dot.
4. The former has the subapical spot
and stripe in cell clear green; 1 of the lat-
ter has the same, 5 have these obscure or
obsolescent.
Looking over all, of both sexes, in both
lots, the iced and not iced, the largeness of
the green submarginal lunules on fore
wings in the iced examples is conspicuous
as compared with all the others, — though
this feature is included in the general wid-
ening of the green bands spoken of.
In all my experiments at any time made
with P. ajax, if any change at all has been
produced by cold, it is seen in the enlarg-
ing or doubling of the red anal spot, and
in the increased number of clear green
lunules on hind wings. Almost always the
frontal hairs are lengthened, the color of
the wings deepened. So also the extent of
the black area is diminished. All these
changes are in the direction of telamo-
nides, or the winter form.
That the effect of cold is not simply to
precipitate the emerging of the winter
form, making the butterfly which would
naturally leave its chrysalis in the succeed-
ing spring to emerge in the season in
which it fed as a caterpillar, is evident
from the fact that the shape is always that
of the summer form, while the markings
are of the winter form. Those chrysalids
which go over the winter, on the other
hand, do not have the summer form, but
the winter, and the markings agreeing
thereto, just as in examples in nature.
On these the cold has produced no effect
whatever. (To be continued on p. 15.)
PSYCHE. 7
PSYCHE.
JANUARY
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE. :
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
INTRODUCTORY.
THE THIRD volume of Psycue will ap-
pear in the form in which this numero is
given to the public. With the improve-
ments which this change of form admits
in the BrstioGRAPHICAL RECORD, and the
increased amount of matter presented to
the public in each numero, the editors hope
to make Psycue still more acceptable than
it has been heretofore to its readers.
Although the Campripce EnTromo.oert-
cau Crus, of which Psycue is the official
organ, is a society bearing a local name,
its members are chosen without local limi-
tation, and Psycue will endeavor to repre-
sent the interests of scientific entomology
wherever pursued, and to advance, impar-
tially, the welfare of all societies having
the same objects in view.
Systematic or descriptive, and economic
entomology are fields so well occupied al-
ready by other American entomological
publications, that Psycue is justified in de-
voting itself, as heretofore, to the general
anatomy and physiology of arthropoda and
to bibliographical and biological entomol-
ogy. Faunal lists, heretofore sparingly
admitted in Psycue, will hereafter be ex-
cluded, not because they lack in value, but
because they are of no interest to the ma-
jority of the readers to whom Psycue pro-
poses to address itself.
More attention than heretofore will be
given in Psycue to items concerning the
latest scientific discoveries in entomology,
the proceedings of societies, and the doings
of entomologists. Brief items, and con-
densed abstracts of the proceedings of sci-
entific societies in all parts of the world, so
far as they are related to general entomol-
ogy, would be thankfully received by the
editors. Official notices of the times of
meetings of entomological societies will be
inserted in our column devoted to that pur-
pose, free of charge.
The Brsri0oGRAPHICAL ReEcorD, in con-
sequence of the new arrangement, will
contain yearly about three times as many
references as heretofore, and these will be
given ina much more convenient form. It
will be compiled by a larger number of
workers, guided by printed rules to secure
uniformity, and will be much more com-
plete than any similar record ever before
attempted. In order to perfect this record
the editors respectfully request copies of
miscellaneous papers containing entomol-
ogical articles that would naturally other-
wise be overlooked. Ga:
ANNOUNCEMENT.
_ Tue Fepruary numero of Psycue will
contain a list, complete as the editors can
make it, of the entomological writers who
have died during the year 1879. G. D.
8 [1447-1453]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD,
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name, as :
A: Augustus; B: Benjamin; C:
Charles; D: David; E: Edward ; F: Frederic ; G: George ; H: Henry ; I: Isaac ; J: John; K: Karl;
L: Louis ; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Peter; R: Richard; S: Samuel ;
The initials at the end of each record, or note, are those of the recorder, and will be explained at the
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that is noticed.
liam.
end of each volume.
T: Thomas ; W: Wil-
When there are not sufficient titles of current papers to fill the space allotted to the Record, earlier ento-
mological publications will be recorded. In this way it is expected to include, finally, in the Record, all titles
of papers not included in Hagen’s Bibliotheca entomologica, which treat of North American or general
entomology, and all papers on entomology published in North America.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
The tsetse fly.
African insect scourge (The).
y. 10, p. 74-75,
(Journ. applied sci., May 1879,
52 cm.)
Notice. (Psyche advert., July 1879, p. 7-8.)
Habits of glossina morsitans, mostly compiled from the
works of Dr. David Livingstone. G: (1447)
Ashmead, W: H. On a new psocus. (Can.
entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 228-229.)
Describes ps. citricola n. sp. ; habits of ne.
B: P.M. (1448)
|Blatta orientalis used for dropsy.] (New
remedies, March 1879, v. 8, p. 67, 6 cm.)
(Psyche advert., May-June 1879, p. 8.)
G: D. (1449)
Blue grasshoppers. (“Esmeralda herald,” .. .)
({D.] times-review, Tuscarora, Elko Co.,
Nev., 17 Sept. 1879, v. 4, no. 67, p. [8], col.
34, 5 cm.)
Occurrence of locusts ‘‘ with wings and the under part
of the body of a pale blue or lavender color ”’ at Esmeralda,
Nev. B: P.M. (1450)
Brandt, Eduard. Ueber die Metamorphosen
des Nervensystems der Insecten. Mit 2 pho-
tolithographirten Tafeln. Separatabdruck
aus den “ Horae societatis entomologicae ros-
sicae.” Bd. xv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879.
t.-p. cover, 11 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 5-6,
dl X 21.
A general and comparative view of the metamorphoses
of the nervous system of insects of the different orders.
The author’s researches were upon ‘*62”’ species of insects,
distributed as follows: hymenoptera, oes coleoptera, 12;
lepidoptera, 8; diptera, 12; archiptera, 2; neuroptera, 1:
Literature 119 ¢ titles). Figures the metamorphoses of the
nervous system in sarcophaga carnaria, syrphus ribesii,
stratiomys chamaeleon, melolontha vulgaris, acilius sulca-
tus, and formica rufa. ~ G: D. (1451)
Brandt, Eduard. Untersuchungen iiber das
Nervensystem der Dipteren. |Separatabdruck
aus den “‘ Horae societatis entomologicae ros-
sicae.” Bd. xiv., 1879.] St. Petersburg, 1879.
4 p., 25 X 16, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 1-4.
A brief summary of the results recorded in E. Brandt’s
“*Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen tiber das Ner-
vensystem der Zweifliigler (Diptera).”’ G: D. (1452)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Skizze des Nervensystems der Insekten. Mit
2 photolithographirten Tafeln. Separatab-
druck aus den “ Horae societatis entomologi-
cae rossicae.” Bd. xv [? xiv], 1879. St. Pe-
tersburg, 1879. t-p. cover, 17 p., 25 17, t
18 X 10.8, pl. 3-4.
Distribution of nerves and ganglia. Some insects have
no infraoesophageal ganglia. Convolutions of the brain
are found in every order of insects, and sometimes differ
between individuals of the same species. The size of the
supraoesophageal ganglion is very different in different in-
sects, and is larger the more the faceted eyes are developed.
It is incorrect to call the supraoesophageal ganglia alone
the brain; the development shows that the supraoesopha-
geal and infracesophageal ganglia, together, form the brain,
or head-portion of the nervous system. The nerves of the
labrum do not arise from the under surface of the supra-
oesophageal ganglion, but from the oesophageal ring. Dis-
tribution of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia. The
number of ganglia differ, not only in different species but
also in the different individuals of a species, according to
sex. The last abdominal ganglion is not, in all insects, the
most complicated; the penultimate is often the most com-
plicated abdominal ganglion (e. g., in the worker of apis
mellijica); the first is the most complicated abdominal
ganglion in some insects (e. g.,in carabus). No insect, vor
larva, has as many nerve-ganglia as it has body-segments ;
only in embryos do the number of body-segments and
ganglia agree. Sympathetic system. Classification and
explanation of the principal types of nerve-systems in em-
bryos, in larvae, andinimagos. Morphological signification
of different ganglia. Literature (44 titles). Illustrates the
different types of nerve-system by 25 schematic figures ;
figures the nerve-systems of bombus muscorum and apis
mellifica. G: D. (1458)
PSYCHE.
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Hemipteren. Mit 1 photolithographirten Ta-
fel. Separatabdruck aus den “Horae socie-
tatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xiv, 1879.
St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 10 p., 25 X
17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 4, 31 X 21.
General characters, development, and classification into
5 types, of the nervous system of hemiptera, based on the
study of 70 species. Literature (17 titles). Figures the
nervous system of 11 species. G: D. (1454)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Hymenopteren. Mit 1 [4] photolithographir-
ten Tafel[n]. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae
societatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xiv,
1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 20 p.,
25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 7-10.
General characters, development, and classification into
10 types, of the nervous system of hymenoptera, based on
the study of 260 species, of 31 larvae, and of its metamor-
phoses in 15 species. Literature (46 titles). Figures the
nervous system of 10 species, its metamorphoses in 2 spe-
cies, and gives 13 figures of much enlarged separate por-
tions. G: D. (1455)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Kifer, Coleoptera. Mit 5 photolithographirten
Tafeln. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae so-
cietatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xy, 1879.
St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 17 p., 25 X
17, t 18 x 10.8, pl. 10-12.
General characters, development, and classification into
4 types, of the nervous system of coleoptera, based upon a
study of 235 species, of 36 species in the larval, and 12 in
the pupal state. Literature (43 titles). Figures the ner-
vous system of 24 species, of 3 larvae, and its metamor-
phoses in 2 species. G: D. (1456)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Lepidopteren. Mit 1 photolithographirten Ta-
fel. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae socie-
tatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xy, 1879.
St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 16 p., 25 x
17, t 18 x 10.8, pl. 14, 87 X 31.
General characters, development, classification into 4
types, and characters in the principal families, of the ner-
yous system of lepidoptera, based upon a study of 118 spe-
cies, of 42 larvae, and its metamorphoses in 8 species. Lit-
erature (81 titles). Figures the nervous system of odonestis
tatoria J, orgyia antiqua 2, zygaena trifolii 9, hepiolus
umuli 2, of young and of full-grown larva of cossus ligni-
perda; its metamorphoses in vanessa urticae.
G: D. (1457)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Zweifliigler, Diptera. Mit 4 photolithograph-
irten Tafeln. Separatabdruck aus den “ Ho-
rae societatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd.
xv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover,
18 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 15-18.
General characters, development, characters in different
families, and classification into 6 types, of the nervous
system of diptera, based upon a study of 275 species, of
29 species in the larval and of 12 in the pupal state. Fig-
ures the nervous system of 26 species, of 5 larvae, and its
metamorphoses in 7 species. The results are given more
briefly in E. Brandt’s *‘ Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Dipteren.”’ G: D. (1458)
‘
[1454-1469] 9
Brous, Harry A. Habits of amblychila cylin-
driformis. (Trans. Kansas acad. sci., 1877, v.
5, p. 11-12, fig.)
Includes description and figure. G: D. (1459)
Castor-oil plant [ricinus communis] (The).
(Colonies and India, 5 April 1879, suppl., p. 2,
21 cm.)
Statement (1 cm.) that bombyx arrindi requires ricinus
for food. G: D. (1460)
Ceylon coffee blight [hemileia vastatrir| (The).
(Colonies and India, 11 Jan. 1879, p. 13,28 cm.)
Quotes (3.5 cm.) remarks by Joseph Dalton Hcoker upon
the conditions furnished by cultivation of plants for the
spread of noxious insects. [Hemileia is a fungus. ]
G: D. (1461)
Clothes moth (The). (Journ. applied sci., Feb.
1879, v. 10, p. 25-26, 57 cm.)
Habits and transformations of tinea tapetzella, t. bisell-
iella (or t. crinella), and t. pellionella. Reprinted from The
warehouseman. G: D. (1462)
Edwards, W: H: [Danais archippus swarm-
ing.]| (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 239.)
Quotes a statement from A. H. Mundt that large num-
bers of d. archippus remained congregated on the branches
of a tree for some days in Sept. 1879, at Fairbury, Ill.
B: P. M. (1463)
Edwards, W: H: Description of a new spe-
cies of pamphila. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v.
11, p. 238-239.)
Describes p. dion n. sp. B: P. M. (1464)
Edwards, W:H: On the larval habits of lim-
enitis arthemis, with its co-form proserpina, and
also of J. disippus. From advance sheets of
part 8, vol. 2, of Butterflies of North America.
(Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 224-228.)
Food-plants and method of constructing the hibernacula.
B: P. M. (1465)
Entomological society of Ontario — Mon-
treal branch. |6th annual general meeting,
and report of the council.| (Can. entom.,
Dee. 1879, v. 11, p. 229-251.)
Proceedings, election of officers, annual report.
B: P. M. (1466)
Freeman, F: The history of Cape Cod
[Mass.]: the annals of Barnstable county and
of its several towns, including the district of
Mashpee. 2v., Bost., [1860-1864]. Each v. 803
Peeve loeb lie <ou.o:
Describes (v. 1, p. 524, foot-note) the French soldiers, in
the American camp at West Point, during the Revolution,
roasting and eating grasshoppers. This foot-note is quoted
in Psyche advertiser, July 1879, p. 9-10. G: D. (1467)
Grasshopper raid in Shasta. (“Yreka jour-
nal,” 6 Aug. 1879.) (Weekly bulletin, San
Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29,...
6 cm.)
Ravages of locusts near Shasta, Cal. 2B: P. M. (1468)
Grasshoppers and the dairy farmers.
(“Truckee republican,” 6 Aug. 1879,...)
(Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug.
1879, v. 24, no. 29,..., 7 cm.)
The ravages of locusts in the mountains and valleys
around Truckee, Cal., have obliged the ae to seek
new pastures for their cattle. B: P. M. (1469)
10 [1470-1487]
Grote, A: Radcliffe. The species of erotyla,
spragueia, fruva, xanthoptera, exyra and prothy-
mia. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, vy. 11, p. 231-
238.)
Describes the neuration of most of the species, with de-
scriptive and synonymical notes ; catalog of the species.
B: P.M. (1470)
Hagen, Hermann August. Among the bugs.
A forenoon with an entomologist. Interesting
facts about insects in general and one in par-
. ticular. (Bost. evening journ., 11 July 1879,
y. 46, no. 15283, p. [1], col. 6-7, 96 em.)
Account of a visit to Dr. Hagen, at the Museum of com-
parative zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; habits of anthrenus
scrophulariae, and means against it. B: P.M. (1471)
Hagen, Hermann August. Museum pests.
(Journ. applied sci., June 1879, vy. 10, p. 90-91,
104 em.)
Reprint of the author’s ‘* Museum pests observed in the
entomological collection at Cambridge [Mass.] ’’ [PsycHe,
Rec., no. 1473], g. v. G: D. (1472)
Hagen, Hermann August. Museum pests ob-
served in the entomological collection at Cam-
bridge |Mass.]. (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist.,
Jan. [5 Feb.] 1879, v. 20, p. 56-62.)
Abstract. (Nature, 29 May 1879, v. 20, p.
106, 17 cm.)
Reprint, entitled, “ Museum-pests.” (Journ.
applied sci., June 1879, v. 10, p. 90-91, 104 cm.)
Treats of species of dermestes, attagenus, anthrenus, pti-
nus, tribolium, sylvanus, tinea, atropus, clothilla, an acarus
(probably tyroglyphus), psocus and oecophora; compares
the ravages of insects in European with those in American
collections. G: D. (1473)
Hagen, Hermann August. The yellow fever
fly. (Boston d. advertiser, 21 July 1879, no
22121, v. 133, no. 173, p. [1], col. 3.)
Information sought about a fly which appears at the
times of outbreak of yellow fever in the southern United
States. B: P. M. (1474)
Heustis, Caroline Eliza. [Papilio thoas.] (Can.
entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 239-240.)
Dates of pupation and imagination of p. thoas in New
Brunswick. BEM, Alaa)
Insect pest to the fruit crop of Santa Clara
Valley (An). (“San Jose times,” 10 Aug.
1879.) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal.,
14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29,...,17 cm.)
Also entitled, ‘‘ A pest to the apple and pear crop of the
Santa Clara valley.’’ The ‘‘red scale louse ”’ or ‘‘red scale,”’
first noticed near San Jose, Cal., 3 or 4 years ago, supposed
to have been imported on Sicily oranges, very destructive
to apple trees and pear trees ; its habits ; means of destroy-
ing it. Carpocapsa pomonella, recently imported, also
destructive. B: P. M. (1476)
Moffat, J. Alston. [Papiiio thoas.] (Can. en-
tom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 240.)
P. thoas feeding on dictamnus fraxinella at Hamilton,
Ont. B: P.M. (A477)
Morris, Ernest. Insect pests of the Amazon.
(Charlestown [Mass.] news, 17 May 1879, y. 1,
no. 37,..., 42 cm.)
Mention of the personal annoyances caused by insects
in the valley of the Amazon. B: P.M. (1478)
means of opposing the midge.
PSYCHE.
Niin insect of Yucatan (The). (Journ. applied
sci., Feb. 1879, v. 10, p. 24-25, 89 cm.)
Abstract. (Colonies and India, 26 Apr. 1879,
p. 9, 15 em.)
Notice. (Psyche advert., March 1879, p. 8.)
Chemical nature, source, and uses as drying oil and as
waterproof varnish, of niin, the secretion of an insect
supposed to be allied to coccus cochinillifera. Facts on the
authority of Dr. Arthur Schott, of the scientific commis-
sion of Yucatan. G; D. (1479)
Notes on commercial drugs and chemicals.
(New remedies, June 1879, vy. 8, p. 164-165,
55 cm.)
Brief commercial notes on blatta orientalis as a remedy
for dropsy (3 cm.), and on insect powder from chrysanthe-
mum and pyrethrum (3 em.), with its great advance in
price early in 1879. G: D. (1480)
Oil-producing insect (A new). (Colonies
and India, 26 April 1879, p. 9, 15 em.)
Notes on niin, the fatty product of a species of coccus.
See ‘‘ Niin insect of Yucatan.”’ G: D. (1481)
Plague of locusts in Russia (A). (“London
times.”) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco,
Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29, ... 11 cm.)
A little about the ravages of locusts, and more about
other subjects. B: P. M. (1482)
Plant-producing caterpillar of New Zea-
land (The). (Colonies and India, 11 Jan. 1879,
p- 9, 12 cm.) (Journ. applied sci., Feb. 1879,
p. 23-24, 13 cm.)
Notice. (Psyche advert., March 1879, p. 8.)
Growth of sphaeria robertsii from larva of he vires-
cens. :D. (1483)
Reeling silk by electricity.
India, 11 Jan. 1879, p. 72, 4 cm.)
The breaking of a single filament of silk breaks a current
of electricity, and, by suitable alarms, warns an attendant.
From The electrician. G: D, (1484)
(Colonies and
“ROOT, L.C. Quinby’s new bee-keeping : mysteries of
bee-keeping explained; combining results of fifty years’
experience, with latest discoveries and inventions, and
presenting most approved methods; forming complete
guide to successful bee-culture. N. Y., Orange Judd co.,
1879. 270 p., por., D. il. cl., $1.50.
“Ist ed. of [M.] Quinby’s work appeared 1866; just be-
fore his death he was contemplating a new edition present-
ing new methods and processes tested and adopted by
him. L.C. Root, his son-in-law, who was perfectly familiar
with his later views, embodies them here, besides giving
the results of his own experience.’’ —Title-slip registry,
May [June] 1879, v. 1, p. 45. (1485)
Rural (pseud.). The wheat midge. (Ells-
worth [Me.] American, 4 Sept. 1879, no. 1281,
y. 25, no. 36, p. [4], col. 1, 45 em.)
Practical statement of the differences between the
wheat midge (cecidomyia tritici) the Hessian fly (ec. de-
structor) and the wheat weevil (sitophilus granarius) ;
B: P. M. (1486)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners.
(Can. entom., Dec. 1879, y. 11, p. 221-228, fig.
13-14.)
Proposal to prepare a series of articles adapted especially
to beginners; figures dytiscus harrisii and hydrophilus
triangularis, describes the former; habits of the former
and of h. piceus of Europe. B: P.M. 1(487)
PSYCHE. 11
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE INDEX of volume 2 of Psycun, which
requires considerable care and time in its prepar-
ation, will be forwarded to all subscribers to that
volume as soon as it is printed.
Tue Doxtrus prize of the Entomological So-
ciety of France was awarded last year to MM.
Mulsant and Rey for their Histoire naturelle
des coléopteres de France.
THe Liprary of the Cambridge Entomologi-
cal Club has been placed in the charge of Mr. C.
C. Eaton, of Cambridge, Mass., for whose zealous
and punctual labors the members of the club
have reason to be thankful.
Mr. G. Dimmocxk left America, 26 July 1879,
for Europe, and may be addressed at Leipzig,
Germany, for the season of 1879-1880. Upon
business connected with Psycur, he may be
addressed at Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following :—
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 28 Apr. 1880.
25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,,
24 Mar. ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological
Section of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on
Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de-
termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend
to present communications that may provoke
discussion are requested to allow the Secretary
to announce their subjects, in order that other
members may come ready to enter into a thor-
ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary,
Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
James H. Ripines,
Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880.
James H. RipinGs,
Recording Secretary.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg-
maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male,
(body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 cm. wide), Sandalus ni-
ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata,
Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal-
lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro-
dera scalator, Acanthrocinus nodosus, Cylas formica-
rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana
coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE,
350 St. Peter St..
New Orleans, La.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies. ;
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
12 PSYCHE.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No. 2.—50 on a sheet.
No, 1.—40 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (postrain), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers ; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50 M;
1877 43 M; 187845 M; 1879 46.50 M.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
No. 64 was issued 9 Aug. 1879.
NOTICE.
Copies of this numero of PsycHE will
be sent to a large number of entomologists
in Europe and America, in order to show
its change of form. Psycne, although the
organ of a club having a local name, will
continue to be devoted to general rather than
to local entomology. Its editors solicit
communications from entomologists in all
parts of the world on the general anatomy,
physiology and biology of insects ; also arti-
cles, items, and brief accounts of the pro-
ceedings of societies, so far as they are of
general interest. Communications may be
sent in French or German, and will be
translated into English for publication.
The Bibliographical Record will be pre-
pared by co-operative labor, and the assist-
ance of additional willing helpers is de-
sired. Persons who give assistance will be
furnished with printed instructions.
{= European exchanges and communi-
cations will receive more immediate atten-
ion by being addressed to
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NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
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ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Gerorce Dimmocx, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge,
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHAse Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 70.
FrEeBruary 1880.
Mass. ;
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS — Acknowledgments ‘ , : 14
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF CoLD (Ais cigeat TO eaees ALIDS OF Evmeweens
— W: H: Edwards 15-19
PROCEEDINGS OF apenas ei aicrncla staal ee of Tein Cambridce Entomol-
egical Club . 20
BiIBLioGRAPHICAL REcoRD : 21-22
Enromoxrocicat Items — Society Mesins 23
ADVERTISEMENTS . 24
CamprinGe, Mass., U. S. A.: PusiisHep sy George Dimmock.
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[Entered as second class mail matter.]
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
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Pee ORT TE:
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO CHRYS-
ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
(Continued from p. 6.)
With every experiment, however similar
the conditions seem to be, and are intended
to be, there is a difference in results, and
at present the reason therefor does not ap-
pear. For example, in 1878, the first but-
terfly emerged on 14th day after removal
from the ice, the period being exactly what
it is at its longest in this species in nature,
with an occasional exception. Others
emerged at 19 days and several at inter-
vals up to the 96th day after ice. In
1879, the emergence began at 8 days, and
by 12 days all which came out this year
had appeared, except three belated indi-
viduals at 22,40 and 50 days. In previous
experiments, no matter what the species,
the butterflies had not emerged till after
the natural period of the chrysalis had
passed, after removal from the ice. In
this one, either the cold had not fully sus-
pended the changes which the pupa under-
goes in the chrysalis, or these changes
were hastened by some other cause after
the chrysalids were taken from the ice.
In the first experiment, apparently, the
changes were absolutely suspended as long
as the cold remained.
It might be supposed that the application
of heat to the overwintering chrysalids
would precipitate the appearance of the
summer form of P. ajaz, or change the
butterflies suv that while they had the shape
of telamonides they should have the color-
ation of marcellus. But I have not found
I have been in the habit,
for several years, of placing the chrysalids
this to occur.
in a warm room or in the greenhouse, early
in the winter, so causing the butterflies to
emerge in February, instead of in March
and April, as they would otherwise do. But
the winter form has invariably emerged
from such chrysalids.
3. In June 1879, I obtained eggs of
Grapta interrogationis, laid by form wm-
brosa, in confinement. As the chrysalids
formed, and at intervals of from 6 to 24
hours after pupation, they were placed in
the ice box. After 14 days I removed all
but five, which were left 6 days longer.
Several were dead at the end of the 14
days. ‘Temperature most of the time about
35° F. [1°.7 C.], but a little higher for a
few hours each day, as the ice melted, reach-
16 PSYCHE.
ing then 40° to 45° F. [4° to 7°C.]. I
obtained from the 14-day lot seven perfect
butterflies, 3 & 4 2; from the 20-day lot
five, 4 $ 1 2; every one umbrosa; and
nearly all had changed in one striking par-
In the normal umbrosa, of both
sexes, the fore wings on upper side have,
ticular.
on costal margin next inside the broad
border of hind margin, and separated
from it by a considerable space of fulvous,
a dark patch which ends a little below the
discoidal nervule ; inside the same border
at inuer angle is a similar patch lying on
the submedian interspace.
two patches, across all the median inter-
Between these
spaces, the ground is fulvous, but very
slightly and faintly clouded with black.
Indeed, this clouding would usually not be
noticed.
I find that in all the four 2 exposed to
cold 14 days, there is present a broad biack
band crossing the entire wing, continuous,
of uniform shade, covering the two patches
and intervening space, and almost confluent
with the marginal border from end to end,
only a streak of obscured fulvous any-
where separating band and border. In
the other female, being from chrysalis ex-
posed 20 days, the band is present, but
while broad and covering the space between
the patches, it is not so dark as in the other
examples, and includes against the border
This
is like some normal females, and this fe-
male, though longest exposed, therefore is
essentially unchanged.
In all the males, the patches are diffuse,
those at apex almost coalescing with the
border. In the three males from the 14-
day lot, these patches are connected by a
narrow dark band (very different from the
a series of obscured fulvous lunules.
broad band of the females), which occu-
pies the same position as the clouding in
the normal male, but blackened and some-
what diffused. In the four examples from
the 20-day lot, this connecting band is
scarcely as deep colored and continuous
as in the other three. Beyond this change
on the submarginal area, whereby a con-
spicuous band is created where naturally
would be only the two patches and a faint
cloudiness over the intervening fulvous
space, I see no difference between these
examples of both sexes and a long series
of natural ones placed beside them, so far
as relates to the upper surface.
On the under side, all the males are of
the same type, the colors intense. There is
considerably more red, both dark and pale,
over the whole surface than in the series
ofnatural examples ; these latter discovering
shades of brown, over which is a bluish or
In the females I discover
no change on under side.
It appears that 14 days was as effective
in producing changes in case of this Grap-
ta, asa longer period. In fact, the most
decided changes were found to be in the
lilaceous flush.
females exposed least. It appears also that
cold will produce change if applied after
the chrysalis has hardened. In 1878, I
put Grapta chrysalids on ice at from 10
minutes to 6 hours after pupation, and
while some were quite soft,—and lost
every one of them, although some chrysa-
lids of P. ajax in same box, and in part
exposed very shortly after pupation, were
not injured. It also appears that cold may
change certain markings only, and that
the females were most susceptible to the
influence.
The resulting butterflies were all wm-
PSYCHE. 17
brosa, though both forms of the species
might have been expected to appear. In
breeding from eggs laid by umbrosa in a
former year, I obtained both forms of the
butterfly, viz.: 11 wmbrosa and 6 fabri-
citi. But from this single experiment it
cannot be determined whether any change
of form was brought about.
4. In 1877, a lot of eight chrysalids
of P. ajax, all under 12-hours from pupa-
tion, were put on ice and left there 24 days.
(They were placed on top of the ice, but
in all later experiments I have placed them
under it, in the bottom of the box.) The
temperature was irregular, and as I was
absent from home nearly all of the time,
and had to leave the box in charge of ser-
vants, I felt no certainty that the ice had
not been supplied irregularly, or that there
had not been intervals during which there
was no ice in the box. But from these
chrysalids there came 5 8 3 @ butterflies.
Of these, one was telamonides unquestion-
ably, in color and markings; all the rest
were between telamonides and marcellus.
Two other chrysalids, on ice 23 days, in
the box at same time with the above men-
tioned eight, gave telamonides. But three
more, exposed 26 days, and 1 hour from
pupation when placed in the box, all gave
unchanged marcellus.
In the box at same time were 6 chrysa-
lids of G. interrogationis, and all of them
gave unchanged umbrosa.
5. During the same season, 1877, I ex-
posed six P. ajaw chrysalids, keeping the
temperature as nearly as possible at 33° F.
[0.6° C.]. One was 1 hour from pupation,
and remained in the box 5 days ; one same
age, remained in box 23? days; three at
3 hours old, for 8 days, and one, age
omitted, for 6 days. All these produced
marcellus, and therefore they had not been
affected by the cold.
6. In 1877, I had placed several chrys-
alids of Lycaena pseudargiolus in the ice
box, thinking that I might thus obtain the
form violacea, which is the winter form of
the species. On 8 Aug., 31 days after the
chrysalids were removed from the box, a
female emerged, in some respects consider-
ably unlike either of the forms. The com-
mon series of dark streaks and points across
the disks was wholly wanting, though the
stripes across the ends of cells were pres-
ent; and the marginal crescents were large
and black — far more conspicuous than is
ever seen in the natural pseudargiolus, and
still very unlike violacea. The general
coloration of both surfaces was that of the
usual female pseudargiolus. All the other
chrysalids were found to be dead.
In Can. Entom., v. 7, p. 236-240, I gave
an account of the first experiments made
by me in exposing chrysalids to cold, the
subject being P. ajax. The chrysalids
were placed in the ice box, but were sub-
sequently removed to the ice house and
left for two months after forming, but on
returning home after a long absence I
found the ice had wholly melted. The
chrysalids had at first been subjected to a
low temperature in the box, but as the ice
in the house failed, the temperature had
risen so that when I examined the tin
cases which had held the chrysalids, many
butterflies were found alive therein in a
crippled state. About one half the butter-
18
flies that emerged from this lot were com-
pletely changed, being telamonides and
walshii, and about half the rest were partly
changed. It was observed also that the
butterflies were generally smaller than the
average marcellus. Ihave not been able
to subject chrysalids to cold fora very long
period, for the reason that ice fails us in
midsummer, it having been put up when
thin and of poor quality, owing to our
moderate winter climate. Indeed, in some
seasons we get no ice at all, as the streams
do not freeze over. On more than one
occasion the period of exposure has abruptly
terminated, and much earlier than I had
intended, by the failure of the ice.
SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIMENTS WITH
P. ajax.
In 1877: chrysalids 1 to 3 hours old
exposed from 23 to 8 days. ‘Temperature
33°+ F. [0.6° C.]. No change effected.
In 1878: chrysalids 10 to 15 minutes
old, and at intervals up to 1 day, and then
daily to 8th day from pupation; expos-
ure from 19 to 5 days. Result: one
telamonides or walshii from chrysalis 12
hours old, 11 days exposure ; one walshii
from chrysalis 2 hours old, 11 days expos-
ure ; one telamonides from chrysalis 3 days
old, 16 days exposure; all the rest un-
changed, but the periods of emergence
remarkably prolonged. Temperature 33°
S 2. poo” C.}.
In 1879: chrysalids not less than 12
hours old nor over 24 hours; exposed 14,
20, and 24 days. Result: the period of
emerging greatly precipitated in nearly all
cases. From the 14-day lot there was no
change or only a partial one ; from the 20-
day lot, one half were changed, the rest
PSYCHE.
partly or not at all; from the 25-day lot
all were changed. Temperature 33°+ F.
fOx6 Cal:
In 1877: chrysalids under 12 hours old,
but the minimum not noted; exposure 24
days. Temperature 40° F. [4.4° C.] and
upwards, irregular. Result: one changed
fully, seven partly ; some others subjected
to same conditions for 23 days were fully
changed ; others at 26 days not at all.
In 1875: chrysalids stated in my note
book to have been exposed ‘‘as formed,”
but the exact age not given; exposed for
30 to 60 days; temperature at first about
32° F. [0° C.], afterwards uncertain. Re-
sult: 50 per cent. fully changed, 25 per
cent. partly, rest not.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS : —
1. P.ajax. The longer the exposure
under a low temperature the more decided
the change, but 25 or 30 days seem quite
sufficient in many cases, and changes have
been produced by exposure for 20, 16 and
11 days; no changes recorded at less than
11 days ; while exposure at 8 days and less
has produced no effect except in some cases
to prolong the chrysalis period.
2. The longest interval between pupa-
tion and exposure to cold when any change
has resulted, has been 3 days. In all in-
stances beyond that no change has been
produced. The shortest interval has been
two hours, and in this instance the but-
terfly was changed to walshiti, which is a
change more extreme than to telamonides.
Most chrysalids exposed so early die in the
process, but as many changes have been
effected when the age of the chrysalis at
exposure has been from 12 to 24 hours, I
believe that to be the most satisfactory pe-
riod. The chrysalis has then become hard-
PSYCHE.
ened, and the growth of the organs of the
pupa probably then begins, and their direc-
tion may best be turned by the cold then
applied.
3. The effect of the cold is to albinize
the butterfly, the black area being con-
stantly reduced.
4. Cold has failed to change the shape
of the wings, its influence being confined
to coloration and markings; the frontal}
hairs of the head have also been changed ;
and the sexes are equally susceptible.
5. Grapta interrogationis. 14 days
exposure after the chrysalids have hard-
ened, has been found suflicient to produce
changes; and the females were most sus-
ceptible to the influence of cold.
6. With different species the degree of
temperature required to produce the most
decided change varies. I have succeeded
best with Phyciodes tharos, at 40° F.
[4.4° C.]. At 32° F. [0° C.] have de-
stroyed many Grapta chrysalids, but this
may have been principally because the
chrysalis was too tender when exposed.
19
With P. ajax 32° to 40° F. [0° to 4.4° C.]
seems a proper temperature.
My experiments with Ph. tharos are
given in Can. Entom., v. 9, p. 4, and p.
204-206. Also in Butterflies of N. A.,,
ve 2,. pt. 7.
change was brought about, and every but-
terfly emerged in the winter form. 'Temp-
erature about 40° F. [4.4° C.], and con-
tinued for 7 days, the chrysalids being 3,
6, 9 hours old when exposed, and before
several had hardened. In the second ex-
periment, the temperature was about 32°
F. [0° C.]; the chrysalids were 10 min-
utes to 9 hours old, and the exposure was
about 20 days. It was found that the but-
terflies emerging from chrysalids which
had been from 1 to 9 hours old were com-
pletely changed; some which had been
from 30 to 60 minutes old were not
changed, while others of same lot were
greatly suffused. I concluded that with
this species it was not necessary that cold
should be applied after the chrysalids had
hardened, in order to change the form.
In the former, a complete
REVIEWS.
ProressorR Epuarp Branpv’s interest-
ing papers upon the nervous system of in-
sects, which appeared during 1878 and
1879 [see Rec., nos. 1451-1458] in the
Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae,
- are yaluable additions to the literature of
the subject. The amount of research upon
which the author’s conclusions are based,
can be best understood, perhaps, by con-
sidering that Professor Brandt examined
the nervous system of nearly a thousand
species of adult insects, and of about one
hundred and twenty-five species of larvae,
and that he studied the metamorphoses of
the nervous system in more than fifty spe-
cies. Up to the time of appearance of
Professor Brandt’s papers but little had
been published upon this subject; for ex-
ample, the metamorphoses of the nervous
system had been traced in only eight spe-
cies (four lepidoptera and four coleoptera).
Many important facts were ascertained in
his studies, and the papers, published both
in German and in Russian, and fully il-
lustrated with photolithographic plates, pre-
sent the facts in a systematic and carefully
condensed form. @. D.
20
PSOE:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., FEBRUARY 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
3 Dec. 1879.—... Mr. W.L. Dis-
tant exhibited a hitherto unrecorded vari-
ety of Danais plexippus (commonly known
as D. archippus), received from Antigua.
... Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communi-
cated some interesting details as to tenacity
of life in Curculio cleonus. — The Rev. H.
S. Gorham read a paper entitled ‘‘ Mate-
rials for a revision of the Lampyridae.”
— Mr. Bates, in connexion with the light-
emitting power of this family, remarked
that certain species of longicorns mimicked
Lampyridae with great exactness, the light-
giving segments of the latter being per-
fectly represented in the longicorns, al-
though destitute of phosphorescent power.
— Mr. J. W. Slater communicated a pa-
per ‘“‘ On certain minute characters of in-
sects with reference to the theory of evolu-
tion.” — Extracted from Athenaeum, 27
Dec. 1879, p. 853.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
9 Jan. 1880. — 64th meeting. The of-
PSYCHE.
ficers for the year 1880 were elected, as
follows: E: Burgess, President; B: Pick-
man Mann, Secretary, Treasurer, and Ed-
itor of Psycue; E: Payson Austin, S:
Henshaw, Dr. E: Laurens Mark, Execu-
tive Committee.
Retiring president E: Burgess delivered
the annual address, upon the progress
made in anatomical and physiological en-
tomology in recent years. [The address
will be published in Psycue. |
Retiring secretary B: Pickman Mann
presented his annual report, including the
annual report of the treasurer, and of act-
ing librarian Clifford Chase Eaton. This
is the sixth annual meeting, and the third
annual meeting as a corporation. The
Club has 16 resident and 56 non-resident
members. During the past year it has
held 9 meetings, and has received 22
principal communications. 64 pages of
PsYcHE, with 7 advertiser covers, were
issued in 1879, also 26 extra pages of
entomological items and advertisements,
and 26 pages of the bibliography of the
entomological writings of Dr. G: H:
Horn and the writings of S: Hubbard
Scudder. 32 more pages, besides the in-
dexes, are required to complete the sec-
ond volume of Psycue. Measures have
been taken to ensure the continued publi-
cation of Psycue through a fhird volume.
The permanent publication fund amounts
to $167.75.
262 new titles have been recorded in the
library accession book since the last report,
making 729 in all. A card catalog is be-
ing formed, and now numbers 203 cards.
The arrangement of the volumes in the
library is nearly completed.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
=...
PSYCHE.
[1488-1501] 21
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD,
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets | |], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name,as: A: Augustus; B: Benjamin; C:
Charles; D: David; E: Edward ; F: Frederic ; G: George ; H: Henry; I: Isaac ; J: John; K: Karl;
L: Louis ; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Peter; R: Richard; S: Samuel; T: Thomas; W: Wil-
liam. The initials at the end of each record, or note, are those of the recorder, and will be explained at the
end of each volume. Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that is noticed.
When there are not sufficient titles of current papers to fill the space allotted to the Record, earlier ento-
mological publications will be recorded. In this way it is expected to include, finally, in the Record, all titles
of papers not included in Hagen’s Bibliotheca entomologica, which treat of North American or general
entomology, and all papers on entomology published in North America.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Association francaise pour l’avancement des
sciences — Congres de Montpellier, Section de
zoologie. [Abstract of proceedings, by Adrien
Dollfus.] (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1
Dee. 1879, p. 17-21.)
Jules Lichtenstein (p. 19-20) on some of the peculiarities
of the reproduction of the aphidae. G: D. (1488)
Barber, S. Habits of animals in relation to
the weather. (Monthly journ. sci., Nov. 1879,
s. 3, v. 1, p. 728-731, 1 fig.)
Figures a spider’s web spun between four lighted can-
dles ; other notes on habits of species of araneae.
G: D. (1489)
Bee ranching in California. (Springfield | Mass. ]
d. republican, 5 Sept. 1879, p. 2, col. 6, 12 em.)
From Sunday afternoon. G: D. (1490)
Brunner von Wattenwyl, Carl. Mono-
graphie der Phaneropteriden. Herausgegeben
von der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesell-
schaft in Wien. Mit 8 Tafeln. Wien, 1878.
t.-p.+ 401 p., 22.5 x 14, t 16 10.5; 8 pl.
27 X 22.5, t 24.5 « 18.
405 species divided into 115 genera and 39 groups, all ex-
cept groups described in Latin. 49 of the genera are rep-
resented by a single species each. 62 of the species, be-
longing to 23 genera, are North American, but only 17
species (7 new) belonging to5 genera (dichopetala =1 new)
are recorded north of Mexico; of these 5 genera, 2, with
5-+3 species, are peculiar to the U. S., one only of the spe-
cies occurring also in Mexico. Each genus (except ory-
prora n. g.) is represented on the plate by a single species.
The nomenclature of the neuration is discussed in the intro-
duction, and the work is preceded by a division of the Lo-
eustarians into 14 tribes, and a table to find the genera
described in the work, also in Latin. S: H. S. (1491)
Cook, Albert J: Bees improved by breeding.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 34.)
The same principles apply to the breeding of bees that
are practiced in improving our higher animals.
. A.J: C. (1492)
Failla-Tedaldi, L. Note sur une invasion
de la vanessa cardui L. observée en Sicile.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, March 1879,
p. 64-65.)
Observations on swarming. G: D. (1493)
K., J.D. Vol de libellules. (Feuille des jeunes
naturalistes, Nov. 1879, p. 15.)
Records great flight of dragon-flies near Havre, France,
7 Oct. 1879. G: D, (1494)
Northern range of cermatia forceps. (Amer.
nat., Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 711.)
C. forceps taken in Mass. and N. H. G: D, (1495)
Saunders, W: Papilio cresphontes. (Can. en-
tom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 240.)
Occurrence of p. cresphontes at Hamilton, Ont., and at
Thedford, Ont., feeding on diclamnus fraxinella and zan-
thoxylum americanum. Bs P.M. (1496)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. The brushes of the
white-marked tussock moth, orgyia leucostigma,
Smith & Abbot. (Valley naturalist, 1878, v.
ps9)
These brushes are used to cleanse the ‘‘ beauty spots ’’
on the hinder segments. B: P.M. (1497)
Southern Illinois normal university, Carbon-
dale, Jil. 5th annual report of the principal
[Robert Allyn] to the board of trustees. Car-
bondale, Ill., 1879. 44 p., 21 x 13.
Contains (p. 25-42), ‘‘ Report of the curator of the mu-
seum,’’ by G: Hazen French. B: P. M. (1498)
Turner, H: Stratagem of a wasp. (Amer.
nat., Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 710.)
A wasp leads up a tree by one of the antennae, a roach,
probably previously stung. G: D. (1499)
Weiss, J: Crickets. (Atlantic monthly, Oct.
1877, v. 40, p. 467-468.)
In verse. G: D. (1500)
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
Brandt, Johann Friedrich. [Biog. notices. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, jahrg. 2, 8 Sept. 1879, p. 480;
20 Oct. 1879, p. 529.) (Botanische Zeitung,
14 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 37, p. 743.)
Dr. Brandt was b. 25 May 1802, in Jiiterbogk, Prussia,
and d. 15 July 1879, at Merekull near Narva, Russia. He
was Prof. of Zool. at St. Petersburg, Russia, from 1834 un-
til his death. G: D. (1501)
22 [1502-1518]
Chapman, T: |[Biog. notice.| (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 17 Noy. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.)
B. 22 Jan. 1816 in Nottingham, England; d. 27 Aug.
1879, in Burghill, Hereford, England. Spent much of life
in Glasgow, where he studied the entomological fauna of
Scotland. G: D. (1502)
Chapuis, Félicien. [Biog. notices.] (Naturae
novitates, Oct. 1879, no. 20, p. 199.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 17 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.)
[Biog. sketch by Dr. E.Candéze.| (Comptes
rendus soc. entom. Belge, 4 Oct. 1879, s. 2, no.
69, p. 1-4.)
Dr. Chapuis, coleopterist, was b. in 1824, in Verviers,
Belgium, where he afterwards practiced medicine. He d.
in Heusy near Verviers, 30 Sept. 1879. G: D. (1503)
Chavannes, Auguste. [Biog.notice.] (Zool.
Anzeiger, 6 Oct. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 528.)
Dr. Chayannes, Prof. honor. de l’Academie de Lausanne,
an entomological writer, d. 16 Sept. 1879, at Lausanne,
Switzerland. G: D. (1504)
Chenu, Jean Charles. [Biog. note.] (Bost. d-
advert., 17 Nov. 1879, no. 22223, v. 134, no. 73,
2 cm.)
Dr. Chenu was b. in 1808, in Metz, France; d. Nov. 1879.
“From 1850 to 1861 he was engaged with others in
publishing an ‘Encyclopédie d’histoire naturelle,’ a work
which made thirty-one volumes.’? — Bost. d. advert.
B: P. M. (1505)
Fedrizzi, Giacinto. [Biog. note.] (Naturae
novitates, Feb. 1879, no. 3, p. 47.)
Dr. Fedrizzi, an entomological writer, d. in Padua, Italy,
in 1879. G: D. (1506)
Fitch, Asa. [Biog. notices.] (Amer. nat., Dec.
1879, v. 13, p. 798.) :
[Biog. sketch by E. P. Thurston, entitled
“Sketch of Dr. Asa Fitch.”] (Pop. sci. mo.,
Nov. 1879, v. 16, p. 116-120, por.)
Dr. Fitch was b. at Salem, Washington Co., N. Y., 24
Feb. 1809, and d. there 8 Apr. 1879. In 1826 he went to
the Renssalaer School at Troy, N. Y. ; in 1829 was graduated
from the Rutgers Medical College in New York city; in
1854 was appointed N. Y. State Entomologist, and held the
latter position for 17 years. £: B. (1507)
Gastaldi, Bartolomeo. [Biog. notices.] (Nat-
urae novitates, Feb. 1879, no. 4, p. 57.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 21 April 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 216.)
Dr. Gastaldi, Prof. Geol. and Palaeont., Director of the
Museo Civico, in Turin, Italy, was b. 10 Feb. 1818, in Tu-
rin; d. 5 Feb. 1879, in Turin. G: D. (1508)
Gervais, Paul. [Biog. notices.] (Naturae
novitates, March 1879, no. 5, p. 67.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 10 March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 144.)
(Amer. nat., April 1879, v. 18, p. 275-276.)
M. Gervais, Prof. of Comparative Anatomy at the Mu-
sée d’histoire naturelle, was b. 26 Sept. 1816, in Paris; d.
10 Feb. 1879, in Paris. G: D. (1509)
Loew, Hermann.
zeiger, 23 June 1879, jahrg. 2, p.
nat., Dec. 1879, v. 13, p. 798.)
Dr. Loew, the dipterist, was b. 7 July 1807, in Weissen-
fels, Prussia; d. 21 April 1879, in Halle on the Saale,
Prussia. G: D. (1510)
[Biog. neue (Zool. An-
336.) (Amer.
PSYCHE.
Moncreiffe, T: [Biog. notices.| (Naturae
novitates, Aug. 1879, no. 17, p. 174.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 8 Sept. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 480.)
|Biog. sketch by F. Buchanan White, en-
titled, “In memoriam Sir Thomas Moncreiffe,
Bart.”] (Scottish naturalist, Oct. 1879, p.
145-148, por.)
Sir T: Moncreiffe, of Moncreiffe, Scotland, President of
the Perthshire Society of Natural History, and of the Cryp-
togamic Society of Scotland, a lepidopterist, d. 16 Aug.
1879. G: D. (1511)
Moquerys, S. [Biog. note.] (Naturae novi-
tates, April 1879, no. 7-8, p. 92.)
M. Moquerys, coleopterist, d. 12 Feb. 1879, at Rouen,
France, aged 87. G: D. (1512)
Pictet, Edouard. [Biog. notices.]
22 May 1879, v. 20, p. 88, 6 cm.)
novitates, June 1879;no. 12, p. 135.)
Neuropterist ; d. in 1879, in Geneva, aged 4.
G: D, (1513)
Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig.
|Biog. notices.| (Naturae novitates, April
1879, no. 7-8, p, 92.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 7 April
1879, jahrg. 2, p. 192.)
[| Notice, by Friedrich, entitled “ Necrolog H.
G. L. Reichenbachs.”| (Sitzungsber. d. natur.
Gesellsch. Isis zu Dresden, Jan.—June 1879, p.
97-104.)
Dr. Reichenbach, Prof. of Natural History at Dresden,
was b. in 1793 in Leipzig; d. 17 March 1879, in Dresden,
Saxony. G: D. (1514)
(Nature,
(Naturae
Rondani, Camillo. [Biog.notices.| (Naturae
novitates, Oct. 1879, no. 21, p. 207.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 17 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.)
Prof. Rondani, dipterist, d. 18 Sept. 1879, in Parma,
Italy, aged 72. G: D. (1515)
Saunders, W: Wilson. [Biog.notices.] (Nat-
urae novitates, Sept. 1879, no. 19, p. 190.) (Bot-
anische Zeitung, 14 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 37, p.
743.) (Amer. nat., Dec. 1879, v. 13, p. 798.)
Botanist and entomologist, b. in Little London, near
Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England, 4 June 1809; d. at
Raystead, Worthing, 13 Sept. 1879. G: D. (1516)
Smith, F: [Biog. notices.] (Psyche adver-
tiser, March 1879, p. 7.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 24
March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 168.) (Naturae novi-
tates, March 1879, no. 6, p. 81.) (Can. entom.
April 1879, v. 11, p. 78.) (Naturalist | York-
shire], April 1879, p. 158.) (Entom. m. mag.,
April 1879, v. 15, p. 263-264.)
[Biographical notice, by J. W. Dunning.]
(Entomologist, April 1879, v. 12, p. 89-92.)
Mr. Smith, Assistant Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum,
hymenopterist, b. in 1805, in London; d. 16 Feb. 1879, in
London. G: D. (1517)
White, Adam. [Biog. notices.]| (Zool. An-
zeiger, 17 Feb. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 96.) (Psyche
advertiser, March 1879, p. 7.)
Mr. White was b. 29 April 1817, in Edinburg, Scotland ;
d. 4 Jan. 1879, in Glasgow, Scotland. He was in the En-
tom. Dept. British Museum from 1835 to 1863.
G: D. (1518)
PSYCHE.
23
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE LIBRARY of the Swiss Entomological
Society has been removed from Schaffhausen to
No. 195 4, rue des gentilshommes, Berne.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL library of the late Pro-
fessor Loew has been put on sale by List and
Franke of Leipzig. It contains many rare pa-
pers upon diptera.
Mr. Van per Wot-p, Secretary of the Dutch
Entomological Society, has recently been ap-
pointed to the rank of Referendarius to the State
board of control.
Tue Last numero of the Harvard Library
Bulletin published an account of the Entomol-
ogical Libraries of the United States, by S: H-
Seudder. The next will contain the first instal-
ment of a Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by
the same author.
WHATEVER is sent to the editors of Psycur
or to the CamBripGE EnTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, as
a gift or otherwise, should be so addressed, and
should be sent to Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.;
whatever is sent to the editors, for their private
possession, should be distinctly addressed to
them individually.
Mr. W: S. Barnarp, Instructor in Entomol-
ogy at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., informs
-us that the report, in the N. Y. Times, that his
paper, read at the Saratoga meeting of the A.
A. A. S., on the Bud-blight insect, stated that
Psylla pyri had not been described in this coun-
try, is not correct, and that the mistake was made
by the reporter.
M. Paut Noet calls attentionin the December
numero of the Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, to a
new mode of collecting nocturnal lepidoptera,
He employs a lantern, hung about a metre and a
half above the ground, as a permanent attrac-
tion, and then burns, from time to time, a small
piece of magnesium tape, to attract specimeng
from a greater distance to a point where they
can see and come to the less brilliant light. Ac-
cording to M. Noel, a half-metre of tape suffices
for the evening, costs but little, and gives re-
markably good results.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 ape St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Many, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 28 Apr. 1880.
25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,,
24 Mar.
”
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological
Section of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on
Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de-
termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend
to present communications that may provoke
discussion are requested to allow the Secretary
to announce their subjects, in order that other
members may come ready to enter into a thor-
ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary,
Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
James H. Ripines,
Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following: —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880.
James H. Ripines,
Recording Secretary.
24 PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.— 40 on a sheet. No. 2.—50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PrRor. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (postpaio), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron vy. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 18754 2.50 M;
1877 23 M; 187845 M; 1879 a 6.50 M.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Hntomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg-
maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male,
(body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 em. wide), Sandalus ni-
ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata,
Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal-
lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro-
dera scalator, Acanthocinus nodosus, Cylas formica-
rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana
coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE,
350 St. Peter St., New Orleans, La.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
Nos. 65-68 are not yet issued.
No. 69 was issued 22 Jan. 1880..
o® peace
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ] ve ee
a i : ya
EDITED BY
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Cutrrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3: --No.- 71.
Marcu 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : ; ; . ; 5 ; ' ‘ : : : seer
Recent Srupirs 1n INSECT esinaie Third Anuual Address of the President — £d-
ward Burgess : Se Spe at) se : ° : : : : ? : : 27-43
TITLE S.iips s , ; : ; : : ; p : : ‘ ; $ ; . 44
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : ; : ‘ ‘ ‘ ; ‘ ; Z ‘ 45-46
EntomoLocicat Irems — Society Mise ; - - : - - : : A «| et
ADVERTISEMENTS S * 4 B é 4 : “ ‘ 4 é » : ; 2 4S
CampripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PupiisHep By Grorcre Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. . MONTHLY NUMEROS, 165 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. |
26
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
(> Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed.
Sample copies, postpaid, 10 cents.
Yearly subscription, postpaid, . : $1.
One volume (three years), postpaid, . . $3.
Yearly, printed on one side of thin paper
(for pasting the titles of the bibliographical
record on title-slips,) postpaid, . : é $1.
One volume, printed on one side of thin
paper, postpaid, = A 3 2 : = $3.
One volume (regular) and one volume on
one side of thin paper; postpaid, . : Aisek HF
Twenty-five extra copies, without change of
form, to the author of any leading article,
tf ordered at the time of sending copy, Free.
Author’s extras over twenty-five in num-
ber, under above mentioned conditions, each,
Separates, with changes of form —actual cost
of such changes in addition to above rates.
2¢.
&a> Scientific publications desired in exchange.
ADVERTISING RATES, ETC.
TERMS CASH— STRICTLY IN ADVANCE.
aa Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
will be allowed in PSYCHE, and the advertising
pages will be numbered consecutively with those
of reading matter and indexed at the end of the
volume. The editors reserve the right to reject
advertisements.
Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects
for exchange or desired for study, not for cash,
free, at the discretion of the editors.
Regular style of advertisements plain, at the
following rates:—
Outside Inside
Page. Pages.
Per line, first insertion, $0.10 $0.08
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Quarter * a: aS 1.25 1.00
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Each subsequent insertion one half the above rates.
Address Epirors oF Psycue,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & Sonn,”
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PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-5, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 ets. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45 ets.
Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 em., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 X 8.5 X 0.5 em., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8X 50
mm., 10 60 mm., 12 & 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22 14 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 2712 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Zucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Prckman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stagés of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10cents. ©
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
eee Ce a.
RECENT STUDIES IN INSECT ANATOMY.’
THIRD ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.
In the annual address expected from the
chair of the Cambridge Entomological club,
your first President discussed the then re-
cent contributions to our knowledge of the
life-history of insects, and last year some
of the phenomena of their geographical dis-
tribution were brought to your notice; a
third side of entomological study fortu-
nately remauns for me, and so— simply
as a recorder, not as a critic —I will en-
deavor to lay before you tonight a brief re-
view of the works relating to insect anat-
omy and physiology which have been pub-
lished during the past two years. As this
could not have been attempted, without
the aid of Prof. Carus’ Zoologischer An-
zeiger, let me join in the paean which
grateful zoologists raise to the editor and
publisher of this invaluable record of zo-
ological progress.?
We find very few general works, as one
may suppose, to be noticed. The conclud-
ing part of Dr. Graber’s useful manual
1 After much of this address was written, the
record by Mr. Frank Crisp in the Monthly Journ.
Royal Micros. Society came to my notice, and
proved useful, as will be seen, in many cases.
2 Les Abeilles, organs et functions, ete. Paris,
Bailliere, Dec. 1878. 288 p., 1 pl., 30 figs.
’
‘*Die Insecten,” has just appeared. It
contains the chapters on embryology and
development, and as the first general sketch
of the subject, its publication is certainly
epoch-making. Mr. Emerton’s ‘ Struc-
ture and Habits of Spiders” contains much
on the anatomy and development of these
animals, and, with its numerous original
figures, will be of great service to general
students.
Mr. Maurice Girard? has published a
work on bees, which I have not yet seen.
And this is also the case with Dr. H. Gren-
acher’s large work on the structure of the
arthopod eye.?
The first annual report of the U. S. En-
tomological Commission contains a general
sketch of the anatomy of Caloptenus, by
Dr. Packard, the most important part of
which is the description of the respiratory
system, with its tracheae and air-sacs.
There is also a section* on the histology
of the digestive tract, by Dr. C. S. Minot.
Previously unnoticed structures, in the shape
3 Untersuch. u. d. Sehorgan der Arthropoden.
Gottingen, 1879.
*See also Dr. Minot’s article, Amer. Nat.,
(June 1878,) v. 12, p. 339.
28
of twelve longitudinal, forward projecting,
folds on the border between the stomach
and ileum, are described.
Of the papers on the general anatomy
of groups or species, is one of considerable
length by Dr. Ernst Voges,® on the Juli-
dae, the greater part being a description
of species, particularly, however, in respect
to the male génital armature. There is
also a general description of the dermal
skeleton, with its muscles, of the tracheal
system, and of the scent glands; the sec-
tion on the tracheal system being the most
important. Voges regards the mouths of
the tracheae in the “stigmatic pouches,”
as the morphological stigmata ; the pouches
themselves being simple infoldings of the
derm, carrying the true stigmata within
the body. The scent glands are retort-
shaped bodies, the necks of which open,
of course, into ‘‘ foramina repugnatoria,”
and are provided with an automatic plug,
the mouth being opened by the contraction
of the muscle appended to each gland.
In a later note ® Dr. Voges describes the
tracheal system of Glomeris, which seems
to approach that of the hexapods, as there
is no stigmatic sac, but true stigmata
which open externally, leading into short
tubes (probably modified tracheal trunks),
which bifurcate, their forks giving rise in
turn to furcating tracheae. There is, how-
ever, no tracheal anastomosis. The stig-
mata are armed against the entrance of
impurities by an edging of numerous thorn-
like structures. It should be remembered
that the tubes have points for the insertion
special muscles, like the stigmatic sacs of
Julus.
5 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 31, p. 127.
6Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 1, p. 361.
-that of larval insects.
PSYCHE.
Mr. S. Sograff sums up his studies on
certain Chilopods in a short note in Carus’
Zool. Anzeiger (v. 2, p. 16). Among the
points referred to may be mentioned the
following: The tracheae resemble those
of lepidopterous larvae, and are provided
with a simple, though very peculiar stig-
matic closing apparatus. The brain con-
sists of fibres and of cells of two sorts, the
smaller of which recall those of hexapods.
The form of the brain depends on the
number of eyes and length of body. The
longer a chilopod is, the fewer eyes, and
the smaller optic lobes, consequently. The
latter are totally wanting in Himantarium.
The structure of the eye closely approaches
The ovaries are
much like those of spiders; the nearly ripe
eggs are clothed with small, probably epi-
thelial, cells. The receptaculum seminis
shows a distinct muscular and epithelial
wall. The testes are filled with large,
quadrangular big-nucleated, mother cells,
which probably arise from the epithelium
of the thin, upper part. The walls of the
sperm-reservoirs have an epithelial, and a
delicate reticulate muscular, layer.
Glands are very numerous. The poison
glands consist of a stout chitinous duct,
whose walls are pierced with very many
chitinous tubelets which end in pear-shaped
glands. The whole glandular system is
clothed with a muscular rete, as Leydig
has already shown to be the case with the
nervous system.
The poison glands of centipedes have
been, however, previously described by Mr.
Jules Macleod.’ According to the latter
writer, the glands lie in the terminal joint
7 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., v. 44, no. 6.
PSYCHE. 29
of the forceps, extending into the distal
half of the basal joint. Each gland is in
the shape of a long sac, in the middle of
which runs a chitinous excretory tube
strengthened by a spiral fibre, trachea-
like. Minute perforated cylinders cover
the outside of the tube, to which are at-
tached the very long glandular cells, radiat-
ing out from the central tube. The gland
is enveloped exteriorly by a tunica propria,
which is inflected along one side and prob-
ably reaches, and is attached to, the central
tube, thus making a long narrow furrow
along the gland. The latter is remarkable
for the want of tracheae. The central tube
opens very obliquelyson the upper surface
of the forceps just behind the point, form-
ing a minute, long-oval cleft.
Mr. J. A. Ryder’s papers® on Lury-
pauropus, though not anatomical, deserve
mention here as recording the discovery of
new genus of Pauropods.
superficially differs from Pawropus, as does
Polydesmus from Julus, that is, it is a flat.
tened and obtected form. There are only
six actual segmeuts, instead of ten as in
Pauropus, but like the latter nine pairs of
legs. Ryder wrongly
(as he has since recognized) figures the
legs as terminating with two claws, instead
of one. The mouth parts, moreover, seem
to me to project backwards instead of for-
ward as represented by Ryder. The lar-
vae are very odd, and apparently composed
of only three segments. As in Pauropus,
they are hexapod.
Any addition to our knowledge of that
remarkable form Peripatus, which we must
Hurypauropus
Eyes are wanting.
8 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci: Phila., 1879, p. 139, 164.
Amer. Nat., vy. 13, p. 603.
* Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., v. 19, p.431; also Ca-
rus’ Anzeig., v. 2, p. 332.
recognize as a tracheate arthropod, and
which can hardly fail to throw important
light on the whole group, is also to be
Mr. F. M. Balfour has
just published a short note*® on Peripatus
capensis.
nized as segmental, are found ‘ at the bases
of the feet in two lateral divisions of the
body-cavity, shut off from the central me-
dian division by longitudinal septa of trans-
verse muscles.” These consist of : a dilated
vesicle opening at the base of the feet; a
gladly recorded.
Organs, apparently to be recog-
coiled glandular tube connected with this
and subdivided again into several minor
divisions ; a short terminal portion opening
into the body cavity.
gans approach more nearly those of the
leech. There are besides two glandular
bodies.
Balfour finds a suboesophageal ganglion,
and distinct ventral ganglionic swellings
for each pair of feet. In the nervous sys-
tem there is, therefore, more resemblance
to the normal articulate nerve chain than
has been supposed to exist. There are
traces also of a sympathetic system,
The organ doubtfully described by Mose-
ley as a fat body, turns out to be a glandu-
lar tube, opening by a non-glandular duct
into the mouth. This Balfour regards as
homologous with the salivary glands, and
thus of course we find another arthropodan
affinity in Peripatus.
Mr. A. Croneberg gives an abstract ” of
a paper in the Russian language, on the
structure of three genera of Hydrachnida
(Hydrachna, Eylais, Nesaea). The mouth
parts, the genital, and digestive organs are
These segmental or-
10Carus’ Zool. Anz., v. 1, p.315. Croneberg has
also published a paper (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos-
cow, 1879, No. 2, 234), not yet come to hand, on
the structure of Trombidium.
30
described. The latter consist of a large
stomach with a variable number of coeca,
—5 in Nesaea, 11 in Hydrachna, 34 in
Eylais. All these coeca communicate with
each other, and are clothed with large,
brown cells, numbers of which also occur
in the stomach, and represent the liver.
The excretory organs are reduced in Hy-
drachna to a single median sac, wider an-
In WNesaea it divides into four
short branches, but it is more complex in
Eylais. The terminal portion in all tends
downward and runs direct to the
teriorly.
anus.
There is no rectum, the stomach ending
A sort
of fat body is found about the digestive
organs. There are three sets of oral glands
in Lylais which open by a common duct
into the mouth.
A paper! by the late Dr. Hermann Le-
bert, Die Spinuen der Schweiz, Bau und
Leben, &c., I have not been able to see.
Dr. Batelli”” has studied the anatomy of
the larva of Hristalis tenax. The exter-
nal tube of the long tail is regarded as a
modified segment, which is shown by the
presence of the lateral papillae, each with
its long hair, as occurs in the other body
segments. The retraction of the internal
tube is by two muscles inserted at its supe-
riore xtre nity,
blindly, according to Croneberg.
where there are some gi-
gantic cells with large nuclei, having in
the interior, as a product of elaboration, a
long twisted filament. Connected with the
two tracheae are two air sacs almost the
Neu Denkschr. d. allg. Schweiz. Ges. f. Na-
turw., v. 28.
Sohn.
12 Soc. Toscan. di Sci. Nat., Proc. Verb., Nov.
1878. Shortened from notice in Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., 5, v. 3, p. 94.
Also separate, by Friedlander und
PSYCHE.
length of the body. The digestive appara-
tus has in its vestibule two chitinous plates.
In the pharynx, besides the two jaws, are
eight peculiar beards, consisting of two se-
ries of divaricated barbules. The salivary
ducts are lined with a spiral thread, as is
often the case. The chylific stomach is
preceded by four ventricular glands, and
there are four Malpighian tubes. The anal
glands contain a great quantity of urates,
and are composed of a straight part and
another folded back. Besides the supra-
and sub- oesophageal ganglia are two inter -
mediate ones connected by means of a pe-
duncle to the lateral commisure. The fol-
lowing ganglia are united.
Mr. Carl Gissler’® has described the
anatomy of the once rare Amblychilacyl-
indriformis, and figures parts of the ner-
vous, digestive, and reproductive systems.
No new results are to be noted.
Turning now to special papers on the
anatomy of particular organs or systems,
we may first notice several on the dermal
skeleton and its appendages.
Led by Darwin’s difficulty in reconciling
the great difference between the worker
ants and the sexual individuals, Dr. H.
Dewitz has studied the development of
the legs, and especially of the wings in
Formica rufa. His results, together with
some additional observations on the devel-
opment of the wings in lepidoptera, are
best summed up by using nearly his own
language: ‘‘ The ant-workers, like the
13 Psyche, v. 2, p. 259.
14 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 80, Suppl., p. 78; sup-
plementary note, ‘bid, v. 31, p. 25; also Sitzungsb.
Ges. Nat., Berlin, 1878, 122.
PSYCHE. 31
males and females, possess in their young
stages small, yet identically formed wing-
buds [‘‘ imaginal dises””] which retrograde
during further growth.
** The thoracic appendages of ants make
their first appearance in the young larva,
as dise-shaped thickenings of the hypoderm,
which divide into a core (leg or wing),
and an envelope, with an external opening
(covered, of course, by the chitin layer).
The envelope grows into a sac or pocket-
shaped fold within the body cavity; the
core or bud into the respective leg or wing.
During the transition to the pupal stage
the sac is turned inside out, or rather the
opening which existed from the first, be-
comes enlarged and the appendage is thrust
forth.
** The developing leg or wing of the ant
and bee casts its skin while yet in the larval
stage ; so that, in respect to undergoing a
moult, there is not the least difference be-
tween the postembryonal formed append-
ages of insects with a perfect or imperfect
metamorphosis (e. g., leg and wing of the
ant, wing and ovipositor of the grasshop-
per) ; the difference being simply that in
insects with perfect metamorphosis the new
forming appendage lies generally hidden
in infoldings of the hypoderm, making its
first appearance outwardly during pupa-
tion ; while in insects with imperfect met-
amorphosis, this occurs at the beginning.
** Likewise the formation of the lepidop-
terous wing, and, according to my view,
of the appendages of all insects, starts from
the hypoderm, although perhaps the enter-
ing tracheae, nerves, &c., effect the internal
formation of the appendage.
15 Carus’ Zool. Anz., v. 2, p. 135.
16 Salzburg, Verf., 1878.
“The great difference between ant work-
ers and females is not brought about by
different treatment of the larvae or eggs by
the mature workers, but while yet in the
maternal body the egg receives the imprint
of its future destination.”
Dewitz farther studied the mode of origin
of the thoracic thorns in Myrmica, which
grow directly out of the hypodermis, thus
behaving very differently from the locomo-
tive appendages. A section on the difficulty
of accounting for the inheritance of worker
characters, which Dewitz cannot help to
clear up, concludes this interesting paper.
Dr. Dewitz also in a short note ” records
a case of malformation in which five joints
of one of the hind legs protruded through
the larval skin of an ant (Alta insularis)
nearly ready to pupate. Dewitz does not,
however, think that this is simply a case of
incompleted moult, but believes that the leg
from the first, instead of lying in the hypo-
dermic infolded sack, grew outwards and,
being unable to separate the hypoderm from
the chitinous layer, pierced the latter before
it became much hardened.
A paper by Mr. Antoine Simon, on the
Hautskelet der arthrogastrischen Arachni-
den *° I have not seen.
Schneider, in a paper™ of nearly sixty
pages in length, describes the different forms
of scales found on the different parts of the
body and wings of the lepidoptera. Two
plates illustrate these forms, and a diagram
of a lepidopter, showing the character of the
scales on different parts in the Rhopalocera
and Heterocera, is also given.
Mr. Joseph Beck * adds a little note to
his studies on the scales of insects. Ina
7 Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss., v. 51, p. 1.
18 Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 810.
32
species of Mormo he has found scales show-
ing under a 1-5 “notes of exclamation”
like Thysanouran scales, while with a 1-10
the real ribbed structure of the scale is
evident. It is also stated that corrugations
of lepidopterous scales are invariably found
on the under side only. Just the opposite
is maintained by Dr. H. Burmeister,” who
also believes that there is no internal mem-
brane. ‘The striae are due to filaments ele-
vated on the inner side of the upper mem-
brane. In the large scales of Castnia they
do not traverse the scale, but terminate free.
The lower membrane has a different inter-
nal structure showing a great number of
small irregular transverse lines.
Haller * figures and describes peculiar
forms found in the terminal hair brushes of
Polyxenus. 'These are transparent, hooked
at the end, which has three or four slender
clubbed processes directed backwards and
The sides of the
hair are barbed with forward directed
points. These hairs are surrounded with
shorter club shaped ones. There are also
larger double comb-like hairs, the teeth of
which point forwards.
Ignorant of Hick’s long since published
paper,” Haller also describes briefly the
sucking hairs on the tarsus of male water
beetles (Dytiscus) ; nothing newis reported.
Dr. Ph. Bertkau has described * an in-
teresting scent apparatus on the last pair of
legs in the male of Hepialus hecta, L. In
this moth the posterior tarsi are aborted,
and the tibiae are large and club-shaped,
lying in the same plane.
19 Descr. Phys., Republ. Argentine, v. 5, p. 21.
See notice Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 866.
20 Arch. f. Naturg., v. 44, p. 99.
21 Zinn. Trans., v. 22, p. 147, 383.
22 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p. 97.
PSYCHE.
their interior being filled with long glands
which each open ina pore. <A long hair
covers each pore, and on the inside of the
tibiae these hairs form athick brush. ‘The
first abdominal segment, moreover, has be-
neath two pockets, formed by an infolding
of delicate skin, the margins of which are
In rest the
moth keeps the hinder tibiae in these pock-
ets, the long hairs on both effectually pre-
venting the escape of the ethereal oil se-
creted by the tibial glands, which has a
pleasant aromatic odor. This of course
recalls the scent apparatus on butterfly
wings described by Fritz Miiller, and must
serve as an attraction to the opposite sex.
Mr. Brunner von Wattenwy] ™ has found
a peculiar organ on the hind femora of the
Acrididae. In the furrow on the under
side, into which the tibia fits, about one
fourth from the base, is a small wart-
also provided with long hairs.
shaped elevation, open in the centre, where
there is a soft pad, sometimes projecting
like a blunt tubercle. The raised margin
of the elevation is on the basal side beset
with some delicate white hairs. The pad,
which has a glandular appearance, is .al-
ways white or gray. It is found only in
the jumping tribes, but occurs both in
chirping and dumb species. No suggestion
as to its function is offered.
Messrs. Perez and Jousset De Bell-
esme * discuss the nature of buzzing in in-
sects. True buzzing is the sound emitted
by rapid wing vibrations (exceeding 80).
The hum of the hawk-moths is simply the
23 Katter’s Ent. Nachr., No. 17, 223.
24 Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien.
25 Comptes rend., v. &7.
26 Ibid., p. 535.
PSYCHE. 33
friction of the wing against the air. Hy-
menoptera and diptera are the only true
buzzing insects, and according to De Bel-
lesme produce two sounds, a grave and a
sharp. The latter is produced by the vibra-
tions of the thorax. The thoracic stigmata
may be closed without destroying the hum-
ming power, thus disproving Landois’s
theory.
Mr. Perez” in a supplementary com-
munication does not agree with Mr. De
Bellesme in thinking that a conical move-
ment of the thorax (whatever that may be)
ean produce a sound, because on fixing the
animal with a pin the movements are very
attenuated, without the movements of the
wings and the buzzing being destroyed, or
even weakened.”
Mr. Carl Gissler describes * the repug-
natorial glands of Hleodes as two reddish-
brown, semi-bilobed pieces in the form of
a Y, extending from the base of the last,
to the middle of the second segment, a
length of about 6.5 mm. He did not suc-
ceed in recognizing the nature of the secre-
tion.
The balancers in the diptera have been
studied by Messrs. J. De Bellesme *® and
Rob. Desvoidy,® but I have not been able
to see the paper of either.
Dr. W. Breitenbach ® describes the pe-
culiar appendages on the proboscis of the
lepidoptera, which he thinks enable the
insect to pierce the tissues of flowers, &c.,
for honey or other juices. The orange-
27 Rev. Internat. Soc., v. 3, (79), p. 281.
28 Quoted from Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p.
408. 29 Psyche, v. 2, p. 209.
®) Balanciers chez les Ins. dipt. 96 pp. Paris,
Germar Bailliere & Cie.
81 Bull. sci. Dépmt. du Nord, 2 s., v. 1, p. 217.
sucking moth, Ophideres fullonica, the
structure of whose proboscis was first made
known by Mr. Francis Darwin, is of course
the typical example of this power in the
lepidoptera, but Breitenbach shows that
many other genera of butterflies and moths
are armed, though less formidably, for sim-
ilar purposes. These appendages are of
course confined to the end of the proboscis,
and are modifications of simple hair struc-
tures, such as are found on the basal por-
tion, consisting of the hair itself and the
annular basal ridge from which it grows.
This ring becomes lengthened into a cylin-
drical body, still having the terminal hair,
which, however, becomes much reduced —
often to a simple papilla. The end of the
cylinder is then armed with teeth, or its
sides develop ribs or plates, or sometimes
several rows of teeth. Indeed we find a
large number of patterns connected by
more or less numerous stages of develop-
ment, and which Breitenbach believes may
furnish useful systematic characters. Every
step in the evolution of the simple hair to
the perfected barb on the proboscis of
Ophideres may be traced. The author
seeks to reconcile the view that these
structures are taste organs, by suggest-
ing that this function may belong to the
simple hairs, some of which, however,
have been developed by natural selection
into boring organs.”
Mr. Jules Kiinckel™ has examined the
termination of the nerves in the proboscis
82 Arch. Mikr. Anat., v. 15, p. 8, and Katter’s
Entom. Nachr., v. 5, p. 238.
33 See also a note in Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2,
p. 427.
84 Assoc. Franc. Avance. Sci. (1878), 771. From
notice in Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 865.
34
of diptera. The two terminal flaps of the
proboscis represent the labial palpi. The
trachea-like internal structures are not real
tracheae, but simply supports of the flaps.
Parallel to the large trunk of these false
tracheae, is the labial nerve, which soon
divides into two parts, and sends a multi-
tude of ramifications to the periphery and
inner surface of the flaps. The former
terminate in the marginal, well developed,
hairs; the latter in the rudimentary hairs
of the inner surface, which are reduced to
a minute chitinous cylinder. The nerve
filament that goes to a hair ends in the base
of the latter ; but in the rudimentary hairs
the filament traversing the cylinder projects
beyond. These are probably gustatory,
and the former tactile.
Mr. V. T. Chambers® describes the
structure of the tongue in some hymenop-
tera. In the Apidae he decides it is a
sucking organ, but not in the Andrenidae.
The honey in the former passes through a
hollow colorless tube open at the apex,
with a smallest diameter of 1-20th of a mil-
limetre ; but in the latter this tube is imper-
forate at the apex. Mr. J. D. Hyatt also
discusses * the same subject, differing, how-
ever, from Mr. Chambers, in believing the
colorless rod to be open along the median
ventral line, and applied to the ventral,
instead of dorsal, internal aspect of the
tongue itself. Both writers are unfortu-
nately unacquainted with the recent descrip-
tions of Wollf and Graber.
Mr. Chatin compares™ the labium in
the orthoptera with the maxilla, and finds
that the pieces of the latter have homolo-
85 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 40,
161.
35 Amer. Quart. Micr. Journ., v. 1, p. 287.
87 Comptes rend., vy. 87.
PSYCHE.
Locusta viridissima
is taken as an example.
I have myself attempted ® to describe
the structure of the head, and more par-
ticularly of the maxillae, in the Psovidae.
The latter are remarkable for their fork-
like appendage, the morphology of which
is not clear. Supposed salivary recepta-
cles are also described.
The most valuable paper relating to the
digestive system is Dr. E. Schindler’s
monograph® on the Malpighian vessels.
After the usual prefatory history of the
conflicting views as to their function, Dr.
Schindler describes these organs in detail
in the orthoptera. Histologically, by the
way, each tube shows (1) a serous mem-
brane, (2) a delicate tunica propria, (3)
the glandular epithelium, and sometimes
(4) an intima with pores. The author
could not find the vessels in Thysanoura ;
in Lepisma, however, he believes there
are eight arising from the posterior end of
the chylific stomach. In Mantis they are
inserted at the end of the first third of the
small intestine. The Malpighian tubes in
the Gryllidae, as well known, are remark-
able in the possession of a common excre-
tory duct, which Dr. Schindler finds has
The term-
inal appendages, imperfectly.described by
Sirodot, are shown to belong to the con-
nective tissues, and have not in any way
an excretory function. Heidenhain’s sul-
phindigotate experiment was tried with
Gryllotalpa and Locusta (by injections of
course), and the Malpighian vessels were
found to act just like the mammalian urin-
38 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 19, p. 291; also
Psyche, v. 2, No. 45.
39 Zeitschr. wiss. Zoologie, v. 30, p. 587.
gues in the former.
a peculiar muscular envelope.
PSYCHE. 35
ary tubules. The gradual passage of the
sulphindigotate could be traced through the
excretory cells. The yellow and white
forms of tubes are regarded as identical in
function, and moreover the former are
probably only a younger stage of the white
tubes.
The pseudoneuroptera are very like the
orthoptera in the Malpighian vessels, and
contract into the genuine neuroptera, when
the number of tubes is only six or eight.
Leaving the orthoptera, the other groups
are then briefly treated.
Dr. Schindler doubts Dr. Mark’s opin-
ion that the vessels are ever solid in Le-
canium, Aspidiotus, &c., as he has never
failed to find a lumen in the case of every
insect examined, although the genera-in
question do not appear to have been among
the number.
The diptera are found to present sev-
eral points of interest. The assertion that
Culex and Psychoda have five Malpighian
vessels is confirmed, and these genera are
thus the only known exceptions among in-
sects to the rule that the number of vessels
istwo or some multiple. A singular differ-
ence was found between Eristalis tenax
and E. florens. The former shows the
normal form of epithelial cells, while they
are convex or even conical externally in
the latter, giving the vessels a sort of
gnarled surface, in the little hillocks of
which the nucleus lies, drawing to it the
granular contents of the cell, and leaving
the inner portion pellucid. In Sarcophaga
carnaria cells in different regions of a tube
were seen multiplying by division and by
proliferation.
In the fan-winged moths six vessels were
49 Giebel’s Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss., v. 51, p. 493.
found, as in other lepidoptera, contrary to
Suckow’s affirmation that they have only
four. In a noctuid pupa all six vessels
were found opening into a simple duct, —
probably a malformation. Important ob-
servations on the sympathetic nerve supply
of the Malpighian vessels was made in Lu-
prepia, to which I can only refer.
Dr. Schindler declares confidently that
his researches must forever settle all dis-
pute about the function of the Malpigh-
ian vessels. They are certainly urinary
organs.
The opposite view is, nevertheless, main-
tained by Dr. H. Simroth, in a paper on
the digestive system of the larva of Osmo-
derma eremita,® who believes that, in this
ease at least, these vessels must be hepatic.
First, because they open into the digestive
tract on the same level with the posterior
coecal appendages which exist in this
larva, and the presence, moreover, of a
gutter-like arrangement, which Simroth
believes must lead their secretion even
farther forward in the digestive tract.
Second, he has not found urinary contents ;
finally, because digestion must take place
posteriorly to their insertion. We have
such conclusive evidence in many cases of
the renal nature of the Malpighian vessels
that it is hard to believe that we have a
real exception here; and if we concede to
such an exception, the absence of renal
organs must still be explained. Simroth’s
arguments at least show the necessity of
farther study of the action of the compli-
cated parts in this insect, which Simroth
carefully describes, but of which it would
be hard to give an intelligible account here.
Mr. Felix Plateau continues his re-
36
searches on the digestive organs, by a pa-
per 41
The digestive tube shows three divisions:
an oral, middle, and terminal. The first
may be short and broad (Julus), or long
and narrow (Geophilus). The epithelial
layer is sometimes wanting, and the cuticle
has sometimes projecting points. The
terminal division is often short, but in some
forms (Gilomeris) becomes very long, and
is coiled. There is a pair of salivary
glands, and one or two pairs of Malpighian
tubes ; the latter open at the end of the
mid-gut, and seem to be urinary organs.
Dr. Forel * describes the gizzard in the
different groups of ants, claiming its im-
portance, and the importance of a general
knowledge of internal as well as external
anatomy, for natural classification. The
gizzard in the ants is composed of three
divisions, the second of which is a simple
slender tube, the cylindrical protrusion of
which into the interior of the stomach form
the third division, which differs only in
this position in the stomach from the sec-
ond. The cuticular intima of these divisions
turns on itself at the opening of the third,
into the stomach, and thus covers it ex-
ternally ; but on reaching the gastric cells
of the stomach it vanishes, leaving the
stomach without any intima, — differing
from the rest of the digestive tract in this
respect. The middle or cylindrical division
never varies in the different genera except
on this system in the myriapods.
as to length, but it disappears entirely in
some groups. Anteriorly the cylindrical
part expands suddenly into the anterior di-
vision — the true gizzard — which in con-
#1 Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., v. 42.
42 Bull. Soc. Vaudoise des Sci. nat., v. 15, p. 337.
43 Bull. Acad. Belg., v. 46, p. 698-706. There
PSYCHE.
trast to the former, varies in the different
groups. This division consists of two
parts, a globular ‘* bowl ” and a cylindrical
‘* calyx,” the latter the anterior. In these
the interior cuticle is thrown into four
large longitudinal folds, so that the lumen
is X-shaped in cross section. Between the
‘* bowl” and the ‘‘ calyx” there is a valy-
ular apparatus of four pieces, correspond-
ing to the fold. Four powerful longitudi-
nal muscles lie in the fold. The structure
of this anterior division, as seen from the
description just given, is too complex to be
understood properly without reference to
the figures. The forms occuring in differ-
ent genera are described, and their value
for classification is pointed out.
Mr. V. Liénard has published * some
‘* Recherches sur la structure de l’appareil
digestif des Mygales et des Néphiles,” which
have not yet reached us. A note im Carus’
Anzeiger states as a result, ‘‘ There is no
glandular organ attached to the cephalo-
thoracic portion of the intestine; the
branches of the latter ramify more and
more as the size of the animal increases.”
Mr. L. Joulin* shows graphically the
changes in weight undergone by a lepidop-
ter, from birth to death, by a curve, the
ordinates of which represent the weight,
and the abscissae the age, of an individual.
The curve is seen to ascend with great ra-
pidity, till the larva ceases to eat, then falls
as suddenly till nearly half reduced, when
it declines gently during the last pupal
days, suddenly falling at exclusion, — the
result of the lost weight of cast skin, &e.
— from which time there is another grad-
is also a “ Rapport sur ce travail,” Ibid., p. 586-7,
by M. F. Plateau.
44 Comptes rendus, v. 87, p. 334.
PSYCHE:
ual fall till death, varied of course in feed-
ing imagos by slight rises and falls.
Prof. Engelmann communicates * some
observations made by Van Lidth de Jeude,
on the silk glands of the silk worm.
Each gland beyond the common duct, con-
sists of a very fine duct, a stout, little con-
torted, intermediate division (so-called res-
ervoir), and a long much contorted final
division; each part has a delicate mem-
brana propria, andan epithelial layer. The
inner surface of the duct and beginning of
the next part have also a firm cuticle. Nu-
merous fine tracheae penetrate the epithel-
ium of the middle and end divisions, as do
also accompanying on independent nerve
fibres.
the three portions ; two cells only appear
The
nature of the protoplasm of the cells of
each division is further described at length.
The silk-gum and the yellow coloring mat-
ter were found to be secreted by the middle
The specific peculiarities of the
silk are developed after the union of the two
ducts. Silk spun under water was found
not to differ from that spun in the air,
thus precluding the idea that drying is
necessary.
Concerning the nervous system may first
be mentioned the papers of Dr. Edouard
Brandt,** who has undertaken a most com-
The epithelial cells are diverse in
in a cross section (more in Cossus).
division.
prehensive series of studies on this subject,
1032 species of hymenoptera, coleoptera,
hemiptera, lepidoptera, and diptera having
been examined. ‘The results show: 1. In
some forms, as in Stylops, the suboesopha-
45 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v.1,p. 100. Original in
Onderzock. Phys. Labr. Utrecht. 3 R. v. 2, p. 115.
46 T have not seen the original papers in the
Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vy. 14 and 15. My informa-
37
geal ganglion fuses with the next posterior.
2. ‘*Convolutions” of the brain occur in
all; but (3) vary in different individuals
of the same species, and are less developed
in the males of the social hymenoptera
4. A
connection between the development of the
instincts and that of the brain hemispheres.
5. The labrum nerves arise from the oeso-
phageal nerve-ring. 6. When two thora-
cic ganglia exist, the first corresponds to
the first or the first two larval ganglia ;
the second to the one or two thoracic and one
7. The number of
ganglia may vary in the same species, e. g.,
bees and wasps.
lion may be compound instead of the ulti-
mate one. 9. Bombus and Tenthredo have
a thoracic sympathetic system like that of
the abdomen. 10. The resolution of one lar-
val ganglion into a number in the adult may
occur, as in Volucella. 11. In cases of a
single ganglion in the thorax of hemiptera,
this corresponds to the last two thoracic
and all the abdominal ganglia. 12. Lepi-
doptera have four abdominal and either
two or three thoracic ganglia.
Mr. N. M. Wagner” points out the
supra-oesophageal ganglion as the seat of
almost all the functions of the cerebral
hemispheres of the vertebrates, and it, in
correlation, has a more complex structure
than the succeeding ganglia, though formed
on the same plan. Nerve cells occupy the
periphery, and fibres the interior ; towards
the centre are three groups of small cells
one above the other, and connected by a
than in the females and workers.
abdominal ganglia.
8. The penultimate gang-
tion is taken from the Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v.
2, p. 863. See also Comptes Rend., v. 89, p. 475.
47 Comptes rend., 1879, p.378. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Nov. 1879, p. 398.
38 PSYCHE.
large number of fibres.
is intimately connected with the convolu-
tions. Intercrossing of fibres occurs in
each optic lobe, coordinating the vision of
the components of each eye, but there is no
intercrossing between those of opposite eyes.
Dr. J. H. L. Flégel * makes the most
important contribution yet given to the
knowledge of the internal structure of the
insect brain.
sections of the brains of very many spe-
cies, and the paper is accompanied by a
dozen selected photographs from these
preparations. In the cockroach, for exam-
ple, he succeeds in making 60-80 trans-
verse, and in one case even 350 longitu-
dinal, sections. This insect was unexpect-
edly found to have a remarkable brain de-
velopment, perfectly comparable with that
of the higher hymenoptera. The most im-
portant parts of the brain are those form-
ing a sort of interior framework, on which
the rest of the brain is seemingly laid. Dr.
Flégel proposes permanent names for the
different parts of this framework, and finds
that, starting with Blatta, the parts can be
traced upwards through the brain of the
hymenoptera, and downwards through the
other orders.
Some few of the facts given may be here
mentioned. The wasps have a brain, at
one end of the series. further removed from
that of the ants and bees, than is the latter
from Blatta. The saw flies stand lowest
of the hymenoptera in the scale, while the
ichneumons approach the ants. In the lep-
idoptera, coleoptera, and indeed the other
groups in general, the brain is simpler, al-
though it can be easily homologized with
the Blatta type. In caterpillars some parts
He has made consecutive
48 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., v. 30, Suppl., p. 556.
The front group:
are-absent or very small, and easily over-
looked, and the optical lobes of the imago
are, moreover, drawn into the interior of the
larval brain. Flégel emphasizes three
points: the constant occurence of that part
of the framework which he calls the ** cen-
tral body,” in the adult, while it is almost
obsolete in the lepidopterous larva, but not
in the hymenopterous ; the size of the lobus
olfactorius in insects with small antennae,
but with evidently great olfactory powers,
proves, Flogel believes, that the antennae
are the seat of this sense. That they are
not auditory organs appears from the fact
that where these are elsewhere recogniza-
ble, as in the orthoptera, they are not con-
nected with any marked brain centre, like
the olfactory lobes. Thirdly, although the
so-called framework forms the principal
part of the brain, there is absolutely no
connection of its fibres with the other parts
of the brain to be found, —a quite inex-
plicable fact. A table illustrating the rela-
tions between the brains of different insects
is appended to the paper.
Another very valuable contribution to
this same subject is Mr. E. T. Newton’s
paper * on the brain of the cockroach ; his
results, reached without previous knowl-
edge of Dr. Flégel’s paper, agree substan-
tially with those of this author. For still
further permanence of cerebral nomencla-
ture, Mr. Newton latinizes Flogel’s names,
and in one or two cases proposes different
ones, for various reasons. The clearest
figures yet given illustrate the external as-
pect of the brain en face and in profile,
while the figures of a model of the internal
structures are very useful as a help to in-
terpret the sectional views. A detailed de-
49 Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., v. 19, p. 340.
zu
PSYCHE.
scription of a number of the latter is given,
with good figures. Like Flégel, Newton
was unable to find the connection of the in-
ternal ‘‘ framework ” with other parts of the
nervous system.
Dr. E. Berger has a memoir,” which I
have not been able to see, on the structure
of the brain and retina in the arthropods.
It is, however, noticed by Newton in the
preceding paper, who says it ‘‘is largely
occupied with the description of the retina
and the structures to be found in the optic
lobes of arthropods. It is extremely inter-
esting to find that the peculiar oval bodies
which Leydig figured from the optic lobe
of Dytiscus, and were afterwards described
and figured by me in the eye of the lobster
are to be found in a more or less modified
form in all the insects and crustacea de-
scribed by Berger. The remarkable cross-
ing of the nerve fibres between the retina
and the lenticular bodies is seen not to be
peculiar to the lobster. The brains of a
number of insects are described, and in
each of them the author seems to have
found the homologues of the ‘ mushroom
bodies,’ although in some, e. g., the diptera,
they are very rudimentary.”
Our fellow member, Dr. E. L. Mark,
has described * the nervous system of
Phylloxera, correcting Prof. Riley’s * de-
scription. The most striking peculiarity
is the want of that concentration found in
most of the plant-lice, there being two in-
stead of one, post-oral ganglionic masses,
5) Arb. Inst. Wien, v. 1, p. 173.
51 Psyche, v. 2, p. 201, Jan. 1879.
52 Prof. Riley admits his error in this respect
(Psyche, v. 2, p. 225). In the same note he com-
bats Cornu’s opinion that the mechanical action of
the puncture and the subsequent absorption of
39
the first of which is a flattened, rounded
mass, connected by very stout and short
commissures with the second, larger, heart-
shaped ganglion, the point of which con-
tinues into a median nerve which, shortly,
bifurcates. A good figure of the parts is
given.
Mr. Jules Kiinckel emphasizes in a short
note * the importance of the nervous sys-
tem as a guide to classification of insects,
and discusses the affinities of the different
families of diptera on this basis, a matter
with which we are not here concerned ; but
the fact that five families — Stratiomyidae,
Conopidae, Tabanidae, Syrphidae, and
certain acalypterous Muscidae — show a
decentralization of the nervous system in
the adult is very interesting. In these cases
the ganglia, which are separated in the
embryo, in the larva approach and coa-
lesce, only to be again separated while in
the pupal stage. Of the other diptera,
some groups show the usual centralizing
tendency with the development of the in-
sect, and in others the ganglia remain in
the same condition through life.
I have also a reference to a paper * by
Mr. J. W. Slater on the nervous system,
but I have not seen it.
New methods of preparation have given
great impetus to the study of the eye, and
we find several papers to record besides
the independent work of Grenacher, already
alluded to. Mr. B. T. Lowne is the author
of one * on the modifications of the simple
liquid, can alone account for the development of
Phylloxera, or other, galls.
53 Comptes rend., v. 89, p. 491.
54 The Entomologist, v. 12, p. 291.
65 Phil. Trans., v. 169, p. 577.
40
and compound eye in insects. The former
is believed to be of little use except merely
in perceiving the intensity of light. The
latter includes two radically different eyes :
a true compound eye in the brachycerous
diptera, the lepidoptera, orthoptera, and
coleoptera ; and the aggregate eye in the
hymenoptera, nematocerous diptera, hem-
iptera, and many coleoptera. The de-
tails of structure are of course too complex
to admit of an intelligible abstract. Miil-
ler’s, or the ‘‘ mosaic” theory of vision is
regarded as the most probable, and Mr.
Lowne’s remarks on the sharpness of insect
vision are most interesting. -Aeschna, Ves-
pa, and Bombus are supposed to see an
object 20 feet distant, in the same detail as
man would do at 160 feet, and this when
the object is in the line of greatest sharp-
ness of vision. Tabanus sees in the same
way at 20 to 360; Syrphus, 20 to 1200,
Noctua, 20 to 2400, and Tipula, 20 to
4800. In Mr. Lowne’s view then, the in-
sect eye is far from sharp-sigh‘ed, and if he
is correct it would seem difficult to explain
the delicate patterns of coloration by sexual
selection, as has generally been done.
Prof. Grenacher’s work leads Dr. V.
Graber * to publish an important paper on
the simple eye of the Tracheata, especially
referring to spiders and myriapods, the lat-
ter group having been neglected by Grena-
cher.
stemma, shows the pore canals as well as
the lamination of the rest of the cuticula.
The crystalline body (hypoderm) is sepa-
rated from the retina by a lamella, which is
the extension of the inner cuticular mem-
brane which underlies the hypoderm.
56 Arch. Mik. Anat., v. 17, p. 58.
57 Morphol. Jahrbuch, v. 4, p. 279.
The cornea of the simple eye or
PSYCHE.
This fact speaks against the hypodermic
origin of the retina. The inner cuticula
also extends downwards, clothing the whole
retinal elements (sclera). The retinal seg-
ments are not single cells like those of the
facetted eye, but show a basal ganglionic
cell and a nucleated distal cylinder. The
axial rod of the cylinder in Buthus seems
to be a direct continuation of the ganglion
cell, and so of an optic fibre. The stemma
of Buthus is nota single optic element, but
really a pentamerous compound eye.
Graber also points out the similarity be-
tween the auditory elements (in Acrid-
ium) and the optic elements are described.
Mr. Anton Stecker® finds that in the
pseudo-scorpion genus Chernes, which is
usually eyeless, some specimens possess
In Chernes cimicoides
specimens were found with transparent
rudimentary eyes.
spots in the position of the eyes in chilo-
pods. To these spots an optic nerve pro-
ceeds from the optie lobes, but there is no
About 33
per cent. of the specimens were thus semi-
eyed. The rest were totally blind, and
wanted the optic nerves. The former class
were offspring of seeing parents, while if
either parent was sightless, the young were
always so. With these most interesting
discoveries, is added the fact that the optie
nerve seems to send many of its fibres to
the connective tissue under the epiderm,
thus assuming another function.
Oscar Schmidt * in a short paper on the
crystalline cone in arthropoda, discusses the
mosaic theory of sight. His observations
were mostly on the crustacea, a single par-
agraph refering to Dyticus, in the eye of
trace of the crystalline rods.
58 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 30, Suppl., p. 1.
PSYCHE. 41
which he succeeded in finding some obligue
crystalline cones.
Graber also describes an organ which
he discovered in the antennae of several dip-
tera, which he regards as auditory. This
organ lies within the third antennal joint, on
the inside and near the base. It is, briefly,
a closed globular thick-walled, chitinous
capsule, the wall being made up of rounded
or oval plates, from each one of which
springs interiorly a hair; a layer of epi-
thelial cells surrounds the capsule, and out-
side of this a tunica propria. A large
nerve branch runs to this organ, but the
intimate connection between the elements
of the two could not be made out. Graber
thinks, as will be supposed, that the hairs
vibrate to sound waves, and he sees noth-
ing to indicate that the organ may be other
than auditory. The ordinary hairs cloth-
ing the antennae, Graber shows, are in
connection with special nerve elements, and
are probably organs of touch.
Another singular organ Graber finds ©
in an unknown dipterous larva, and this,
too, as it can apparently be nothing else, is
thought auditory. It is situated under the
dorsal integument, from which it is quite
independent, at the junction of the ninth
and tenth segments, and just behind the
dorsal vessel. It consists of a pear-shaped
sac, prolonged backwards into a fine tube,
the end of which, lying in the terminal seg-
ment, unfortunately could not be demon-
strated ; but Graber thinks the sac and its
tube represent an infolding of the integu-
ment. ‘I'wo diverging muscles inserted on
the sides of the eighth segment support the
59 Arch. Mikr. Anat., v. 16, p. 36. Abstract,
Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 45.
60 Tbid., p. 47.
61 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, p. 229.
forward end, the sac being thus suspended
by two anterior and one posterior (the
tube) braces. Within the sae are eight
black rounded bodies, borne on short stalks,
and looking like so many berries. These
bodies — the presumed otoliths — are hung
in four pairs, one behind the other, thus giv-
ing a segmented character to the organ,
which is still more apparent from the fact
that the second pair, and the third and
fourth — which are united together — lie
in separate sacs within the first, like the
coats of an onion. The organ is supplied
with a nerve on each side, but nothing
more definite could be shown. As to this
larva, Dr. Hermann Krauss ® states that it
is the larva of Tabanus autumnalis L., and
that Prof. Brauer pointed out the organ in
question to his classes four years ago.
Krauss affirms that it is o be found in
the perfect insect, by the study of which its
nature can perhaps be settled.
With regard to the supposed antennal
otocysts of Graber, Dr. Paul Mayer in a
letter to Carus’ Zool. Anzeiger (v. 2, p.
182), states that these are by no means
closed vescicles but are really wide-open
mouthed sacs. Moreover that though only
one is present in Syphus and Drosophila,
Sicus has at least three, and Eristalis a
whole series, of them. Indeed, Mayer
thinks the size of the third antennal joint
stands in direct relation to the number of
these organs borne on it. Musca vomitoria
has nearly fifty, for example, which in this
case have been described and figured by
Leydig,” so that Graber cannot claim them
as his discovery. Mayer believes them
62 Miiller’s Arch., 1860, p. 276, pl. 8. They are
also described in Mr. Lowne’s monograph on the
Blow-fly, London, 1870. This writer believes
them olfactory organs.
42
probably sense organs, and has traced, in
stained sections, nerve fibres into the hair-
bearing hypodermic cells, but whether they
are auditory or olfactory must be decided
by future investigations.
Dr. Mayer has also published a longer
paper,” with plates, on the same organs.
The hairs in the vesicles are pale and trans-
parent, with rounded tips, and the euticula
is also pale and delicate ; each hair belongs
to a single cell, which sends up a process
into the lumen of the hair. This is always
the case, even in the small single-haired
fossae. The observations of F. Berte,®
on the antennae of Pulex, are criticized as
very inaccurate.
Dr. G. Haller © describes the respiratory
The lateral
tracheal trunks end separately in the longer
anal process.
system of mosquito larvae.
The shorter process has
gills furnished with branches from one of
the main trunks. In the terminal segments
of the larva is also an air reservoir con-
sisting of a number of fine tracheal branch-
lets, probably supplied by the second trunk.
Hairs on the breathing tube are regarded
as sensory, and connected with the terminal
nerve ganglion. Other hairs on the body,
including some resembling lepidopterous
scales, are described. The breathing pore
is provided with closing valves, but there
is no similar arrangement in the pupal
breathing horns.
Dr. Philip Bertkau in a paper © on a nat-
ural system of Arachnids, makes a few re-
marks on the tracheae of some spiders, fig-
ures of which are subjoined.
68 Mem. R. Accad. Lincei. Roma, 4 maggio
1879.
6+ Ricerche Lab. Anat.
Roma, 1878, y. 2, p. 77-82.
6 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p 91.
norm. R. Univers.
PSYCHE.
I have only found one reference to the
circulatory system of insects, which is a
short note in Carus’ Zool. Anzeiger (v. 1,
p- 274), by Dr. Béla Dezso, stating that
in insects, myriapods and spiders, there
are as many pairs of clefts in the dorsal
vessel as there are pairs of stigmata.
Schmiedeknecht in a monograph of the
Thuringian species of Bombus, describes
the male genitalia of each species, and he
finds in them widely distinct specific char-
acters. [ive pieces are recognized in these
organs, and German names proposed, but
these seem in no way preferable to the
latin nomenclature of Thompson.
The types of the external male genitalia
of the European butterflies are described
and figured by Dr. F. B. White,® whose
paper will be of value to systematists. The
apical segment, the dorsal element of which
Dr. White calls the ** tezumen,” is wrongly
regarded as the eighth instead of the ninth.
Besides the paper on the gizzard in ants
already mentioned, Dr. Aug. Forel has
published another important anatomical
contribution on the poison and anal
glands of these insects. A careful descrip-
tion is given of the former, and of its mod-
According
to the character of the poison reservoir the
Formicidae are divided into two sharp
groups, Camponotidae and Dolichoderidae.
In the former, the reservoir is very large,
and dorsally between its tunica propria and
intima it is padded, so to speak, with the
folds of an immensely long tube, simple or
branching, which is probably a continua-
ifications in different genera.
66 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p. 351.
67 Jenaische Zeitschr. Nat., v. 12, p. 303.
68 Linn. Trans., s. 2, Zool., v. 1, p. 357.
89 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., v. 30, Suppl. p. 28.
PSYCHE.
tion of the tube in the poison glands, and
which, after winding over the reservoir,
finally opens into it.
the reservoir is smaller, the homologous
tube is short, and ends in a knob-like ex-
pansion in the interior of the reservoir.
In the second group
Moreover, the tube does not simply pierce
the wall of the reservoir, but pushes it in-
wards, as it were, thus making for itself
another envelope. The histology of the
different parts is fully discussed, and many
important general deductions are made.
Besides the poison apparatus, Forel has
discovered that the Dolichoderidae also
possess anal glands and sacs, similar to
those found in many insects, especially
beetles. This anal sac lies above the di-
gestive tract, and opens above the anus. Its
secretion is probably mephitic, and recalls
the secretion of Wolff’s mandibular glands
in the bees. The author believes that
Wolff is greatly in error in regard to his
supposed organ of smell in the bees, which
have indeed little development of this sense.
From simple experiments on Polistes the
antennae certainly seem the seat of the or-
gan in question.
The sting of the honey-bee is the subject
of a short paper™ by Mr. J. D. Hyatt.
The hard parts and their mode of action are
described, and illustrated by sectional and
other drawings.
made out.
Two papers relating to the male and fe-
male reproductive apparatus of the cock-
roach, I have not seen. One, however, by
Mr. Siegf. Brehm™ appears to be written
in Russian. The second” by Mr. Du-
Nothing new seems to be
70 Amer. Quart. Micr. Journ., v. 1, p. 3.
71 Dissertatio Inaug., St. Petersburg, 1879.
43
champ, treats of the structure and develop-
ment of the egg capsule ; a subject also no-
ticed by Dr. H. Kadyi, in a note” on the
ego laying apparatus of the cockroach. The
the
formed by two shield-like pro-
sexual opening lies in a chamber
vulva
cesses of the seventh abdominal segment,
and covered above by the anal segments.
At the base of the vulva opens the vagina,
a coecal, flattened tube, containing numer-
ous chitinous structures, and among them
three palpus-like organs. On the ventral
vaginal wall is the common opening of the
two oviducts ; and opposite that of the re-
cept. seminis, and of the two accessory
glands, a large branched one on the left,
and a small one, hitherto overlooked, on
the right.
tion over the closed vulvar plates, to form
the end of the egg case, which is thus a
As
the eggs are placed in position, the end of
the case is gradually protruded, until it
contains the regular number — sixteen —
These glands pour their secre-
cast of the inner surface of the plates.
one from each ovarian tube. The posterior
directed end of the escaping egg is placed
downward in the case, and the eggs from
the right ovary occupy the left side of the
case, and vice versa. The inner end of the
latter bears the marks of the papillae which
hold it, and thus differs from the outer end.
In concluding this review, I have only
to say that I do not claim it as a complete
record, but I hope to have given you a fair
idea of the amount and character of the
latest additions to our knowledge of insect
anatomy. Epwarp Burcess.
Boston, 9 Jan. 1880.
72 Revue Se. Nat., Montpellier, v. 7, p. 423.
78 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, p. 682.
44 PSYCHE.
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upon uniform title-entries, which was pub-
lished in the Library Journal (1878, v. 3,
p- 12-20). In asucceeding numero of the
same journal (1878, v. 3, p. 113-115), a
report was made upon the subject of printed
title slips, and, to put into practical shape
the rules laid down in these reports, a
monthly list of the books which appeared
in America, during 1879, was published
under the name of The Title-Slip Registry.
This list was printed on one side of thin
paper, for cutting and pasting upon the
cards of library catalogs.
To accord with the methods of work
used and so carefully planned by the Lib-
rary Association the mode of recording
articles in PsycnE has been changed, and,
at present, the title slips which may be cut
from the thin paper edition of Psycue are,
in form and type, the same as those of The
Title-Slip Registry. Slight changes in the
record were necessary because PSYCHE re-
cords not only books but also the literature
found in periodicals.
A few statements in regard to the most
convenient form of using these title slips
may not be inappropriate for such of our
readers as are not librarians or bibliogra-
phers.
The size of card recommended by the
American Library Association — and kept
on sale by their supply department — is 5
by 124cm. The title slip is pasted in the
middle of the upper portion of this card,
leaving a margin of about 3 cm. at each
end. The slips are then arranged in alpha-
betical order as an author-catalog ; or, by
writing a suitable catch-word in the left
hand margin, they may be arranged as a
subject-catalog. The right hand margin
remains for shelf designation or such indi-
cation of possession as the owner may
wish. These marginal notes may be writ-
ten in pencil, thus allowing their possessor
to arrange the slips, as best suits his pur-
pose from time to time, by species, by gen-
era, by families, or in the order of publi-
cation. Care should be taken, if one
prizes the appearance of his list, to secure
a paste that does not turn yellow by age.
A child can do the pasting of the slips.
Their value will be appreciated as they
Gi
accumulate.
PSYCHE.
[1519-1535] 45
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Abbe, E. P. Experiments with foul brood.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 450.)
A method of cure is described. A.J: C. (1519)
Bees do not eat grapes.
1879, v. 15, p. 26.)
The testimony of several persons who have kept bees
and raised grapes side by side for years. A.J: C. (1520)
(Amer. bee journ.,
[Bees, management of.| Water, given to bees
in confinement, makes them able to endure it
much longer. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15,
p. 340.) :
The water is put in small bottles, or vials. A wick
passes from within, through a small hole in the cork. The
bees sip water from the wick. A.J: C. (1521)
Benton, Frank. The next progressive step.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 507.)
The history, characteristics, and superiority of the Cyp-
rian bees are given. A.J: C. (1522)
Benton, Frank. Races of bees.
journ., v. 15, p. 73.)
Ten different races or varieties and several species are
described. A.J: C. (1523)
(Lib. journ., Jul.
(Amer. bee
[Books injured by insects.]
—Aug. 1879, v. 4, p. 292.)
Discussion, by H. A. Hagen, W. Flint, I: P. Langworthy
and S: H. Scudder, upon Hagen’s “Insect pests in libra-
ries”? (J. c., p. 251-254) [Psycune, Rec., no. 1529].
B: P.M. (1524)
Cat’s lively experience with bees (A). (“ Vir-
ginia city [Nev.] enterprise,”...) (Spring-
field [Mass.| d. republican, 14 Oct. 1879, p. 8,
col. 4, 11 cm.)
A cat disturbs a hive of apis. G: D. (1525)
Fawcett, Edgar. Fireflies. (Atlantic monthly,
July 1877, v. 40, p. 84-85.)
In verse. G: D. (1526)
Flint, Weston. The croton bug as a library
pest. (Lib. journ., Sept—Oct. 1879, v. 4, p.
376-877, 25 cm.)
Notice. (Academy, 6 Dec. 1879, p. 409, col.
1, 3 cm.)
Blatta germanica and 6b. orientalis injure bindings of
books. Pyrethrum asaremedy. Quotes a letter by C: V.
Riley on the subject. G: D. (1527)
Fry, E: Onthe utility to flowers of their beauty.
(Contemporary rev., Dec. 1879, p. 574-587.)
On fertilization of flowers and its dependence on their
beauty as an attraction to insects. ‘‘I see in nature both
utility and beauty; but I am not convinced that the one is
solely dependent on the other.’’ G: D. (1528)
Hagen, Hermann August. Insect pests in
libraries. (Lib. journ., Jul-Aug. 1879, v. 4,
p. 251-254.) (Bost. morn. journ., 3 July 1879,
49 cm.
Extract. (Bost. d. advertiser, 3 July 1879,
no. 22107, v. 133, no. 158, p. 4, col. 2, 18 cm.)
Review, [by J: O. Westwood,] entitled “‘ In-
sects in the library.” (Gardener’s chronicle,
13 Sept. 1879, v. 12, no. 298, p. 340, col. 1-2,
31 em.)
Abstract, entitled “The insect enemies of
books.” (Journ. applied sci., Oct. 1879, v. 10,
p. 152, 20 cm.)
Injuries to books by anobium, dermestes, termes, ptinus
fur, and blatta. Means of preventing insect-injuries in
libraries. G: D.
History of observations on the subject. This paper is
discussed, 7. ¢., p. 292. For the citation of works, see the
author’s “Literature concerning injuries to books by in-
sects,”’ (J. c., p. 373-374) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1530).
B: P. M. (1529)
Hagen, Hermann August. Literature con-
cerning injuries to books by insects. (Lib.
journ., Sept.-Oct. 1879, v. 4, p. 878-874.)
Accompaniment to the author’s ‘Insect pests in libra-
ries” (J. ¢., p. 251-254) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1529]. Gives
the titles of 18 works (from 1724 to 1876) with analysis of
their contents. B: P. M. (1530)
Hasbrouck, J. Fertilization [of queen bees]
in confinement. (Amer. kee journ., 1879, v.
15, p. 518.)
The writer says he accomplishes this in a barrel, in one
end of which is an opening covered with glass.
A.J: €. (1531)
Hollis, W. Ainslie. Insect galls buds. (Na-
ture, 29 May 1879, v. 20, p. 95, 7 cm.)
Combats a statement, made in A. S. Wilson’s ‘‘ Insect
galls buds’? (Nature, 15 May 1879, v. 20, p. 55) [Psycne,
Ree. no. 1554], that ‘‘all insect-galls are in reality leaf-buds,
or fruit-buds.”’ G: D. (1532)
Insect enemies of books (The). (Journ. ap-
plied sci., Oct. 1879, v. 10, p. 152, 20 cm.)
Abstract of H. A. Hagen’s ‘Insect pests in libraries ”’
(Lib. journ., Jul.-Aug. 1879, v. 4, p. 251-254) [PsycHe,
Rec., no. 1529]. G: D. (1533)
Jeffrey, H. L. Experiments with eggs and
larvae of bees. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15,
p. 443.)
It is shown that exposing the eggs to a low temperature
retards development of the embryo and larva.
A.J: C. (1534)
Kedzie, Robert F. The composition of honey.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 409.)
A.J: G. (1535)
46 [1536-1555]
M., H. B. Curious facts concerning the cochi-
neal insect in the Canary Islands. (Sci.amer.,
22 Nov. 1879, v. 4, p. 325, col. 1, 29 cm.]
Reprint, entitled “The cochineal insect.”
(Journ. applied sci., Jan. 1880, y. 11, p. 11, 27
cm.)
Mode of obtaining the eggs and rearing coccus as prac-
tised in the Canary Islands. G: D. (1536)
Michard, A. [Swarming of butterflies, prob-
ably liparis salicis, at Montlucon, France.
(Feuilles des jeunes naturalistes, Jan. 1880, p.
39.)
a
G: D. (1537)
Mivart, St. G: The forms and colours of liv-
ing creatures. (Contemporary rey., Oct. 1879,
p. 313-333.)
General; contains brief allusions to insect-coloration
and luminosity. G: D. (1538)
{Mosquito helps to herd cattle by causing
them to congregate and be more docile.|
(Springfield |Mass.] d. republican, 29 Aug.
1879, p. 8, col. 1, 3 cm.)
G: D. (1539)
New insect pest (A). (Springfield [Mass.] d.
republican, 9 July 1878, p. 4, col. 3, 15 cm.)
Brief account of anthrenus scrophulariae, its distribution
in America, and the means used against it. G:D. (1540)
Noel, Paul. Chasse aux lépidoptéres noctur-
nes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1 Dec.
1879, p. 26.)
The author burns short pieces of magnesium tape, from
time to time, near a lighted lantern, suspended about 1.5
metres from the ground. The insects are attracted from a
distance by the bright light of the magnesium, and remain
about the lantern. G: D. (1541)
Piatt, J: James. The moth. (Atlantic monthly,
Aug. 1874, v. 34, p. 167.)
Four lines in verse. G: D. (1542)
Riley, C: Valentine, see First, Weston, The croton bug
as a library pest [Psycue, Rec., no. 1527].
Root, A. I. The A B C of bee culture: a
cyclopedia of every thing pertaining to the
honey bee: bees, honey, hives, implements,
honey plants, &e., &c.: compiled from facts
gleaned from the experience of thousands of
bee-keepers all over our land, and afterward
verified by practical work in our own apiary.
Medina, Ohio, A. I. Root, 1879, 265 p. il., cl.
$1.25.
The author is editor of one of the leading U. S. apicul-
tural journals, an extensive manufacturer and dealer in
apiarian implements, a cultivator of bee-plants, and a prac-
tical apiarist, of large experience. The book is in form of
a dictionary. A.J: C. (1548)
Sandal wood. (Sci. amer., 16 Aug. 1879, v.
41, p. 97, col. 1-2, 34 em.) (New remedies,
| Oct. 1879, vy. 8, p. 300-301, 48 cm.)
Notes that, in India, according to Dr. Berthold See-
mans, “‘ After felling the trees [santalum] the bark is re-
moved at once, the trunks are cut into billets two feet [60
cm.] in length, and these are buried in dry ground for
about two months, during which time the white ants
[termes] eat away all the outer wood without touching the
heart.” G: D. (1544)
PSYCHE.
Saunders, W: [Portrait, full page.]
remedies, Oct. 1877, v. 6, no. 10.)
(New
G: D. (1545)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. White satin and black
lined leaf-roller. (Valley naturalist, 1878, v.
1, p. 6.)
Conchilodes platinalis, and perhaps all tortricidae, are
jumpers. B: P.M. (1546)
Thiriat, Xavier. Phosphorescence des scolo-
pendres [scolopendra electrica|. (Feuille des
jeunes naturalistes, Dec. 1879, p. 26.)
G: D. (1547)
Treat, Mary. Notes on the slave-making ant.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 15, p. 707-708.)
Battles between formica sanguinea and f. fusca. F.
sanguinea also attacks f. schaufussii and two species of
aphaenogaster, but never attacks camponotus meleus and
polyergus lucidus. G: D. (1548)
Trelease, W: The fertilization of our native
species of clitoria and centrosema. (Amer. nat.,
Nov, 1879, v. 13, p. 688-692, 8 fig.)
Mentions a few insects.
G: D. (1549)
[Wasps’ nests ignited by spontaneous combus-
tion.| (Lebanon [IIL] journal, 1 Noy. 1878, 7
em.) (Psyche advertiser, Sept.Dec. 1878,
p. 8.)
G: D. (1550)
[ Westwood, J: Obadiah.| Insects in the li-
brary. (Gardener’s chronicle, 13 Sept. 1879,
v. 12, no. 298, p. 340, col. 1-2, 31 cm.)
Rey. of H. A. Hagen’s ‘‘ Insect pests in libraries ”’ (T.ib.
journ., 1879, v. 4, p. 251-254) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1529],
made before the receipt of Hagen’s supplementary paper
entitled, ‘‘ Literature concerning injuries to books by in-
sects ’’ (l. ¢., p. 373-374) PsycueE, Rec., no. 1530], and no-
ticing several insects, publications, and remedies not men-
tioned by Hagen. : (1551)
Whistling tree (The).
7 Feb. 1880, p. 11, 9 cm.)
Cup-shaped galls or secretions of some insect upon a spe-
cies of acacia tree, in Nubia and Soudan, cause, according
to Dr. Schweinfurth, a whistling as the wind passes through
the tree. (1552)
Willard, W.J. Bees eaten by shrew, sorez.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 161.)
Does serious damage to bees if they are left on their
summer stands in winter. A.J: C. (1553)
(Colonies and India,
Wilson, A. Stephen. Insect galls buds. (Na-
ture, 15 May 1879, v. 20, p. 55, 16 cm.)
Crit. rev.,by W. A. Hollis. (Nature, 29 May
1879, v. 20, p. 95, 7 em.)
‘* All insect-galls are in reality leaf-buds, or fruit-buds
They are not mere amorphous excrescences.”’
G: D. (1554)
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
Haag, Georg. [Biog. note.]
9 Feb. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 72.)
Dr. Haag was b. 10 Oct. 1830 at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
where he died 20 Noy. 1879. Better known to entomolo-
gists as Dr. Haag-Ruthenberg, Ruthenberg being the maid-
en name of his wife. G: D. (1555)
(Zool. Anzeiger,
PSYCHE.
47
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
M. Datmas — so Les Mondes informs us —has
succeeded in destroying the phylloxera by wrap-
ping thin copper wire round the stems of the vine,
and passing the current from a powerful voltaic
battery through it. Both the mature insects and
their eggs are said to be completely disorganized
by the electricity.—-Athenaeum, 27 Dec. 1879, p. 853.
THE INFLUENCE of quinine upon silkworms has
been satisfactorily proved by C. LeDoux. Broods
of caterpillars suffering from flacquerie were
speedily restored by sprinkling their food with
quinine sulphate. The same treatment proved
successful in cases of “pebrine” with open
wounds.—Mo. journ. sci., Noy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 765°
A REVISION of the Lampyridae will shortly
be published by Mr. Henry S. Gorham of Ship-
ley, Horsham, England. Mr. Gorham would be
glad to see specimens of this group from Amer-
ica, and especially from Central America below
the United States to the Isthmus of Darien. He
also desires to obtain specimens of the genera
Pleotomus LeC., Phausis LeC., Microphotus LeC.,
Phengodes Hof., and Pierotus LeC.
ABRASION OIL is, according to the “ Gist. Land
wirth. Wochenblatt,” obtained in China from the
seeds of Elaeococca cordata, and is said to be an
excellent protective against noxious insects. The
tree, which belongs to the family of the Luphor-
biaceae, prospers in the south of France, where
its culture is recommended, in the hope of the oil
proving a specific for the Phylloxera and the Oid-
tum. — Mo. journ. sci., Noy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 756.
Cases OF poisoning by caterpillars have been
observed both in cows and ducks. The former
experienced gastric symptoms, diarrhoea, loss of
appetite, &c., but were all restored by means of
mucilaginous drinks and a diet of boiled potatoes
and bran. Ninety ducks were turned into a cab-
bage-field infested with the caterpillars of the
common white (Pieris brassicae). In one after-
noon the field was almost clear, but two ducks
died after an hour. The next morning twenty
were found dead, and altogether fifty-three per-
ished. The flesh of the dead, on examination,
was found to resemble that of cattle which die
of gangrene, indicating true poisoning. — Mo.
journ. sci., Novy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 765.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
15 Feb. ,, 14 May
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
”
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 26 Apr. 1880.
25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,,
24 Mar. ,,
B: Prickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological
Section of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on
Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de-
termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend
to present communications that may provoke
discussion are requested to allow the Secretary
to announce their subjects, in order that other
members may come ready to enter into a thor-
ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary,
Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
James H. Ripine6s,
Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at 8. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880.
James H. Ripines,
Recording Secretary.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
=
No. 2. —50 on a sheet.
No, 1.—40 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpain), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine : —
“It is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, obsery-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
Pursus a. Riicen,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50 M;
1877 43 M; 187845 M; 1879 46.50 M.
PSYCHE.
{@- European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention by
being addressed to
Georce Dimmock,
Leipzig, Germany.‘
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société @’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN
L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edi-
ted by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878. 11 p.t 19X
12.5, Price, 30 cents; on5 X 12.5 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. Horn. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
6 p.t19X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title-
slips, 50 cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD SCupD-
DER. Compiled and edited by George Dimmock.
Aug. 1879. 28 p.t 1912.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg-
maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male,
(body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 em. wide), Sandalus ni-
ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata,
Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal-
lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro-
dera scalator, Acanthocinus nodosus, Cylas formica-
rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana
coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE,
350 St. Peter St., New Orleans, La.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
Nos. 65-68 were issued 9 Apr. 1880.
No. 70 was issued 6 Mar. 1880.
es ES) gl Be
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Gerorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Cuiirrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 72.
Aprit 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS ‘ a . : 4 : 50
Lire History oF eoven a PALLENS mea Hes Beli oe =< aaa ‘61-53
Nore on NortH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE — Charles Robert Osten Sacken 3 ‘ 3 Sas:
Procrrepines oF SocieTies—Entom. Sect. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, — Reviews - ; Adie!
BrIsLi0GRAPHICAL RECORD ‘ ‘ 3 : , - 3 r : ; : 55-58
Enromooeicat Items — Society tas - ‘ : ° : 2 = F « 69
ADVERTISEMENTS s - : : i : : : 4 > : Shah kite : s.. 60
CamBripGe, Mass,, U. S. A.: PusiisHep By Grorce Dimmock,
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter.|
50
PSYCHE.
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaegevr’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no, 60-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 & 25 & 35 em., 45 ets.
Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 cm., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 & 8.5 & 0.5 cm., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 & 50
mm., 10> 60 mm., 12 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100 ; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets.
per 1000; 27 12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
i
iu
2 ie CE Eb.
LIFE HISTORY OF PLEOTOMUS PALLENS LEC.
BY HELEN SELINA KING, AUSTIN, TEXAS.
The habitat of this species of the sub-
tribe Lampyrini is western Texas, where
the mature form appears in May, a month
later than several species of Photinus.
Both sexes are phosphorescent, the % feebly
so, emitting a greenish light, without rays,
but sufficiently bright to betray his pres-
ence; the ? is much more brilliant, her
light being sufficient to show not only her
body, but also surrounding objects for a
distance of several centimetres. After ovi-
position this light declines, and the female,
who seems to have assumed the perfect
form for the purpose alone of laying eggs,
soon dies. She does not feed, and is too
helpless to move far from the place of her
final metamorphosis, owing to the feeble
support which her disproportioned body
receives from her feet. When creeping,
as she does by spasmodic efforts, she touches
objects with her palpi, and moves her head
from side to side. The eggs are deposited
in one or more pits, which the female makes
in the soft moist earth with her abdomen.
The eggs are smooth, round, pale yel-
lowish, about the size of black mustard
seed, and, as far as I am aware, not phos-
phorescent. In six weeks they produce
young larvae 4 mm. long, cinereous on
dorsum, dull white on venter, and emitting
light from the ventral surface of the poste-
rior segment. When fully grown, the larva,
except that the color is different, and the
body is less depressed, is precisely similar
to that of the commonest species of Pho-
tinus larva found here, which is perfectly
represented in figure 431 of Packard’s
‘* Guide to the Study of Insects.” It has
twelve segments exclusive of the head,
which latter is composed of two flattened
narrower segments, the inner one forming
the neck, and both retractile within the
thorax. It feeds on snails; and sheds its
larval skin at least twice, possibly oftener,
before reaching maturity. Under confine-
ment in a pot of earth, with snails for food, «
it assumes the pupa state in about seven
weeks, but it may attain its growth sooner
when at large. Both the larval moults and
the transformation to pupa are performed
by the splitting of the membrane on the
pleura through the first three segments, and
its removal over the posterior end of the
abdomen.
The shield of the $ pupa immediately
after its liberation from the larval skin,
seems to consist of two fused segments ;
the three following segments are narrow,
and the middle one of these has a transverse
depression suggesting the fusion of two
52 PSYCHE.
segments at that point. Following these
are seven abdominal segments. The pec-
tinate antennae and the wing cases are
seen, and on the propygidium the phospho-
rescent vesicles are visible as clear greenish
yellow spots. From the terminal segment
are two straight processes. The pleural
region, antennae, and feet distinguish this
pupa from those of Photinus. The final
metamorphosis takes place in six days.
The ¢ form assumed the pupa condition
one week later than the %. It has two
white tubercles or small processes on the
sides of the wing-bearing segments, indi-
cating the position of the future rudiment-
ary elytra. The pleural region is different
from that of the $, and the parts of the
mouth are not sheathed separately as in
the %, but are as it were muzzled. An-
tennae and eyes are not visible; the shield
seems to consist of two fused segments, as
seen through the thin membrane. There
are seven abdominal segments. The whole
body is of a salmon color. This pupa ma-
tures in six days and perfects as an apter-
ous imago with rudimentary elytra.
Thus we find that under artificial man-
agement the eggs will mature sufficiently
to hatch in five weeks, the larva requires
about seven weeks to reach the pupa stage,
and the latter lasts only six days, the $ in
one instance accomplishing its cycle one
week sooner than the 2. In a few days
after becoming perfect, the % dies, and the
?, after wandering a little, lays her eggs
and dies also.
Pleotomus pallens % is rare.
covered by the prothorax.
dark-purplish, contiguous. Labial palpi
visible at tip. Maxillary palpi small.
Mandibles not prominent, very small. An-
Head
Eyes large,
tennae short, approximate, 14-jointed, bi-
pectinate, usually folded so as to seem uni-
pectinate, situated in front of the eyes and
parallel with anterior edge of the prothorax,
their tips recurved, color fuscotestaceous.
Prothorax finely punctulate, subhyaline, el-
evated at its base; its sides beneath em-
bracing the neck and forming a collar for
the head when the latter is protruded: it
is broader than in the ordinary species of
firefly, fuscotestaceous, with rosy centre
in some, in others with transverse, irregu-
lar confluent pink spots on the posterior
part; the flanks beneath this part are also
pink. Elytra striate, elevated at their
base, the concave humeral region em-
bracing the sides of the abdomen, whence
the elytra slope backward to a narrow de-
hiscent point, leaving nearly three segments
visible. Wings same length as elytra, and
smoke color. Feet feeble and compressed,
same color as the body. Seven ventral
segments short, the last one pointed and
partly retracted within the penultimate,
which is emarginate.
On the last abdominal ring there is a
spot on the anterior, outer margin of dor-
sum and venter, seen in the day as of a
deeper yellow than the surrounding parts.
Through this at night comes the phosphor-
escence, not in flashes, but as two oval
spots, equally evident above and below,
but more feeble than in any other firefly
known tome. The % has the same quick
spasmodic motion noticed in the 2. He
feeds sparingly on the common garden
snail, probably on its slime, being, I should
think, too feeble to be actively aggressive,
though I have seen him cling to a snail
shell with much persistency.
Pleotomus pallens ¢ , though apparently
v
PSYCHE.
more abundant than the %, is yet compar-
atively rare. It is of a buff or salmon
color, with eleven segments, pink on their
posterior margins, and overlapping. Head
narrow, with projecting muzzle, but im-
perfect organs of manducation. Eyes small,
round, black, on sides of the head. Anten-
nae shorter than thorax, approximate, sit-
uated in front of the eye, pale yellow, fee-
bly pectinate. Thorax with margin re-
flexed, subrugose. Adjoining the shield
are the rudimentary elytra, semicircular
and very small. Feet feeble, compressed ;
the body is disproportionately large, and
)
as)
the insect consequently moves with sudden
nervous action, and pauses every few steps.
Though there are no special phosphores-
cent vesicles visible through the membrane,
yet it emits light from the entire ventral
surface of the three posterior segments.
This is very brilliant, and when less intense
posteriorly, appears diffused over the body.
This brilliancy continues until oviposition.
This @ insect is similar to Packard’s illus-
tration 428, of an apterous ¢ from Mada-
gascar, plus the aborted elytra and pectin-
ate antennae.
NOTE ON NORTH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE.
BY CHARLES ROBERT OSTEN SACKEN, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
- Among a number of diptera, collected by
Mr. J. Boll in Dallas, Texas, and purchased
by me in Geneva a short time ago, there
were 25 % and 2 specimens of a Trypeta,
bearing on a label ‘‘ bred from galls on
Ambrosia.” The insect could be easily
identified with 7’. gibba Loew, and as the
habits of this species were hitherto un-
known, I deem it worth the while to put
Mr. Boll’s observation on record.
The gall, which is likewise in the collec-
tion, is an oblong swelling of the stem,
probably terminal.
The habits of the following North Amer-
ican Trypeta have been hitherto investi-
gated and published (the name of the dis-
coverer is in parentheses) : —
Rhagoletis pomonella.— Fruit of the apple-tree
(Walsh).
Oedaspis polita. —Gall on Solidago (O. S.).
« gibba. — Gall on Ambrosia (Boll).
Eurosta solidaginis. — Gall on Solidago (Harris).
ELutreta diana.—Gall on Artemisia tridentata
(Riley).
Aspilota alba. — Seeds of Vernonia (Riley).
This is a very small number, in compari-
son to that of the described N. A. Trypeta ;
but the most striking circumstance in con-
nection with it is that among six Trypeta,
whose habits are known, not less than four
should occur in galls, and only one in the
heads of a composite flower. In Europe
the Trypeta bred from galls form an imper-
ceptible minority, and most of the species
are obtained from the heads of composites.
Compare, for instance, the list of 60 species
bred by Frauenfeld (Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot.
Gesell. Wien, 1863, p. 221-224), among
which only three formed galls on the stem
of the plant.
It would be worth while for American
entomologists to collect dry heads of com-
posite plants in autumn, for the purpose of
breeding Trypeta ; a large number of new
species of these pretty flies would probably
be obtained.
September, 1879.
o4
PSY CEE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., APRIL 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE BOSTON SO
CIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
28 Jan. 1880.— Mr. S: H. Seudder showed
some excellent drawings of fossil hemiptera,
made by J. H. Blake.— Dr. H. A. Hagen read
an additional note upon the larva and fly sup-
posed to have been taken from a girl’s neck, in
Toronto, and gave a list of the instances in which
Sarcophaga had been found in the human body.
He also read a paper on the literature relating
to galls. — Mr. E: Burgess described the struc-
ture and physiology of a butterfly’s proboscis.
25 Fes. 1880.— Mr. S: H. Seudder showed
some plates on which were figured all the fossil
insects known from British Columbia. — Dr. H
A. Hagen read a paper on the mouth of Nemo-
gnatha, criticising Hermann Miiller’s speculations
on the development of the insect proboscis. Dr.
Hagen discussed the results of Dr. Palmen’s
studies on the tracheal system of insects, de
scribing his own views of the condition of the
stigmata during pupation, &c., and showed speci-
mens and drawings to illustrate the respiratory
apparatus of many water insects. — Mr. E: Bur-
gess made further remarks on the structure of
the butterfly proboscis.
24 Mar. 1880. — Mr. E: Burgess showed under
the microscope the structure and explained the
PSYCHE.
workings of the pharyngeal bulb in the head of
lepidoptera ; he showed also the structure and
arrangement of the muscles in the proboscis.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
REVIEWS.
Katter’s Inpex Enromoxocicus Pars 1 [see
Rec., no. 1610] is a list of the entomologists of
Europe as far as its author has been able to learn
their names, together with their addresses, the
departments of entomology to which they give
theiz especial attention, and an indication of
those desiring to exchange specimens. To the
above is added a list, extracted from the Natural-
ists’ Directory (Salem, 1878), of 73 American col-
lectors desiring to exchange, and a list of the
entomological societies and publications of the
world. Although the list is defective for coun-
tries outside of Germany, yet the following com-
parison, based on a hasty count, not including the
five pages of additions and errata, may ke of
interest. The entomologists and collectors enu-
merated are distributed as follows: Germany,
740; Austria, 213; Switzerland, 97; Holland,
84; Belgium, 95; Italy, 128; Spain, 19; Portu-
gal,2; Greece, 3; Roumania,1; Russia, 58 ; Fin-
land, 8; Sweden, 26; Norway, 2; Denmark, 4;
England, 435; Scotland, 15; Ireland, 3; France
(whose coleopterists are not included), 197; total,
2126. Of entomological societies, Europe is cred-
ited with 17; America, 4, and Australia, 1.
GaD:
BERNHARD GERHARD’s catalog of the macro-
lepidoptera of North America [see Rec., no. 1594]
seems to have received but little notice at the
hands of entomologists. Like most publications
of its kind which have been compiled in localities
distant from the land the fauna of which they
enumerate, Gerhard’s catalog is imperfect and
incomplete in many particulars. This catalog
assumes to give the synonymy of our species,
but contains the names of only 103 genera of
rhopalocera out of over 150 names which may
fairly be termed in modern use. It is useless to
call attention to special errors, as our species are
so well cataloged by American writers. G: D.
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [ ], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Abbott, C:C. Swarming of a brood of winged
ants [formica]. (Amer. nat., June 1873, v. 7,
p- 369-372.)
G:D. (1556)
Aldrich, C: Wrens and the bee-moth. (Amer.
nat., April 1879, v. 13, p. 262.)
Thinks wrens, which nested near hives of apis mellifica,
lessened the number of galleria cereana. r: D. (1557)
[American association for the advancement
of science — Entomological club — Saratoga | N.
Y.] meeting (1879).] Convention of scientists.
(Springfield |Mass.] d. republican, 27 Aug.
1879, p. 4, col. 6, 10 em.)
Notice of the meeting of the association, and of the
doings of the club. G: D. (1558)
Balfour, Francis Maitland. On certain points
in the anatomy of peripatus capensis. (Zool.
Anzeiger, 23 June 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 8332-335.)
Affinities of peripatus based upon study of the segmental
organs, the nervous system and the so-called fat bodies of
Moseley. G: D. (1559)
Baly, Joseph 8. Descriptions of a new genus
and of new species of halticinae. (Ann. and
mag. nat. hist., April 1878, s. 5, v. 1, p. 312.)
Describes the genus oedionychis, and o. recticollis and o.
chevrolatii, from Mexico. R. H. (1560)
Boisduval, Jean Alphonse. Species général
des lépidopteres hétéroceres. Par MM. Bois-
duval et Guenée. Tome ler. Sphingides, Sésii-
des, Castnides. Paris, Roret, 1874. 4-+ 568
p., 23 X 16.
General classification and description of species of the
families mentioned. References to the discussion of North
American material are contained in Psycur, 1879, v. 2, p.
265-270. B: P.M. (1561)
Bowditch, F: C. Habits of monohammus den-
tator. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1873, v. 7, p. 498-
500.) :
Describes larva, pupa, and borings in pinus mitis.
G: D. (1562)
Breitenbach, Wilhelm. Ueber die Function
der Saftbohrer der Schmetterlingsriissel. (En-
tom. Nachrichten, 15 Feb. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 29-
34.)
Discusses the function of Fritz Miiller’s *‘ Schmeckstifte ””
on the end of the proboscis of lepidoptera. G: D. (1563)
Breitenbach, Wilhelm. Zur Systematik der
Lepidopteren. (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 Aug. 1879,
jahrg. 2, p. 427-428.) .
Consideration of the appendages of the proboscis as a
basis for grouping lepidoptera. G: D, (1564)
Brendel, F: Intelligence in canthon. (Amer.
nat., Oct. 1879, v. 18, p. 654-655.)
G: D. (1565)
Cochineal insect (The). (Journ. applied sci.,
Jan. 1880, v. 11, p. 11, 27 cm.)
Reprint of H. B. M.’s ‘‘Curious facts concerning the
cochineal insect...’ (Sci. amer., 22 Nov. 1879, v. 4, p.
325, col. 1,) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1536].
G: D. (1566)
Colman, A. R. Premium essay on the dis-
eases of swine. (Trans. dept. agric. state of
Ill. for 1877, 1878, v. 15, [n. s., v. 7,] p. 823-850,
6 fig.)
Treats (p. 328-331, fig. 3) of mange or itch — scabies —
caused by sarcoptes suis, and gives a highly magnified figure
of the insect. B: P. M. (1567)
Cook, Albert J: A formidable bee-enemy, mu-
tilla coccinia. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, y. 15,
p- 464.)
Enters hives and kills and eats bees.
the attacks of the bees.
Seems not to mind
Found from Mo. to Texas.
A.J: C. (1568)
Cook, Albert J: Another bee enemy, erax?
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 399.)
A species of erax from Louisiana kills bees ; described
and figured. A.J: C. (1569)
Cook, Albert J: Bee enemy, séivetrus diana.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 370.)
This bug sucks the blood from the bees in North Caro-
lina. A.J: C. (1570)
Cook, Albert J: Honey dew on the tamarack.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 553.)
This nectar appears in great quantity, and is very attrac-
tive to the bees. It is shown to come from the lachnus ca-
ricifex. The character and habits of the louse are de-
scribed. A.J: C. (1571)
Cook, Albert J: Thelecanium of the tulip tree.
(Amer. nat., May 1879, v. 13, p. 824-826, il.)
Describes and figures females of lecanium tulipiferae, a
new species found on Jiliodendron tulipifera, at Lansing,
Michigan. Apis mellifica collects the exudation from this
lecanium. How to destroy lecanium tulipiferae.
G: D. (1572)
Cook, Albert J: Parthenogenesis in the honey-
bee. (Amer. nat., June 1879, v.15, p. 395-394.)
Defense of Dzierzon’s theory of parthenogenesis of apis
mellifica against the statements quoted in ‘‘ The oviposition
of the queen bee and Dzierzon’s theory’? (Amer. nat.,
April 1879, v. 13, p. 260-261) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1621]. A
note by Editors Naturalist is added. G: D. (1573)
56 [1574-1593]
Cook, Albert J: Pollen masses of species of
asclepias not destructive to bees. (Amer. bee
journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 426.)
A.J: C. (1574)
Cook, Albert J: The sting of the worker bee.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 542, il.)
The sting and method of using it are described.
A. J: C. (1575)
Cook, Albert J: The tongue of the honey bee.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, vy. 15, p. 490, il.)
The tongue and the method of sipping honey are de-
scribed. A.J: C. (1576)
Corey, J:G. Remedy for foul brood. (Amer.
bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 324.)
This is a fungoid disease, fatal to larval bees. ‘‘ A sure
cure ’’ is described. AN JeIC IST)
Croneberg, A. Ueber die Giftdriisen von
solpuga. (Zool. Anzeiger, 25 Aug. 1879, jahrg.
2, p. 450-451.)
G: D. (1578)
Dadant, C: Granulation of honcy a test of
purity. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 1.)
It is asserted that only pure honey granulates, though
some kinds of honey will not crystalize. A.J: C. (1579)
Decoction of the tomato-plant [/ycopersicum
esculentum] as an insecticide. (New remedies,
Oct. 1879, v. 8, p. 294, 4 cm.)
From Pharm. journ. and trans.; originally from the
Deutsche Gdriner-Zeitung. G: D. (1580)
Dewitz, H. Insectenmisbildung. (Zool. An-
zeiger, 10 March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 154-136, 1
fig.
mee on the left side of the breast of the larva of atia
insularis from Cuba. G: D. (1581)
Dezso, Béla. Uber den Zusammenhang der
Kreislaufs- und respiratorischen Organe bei
den Arthropoden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 Nov.
1878, jahrg. 1, p. 274.)
Brief summary of results of study at the zoological sta-
tion at Triest. ‘*In the insecta, arachnida and myriapoda
there are as many pairs of openings in the dorsal vessel as
there are pairs of stigmata.” G: D. (1582)
{[Doryphora decemlineata reduces the starch-
production of Coos co., N. H. to one-tenth
what it formerly was.] (Springfield [Mass.]
d. republican, 28 Nov. 1879, p. 6, col. 6, 2 cm.)
G: D. (1583)
Edwards, W: H: Ueber das Erziehen der
Tagfalter aus Eiern. (Entom. Zeitung... zu
Stettin, Oct.—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, p. 455-456.)
How to obtain eggs of butterflies for rearing.
G: D. (1584)
Eichhoff, W. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte
der Borkenkifer [scolytidae]. (Entom. Zeit-
ung...zu Stettin, Oct—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40,
p- 501-506.)
On European species.
G: D. (1585)
PSYCHE.
Engelmann, Th. W. Zur Anatomie und
Physiologie der Spinndriisen der Seidenraupe.
(Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Aug. 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 100-
102.)
According to researches made upon bombyxz mori by Th.
W. van Lidth de Jeude. GED. (1586)
Fabre, J. H. Souvenirs entomologiques :
Etudes sur l’instinct et les mceurs des insectes.
Paris, C. Delagrave, 1879. t,-p. cover, [4+ ]
824 p., 19 X 12,t14 85. 3 fr. 50c.
Biological observations and experiments upon different
insects.
Contents: Le scarabée sacré, La volitre, Le cerceris bu-
presticide, Le cerceris tuberculé, Un savant tueur, Le sphex
a ailes jaunes, Les trois coups de poignard, La larve et la
nymphe, Les hautes théories, Le sphex languedocien, Sci-
ence de l’instinct, Ignorance de l’instinct, Une ascension
au mont Ventoux, Les émigrants, Les ammophiles, Les
bembex, La chasse aux diptéres, Un parasite —le cocon,
Retour au nid, Les chalicodomes, Expériences, Echange des
nids, Notes (in which 4 new species of French hymenoptera
are described). : (1588)
Faucon, L. Expérience relative au transport
des phylloxeras par le vent. Lettre a M/. Du-—
mas. (Comptes rendus, 8 Dec. 1879, v. 89, p.
983.)
G: D. (1589)
Fertilization of flowers by humming-birds.
(Amer. nat., Feb. 1880, v. 14, p. 126-127.)
Observations in which bees do not appear to fertilize im-
patiens fulva. G: D. (1590)
Focke, W.0O. Tabak und Hummeln. (Kos-
mos |Leipzig], March 1880, Bd. 6, p. 473-474,
46 cm.)
Bombus lapidarius learned to pierce the flowers of a
hybrid between nicotia rustica,and n. paniculata, in order
to obtain the honey. G: D. (1587)
Fremy, Edmond. Questions relatives au phyl-
loxera, addressées a M. P. Thenard. (Comptes
rendus, 1 Dec. 1879, v. 89, p. 924-926.)
Upon the use of carbon disulphide [CS2]. See A. P. E.
Thenard’s ‘“‘ Réponse aux questions de M. Fremy... .”
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1623]. G: D. (1591)
French, G: Hazen. Economic entomology of
Illinois. Part 2. Lepidoptera, or butterflies
and moths, and their larva, or caterpillars.
(7th rept. state entomologist Ill., for 1877, 1878,
p. 153-273, fig. 32-48.)
Describes about 115 species in most of their principal
stages of development, treating of the habits of the more
prominent species, and of remedies for their ravages.
Gives (p. 269-273) analytical tables of the families and
genera represented in this paper. B: P.M. (1592)
French, G: Hazen. Report of the curator of
the museum. (5th annual rept. of principal
to board of trustees of Southern Ill. normal
university, 1879, p. 25-42.)
Separate, with t.-p. cover, entitled, “ Report
of the curator.” Carbondale, Ill., 1879, p. 25-
42,21 x 18.
Report upon work done in and of additions to the museum
during the past year; analytical tables of the butterflies of
Illinois, distinguishing 4 families, 36 genera and 113 species.
B: P. M. (1593)
PSYCHE.
French, G: Hazen, see Tuomas, Cyrus, and G: Hazen
Frencu, Notes on corn insects,... [Psycoux, Rec., no.
1624].
Gerhard, Bernhard. Systematisches Ver-
zeichniss der Macro-lepidopteren von Nord-
Amerika. Leipzig, 1878. 16-196 p., 20 x
18, t 15.5 X 9. Pap., M. 4.50.
Crit. rev., by H. A. Hagen, entitled “ Ger-
hard’s... Amerika.” (Entom. Zeitung... zu
Stettin, Oct—Dec. 1879, Jahrg. 40, p. 475-476.)
List with authorities, synonyms, and, in part, habitats
of the species. Index of species and of genera. Reviewed
in Psycue, April 1880, vy. 3, p. 54. G: D. (1594)
[Glossina morsitans, the tsetse fly, cannot kill
elephants.| (Springfield [Mass.] d. republican,
16 Dec. 1879, p. 5, col. 5, 3 em.)
G: D. (1595)
Graber, Vitus. Die abdominalen Tympanal-
organe der Cikaden und Grylloden. (Denk-
schriften d. kais. Akad. d. Wissensch., math.-
naturwissensch. Classe, 1876, bd. 36, p. 273-
296, 2 pl.)
Separate, with t.-p. cover and t.-p., Wien, K.
Gerold, 1876, 24 p., 2 pl., 30 x 25, t 28 x 17.2.)
Chiefly anatomical. G: D. (1596)
Greene, J. W. Bees eaten by shrew, sorex-
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 108.)
The small shrews enter the hives and eat the bees.
A.J: C. (1597)
Hagen, Hermann August. Troublesome in-
sects. The carpet beetle and other domestic
pests. An interesting communication to the
Boston society of natural history [18 Dec.
1878]. (Boston d. advertiser, 19 Dec. 1878,
no. 21940, v. 132, no. 147, p. 1, col. 9-10, 103
cm.
sole and migrations of Anthrenus scrophulariae ;
means against it. Abundance of Pulex irritans. Migrations
of insects and plants. B: P.M. (1598)
Hagen, Hermann August. Hoehlen-Chelifer
in Nord-America. (Zool. Anzeiger, 28 July
1879, jahrg. 2, p. 399-400.)
Notes on chthonius without eyes, with one pair of eyes
and with two pairs of eyes; chelifer parasitic under the
elytra of alaus, acanthocinus, passalus, and on the legs of
flies ; the groups of the chernetidae. G: D. (1599)
Hagen, Hermann August. Gerhard’s syst.
Verzeichniss der Macrolepidopteren von Nord
Amerika. (Entom. Zeitung... zu Stettin,
Oct.—Dec. 1879, Jahrg. 40, p. 475-476.)
A crit. rev. of the above named work [Psycux, Rec., no.
94]. : D. (1600)
Hogarty, W. G. Do bees injure fruit?
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 314.)
The answer is no. Many authors are quoted, and much
experimental evidence given. A.J: C. (1601)
Hopffer, Carl [Heinrich]. Exotische Schmet-
terlinge. (Entom. Zeitung... zu Stettin,
Oct.—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, p. ha a
Mostly on South American species. Note (p. 435) on
distribution of agraulis vanillae. G: 5. (1.02)
[1594-1608] 57
Illinois — State entomologist [1877 (Cyrus
Thomas)|. 7th report... on the noxious
and beneficial insects of the state of Illinois.
2d annual report by Cyrus Thomas. Spring-
field, Ill., 1878, 290 p., 25 & 14, t 18 x 10.5, 48
fig.
Rey., entitled, ‘Thomas’ Noxious insects of
Illinois.” (Amer. nat., Jan. 1879, v. 15, p. 34.)
General annual account (p. 3-14) of the more important
insects noticed ; statistics of the value of birds as destroy-
ers of insects, and of the injury done to the corn crop by
insects. Table of contents (p. 274). Errata and corrigenda
(p. 275). List of illustrations (p. 276). Index to the plants
and other substances injured by insects mentioned in this
report (p. 277-283). General index (p. 284-290). Contains
the following distinct essays, q. v.
Tuomas, Cyrus and G: Hazen Frencu,. Notes on corn
insects, or insects injurious to indian corn (p. 15-106, fig. 1
-23) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1624].
SmirH, Miss Emma A. Report (p. 107-131, fig. 24-31)
[Psycug, Rec., no. 1622}.
Frencu, G: Hazen. Economic entomology of Illinois.
Part 2. Lepidoptera,... (p. 133-273, fig. 32-48) [Psycue,
Rece., no. 1592]. B: P. M. (1603)
Illinois, state of— Department of agriculture.
Transactions ... with reports from county ag-
ricultural boards, for...1877. Ed. by S$. D.
Fisher, secretary. Vol. 15, old s.; vol. 7, n.s.
Springfield, Ill., 1878. [4] +420 + 6 p., 23 x
14, t 18 x 10.5., il.
Announces (p. 9) the proposed publication by Cyrus
Thomas of a treatise upon insects injurious to agriculture ;
contains (p. 16, 19) resolutions adopted by the state board
of agriculture with reference to the collections and the
reports of the state entomologist, and (p. 78, 131, 221) sta-
tistics of the representation of entomology at the annual
state and other fairs. For other contents, see ILLINOIS —
State board of agriculture, ‘‘ Report of museum committee ”’
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1605], and Cotman, A. R., “‘ Premium
essay on the diseases of swine’? [Psycue, Rec., no. 1567].
The 7th rept. of the state entomologist, by Cyrus Thomas,
is bound with these transactions in one volume.
B: P.M. (1604)
Illinois — State board of agriculture. Report
of museum committee tD. B. Gillham, H. D.
Emery, S. D. Fisher]. (Trans. dept. agric.
state of Ill. for 1877, 1878, v. 15, [n. s., v. 7,]
p. 96-111.)
List of 1782 insects of 368 species, sent by Cyrus Thomas,
state entomologist, to state board of agriculture, and placed
on exhibition in 60 cases in the museum of the board at
Springfield, Il. B: P. M. (1605)
Insect borer in powder barrels (An.) (Amer.
nat., April 1879, v. 13, p. 262.)
Larva of callidiwm variabile bores the hoops of powder
barrels. G: D. (1606)
Italian silk. (Journ. applied sci., Oct. 1879,
v 10, p. 149, 14 cm.)
Statistics of silkworm raising and silk manufacture in
Milan. z (1607)
Juice of the tomato-plant [/ycopersicum esculen-
tum] as an insecticide (The). (‘‘ Gardener’s
chronicle,” ...) (Springfield [Mass.] d. repub-
lican, 30 Sept. 1879, p. 3, col. 2, 5 cm.)
G: D. (1608)
58 [1609-1628]
Kadyi, Heinrich. Beitrag zur Kenntnis [sic ]
der Vorgiinge beim Hierlegen der blatta orien-
talis. (Zool. Anzeiger, 15 Dec., jahrg. 2, p.
632-636.)
G: D. (1609)
Katter, F. Index entomologicus. Pars 1, qua
continentur nomina entomologicorum Europae
exceptis Galliae coleopterologis, societarum
auctorumque Sapna eens Putbus a. Rii-
gen, A: Dose, 1880. t.-p. cover, base 124 p.,
16 X 115, t 13 X 7.7. Pam., M. 1.6
Contains the names of 73 American seid collec-
tors desiring exchange, extracted from the Naturalists’ di-
rectory (ed. 1878], and a list of entomological societies and
publications from all parts of the world. Reviewed in Psy-
CHE, April 1880, v. 3, p. 54 G: D. (1610)
Kraatz, Gustav. Ein Wort gegen die Ver-
mehrung des Ballastes der Synonymie. (En-
tom. Zeitung... zu Stettin, Oct.—Dec. 1879,
jahrg. 40, p. 506-508.)
G: D. (4611)
Kramer, P. Ueber die postembryonale Ent-
wicklung bei der Milbengattung glyciphagus.
(Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1880, jahrg. 46,
bd. 1, p. 102-110, pl. 7.)
G: D. (1612)
Krauss, Hermann. Otocystenartiges Organ
bei tabanus autumnalis Linné. (Zool. Anzeiger,
5 May 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 229-230.)
G: D. (1613)
Landerer, Xaver. Miscellaneous contribu-
tions from the Orient. (New remedies, Oct.
1879, v. 8, p. 293-294, 30 cm.)
Directs use of tobacco decoction with fresh leaves and
flowers of nerium oleander as a bug poison. a em. ]
G: D. (1614)
Lichtenstein, Jules. Les pucerons des ors
meaux, avec description de deux insectes nou-
veaux. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Nov.
1879, p. 6-9; Dec. 1879, p. 22-24.)
Synopses of the species of aphidae and coccidae found on
ulmus campestris, with notes on their biology. Describes
pemphigus ulmi and ritsemia pupifera. G: D. (1615)
Lockwood, S: A viviparous fly. (Amer.
nat., April 1873, v. 7, p. 193-197, fig. 34-35.)
Larvae of sarcophaga carnaria, experiments upon their
vitality in turpentine, in Fowler’s arsenical solution ou in
essence of peppermint. Figures larva, pupa and ima;
GD. 1616)
Lombard, F. Destruction des acarus et des
anthrenes. (Feuilles des jeunes naturalistes,
Jan. 1880, ann. 10, p. 39.)
Employment of carbon disulphide [C82] in collections,
to destroy acarus and anthrenus. ered (1617)
MacLeod, Jules. Phosphorescence des myr-
iapodes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Jan.
1880, p. 38.)
Phosphorescence of geophilus electricus. G: D. (1618)
MacLeod, Jules. La respiration chez les in-
sectes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Oct.
1879, ann. 9, p. 148-150.)
A brief account of the respiratory system of insects;
how to study it by dissection of dytiscus; mechanism of
respiration. G: D. (1619)
PSYCHE.
Machenhauer, F. Priparation der Libellen
fiir Sammlungen. (Entom. Zeitung ... zu
Stettin, Oct.—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, B 539.)
Mode of ‘preservation in alcohol. G: D. (1620)
Oviposition of the queen bee [apis mellifica]
and Dzierzon’s theory (The). (Amer. nat.,
April 1879, v. 13, p. 260-261.)
Crit. rev., by A. J: Cook, entitled, “ Parthe-
nogenesis in the honey bee.” (Amer. nat.,
June 1879, v. 18, p. 393-394.)
Quotation from Comptes rendus, 9 Sept. 1878, Hat ie
(i621)
Smith, Miss Emma A. Report. (7th rept.
state entomologist Ill., for 1877, 1878, p. 107-
181, fig. 24-81.)
Observations made upon noxious insects of northern Illi-
nois, during the summer of 1877. Treats especially of em-
phytus maculatus, gortyna nitela, argyrolepia quercifoliana
and lecanium acericola. é ® P.M. (1622)
Thenard, Arnould Paul Edmond. Réponse
aux questions de M. Fremy relatives a l’em-
ploi du sulfure de carbone |CS,] appliqué a la ©
destruction du phylloxera. (Comptes rendus,
1 Dee. 1879, v. 89, p. 926-931.)
Extract. (Rey. scientifique, 13 Dec. 1879,
p. 573, 12 cm.)
Reply to E. Fremy’s ‘‘ Questions relatives = ‘ys
Si ae Rec., no. 1591]. (1623)
Thomas, Cyrus and G: Hazen French. Notes
on corn insects, or insects injurious to indian
corn. (7th rept. state entomologist Ill, for
1877, 1878, p. 15-106, 23 fig.)
P. 15-78, fig. 1-18, by Thomas, treats of the coleoptera,
orthoptera and hemiptera, especially of blissus leucopterus ;
p. 79-106, fig. 19-23, by French, treats of the lepidoptera.
B: P.M. (1624)
Thomas, Cyrus, state entomologist of Illinois, see IntrNots,
— State entomologist [1877].
Trelease, W: On the fertilization of several
species of lobelia. (Amer. nat., July 1879, v.
13, p. 427-482, il.)
Mention of species of insects visiting species of lobelia.
G: D. (1625)
Voges, Ernst. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Juli-
den. (Zeitsch. f. wissensch. Zool., 1878, v. 31,
p. 127-194, pl. 11-13.)
Structure of the hard parts, openings of the tracheal sys-
tem and their muscles, comparison of these openings with
those of other myriapods, glandular apparatus and its se-
cretion in spirobolus cupulifer_ (new species), copulatory
organs and their form as generic and specific characters.
Describes 3 new species of julus, 19 of ef 13 of
spirobolus ; none from N. A. G: D. (1626)
Wackerzapp, Omar. Weiteres zur Begat-
tung der Schmetterlinge. (Entom. Nachrich-
ten, 15 Jan. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 15-17.)
Copulation of aglia tau and the attraction of the female
for the male. G: D. (1627)
Weismann, August. Ueber Duftschuppen.
(Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Aug. 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 98-
99
Scent-cells and scales of wings of lepidoptera.
G: D. (1628)
PSYCHE.
59
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
“Lonpon Purpte,” according to Prof. C: V.
Riley, can be sold for ten cents per pound. Half
a pound will kill the cotton worm on one acre of
land.
A. Dusrony, anthor of the “ Essai sur le genre
Chelidura” and “Enumeration des orthopteres
rapportés par MM. Doria, Beccai, et d’Albertis
des régions Indienne et Austro-Malaise,” pub-
lished in the Annali del Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale di Genova, will hereafter publish (he
writes me) under his own name, A. de Bormans.
— S. H. S. in Lib. Journ., Dec. 1879, v. 4, p. 457.
“Tn cLosine upon this subject, I desire to ac-
knowledge the very generous offer of our State
Entomologist, Hon. Cyrus Thomas, of Carbon-
dale, of an entomological treatise upon the in-
sects injurious to agriculture, stripped of all
technical phrases, and, hence, adapted to the
uses of the common people. In my judgment,
a paper of the character proposed, has for many
years been especially needed, as the reports hith-
erto published on that subject have been couched
in language beyond the comprehension of the
average farmer or fruit grower. It would he
well for the Board to take some action with re-
gard to its publication in our next volume of
reports.” — Pres. D. B. Gillham, in Trans. dept.
agric. Iil., for 1877, 1878, v. 15, [n. s., v. 7,] p. 9.
AN opportunity for scientists. — Lord Wal-
singham and other gentlemen interested in the
disease of game-birds has [have] authorized the
Entomological Society of London to offer to
public competition the following prizes: $250
for the best and most complete life-history of
Sclerostoma syngamus, Dies., supposed to produce
the so-called “ gapes” in poultry, game, and other
birds ; and $250 for the best and most complete
life-history of Strongilus pergracilis, Cob., sup-
posed to produce disease in grouse. All the stages
of development must be observed and recorded.
The competition is open to scientists of all nations.
One person can take both prizes. The essays
must be sent in by October 15, 1882, addressed to
the secretary of the Society, 11 Chandos street,
Cavendish Square [London, Eng.].—J. M., in
New England Journ. of Edue., 30 Oct. 1879, v. 10,
p. 242.2
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 26 Apr. 1880.
25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,,
24 Mar. ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological
Section of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on
Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de-
termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend
to present communications that may provoke
discussion are requested to allow the Secretary
to announce their subjects, in order that other
members may come ready to enter into a thor-
ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary,
Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,,
12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
James H. Rripinegs,
Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : — ‘
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880.
James H. Ripines,
Recording Secretary.
60
PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.— 40 on a sheet. No. 2.—50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpaip), M 6.50 = $1.62.
- Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron y. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine :—
‘Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, obsery-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of
books ; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.’’
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
Poursus a. Riicen,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50 M;
1877 43M; 187845 M; 18794 6.50 M.
{@- European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention by
being addressed to
GrorGe Dimmock,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCKE’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN
L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edi-
ted by George Dimmock. Noy. 1878. 11 p.t19X
12.5, Price, 30 cents; on5 X 12.5 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
6 p.t 1912.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title-
slips, 50 cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUD-
DER. Compiled and edited by George Dimmock.
Aug. 1879. 28p.t19X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg-
maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male,
(body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 cm. wide), Sandalus ni-
ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata,
Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sailei), Cal-
lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro-
dera scalator, Acanthocinus nodosus, Cylas formica-
rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana
coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE,
350 St. Peter St., New Orleans, La.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
No. 71 wasissued 1 May 1880.
ee
va) BG ear
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Abert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Criirrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.; Joseph Duncan Putnam,
Davenport, Iowa.
Vol.-3:. No. 73:
May 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : ; : : - 62
Nores uron soME TINEID eee Pasion Konedy Chass : : : : - 63-68
TRANSFORMATIONS OF NACERDES MELANURA— JZenry Loring Moody . 3 a GS
Proceepines oF Socreties— Linnean Society of London — Entomological arity of
Ontario, Montreal Branch . : : ‘ : : : ; : : 3 Ee)
Bisii0oGRAPHIcAL RecorD : : . : : : A 2mui70
Enromo.ocicaL Irems — Society Msetiage rite Wanye - ‘ : : - : Binoy fl
ADVERTISEMENTS . : : - : : F : 5 : . 5 : So wl
Campripeg, Mass., U.S. A.: PusiisHep spy GeorGe Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. ]
62
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
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PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45 ets.
Light mailing boxes, 17 X 22 em., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 X 8.5 & 0.5 cm., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 & 50
mm., 10 60 mm., 12> 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets.
per 1000; 27x 12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. ScuDDER, ;
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
NOTES UPON SOME TINEID LARVAE.
BY VACTOR TOUSEY CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Antispila nyssaefoliella and A. cornifo-
liella,
I have had specimens of the imagos of
both of these species in my collections, but
not at the same time, and therefore have
not been able to compare them. Dr.
Clemens notices some minute differences
between them, but seems to rely more upon
supposed differences in the maculation of
the larvae as indicating their specific dis-
tinction. But these characters are not
altogether reliable; for the number and
distinctness of the maculae differ in the
same individual at different ages, the num-
ber increasing with the age of the larva
until it reaches the last larval stage. At
least, this is the case with nyssaefoliella,
of which Dr. Clemens says, ‘‘ dark atoms
along the dorsum; ventral surface with a
line of two black spots,” though just what
‘a line of two black spots” may mean, I
do not know. In a specimen now before
me there are nine blackish spots behind
the cervical shield on the dorsal surface,
and twelve on the ventral surface. Dr.
Clemens further says that ‘after the last
moulting the first segment is black, and the
dorsal spots become a black vascular line,”
which is certainly incorrect ; for in its last
larval stage, when taken from its cocoon,
I have found the larva to be depressed, fat,
snowy white with the mouth parts tinged
with ferruginous, but the larva otherwise
immaculate. It has a single black ocellus
about the middle of each side of the head.
The larvae of this genus are completely
apodal, and in the youngest larvae that I
have seen the larval trophi were fully de-
veloped ; that is, they were equivalent to
the second form of trophi of larvae of Litho-
colletis, Phyllocnistis, &c.; and I think
the larvae leave the egg in this stage of
development, without passing through what
I have elsewhere mentioned as the first
form of trophi of the genera above named.
I have never found more than two exu-
viae in an Antispila mine, and am not
certain as to the number of moults before
passing into the pupa state; it is probably
not more than two.
The larva of A. viticordifoliella in its
last stage is, like that of nyssaefoliella,
immaculate ; but it is yellowish white, and
not snowy white like the latter. These
larvae crawl but little if at all, after cutting
out their discs. Indeed, from their struc-
ture, locomotion would seem to be impossi-
ble, or nearly so.
64
Aspidisca lucifluella Clem.
I have succeeded in raising this species
from the larva, and find, as elsewhere sug-
gested, that the captured specimens de-
scribed by me as A. ella belong to this
species.
The larvae of Aspidisca, as stated by
Dr. Clemens, are apodal, having the tho-
racic feet represented by sucker-like discs.
Ihave not been able as yet to determine
whether these discs really operate as suck-
ers, or whether there is a secretion exuded
from them which enables the larvae to
adhere to the surface. The anal prolegs
are represented by small lobes, each of
which has a recurved hook, by means of
which the larva anchors itself inside of its
case, which, notwithstanding the absence
of legs, and depending only on the ‘* suck-
ers,” it drags through grass, and over
fences, sometimes for more than a hundred
metres, before ‘‘ tying up” for pupation.
These anal hooks are much more distinctly
developed in A. splendoriferella and A.
lucifluella, than in A. saliciella.
I have never been able to detect any
trace of the exuviae in the mines of any
of the species, and am induced to believe
that the larva moults only once — that is,
when it passes into the pupa state. In the
youngest larvae that I have seen, the trophi
are of the character above referred to under
Antispila as the second or perfect form.
I have elsewhere followed a suggestion
of Mr. Stainton in referring both Antispila
and Aspidisca to the Glyphipterygides, but
the larvae differ very decidedly from those
of Glyphipteryx, and those of Aspidisca
are very different in form and structure
from those of Antispila. Dr. Clemens’
statement that the mature larvae of Aspi-
PSYCHE.
disca are flattened, is too strong; at most
they can only be said to be a little de-
pressed, and are much less so than are the
larvae of Antispila. His statement, ‘*‘ these
are not supplied with hooks,” is rather in-
definite, but if intended to apply to the
anal prolegs of mature larvae is certainly
incorrect, though entirely correct when
applied to the ventral prolegs, or rather
to their sucker-like substitutes.
Aecaea (Chrysopeleia) purpuriella.
Among leaves of the black locust (2to-
binia pseudacacia) , gathered because they
contained mines of Lithocolletis robimella,;
in July, several were observed in which
there appeared to be either small white
mines, or thin white silken webs at the
junction of some of the veins with the
midrib, each of which contained a small
larva. But neither the mines nor larvae
received anything more than a passing no-
tice, as my attention was directed to watch-
ing the development of the larva of L. ro-
biniella. But from the collection I bred a
specimen of A. purpuriella, the larva of
which has been heretofore unknown. I
can scarcely doubt that it came from one
of the larvae in the small mines, as I got
nothing else from those leaves but A. pur-
puriella and L. robiniella; and the posi-
tion of the mine (or web?) is exactly that
of the mine of Aeaea ostryaeella in Ostrya
leaves (see frontispiece to ‘‘Tineina of
North America”), though it is much
smaller than the latter. At the same time,
it should be stated, the web of the very
young larva of Gelechia pseudacaciella is
only distinguishable, on a hasty glance,
from the supposed mines of Aeaea purpu-
riella, by the fact that a very slender branch
extends from the main web for some dis-
PSYCHE.
tance along the midrib, in the case of G.
pseudacaciella, which also feeds on locust
leaves.
purpuriella was certainly bred from locust
leaves, whatever be its mode of feeding
thereon.
Coleophora.
A species of this genus which I have not
succeeded in rearing, mines the leaves of
elm (Ulmus americana), sometimes in
large numbers. All of the larval cases
that I observed had been cut out from the
edge of the leaf, showing the serrations
along the dorsal surface of the case; yet
it was frequently found in these cases feed-
ing generally over the under surface of the
leaves. It must therefore retire to the
edge of the leaf to feed shortly before
changing its case.
Gelechia pseudacaciella.
In the note on Aeaea purpuriella above,
I have referred to the web of the very
young larva of this species as being very
similar to the web (or mine?) of A. pur-
puriella ; being placed like it at the junc-
tion of a vein with the midrib, but differing
from it by having a narrow strip of web
extending along the midrib. But G. pseud-
acaciella does not continue long to feed in
this way. It may afterwards be found —
sometimes when nearly grown — feeding
between two of the leaflets sewed together ;
but much more frequently it may be found
in the mines of Jvthocolletis robiniella, and
more rarely in those of Lithocolletis orna-
tella. I have sometimes seen it deliberate-
ly cut its way into the mines of L. robiniel-
la ; and when there it does not confine itself
to a vegetable diet, for I have opened the
mines and fownd the larva inthe act of eat-
ing the pupa of its host. Ido not know
At any rate, the specimen of A.
65
that it eats the larva of L. robiniella, though
from the frequency of the occurrence of G.
pseudacaciella in mines of L. robiniella from
which the latter larva was absent, I suspect
that it does. Possibly the struggles of the
L. robiniella larva might drive that of G.
pseudacaciella away ; but I know that the
pupa is eaten, having seen it.
I have never found the larva of G. pseud-
acaciella except on locust trees ; but Prof.
Riley once showed me two specimens of
a Gelechia moth which I was unable to
distinguish from G. pseudacaciella, and
which Mr. Riley said he had bred from
larvae found on wild cherry (Prunus sero-
tina). It is not likely that the larva feeds
on two plants so remote from each other as
locust and wild cherry ; but a larva which
varies its diet of locust leaves by an occa-
sional repast on the living pupa of a Litho-
colletis, need not be supposed to be exces-
sively fastidious.
The only difference that I have observed
between the very young and the mature
larvae of G. pseudacaciella is that the
markings are more prominent in the latter.
There is a larva of an unknown species
and genus which burrows in June and July
in the pith of the preceding year’s shoots
of Robinia pseudacacia. The markings
and form of the ventral segments are not
very different from those of G. pseuda-
caciella but the head and thoracic segments
are enlarged and are of a black or piceous
hue, and the mouth parts are large and
It
has sixteen well developed legs and prolegs.
It probably will form the type of a new
genus. It can hardly be the unknown
larva of Xylesthia clemensella, for that
larva feeds in the solid wood of locust
strong, as becomes a burrowing larva.
66 PSY OHE.
posts and trees, and therefore probably
does not feed on the pith of living branches.
Gracilaria negundella.
This species has heretofore been recorded
only from Denver, Colorado; but I have
also found the leaves of the box alder its
food plant, in Kentucky, rolled into cases
precisely similar to those made by this spe-
cies in Colorado, and containing a Gracila-
ria larva, of which, however, I did not suc-
ceed in rearing the imago. I have, how-
ever, no doubt that it is the same species.
Laverna gleditschiaeella.
The egg of this species (which I have
found only by dissection of the female) is
a very pretty microscopic object. It is
opaque ; the centre of the larger end pro-
jects a short distance, and ridges extend
on every side from the projection to the
margin, with concave valleys between
them, and these ridges and valleys are
continued along. the surface towards the
smaller end of the egg, but grow gradually
more indistinct ; they are not straight, but
have a wavy outline. The egg is depressed
and narrows gradually towards the smaller
end, which is somewhat sharply and sud-
denly rounded: color, white.
The eggs of Argyresthia undulatella
Cham., which I have obtained in the same
way, resemble microscopic hen’s-eggs, ex-
cept that they are a little more globular.
Nepticula nyssaefoliella n. sp.
Only the larva is known, as I have not
yet succeeded in getting the imago. The
larva is greenish white with deep green
contents ; head pale ferruginous with the
mouth-parts of a deeper green ; the mine is
linear, ending in a brownish yellow blotch,
and the frass is attached to the loosened
upper cuticle. No exuviae were found in
the mine, and this larva, like most larvae
of this genus, undergoes no moult until
pupation. I believe, however, one or two
instances have been recorded of moults of
larvae of this genus in Europe. But usu-
ally the entire larval life does not exceed
thirty-six hours.
There is a larva of this genus which is
not uncommon in hickory leaves (Carya
alba), in which it makes a large blotch
mine. ‘The larva itself is rather large for
the genus, but I have not succeeded in
rearing the imago. Another hickory Nep-
ticula which I have not succeeded in rear-
ing, makes a linear mine about 2.5 cm.
long, in the first and last fourths of which
the frass is deposited in a central line,
while in the middle portion it is deposited
in transverse rows of small specks, some-
what as in the mine of the European JN.
viscerella.
Nepticula quercicastanella Cham., here-
tofore bred from leaves of the chestnut oak
(Quercus castanea), I have also bred from
leaves of the white oak (Q. alba).
N. castaneaefoliella Cham., heretofore
bred from chestnut leaves (Castanea), I
have also bred from the leaves of white
oak.
Dr. Clemens (Tin. N. Amer., p. 172-),
mentions several other Nepticula larvae
which have not as yet been bred, and
besides these there is a species which makes
a long crooked linear mine in leaves of the
sugar maple (Acer saccharinum) ; another
in leaves of sumac (Rhus); another in
elm leaves (U/mus), and many others ; in
fact we know comparatively little yet of the
Nepticula of this country. There is also
a species mining leaves of hackberry (Cel-
tis).
PSYCHE.
Ornix prunivorella Cham.
This species, and probably most or all
other species of the genus, like those of
Gracilaria, to which it is so closely allied,
assume what I have called the second form
of larval trophi at the second moult.
Phyllocnistis.
In a paper in Psycue on Lnthocolletis,
I incidentally mentioned the presence in
Phyllocnistis of certain projections from
the sides of certain segments of the larva,
which, though not occupying the places
usually occupied by legs, and perhaps not
homologous therewith, yet served, to some
extent at least, the same purpose, and so
I questioned the propriety of describing
Phyllocnistis larvae as apodal. I was
therefore greatly surprised, on the next
occasion when I observed larvae of this
genus, that I could find no trace whatever
of these pseudopodia ; then again in others
I would find them —sometimes the full
complement, at others only a part, and
sometimes in the same specimen I would
find them and then fail again. The fact is
that they are retractile.
I formerly thought (Psycne, loc. cit.),
from analogy with Lithocolletis larvae that
there were seven stages of larval life in
Phyllocnistis, but I have not been able to
verify this belief. On the contrary, I find
only two stages. The mines are long wind-
ing linear tracts, ending in a small blotch,
which, however, remains a blotch only a
very short time; only, indeed, while the
larva is spinning its cocoon, which draws
the blotch into a small knot, or pucker.
The linear part of the mine is occupied by
the larva in its first stage ; at least I have
not been able to find any evidence of a
moult while the mine remains linear. The
67
form of the trophi is then very similar to
that of the earlier stages of Lithocolletis
larvae (see Psycue, v. 2, p. 83, fig. 2).
Having nearly finished feeding, the larva
eats out the parenchyma next to the upper
cuticle, making a small blotch. Although
the rudimentary spinneret is visible, the
silk is not yet secreted, and the larva cannot
spin ; but resting quietly in the little blotch
for a few hours, it then casts off the old
skin and appears no longer a flattened larva
with the first form of trophi, but is simply
depressed, nearly cylindrical, and with the
trophi as in the accompanying figure.
These trophi are evidently not intended for
use in eating, and in fact the larva does
not eat any more ; it becomes rapidly cyl-
indrical (or rather oblong conic, for it ta-
pers rapidly posteriorly). The pseudo-
podia are still visible, and the larva when
removed from its cocoon ‘* bumps around ”
on these stubs of legs, in a rather ridiculous
manner. The spinneret and silk glands
are now fully developed ; the larva quickly
spins its cocoon, and in little more than a
day after this moult it passes its second
moult, and becomes a pupa.
I find no material difference in the course
of development in any of the species am-
pelopsiella, vitigenella, vitifoliella and
magnoliaeella. The latter species is
known only in the larval and pupal states,
68 PSYCHE.
and is probably identical with /zriodendron-
ella.
Tischeria.
In all of the species of this genus of
which I have traced the life history (7.
malifoliella, T. quercivorella and T. quer-
citella), there are the same number of
moults as in the greater number of lepi-
doptera, viz., four (or five, if we include
the moult into the pupal state) ; and there
are no marked differences, either in color
or structure, between the same larvae at
different stages of growth. The oak-feed-
ing species are more readily distinguished
from each other by the character of the
mines, than by the appearance of either
the larva or imago. Mr. Stainton’s figure
of T. marginea (Nat. Hist. Tin., v. 3,
TRANSFORMATIONS OF
plate), is very much like the larva of our
T. malifoliella, but the head of marginea,
as figured, is darker than that of malifo-
liella, and the last three segments, espe-
cially the last one, in the figure, are too
short and narrow. The wings of the im-
ago of marginea, as figured, are paler than
those of malifoliella. The larva of mali-
foliella is also slenderer than that of mar-
ginea, and more moniliform, while each
segment has on each side three hairs, which
are not represented in the figure of mar-
ginea. Marginea is perhaps nearer — or
as near —our 7. aenia F. & B., which,
like marginea, mines bramble leaves. The
mine of marginea is, however, wider and
more irregular than that of aenia.
NACERDES MELANURA.
BY HENRY LORING MOODY, MALDEN, MASS.
As far as I am aware, nothing is yet
known of the transformations of this very
common beetle. At various times I have
hunted assiduously for the larva, but with-
out success. Thinking better luck might
follow from trying to obtain larvae in an-
other way, I captured a lot of the beetles
with the purpose of getting the eggs.
From the fact that the beetles are abundant
about buildings with open rafters, I con-
cluded that dry pine wood was the food of
the larva, and confined the females in a
vessel with a quantity of dry ‘ punky”
pine. They laid their eggs freely, and in
eight days the young appeared; when
first hatched they measured a fraction over
one mm. long. At intervals of one or two
weeks I measured specimens, and, singu-
larly enough, though apparently in good
health, their growth after the first few days
was hardly perceptible. At the end of
seven months the largest specimens meas-
ured barely more than two mm. long; in
eleven months four mm., and at the be-
ginning of the fifteenth month all were
dead. It would be somewhat remarkable
for any larva to sustain life so long under
conditions altogether unfavorable. I am
confirmed therefore in thinking that pine,
or some one of the coniferous woods, in a
dry state, is the food of this larva, but
think I made a mistake in keeping the ves-
sel so tightly closed as to exclude the air.
The eggs of Nacerdes are cylindrical, a
fraction over 1 mm. long, a little more than
three times as long as their greatest breadth,
tapering somewhat toward each end, some-
times slightly curved, rounded at the ends.
Color white, somewhat translucent, with a
portion at each end semi-transparent.
PSYCHE. 69
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
5 Fes. 1880.—... Mr. A. Hammond exhibited
a larva of Tanypus maculatus. He mentioned
that the coronet and appendages of the thoracic
and anal regions had been said to be homologous
with the respiratory organs of the larva and pupa
of gnats, &c. This he doubted, inasmuch as the
former originated from the ventral and not dor-
sal surface, as did the latter, and no tracheae of
any size could be traced in them. The two oval
bodies in the thorax, De Geer’s so-called “air
reservoirs,” he (Mr. Hammond) considers to be
salivary glands, similar to those of the larva of
the Crane Fly previously described by him....
— The Athenaeum, 14 Feb. 1880, p. 220.
19 Fes. 1880.— Specimens of ants, allied to
if not identical with Phetdole javana Mayr, were
shown by Mr. Jas. Britten, as also a series of
young and old plants sent by Mr. H. O. Forbes
from Borneo, viz: Myrmecodia echinata and M.
glabra. The underground stems of these latter
all exhibited tunneled galleries not unlike the
borings of the white ant Termites. These cham-
bered stem enlargements illustrate a statement
of Sig. Beccari that the plants’ existence is es-
sentially bound up with the ants’, for unless the
latter attack the young growing Myrmecodiae,
the latter soon die.— Another piece of ants’
work was shown by Dr. M. Musters, viz: a
pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata, also from
Borneo. It seems these peculiar pitchers, from
having incurved spinous ridges round their
throats, are perfect traps to creeping insects.
To take advantage of the contained food and
water, a species of black ant, too wise to enter
by the lid, ingeniously perforates the stalk, and
making a passage upwards, provides a safe inroad
and exit to the sumptuous fare of dead and de-
caying insects within the pitcher. ...—J. Murie
in Zool. Anzeiger, 22 March 1880, p. 143-144.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO — MON-
TREAL BRANCH.
17 May 1880.— 7th annual meeting.— The fol-
lowing persons were elected to office for the en-
suing year: G: J: Bowles, President; G: B.
Pearson, jr., Vice-president ; G: H. Bowles, Sec-
retary; Frank Butler Caulfield, Curator; H:
Herbert Lyman, W: Couper, and Robert Jack,
Members of the Council.
The annual report of the Council shows the
society to be progressing favorably. A number
of valuable works have been added to the library
during the year, and the following papers have
been read at the monthly meetings : —
1. “ A description of the male Alypia maccul-
lochii, Kirby.” — W : Couper.
2. “ Notes ona species of Cossus taken at Mon-
treal.” — Frank Butler Caulfield.
3. “The milk plant, its insect parasites, red
and black in color.” — W : Couper.
4, “ How to preserve specimens of insects.” —
G:J: Bowles.
5. “ On luminous insects.” — G: H. Bowles.
6. “ Montreal hymenoptera.” — W : Couper.
7. “Notes on rearing lepidoptera.” — H: Her-
bert Lyman.
8. “Some of the insects that frequent the or-
chard and garden,” by Rev. F. W. Fyles. (Se-
lected.) —G: J: Bowles.
Several tours were made by the members,
during the summer, to the different collecting
grounds in the vicinity of Montreal, with good
results, a number of new species for our cata-
log being discovered.
Altogether, 1 am glad to say, our science is
not being neglected here, though, perhaps, not
receiving the attention it deserves, or would
have were more time at our disposal.
G: H. Bowes, Secretary.
70 [1629-1646]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets | ],
rectly from the work that is noticed.
marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Dollfus, Adrien, see AssociaTIon francaise pour |’ avance-
ment des sciences — Congres de Mont ellier, Section de
zoologie, [Abstract of proceedings] [PsycHr, Rec. no.
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Fabre, J. H. Meceurs et parthénogénése des
halictes. (Comptes rendus, 22 Dec. 1879, v. 89,
p- 1079-1081.)
Abstract. (Rev. scientifique, 3 Jan. 1880,
p. 641, 6 em.)
Observations chiefly made upon h. lineolatus and h. sex-
cinctus. . (1629)
Fuller, Andrew S. Little-known silkworms.
(Frank Leslie’s popular monthly, Jan. 1880, v.
9, p. 99-100, 102, 7 fig., 63 em.)
Figures atiacus cynthia, larva, cocoon, imago; a. yama-
mai, larva, cocoon, imago; a. pernyt, cocoon, imago; a.
mylitta, imago. G: (1630)
pE Graaf, H.W. Beitrage zur Kenntnis des
anatomischen Baues der Geschlechtsorgane
bei den Phalangiden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Jan.
1880, jahrg. 3, p. 42-43.)
Summary of results obtained by study of phalangium
cornutum, ph. parietinum and leiobunus rotundus.
G: D. (1631)
Mayer, Paolo [= Paul]. Sopra certi organi
di senso nelle antenne dei ditteri. (Mem. reale
accad. dei lincei, 1879, v. 3... .)
Separate, with t.-p. cover, Roma, 1879, 12 p.,
30 X 12, t 21 X 13; 1 pl., 30 x 42, t 24 x 33.
Describes and figures the terminal joint of the antenna
and the structure of its sense-organs, in drosophila, erista-
lis tenaz, sicus ferrugineus, syrphus balteatus, musca (do-
mestica?), m. vomitoria and pulex irritans. G: D. (1632)
Mayer, Paul. Die Verwendbarkeit der Coch-
enille in der microscopischen Technik. (Zool.
Anzeiger, 9 Dec. 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 345-346.)
G: D. (1633)
Metschnikoff, Elias. Zur Lehre iiber In-
sectenkrankheiten. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Jan.
1880, jahrg. 3, p. 44-47.)
Records results of infecting the larvae of species of cole-
optera in!urious to vegetation with the spores of an insecti-
cidal fungus, here called isaria destructor. G:D. (1634)
Mivart, St. G: The geography of living crea-
tures. (Contemporary rev., Feb. 1880, p. 275—
299.)
Regions of distribution of plants and animals. A few
notes on insect-distribution. G: D. (1635)
Miller, Fritz.
lerlingen.
1, p. 32.)
Odor of daptonoura lycimnii, callidryas trite, and didonis
biblis from Brazil. G: D. (1636)
Ueber Geriiche von Schmet-
(Zool. Anzeiger, 15 July 1878, jahrg.
Miiller, Fri-z. Mittheilungen iiber Phrygani-
den. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26 May 1879, jahrg. 2,
p. 283-284.)
Chiefly upon the structure of the pupae of Brazilian —
phryganidae. : (1637)
Miller, Fritz. Ueber Phryganiden. (Zool.
Anzeiger, 27 Jan. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 38-40.)
Larvae and larval cases of Brazilian phryganidae.
G: D. (1638)
Miller, Fritz. Ueber Phryganiden. (Zool.
Anzeiger, 7 April 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 180-182.)
Significance of the ciliate legs of pupae 7 mye le phryg-
anidae. (1639)
Miller, Fritz. Ueber Pectin (Zool.
Anzeiger, 28 July 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 405-407.)
Systematical and biological notes. G: D. (1640)
Miiller, Fritz. Ueber die Vortheile der Mim-
icry bei Schmetterlingen. (Zool. Anzeiger,
29 July 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 54-55.)
Considerations based upon mimicry among Brazilian lep-
idoptera. (1641)
Miiller, Hermann. Die Insecten als unbe-
wusste Blumenziichter. (Zool. Anzeiger, 15
July 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 32-33.)
Mutual adaptability of certain flowers and insects. Er-
ror corrected Zool. Anzeiger, 27 Jan. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 41.)
G: D. (1642)
Miiller, Hermann. Ueber numenia acontius.
Von Fritz Miiller. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1 July
1878, jahrg. 1, p. 15-14.)
Considerations upon the sexual differences os ae aes
ionid from Brazil. 1643)
Muller, Fritz, sce MULLER, Hermann, Ueber numenia
acontius [PsycHE, Rec., no. 1643].
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr. The cotton-
worm moth [aletia argillacea| in Rhode Island.
(Amer. nat., Jan. 1880, v. 14, p. 53.)
G: D. (1644)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr. Discovery of
a tardigrade. (Amer. nat., Dec. 1873, v. 7, p.
740-741, fig. 181.)
Figures macrobiotus americanus, n. s., from New Glou-
cester, Me., and mentions another species = a enus
from Iowa. ~ 1685)
Popenoe, Edwin A. A list of Kansas cole-
optera. (Trans. Kansas acad. sci., 1877, v. 5,
p- 21-40.)
Enumerates ‘‘ about 1200” species. G: D. (1646)
PSYCHE. 71
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE WELL-KNOWN entomological author, Karl
Fritsch, of Salzburg, Austria, died 26 Dec. 1879,
in his sixty-eighth year.
THREE PRIZES, amounting to about 1800 dol-
lars, have teen offered by the Italian govern-
ment for vineyards raised from grafts of those va-
rieties of American grapes which are known to be
capable of resisting the attacks of phylloxera.
ACCORDING TO an item in Colonies and India,
a new disease, in the form of a minute tick, has
sprung up in the vineyards of Cape Colony.
The press of that region is, meanwhile, discuss-
ing measures to prevent the introduction of phy]-
loxera into the colony.
Two EMINENT French lepidopterists died last
December in Paris, Dr. Jean Alphonse Boisduval
and Jean Etienne Berce. The latter, well-known
as the author of “Les papillons de France,” died
the 29th, and the former, author of many works
upon lepidoptera, died the next day.
THE ANNUAL meeting of the Entomological
Club of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science will be held at the Mu-
seum of the Boston Society of Natural History,
corner of Berkeley and Boylston Sts., Boston,
commencing at 2 p. m., Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880.
It is proposed to send to every member of the
American Association, and to all others who may
favor the undersigned with their address for that
purpose, a circular announcing the special sub-
jects which will be presented at this meeting of
the Club; and therefore all entomologists who
desire to read communications at that time are
requested to notify one of the undersigned be-
fore August Ist. This will ensure a fuller dis-
cussion of the topics presented, and, it is hoped,
a larger attendance.
There will be aninformal social gathering of
entomologists at the rooms of the Boston Society
of Natural History, 24 Aug. 1880, from 10 a. m.
tolp.m. During the meeting of the American
Association a room will be constantly open for
the exclusive use of the entomologists.
Samuet H. ScuppeEr, President,
Cambridge, Mass.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary,
Cambridge, Mass.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SApr es
10 Dec. ,, 3 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June _,,
ti hep:
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR nieetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. ,, 23 Mar. ,,
22 Dec. ,, 2 ApEn 55
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SeApr as
10 Dee. ,, 13 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
TL Reb: > ,,
JamMEs H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
13 Dec. 1880. 13 June 1881.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada,
on the days following : —
6 July 1880.
7 Sept. 1880.
3 Aug. ,,
5: Octhn 5
G: H. Bow gs, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Doe 15 Ocr. 1882.— Life-histories of Sclero-
stoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergracilis. See
PsyYcuHE, v. 3, p. 59.
PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
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Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
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TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
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name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
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and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
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PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
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Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine : —
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ-
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Science of Entomology.”
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LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acelimatation de France),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN
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ted by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878. 11 p.t19X
12.5, Price, 30 cents 6n 5 X 12.5 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. Horn. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
6 p.t19X12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title-
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No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUD-
DER. Compiled and edited by George Dimmock.
Aug. 1879. 28 p.t19X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Synopsis of the N. A. species of Platynus, Bon.,
by J. L. Leconte, M. D. (with description of new
species).
Reprint from Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soc.,
v. 2, Noy. 1879, p. 43-58. Price, 50 cts. Address
Brooklyn Entomological Society, 9 Broadway,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
FOR SALE.
Single copies of PSYCHE. Price: 2 copies for 15
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Address: Editors of PSYCHE,
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GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D. C.
No. 72 was issued 28 May 1880.
oe Belge oe
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Cuitrrorp CHAsE Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.; JosrrpH Duncan Putnam,
Davenport, Iowa.
Vol. 3. No. 74.
JUNE 1880.
J
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS 5 74
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE Bade OF ee Asviitee TO ‘ Concee ALIDS OF Et RFLIES
—W: H: Edwards : 75
LARVAE OF THE FamILy Py SiS Day ie Ei Loring Moody 76
PROCEEDINGS oF SocreTIES—Cambridge Entomological Club 77
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD z “78-82
EnromoLoeicat Irems — Society Aisbiings Bias Késils 83
ADVERTISEMENTS 5 ; : : y 3 n ; 84
CampripGe, Mass., U. S. A.: PuprisnHep sy Grorcre Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter.]
74
PSYCHE.
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Address Epirors or Psycue,
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE,
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6,$1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
pachages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45, cts.
Light mailing boxes, 17 X 22 cm., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 & 8.5 & 0.5 cm., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 & 50
mm., 10> 60 mm., 12 70 mim., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22X14 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 27X12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of fhe under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUT TERFLIES WANTED
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
PSY CEH.
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO CHRYS-
ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
(Concluded from p. 19.)
Between 26 Feb. and 19 March 1880,
there emerged, in my house, 10 examples
of Papilio ajax from the chrysalids sub-
jected to cold for 14 and 20 days in 1879,
as related on page 4. From the lot iced
14 days emerged 2 %, 2 2; from that of
20 days, 4 %, 2 9.
From chrysalids of same laying of eggs,
but which were not iced, emerged 4 % 8
between 4 March and 30 March. Eight
of the ten iced chrysalids gave butterflies
before 2 March, and therefore 2 days be-
fore any had come from the not iced lot.
The other two emerged on 18 and 19
March.
On 4 April, I examined all these butter-
flies and compared them with each other,
and also with examples from same lot of
eggs, the chrysalids of which had been
iced and gave butterflies in 1879.
1. Comparing with each other: all are
telamonides. I found no difference in shape
or coloration, between the examples iced
and not iced.
2. Comparing with examples from same
lot of eggs, which emerged in 1879: these
latter have the summer form (marcellus)
with the coloration of the winter form
(telamonides), wherever the change is
complete ; and any change at all is in the
direction of the winter form (p. 5, 6).
The wings are all produced, the hind mar-
gins of primaries concave ; the tails very
long, averaging % 23.5 mm., 2 24.1 mm.
The butterflies of 1880 have the wings
much less produced, the hind margins
straight or convex; the tails short, aver-
aging, $ 18.1 mm., 2 20.3 mm.
The icing apparently produced no effect
on the chrysalids which passed the winter,
except perhaps to hasten the appearance
of the butterflies a few days. But the
same treatment altered the markings of
the butterflies which emerged in 1879.
It does not appear that the effect of the
cold was really to precipitate the emerging
of any in 1879,—that is, to compel any
which would naturally have emerged in
1880, to do so in 1879. On examining
the proportion of hibernating chrysalids
from several broods of ajax, as recorded
in Butterflies of N. A., v. 1, p. 11-13, I
find that of all broods in and after May,
about one-half the chrysalids gave butter-
flies the same year. The figures are 14-
39 [0.36], 10-17 [0.59], 6-10 [0.60], 40-
76
senting the earlier broods. Of the 69
pupae of June 1879 (Psycne, p. 4), 34
yielded butterflies the same season; and
of the 35 of same lot, which were iced,
16 emerged the same season.
By this it does not appear that cold made
any butterfly emerge in 1879 whose natural
term was 1880. It is impossible to be
absolutely certain of this fact, but the
probability is very strong that the change
produced by cold was in coloration, or in
the clothing (as in the frontal hairs). What
PSYCHE.
76 [0.53] [average, 0.52], the first repre-.
should have emerged in 1879 as the sum-
mer form did so emerge in shape, but pre-
sented the coloration of the winter form.
I call to mind only two species of North
American butterflies in which there is a
decided difference of shape between the
winter and summer forms, namely, P. ajax
and Grapta interrogationis. In other spe-
cies, as the shape is identical in both forms,
it could not be ascertained whether the ap-
plication of cold had affected anything be-
yond the coloration or clothing.
LARVAE OF THE FAMILY PYROCHROIDAE.
BY HENRY LORING MOODY, MALDEN, MASS.
The larva of Dendroides canadensis is a
type of the larvae of the Pyrochroidae, of
which family I have bred four species,
namely, D. canadensis, D. concolor, Pyro-
chroa flabellata, and Schizotus cervicalis.
These larvae all have a much flattened and
appressed body, a vertically compressed
head slightly broader than the prothorax,
and, attached to the final segment, a corne-
ous plate, produced into two distant, hori-
zontal, more or less curved processes.
Three of the species are honey yellow, and
approximate very nearly in size. The
fourth, Schizotus cervicalis, is of a smoky
tint andsmaller. The color separates this
last from the other three, which may be sep-
arated from each other by the corneous
plate and processes. In D. canadensis the
processes are nearly one third longer than
the basal portion, are rather slender, regu-
larly though moderately curved inward, and
have fine granulations which are more nu-
merous toward the tips. Between these
processes at their bases, are found two
small blind cavities, or cul-de-sacs, which
do not appear at all when looked for from
above.
In D. concolor the processes are stouter,
nearly straight, and hardly longer than the
basal portion. The tips are obliquely cut
off on their inner side. The cul-de-sacs
between them are larger than in D. cana-
densis, and have at their lower side a
slightly projecting lip, which can be seen
from above. The modification of these
characters in P. flabellata is more marked ;
the processes are straight on the inner
edge, still shorter in proportion to the base
than in the previous species, and the gran-
ulations are much stronger. On the under
side of each process, near the base, there
is a tooth-like projection, and the outer
edge at the base has two such projections,
one smaller than the other. The cul-de-
sacs are very large, with the projecting lip
prominent and emarginate at the middle.
In conclusion a word in regard to the eu-
rious cul-de-sacs. They are deep, and sug-
gest a possible organic use; but thus far,
though I have carefully dissected for the
purpose, I have not found that they are in
any way connected with the internal organs,
or have any opening into the interior of
the body.
PSYCHE.
PSY CELE
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.,
JUNE 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology wili not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
15 Fer. 1880. — 65th meeting. Mr. S: H. Scud-
der read a letter from Mr. W: H: Edwards, who
says he has received four specimens of Grapta
faunus from Oregon. This species was not pre-
viously known to occur west of Lake Winnipeg.
12 Mar. 1880. — 66th meeting. Dr. H. A.
Hagen gave a summary of the literature hither-
to formed upon suction in the proboscis of lepi-
doptera. Mr. S: Henshaw exhibited a living
Lepisma saccharina which had eaten some large
holes through a piece of soft white paper en-
closed in the vial with it. Mr. S: H. Scudder
showed, under the microscope, the tips of the
proboscis of several species of butterflies, to call
attention to the various appendages which may
there be found. Mr. S: H. Scudder showed spe-
cimens illustrating the manner in which Oecan-
thus niveus lays her eggs. Brunner thinks the
American and European species are the same,
but Scudder doubts this. The American species
or form lays one egg in each hole, but the Euro-
pean species lays three eggs in each hole. Dr.
H. A. Hagen exhibited a Sphinx imago, in which
the head was extremely small.
9 Aprit 1880. — 67th meeting. In accordance
with the amendment to the constitution, adopted
at the last meeting, Clifford Chase Eaton was
elected Librarian.
(ive
Mr. 8: H. Seudder showed two plates of fig-
ures illustrating fossil insects from the Green
River shales of Colorado, and said that the basin
of Florissant, whence these fossils are obtained,
is filled with volcanic ash and volcanic sand. Dr.
H. A. Hagen gave some account of his recent
studies upon the larvae of Agrionina, and men-
tioned that the larva of Blepharocera [a dipteron|
had been discovered. Mr. S: H. Scudder said
that he had finished the preparation of a paper
on Retinia frustrana, which is destroying Pinus
rigida on the island of Nantucket, Mass. He
finds that the moth has two broods in a year.
14 May 1880. — 68th meeting. Mr.S: H. Seud-
der described the formation and character of the
insect-bearing peat-beds of Nantucket,... and
gave notice that Mr. Whitman, residing at No.
5, Kaga Yashiki, Hogo, Japan, wishes to ex-
change Japanese insects for others. ...
11 June 1880.— 69th meeting. Mr. S: H.
Scudder said that on 5 June he found the ima-
gos of Retinia frustrana in innumerable abun-
dance at Nantucket, and noticed in them a habit
directly contrary to one he had noted on a pre-
vious visit,in May. On the previous visit, when
nearly all the specimens were males, they alighted
on the tip of a needle of the pine, ran down to
the brown part of the twig, and then placed
themselves in a position transverse to the twig.
At this time (June), when nearly all the imagos
were females, they alighted at the base of the
needles, ran thence to the tip, and rested longi-
tudinally upon the needle. Mr. Scudder sought
in vain for the eggs, which are probably laid be-
tween the leaf-scales, near the tip of the shoot,
and thinks the time of laying may be later.
He obtained eggs by confining the imago in a
pill-box. At the end of September 1878 about
a half of the insects were larvae and about a
half were pupae. The-imagos appeared in the
latter part of April and early part of May. The
corresponding European species, Retinia duplana,
which injures Pinus sylvestris, develops into pu-
pae rapidly in the spring, but the pupae lie
eight months undeveloped, according to Ratze-
burg.
B: PickMan Mann,
Secretary.
78 [1647-1656]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as. published. The
date of publication, given in brackets |], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Allen, Grant. Colour in nature. (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 580-581, 33 cm.)
Crit. rev., by A. R. Wallace, entitled, “ Re-
marks by the reviewer.” (Nature, 24 April
1879, v. 19, p. 581, 10 em.)
Crit. rev. of A. R. Wallace’s crit. rev., entitled, ‘‘ Colour
in nature....’’ (Nature, 3 April 1879, v. 19, p. 501-505)
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1718], of the author’s ‘Colour sense :
its origin...’ [PsycHr, Rec., no. 1648]. Colors of cater-
pillars very briefly discussed. . (1647)
Allen, Grant. The colour-sense: its origin
and development. An essay in comparative
psychology. London, Triibner & Co., 1879.
(The English and foreign philosophical libra-
ry, v. 10.) 12-+ 282 p., 22 X 14, t 15.5 X 8.8.
Imported sheets, with new imprint, Boston,
Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1879. (The Eng-
lish and foreign philosophical library, v. 14.)
12 + 282 p., 22 x 14, t 15.5 X 8.8. cl., $3.50.
Crit. rev., by A. R. Wallace, entitled “Col-
our in nature....” (Nature, 3 April 1879, v.
19, p. 501-505.)
Rey. and extracts (in Germ.) by Hermann
Miiller, entitled “Grant Allen, der Farbensinn,
sein Ursprung und seine Entwickelung.” (Kos-
mos [Leipzig], July 1879, bd. 5, p. 308-319,
427 cm.)
Crit. rev., by E. Krause, entitled “ Nach-
schrift iiber Ideen-Adoptiv-Viter.” (Kosmos
[Leipzig], July 1879, bd. 5, p. 319-824, 209 cm.)
Crit. rev. (Biblioth. universelle et rev. suisse,
No ». 1879, an. 84, période 3, v. 4, p. 349-355.)
For reviews of Wallace’s review, and further discussion,
see WALLACE, A. R., ‘‘ Colour in nature. . .”” [Psycue, Rec.,
no. 1718] G: D. (1648)
Animal rubber. (Sci. amer., 3 Jan. 1880, v.
42, p. 3, col. 3, 3 cm.)
Upon niin from coccus adipofera. G: D. (1649)
[Carboniferous butterflies.]| Gab es schon
wihrend der Steinkohlenzeit Schmetterlinge ?
(Kosmos [Leipzig], June 1879, bd. 5, p. 218-
219, 42 cm.)
Reviews the questions under discussion in R. MecLach-
lan’s and A. R. Wallace’s ‘‘ Did flowers exist during the
carboniferous epoch?’’ (Nature, April and May 1879
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1665, 1719, 1666]. G: D. (1650
Cassino, S: E., ed. The naturalists’ directory
for 1878, containing the names of the natural-
ists of America north of Mexico, arranged al-
phabetically, and by departments ; also a list
of scientific societies, and a catalogue of ob-
tainable scientific books, arranged by subjects.
Salem, Naturalists’ agency, 1878. 184-++ 16+
9+-15 p., 20 x 15.
> B: P. M. (1651)
Cocuyo (The), the brilliant fire-fly of the trop-
ics. (Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 30
April 1879, p. 3, col. 1, 10 em.)
Extract from a letter from Vera Cruz, Mexico, in the
NV. Y. evening post. Describes the use of the cocuyo ( py-
rophorus noctilucus) as an ornament for the hair and cloth-
ing. 7 (1652)
Donde Ibarra, Joaquin. Ni-in. (La emual-
cion [Merida, Yucatan], 1879, vy. 2, no. 11, p.
174-180.)
Abstract, entitled, “An oil-producing in-
sect.” (Sci. amer., 3 Jan. 1880, v. 42, p. 10, col.
1, 22 cm.)
Proposes the name coccus adipofera for the niin insect
of Yucatan; describes the fatty secretion of this insect.
G: D. (1653)
¢
[Donde Ruiz, Juan.} Al “Scientific ameri-
can supplement.” (La emulacion [Merida, Yu-
catan], July 1879, v. 3, no. 20-24, p. 316-317.)
Translation of, and notes upon a brief article entitled
** An interesting insect,’ in Scientific american supplement,
no. 184 (July 1879); on the niin insect (coccus adipofera)
of Yucatan. G: D. (1654)
First paper-maker (The). (The paper world
| Holyoke, Mass.], Jan. 1880, v. 1, p. 16, 25 em.)
Wasps as paper-makers. G: D, (1655)
Giard, Alfred. Deux especes d’entomophthora
nouvelles pour la flore fran¢aise et présence
de la forme tarichium sur une muscide. (Bull.
sci. du dépt. du nord, s. 2, an. 2, p. 353-363.)
Separate, with same paging, Lille, [1880].
22 x 13.5, t 15 X 8.8.
Considers that only the first of the three names, ento-
mophthora, empusa and tarichium ought to remain as a
generic name, ‘he others being forms of the first. These
fungi reproduce themselves asexually during warm weather,
when insects are abundant, but in the autumn they pro-
duce oospores to rema n over winter. Describes entomoph-
thora calliphorae (new species), form tarichium, from calli-
phora vomitoria, and gives notes upon e. rimosa and e. me-
gasperma. G: D. (1656)
PSYCHE.
Graber, Vitus. Die Insekten. 1. Theil: Der
Organismus der Insekten. Mit 200 Original-
Holzschnitten. t.-p. cover, 8-++- 404 p. 11. Theil,
1 Halfte: Vergleichende Lebensgeschichte der
Insekten. Mit 86 Original-Holzschnitten. t.-p.
cover, 6-+ 262 p. 11. Theil, 2 Halfte: Ver-
gleichende Lebens- und Entwicklungsge-
schichte der Insekten. Mit 127 Original-Holz-
schnitten. t.-p. cover, 8p.-+ p. 263-604. Miin
chen, R. Oldenbourg; 1. Th. und1.Th., 1 Halfte,
1877; 11. Th., 2 Halfte, 1879. (Die Naturkrafte.
Eine naturwissenschaftliche Volksbibliothek,
bd. 21-22.) complete, pap., 9 M.
Rey., entitled, “ Graber’s Insects.” (Amer.
nat., Oct. 1878, v. 12, p. 689-690; Dec. 1879, v.
15, p. 774-775.)
Rey., entitled, “Drei neue Werke iiber In-
sektenkunde.” (Kosmos [Leipzig], March 1880,
bd. 6, p. 487-488, 48 cm.)
An illustrated general work on the anatomy, comparative
life-history, and development of insects. The author is
professor of zoology in the Czernowitz University in
Austria. G: D. (1657)
Graber, Vitus. Die tympanalen Sinnesappa-
rate der Orthopteren. (Denkschrift d. kais.
Akad. d. Wissensch., math.-naturwissensch.
Classe, 1876, bd. 36, abth. 2, p. 1-140, pl. 1-10.)
Separate, with t.-p. cover and t.-p., Wien, K.
Gerold, 1876, 140 p., 10 pl., 31 25, t 24 & 17.2.
Anatomical. G: D. (1658)
Hagen, Hermann August. Obnoxious pests.
Suggestions relative to their destruction by
Dr. Hazen [sic], read before the Thursday
club, April 5, 1879. (Boston even. transcript,
11 April 1879, v. 52, no. 15946, p. 6, col. 2-3,
64 cm.)
Reprint. (Can. entom., June [July] 1879, v.
11, p. 110-114.)
Reprint, with large additions, entitled, “ De-
struction of obnoxious insects, phylloxera, po-
tato beetle, cotton-worm, Colorado grasshop-
per, and greenhouse pests, by application of
the yeast fungus.” Cambridge, 1879. half
tp. cover-+-11 p., 25 x 15,t 17 X 9.6. [Sold
by C: W. Sever, Cambridge, Mass.; price 10
cts.]
Rev. (Nation, 11 Dec. 1879, v. 29, p. 402-
403, 10 cm.)
Rey. in E. Metschnikoff’s “Zur Lehre iiber
Insectenkrankheiten.” (Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Jan.
1880, jahrg. 5, p. 44-47.)
Ao (Amer. nat., Feb. 1880, v. 14, p. 133-
:)
Summary of investigations and experiments made by
several persons, leading to the conclusion that fly fungus
(empusa muscae), common mould (mucor mucedo), yeast
fungus (hormiscium cerevisiae) and achlya prolifera, are
different developments of the same species, and that insects
sprinkled with or fed on beer mash or yeast fungus will be-
come infested with spores and will be killed, besides com-
municating the disease to other insects. Hagen’s original
contribution to the subject is the suggestion that yeast fun-
gus should be used as the propagator of the disease.
G: D., B: P. M. (1659)
[1657-1667] 79
Hagen, Hermann August. Destruction of ob-
noxious insects, phylloxera, potato beetle, cot-
ton-worm, Colorado grasshopper, and green-
house pests, by application of the yeast fungus.
Cambridge, 1879. Half t.-p. cover + 11 p., 28
xX 15, t 17 X 9.6. [Sold by C: W. Sever, Cam-
bridge, Mass.; price 10 cts.]
Reprint, with large additions, of the author’s ‘‘ Obnox-
ious pests... .’? [Psycue, Rec., no. 1659].
B: P.M. (1660)
Krause, Ernst. Nachschrift iiber Ideen-Adop-
tiv-Viter. (Kosmos [Leipzig], July 1879, bd.
5, p. 8319-324, 209 em.)
Crit. rev. of Grant Allen’s ‘‘Colour sense: its origin
and development... .’’ [Psycue, Rec., no. 1648], in which
Krause accuses the author of taking, without acknowledg-
ment, the theories of others. G: D. (1661)
Lelievre, Ernest. Chrysalide piquée de va-
nessa urticae, “la petite tortue.” (Feuille des
jeunes naturalistes, Nov. 1879, an. 9, p. 15.)
Notes 228 ichneumons from one chrysalis.
G: D. (1662)
4
Lelievre, Ernest. Régime alimentaire de cer-
taines especes de lépidopteres. (Feuille des
jeunes naturalistes, Oct. 1879, an. 9, p. 155-154.)
Mentions a number of species of French diurnal lepido-
ptera which feed on excrement, decayed trees, ripe fruit,
and upon the stagnant water of pools. G: D. (1663)
Leonard, Ad. Abondance du colias edusa, var.
Q helice Hb. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes,
Jan. 1880, an. 10, p. 38.)
G: D. (1664)
Did flowers exist dur-
(Nature, 17
McLachlan, Robert.
ing the carboniferous epoch ?
April 1879, v. 19, p. 554, 6 cm.)
Crit. rev., by A. R. Wallace, with same title.
(Nature, 24 April 1879, v. 19, p. 582, 10 cm.)
Answer to Wallace’s crit. rev., by McLach-
lan, with same title. (Nature, 1 May 1879, v.
20, p. 5-6, 14 cm.)
“Mr. A. R. Wallace, in his review of Mr. Allen’s ‘The
colour sense’ (Nature, v. xix, p. 501), has been misled in
supposing the fossil insect from the Belgian coal-fields,
namely breyeria borinensis, may be a moth. ... Thus we
remain without any zoological evidence that would tend to
prove the exist2nce of flowering plants in the carbonifer-
ous age.”’ G: D. (1665)
McLachlan, Robert.
ing the carboniferous epoch ?
1879, v. 20, p. 5-6, 14 cm.)
Reyv., entitled, “Gab es schon wahrend der
Steinkohlenzeit Schmetterlinge? (Kosmos
[Leipzig], June 1879, bd. 5, p. 218-219, 42 cm.)
Opposes the views expressed in A. R. Wallace’s ‘‘ Did
flowers exist...’? (Nature, 24 April 1879, v. 19, p. 582
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1719]. G: D. (1666)
Did flowers exist dur-
(Nature, 1 May
Mares, H. Du traitement des vignes phyllo-
xérées. (Comptes rendus, 5 Jan. 1880, v. 90, p.
28-31.)
Abstract. (Rev. scientifique, 17 Jan. 1880,
an. 9, p. 689, 7 cm.) G: D. (1667)
80 [1668-1688]
Miiller, Hermann. Bombus mastrucatus, ein
Dysteleolog unter den alpinen Blumenbesu-
chern. (Kosmos [Leipzig], Sept. 1879, bd. 5,
p- 422-431, 357 em.)
Rey. and abstract by W: Trelease, entitled,
“ The humble bee a dysteleologist among alpine
flower visitors.” (Amer. nat., April 1880, v.
14, p. 288-291.)
Discusses the beneficial and injurious effects of b. mas-
trucatus upon flowers, and the means of protection of cer-
tain flowers against thé incursion of this insect.
9 (1668)
Miiller, Hermann. Grant Allen, der Farben-
sinn, sein Ursprung und seine Entwickelung:-
(Kosmos [Leipzig], July 1879, bd. 5, p. 308-
319, 427 cm.)
Rey. and abstract of, with extracts (in Germ.) from G.
Allen’s ‘‘ Colour sense: its origin and development... .’’
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1648]. GD: (1669)
Oil-producing insect (An). (Sci. amer., 3
Jan. 1880, v. 42, p. 10, col. 1, 22 cm.)
Concerning the niin insect (here called coccus adipofera)
and the oil from it ; facts from La emulacion (Merida, Yu_
catan). (1670)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr. Moths entrap-
ped by an asclepiad plant, physianthus, and
killed by honey bees. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1880,
v. 14, p. 48-50.)
Discussion of the carnivorous habits of apis mellifica,
based upon a letter from L. Thompson. Opinions of Pro-
fessors Cook, Darwin, and Gray, and of Dr. Hermann Miil-
ler upon the modes of capture and of killing of insects by
the flowers of plants, and upon carnivorous habits of bees.
7 (1671)
Patton, W: Hampton. A gall inhabiting ant.
(Amer. nat., Feb. 1879, v. 18, p. 126-127.)
Describes stenamma gallarum, anew species of ant from
Connecticut. This ant inhabits galls of gelechia gallae-
solidaginis and of cynips spongijsica, and frequents flowers
of viola and potentilla. G: D. (1672)
Pierce, Newton B. Sound-producing organs
of the cricket. (Amer. nat., May 1879, v. 13,
p. 322-324, 2 fig.)
Figures sound-producing organs of gryllus.
G: D. (1673)
Plotz, Carl. Die MHesperiinen-Gattung pyr-
rhopyga und ihre Arten. (Entom. Zeitung .
zu Stettin, Oct.Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, p. 520-
538.)
Species from Mexico and southward. G: D. (1674)
Potts, E: Shedding of the tracheae in the
molting of insects. (Amer. nat., July 1879, v.
15, p. 454.)
Notice, by C: V. Riley, entitled, “The shed-
ding of the tracheae and double cocoons.”
(Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 652.)
Observations on bombyx mori. G: D. (1675)
Potts, E: Two chrysalids in the same cocoon
|of bombyx mori]. (Amer. nat., July 1879, v.
13, p. 455.)
Notice, by C: V. Riley, entitled, “The shed-
ding of the tracheae and double cocoons.”
age nat., Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 652.)
G: D. (41676)
PSYCHE.
|Proctotrupidae, Very small specimenfrom
amber.| (Amer. nat., Jan. 1879, v. Pe: , P. 62.)
(1677)
Reichenau, W. [Petroleum und Naphtha-
lin] Als Mittel gegen Raubinsecten. (Zool.
Anzeiger, 3 Noy. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 573-574.)
G: D. (1678)
Reichenbach, H. Wie die Insekten sehen.
(Daheim [Leipzig], 31 Jan. 1880, jahrg. 16, p.
284-286, 4 fig., 118 cm.)
Popular. G: D. (1679)
Riley, C: Valentine. Locust flights east of the
Mississippi. (Sci. amer., 16 Dec. 1876, v. 35,
p. 392, col. 1-2, 67 em., 2 fig.)
acad. sci., 1877, v. 5, p. 62-64.)
Treats of caloplenus spretus and acridium americanum.
G: D. (1680)
Riley, C: Valentine. The shedding of the
tracheae and double cocoons. (Amer. nat.,
Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 652.)
Notice of E: Potts? ‘Shedding of the tracheae in the
molting of insects”? (/. c., p. 454) [Psycne, Rec., no. 1675]
and ‘*Two chrysalids in the same cocoon” Ate = 3 p- 455)
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1676]. (1681)
(Trans. Kansas
Riley, C: Valentine. The westward progress
of the imported cabbage worm. (Amer. nat.,
June 1879, v. 13, p. 393.)
Spread of pieris rapae in the U.S.; remedies and pre-
ventive measures. From a paper read before the Missouri
State Horticultural Society in Jan. 1879. G: D. (1682)
Root, A.I. The A B C of bee culture:
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1543].
Rey. (Saturday rey., 28 Feb. 1880, v. 49, p.
295, 3 cm.) uae
Russell, Israel C. The fertilization of the
wistaria. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 648-
649.)
How wistaria frutescens is fertilized by bombus and other
insects. G: D. (1684)
Ryder, J: A. An account of a new genus of
minute pauropod myriapods. (Amer. nat.,
Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 603-612, il.)
Describes and figures eurypauropus spinosus (new genus
and species from Pennsylvania), and gives a revision of the
pauropoda. G: D. (1685)
Ryder, J: A. Bees gathering honey from the
catalpa. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 15, p. 648.)
Apis mellifica gathers honey from the nectariferous
glands of catalpa bignonioides. G: D. (1686)
R[yder], J: A. Note on a larval lithobius-like
fe (Amer. nat., May 1880, v. 14, p.
76.)
G: D. (1687)
Ryder, J: A. Scolopendrella as the type of a
new order of articulates, symphyla. (Amer.
nat., May 1880, v. 14, p. 375-376.)
Defines a new order, symphyla, of which ie endrella
is given as type. G: (1688)
PSYCHE.
Ryder, J: A. A probable new species of phy-
toptus or gall-mite. (Amer. nat., Noy. 1879, v.
13, p. 704-7085, 1 fig.)
G: D. (1689)
Saunders, W: Insect powder. (Can. entom.,
March 1879, v. 11, p. 41-43.) (Amer. nat.,
Sept. 1879, v. 13, p. 572-574.)
Powder of pyrethrum and its uses. G: D. (1690)
DE Saussure, Henri F. Spicilegia entomolo-
gica genavensia. 1. Genre hemimerus. [Tiré
des Mémoires de la société de physique et
@histoire naturelle de Geneve, tome xxvI,
2me partie.] Geneve, 1879. t.-p. cover, 26 p.,
1 pl, 31 x 23, t 18 X 13.
Hemimerus talpoides Walker, from Sierra Leone, has
one more mouth-part than insects have, and therefore is
not, as has been supposed; an orthopteron. Hemimerus
has, according to the author: 1. a labrum, 2. two mandi-
bles, 3. two maxillae, 4. a superior labium (endolabium),
5. an inferior labium (ectolabium). Compares hemimerus
with other insects ; proposes a new order, diploglossata, for
it; figures hemimerus and its parts. G: D. (1691)
Schneck, J. The chipping versus the Euro-
pean sparrow. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1880, v. 14,
p. 129-130.)
Passer domesticus rarely devours larvae of pieris rapae ;
spizella socialis eats them readily. ~D. (1692)
(Name wrongly given as S. Schneck.] J. 8.
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Notice of the butter-
flies collected by Dr. Edward Palmer in the
arid regions of southern Utah and northern
Arizona during the summer of 1877. (Bull.
U.S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1878, v. 4, no.
1, p. 253-258.)
Enumerates 41 species, with localities and dates; de-
scribes the following 3 n. sp.: neominois dionysus, syn-
chloe thoosa, heteropterus libya; notes on other species.
B: P. M. (1693)
Seasonable hints [regarding the care of bees. |
(Rural new yorker, 12 June 1880, v. 39, no. 24,
p. 377, col. 4, 34 em.)
Practical remarks on the care of bees in the month of
June. J.D. P. (1694)
Sections of insects. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1873,
VW.) (5, p-. 119.)
How to prepare sections for the microscope.
G: D, (1695)
S[immonds], P. L. The Tusser silk-worm.
(Journ. applied sci., Oct. 1879, v. 10, p. 153-
154, 86 cm.)
Discussion of the possibility of utilizing, to a greater
extent than at present, the cocoons of the wild silk moths,
species of altacus or antheraea, in India; notes and statis-
tics from various sources. G: D. (1696)
Snow, Frank H. List of coleoptera collected
in Colorado in June, July and August, 1876,
by the Kansas university scientific expedi-
tion. (Trans. Kansas acad. sci., 1877, v. 5, p.
15-20.)
Enumerates 304 species belonging to 34 families, with
notes. G: D. (1697)
[1689-1707] 81
Sograff, N. Vorliufige Mittheilungen iiber
die Organisation der Myriapoden. (Zool. An-
zeiger, 13 Jan. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 16-18.)
Brief outline of results obtained from study of the anat-
omy of cermatia, lithobius, scolopendra, himantarium, geo-
philus and henicops, especially of lithobius. G: D. (1698)
Spengel, J. W. Einige neue Verbesserungen
am Schlitten-mikrotom. (Zool. Anzeiger, 15
Dec. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 641-648, 4 fig.)
G: D. (1699)
Sprague, C:J. Insects caught by the phys-
tanthus. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1880, v. 14, p. 128.)
Physianthus albens captures insects. G: D. (1700)
Sprague, H: S. Lectures for the people.
The 8th lecture before the [Buffalo] society of
natural sciences. Insects. (Buffalo [N. Y.]
d. courier, 26 Feb. 1877, v. 42, no. 57.)
A 2 1-2 column full report of a popular general lecture
on insects. G: (1701)
Statistics of cochineal production in the Ca-
nary Islands. (New remedies, April 1880, v.
9, p. 118, 6 cm.)
From Amer. mail and export journ.; originally from
Cronica de la industria (Madrid, Spain]. G: D. (1702)
Stone, Octavius C. A few months in New
Guinea. N. Y., Harper & Bros., 1879. 25 p.,
28.5 < 20.5, t (3 columns) 25 X 17.5. (Franklin
sq. lib., no. 92.) pap., 10 c.
Mentions (p. 11, col. 2) natives capturing and eating
head-lice (pediculus), and discusses (p. 17, col. 3) the com-
parative abundance of mosquitoes (culex) in different coun-
tries, temperate and tropical. Appendix gives native names
of some insects. G: D. (1703)
Stroop, S.J. Oestrus hominis in Texas. (Amer.
nat., July 1873, v. 7, p. 437.)
The editors of Amer. nat. determine the specimen, taken
from the shoulder of a boy, to be oestrus ovis, or a closely
allied species. G: D. (1704)
Taylor, J. R. Curious habit of the English
sparrow. (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 18, p.
706.)
Passer domesticus captures doryphora decemlineata on
the wing. G: D. (1705)
Th., H. A propos de V’invasion de la vanessa
cardui en France, dans été de 1879. (Feuille
des jeunes naturalistes, an. 9, Oct. 1879, p.
153.)
Flights of v. cardui, and abundance of plusia gamma
and of other lepidoptera in France in 1879. General notes
on insect flights. G: D. (1706)
Passage of specific charac-
Thomas, Cyrus.
(Amer. nat.
ters from one genus to another.
Sept. 1873, v. 7, p. 566.)
Specimens of acrididae from Arizona ‘‘ which, in specific
characters, including even color, agree exactly with acrolo-
phitus hirtipes, but differ in two prominent generic charac-
ters.”’ ; (1707)
82 [1708-1723]
Tichomiroff, A. Ueber die Entwickelungs-
geschichte des Seidenwurms. (Zool. Anzeiger,
3 Feb. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 64-67.)
Brief results of researches on bombyx mori, to be pub-
lished later in the Arbeiten aus dem Laboratorium des Zool.
Mus. Moskau. G: D. (1708)
Todd, James E. On certain contrivances for
cross-fertilization in flowers. (Amer. nat., Jan.,
1879, v. 13, p. 1-6, fig. 1-8.)
Almost wholly botanical. G: D. (1709)
Torrey, Bradford. Migration of dragon flies.
(Amer. nat., Feb. 1880, v. 14, p. 152-133.)
Migrations seen in Weymouth and Boston, Mass.
G: (1710)
Trade in cochineal (The). (Journ. applied
sci., 1 March 1880, v. 11, p. 42, 5 em.)
Statistics of exportation of cochineal from the Canary
Islands, from 1873 to 1879, taken from Cronica de la indus-
tria (Madrid, Spain]. GaeD. (tia)
Treat, Mary. The habits of a tarantula.
(Amer. nat., Aug. 1879, v. 15, p. 485-489, 2 figs.)
Figures and describes nest of tarantula nigrina; notes
upon other habits of the species. G: D. (1712)
Treat, Mary. Observations on the sundew.
(Amer. nat., Dec. 1873, v. 7, p. 705-708.)
Drosera jiliformis captures not only tiny insects but also
large flies, and many moths and butterflies. G: D. (1713)
Trelease, W: The humble bee a dysteleolo-
gist among alpine flower visitors. (Amer. nat.,
April 1880, v. 14, p. 288-291.) .
Rey. and abstract of H. Miiller’s ‘‘ Bombus mastrucatus,
ein Dysteleolog unter den alpinen Blumenbesuchern ”’
(Kosmos, Sept. 1879, bd. 5, p. 422-431) [Psycur, Rec. no.
1668). G: D. (1714)
[United States entomological commission,
Appropriations for the.| (Amer. nat., May
1879, vy. 13, p. 342-848.)
G: D. (1715)
Voges, Ernst. Zur Morphologie und Anato-
mie der Juliden. 1. Das Tracheensystem von
glomeris. (Zool. Anzeiger, 16 Dec. 1878, jahrg.
1, p. 361-363.)
G: D. (1716)
Wailly, Alfred. On silk-producing bombyces
and other lepidoptera. Reprinted from the
“Journal of the society of arts,’ February
13th and March 5th 1880. London, {March]
1880. t-p.+6 p., 25 X 16.5, t 21 X 13.5.
Mostly biological. Bombyx trifolii hibernates as devel-
oped larva in the egg; the stages in which other bombycids
hibernate ; effects of the weather, during 1879, on species
of lepidoptera reared ; pairing of several species, its dura-
tion, its hindrance by cold; number of eggs laid by several
species, and their fertility when different species are
crossed ; hybrids obtained by crossing different species and
the degeneracy of these hybrids in a state of confinement ;
more extended notes on atiacus mylitta =antheraea pa-
phia), the Tussar or Tusser silkworm, with brief descrip-
tion of eggs and six stages of the larvae. Species upon
which notes are given: actias luna, a. selene, attacus car-
pini, a. cynthia, a. mylitta, a. pernyi, a. pyri, a. roylei, a.
spini, bombyx trifolii, endromis versicolora, gortyna flava-
go, papilio alexanor, p. machaon, p. podalirius, samia ce-
cropia, s. gloveri, s. promethea, saturnia io, s. maia, serica-
ria mori, s. yama-mai, and telea polyphemus. G: D. (1717)
PSYCHE.
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Colour in nature.
[A crit. rev. of] The colour sense: its origin
and development. An essay in comparative
psychology. By Grant Allen, B.A. (Nature,
3 April 1879, v. 19, p. 501-508.)
Crit. rev., by R. McLachlan, entitled “ Did
flowers exist during the carboniferous epoch ?”
(Nature, 17 April 1879, v. 19, p. 554, 6 cm.)
Crit. rev., by G. Allen, entitled, “‘ Colour in
nature.” (Nature, 24 April 1879, vy. 19, p. 580-
581, 35 cm.)
Reply to Allen’s rev., by Wallace, entitled,
“ Remarks by the reviewer.” (Nature, 24 April
1879, v. 19, p. 581, 10 cm.)
Reply to McLachlan’s rev., by Wallace, en-
titled, “ Did flowers exist....” (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 582, 10 cm.)
Answer to Wallace’s reply to McLachlan,
by McLachlan, entitled, “ Did flowers ex-
ist....” (Nature, 1 May 1879, v. 20, p. 5-6,
14 cm.)
Rey. of Wallace’s reply to McLachlan, en-
titled, “Gab es schon wihrend...” (Kosmos
[Leipzig], June 1879, bd. 5, p. 218-219, 42 em.)
G: D. (1718)
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Did flowers exist
during the carboniferous epoch? (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 682, 10 cm.)
Crit. rev., by R. McLachlan, with same title.
(Nature, 1 May 1879, v. 20, p. 5-6, 14 cm.)
Reyv., entitled, “Gab es schon wihrend der
Steinkohlenzeit Schmetterlinge?” (Kosmos
[Leipzig], June 1879, bd. 5, p. 218-219, 42 cm.)
Places breyeria borinensis among the lepidoptera, con-
trary to views expressed in R. McLachlan’s *‘ Did flowers
exist ...’? (Nature, 17 April 1879, v. 19, p. 554) [Psycne,
Rec., no. 1665]. G: D: G3)
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Remarks by the
reviewer. (Nature, 24 April 1879, v. 19, p.
581, 10 em.)
Reply to G. Allen’s ‘‘ Colour in nature” (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 580-581) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1647]. Con-
tains a few words on coloration of caterpillars.
G: D. (1720)
Waterhouse, C:0. Note on the locality and
synonyms of stenotomis cornutor Fabr., coleo-
ptera, lamiidue. (Annals and mag. nat. hist.,
May 1878, s. 5, v. 1, p. 424.)
Gives s. cornutor, s. norrisi and s. maculata as synonyms.
R. H. (i721)
Williston, S: Wendell. Singular habit of a
meloid beetle. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1879, v. 18,
. 45.
Lama stansburii found in great numbers, in Kansas,
on decaying boues. G: D. (4122)
Williston, S: Wendell. Some interesting new
diptera. (Trans. Conn. acad., 1880, v. 4, p.
243-246. )
Separate, with half-+t-p. cover, [New Haven,
author, 1880]. p. 248-246, 25 x 15, t 17.2 X
10.3.
Describes rhynchocephalus sackenii, silvius pollinosus,
chrysops discalis, from western North America.
B: P.M. (1723)
PSYCHE.
83
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
NUMEROUS WELCOME responses have been re-
ceived from persons who propose to present pa-
pers at the annual meeting of the Fntomological
Club of the A. A. A. 8. at Boston this year.
Dr. J: L. LeConte’s pestifuge, or poisonous
mixture for use with an atomizer in disinfecting
insect cabinets can be obtained of Horace S.
Bartlett, Cambridge, Mass., in any quantity, by
applying for mixture no. 15,773. :
Mr. E: P. Austin intends to publish a supple-
ment to Crotch’s List of Coleoptera, containing
the names of omitted or new species, with cur-
rent numeros, in continuation of those used by
Crotch.
Tue PAppRs on fossil insects contributed by
Mr. Goss to the last two volumes of the nto-
mologist’s Monthly Magazine, of London, are to
be collected in a pamphlet of about fifty pages,
entitled, “ The Geological Antiquity of Insects.”
These papers contain a mine of information, in
a very convenient form.
On THE 17th of Feb. 1880, some of the mem-
bers of the Genootschap ter bevordering van
Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde te Amsterdam
assembled in the old French church in that
place, at the grave of Johann Swammerdam, the
famous Dutch naturalist, who died 17 Feb. 1880,
two hundred years before. The president of the
Genootschap, Professor B. J. Stokvis, announced
the establishment of a Swammerdam-Medal, to
be awarded every ten years to the naturalist who
shall have accomplished most in the line in which
Swammerdam worked.
PETITIONS HAVE been presented to the Albany
Legislature, now in session, for the appointment
of an entomologist to the state of New York.
Our friends would all rejoice at such a step. Dr.
Fitch, we believe, was never more than entomol-
ogist to the State Agricultural Society. The
Empire State cultivates a great variety of ento-
mological as well as other crops, and needs the
services of such an expert to an unusual degree.
Later. The mantle of Fitch could not have
fallen more appropriately than in falling upon
the shoulders of Joseph Albert Lintner of Al
bany, who entered upon the duties of State En-
tomologist of New York, 1 July 1880.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following :—
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, S Apri as;
10 Dec. ,, 18 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
hiehieb=,.
B: Picxkman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. |,, 23 Mar. ,,
22 Dec. ,, Zi, play
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ,,
B: Pickman Many, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SANT. =55
10 Dec. ,, 18 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
ii ebs »,;
James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W.cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
13 Dec. 1880. 13 June 1881.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada,
on the days following : —
6 July 1880.
8 Aug. ,,
7 Sept. 1880.
5 Oct.. ,,
G: H. Bowtgs, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Ocr. 1882.—Life-histories of Sclero-
stoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergracilis. See
Psycue, v. 3, p. 59.
84
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.—40 on a sheet. No. 2. —50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpain), M 6.50=$1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron y. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine : —
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”’
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
Pureus A. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50 M;
1877 a3 M; 1878 a5 M; 1879 a 6.50 M.
PSYCHE.
{@- European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention by
being addressed to
GEORGE Dimmock,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN
L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edi-
ted by George Dimmock. Noy. 1878. 11 p.t19X
12.5, Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 125 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. Horn. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
6 p.t19X12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title-
slips, 50 cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD SCUD-
DER. Compiled and edited by George Dimmock.
Aug. 1879. 28p.t19X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Pamphila Pontiac, Pamphila Dion, Anthocaris Olym-
pia, Catocala insolabilis, and other lepidoptera.
Address W. C. GALLAGHER,
Whitings, Ind.
FOR SALE.
Single copies of PSYCHE. Price: 2 copies for 15
cts.; 4copies for 20 cts. Nos. 37, 38, 39-40, 47-48, 51-
52, 55-56, 60, 61-62 (no plate), 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.
Address: Editors of PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
No. 73 was issued 9 July 1880.
om. £03505
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. |
EDITED BY a
GeorcGe Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Picxman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Axsert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHasrt Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.; Josrerpn Duncan Putnam,
Davenport, Iowa.
Vol. 3. No. 75.
JuLty 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : 86
CHEMICAL CHANGE OF ERS oe IN oy eee Une Wee. dian Hare Fidwardé
and Joseph Martin Wilson A 87
Nores ON PHOXOPTERIS ANGULIFASCIANA Wars _ Ohinsles Aenty Ber ald : 88
Proceepines or Societies— Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, Pa. 89
BisLioGRAPHICAL RECORD - * . : ° . ‘90-94
Enromo.tocicat Irems — Society Megines Lipties save - : - : “ 95
ADVERTISEMENTS . ° 2 : : : 5 ; 5 : 5 : ° 96
Campringe, Mass., U.S. A.: Pusiisnep sy Grorce Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter.|
86
PSYCHE.
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Address Epirors or Psycue,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRieEDLANDER & Soun,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45 cts.
Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 cm., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 X 8.5 & 0.5 em., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets. :
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 X 50
mim., 10 60 mm., 12 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22 14 mm., 35 ets.
per 1000; 2712 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 ets.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Prckman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for
schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several
large collections of American and foreign insects,
principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
Dey CHE,
CHEMICAL CHANGE OF COLORATION IN BUTTERFLIES’ WINGS.
BY WILLIAM HENRY
EDWARDS AND JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
In Letters to the Editors of Psycne.
In coloring a proof plate for the Butter-
flies of N. A., the insect is enclosed in a
tight shallow box, the flat sides of which
are glass. When delivering the examples
of Limenitis arthemis to the colorist, last
summer, Mrs. Peart fastened in the box a
bit of cotton on which was dropped a little
undiluted carbolic acid (as sold by the
druggists). When the colored plate was
sent me for inspection, it appeared that a
rich purple had been applied at every point
which in the insect is metallic blue or
green, and I wrote the colorist to ask for
an explanation. She replied that she cop-
ied the colors of the examples furnished
her. Shortly afterward, I was in Phila-
delphia, called on the colorist, and found
that she was right. The insects were
wholly changed wherever these two colors
had been present, and I had to furnish
other examples for copy. Of course I took
care that no acid was now present.
I brought the purple examples home, and
several weeks later was surprised at finding
that all trace of purple had passed away
and the usual colors were restored. I
should be pleased to see an explanation of
this. W: H: Edwards.
Coalburgh, W. Va., 50 April 1880.
About the first of May you sent me the
enclosed letter from W: H: Edwards, ask-
jng for an explanation of the phenomenon
described therein.
At the Detroit meeting of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of
Science, in 1875, Mr. George Dimmock
read a paper which conclusively proved
that the colors in.the wings of insects are
pigments. It is also well known that cer-
tain animal and vegetable coloring matters,
eé. g., litmus, cochineal and others, are red
or blue according to the character of the
solution in which they are; that is, red in
acid solution, blue in alkaline solution. My
opinion is that the blue and green colors of
the wings of L. arthemis are similarly af-
fected ; experiments confirm this partly but
not entirely, inasmuch as strong acids turn
the colors reddish and alkalies partially but
not entirely restore the blue color, so that
there is possibly a decomposition of the
coloring matter as well as a change in
color effected by the acid. Carbolic being
a comparatively weak acid, is more easily
neutralized ; moreover, being volatile, its
effects are more transient than those of the
stronger acids.
I was in hopes that I might isolate the
88
pigment from the examples furnished by
you, but as it occurs in such minute quan-
tities I was obliged to give up that idea,
and to experiment on the entire wing ; this
may account for my not being able to re-
PSYCHE.
store the blue color by means of alkalies.
Yours truly,
Joseph M. Wilson, S. B.
Charlestown, Mass.,
25 July 1880.
NOTES ON PHOXOPTERIS ANGULIFASCIANA ZELL.
a
BY CHARLES HENRY FERNALD, ORONO, ME.
On the 25d of May 1878, between one
and two p. m., I saw a small Tortricid
fluttering in a very peculiar manner over a
patch of clover. Approaching nearer, so
that I could observe more closely, I found
that she was depositing her eggs on the
leaves of the white clover (Zrifolium re-
pens).
She fluttered about on the upper side
of the leaf for a little time, then standing
over and in a line with the midrib, she de-
posited an egg on the midrib, about one-
third the distance from the end. In some
cases only one egg was deposited on a leaf,
in others, two; but in the latter case the
second egg was deposited in the same man-
ner as the first, but at a third of the dis-
tance from the opposite end of the leaf.
Having observed the manner of depositing
the egg, I attempted to capture the fe-
male, but failed to do so. I therefore
took up the plants into a flower pot, taking
them into the house where their trans-
formations could be observed.
The eggs were of an oval form, some-
what flattened, so as to rise but little above
the surface of the leaf. The length was 0.8
mm., width 0.6 mm., thickness about 0.4
mm. Color dull grayish white, transpar-
ent at the edges; surface reticulated,
as could be seen under a strong lens, with
a play of colors.
The moth was not easily disturbed while
depositing her eggs, and readily distin-
guished between the leaves of clover and
sorrel, alighting several times on leaves of
the latter, and as quickly flying off to an-
other leaf, not stopping till she came to
the leaves of clover.
Being called away from home at this
time, I did not learn the time required for
the eggs to hatch, but on my return I found
that the young larvae had hatched and were
They drew the edges of the leaf-
let up together, securing them with silk,
feeding.
and fed on the epidermis of the upper side
of the leaflet, and on the parenchyma, leay-
ing the epidermis of the lower side of the
leaflet — now the outside of their domicil
—jintact, while the excrements were de-
posited in one end of the closed leaflet.
After having eaten all the food furnished
by one leaflet, they at once left for another,
going down one leafstalk and up another.
I did not have an opportunity to make a
description of the larva at the time, but
remember it as being dull glassy green.
Early in July the moths emerged, and
proved to be Phoxopteris angulifasciana
Zell.
PSYCHE.
PSY CHE.
JULY 1880.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.,
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE. 7
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad
vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
| Abstract from the Monthly proceedings. ]
10 Jan. 1879.—Dr. G: H: Horn exhibited a
Callimorpha and a Heliconia from Costa Rica,
which resembled each other so closely in form
and color, “that either might haye been placed
anong a number of specimens of the other, and,
without a careful glance, would not be thought
distinct.” As the group to which the Heliconia
belongs is rarely or never attacked by birds, the
mimicry belongs to the “protective” class. Dr.
Horn gave reasons for thinking the idea of pro-
tective resemblance had been pushed too far. —
p. 2-3.
14 Fes. 1879.— Type specimens of Catocala
editha and C. walshii were presented to the Amer-
ican Entomological Society by the author, W: H:
Edwards. ... A collection of 63 genera, 142 spe-
cies of rhopalocera and 17 genera, 27 species of
heterocera, collected by the late W. M. Gabb, in
Costa Rica, was exhibited. — p. 3-4.
14 Marcu 1879. — Mr. E. T. Cresson described
Parnopes edwardsii [see Proceedings for 9 May
1879, p. 10], a new species of chrysididae, from
California ; the genus had not hitherto been found
represented in North America. Mr. C: A. Blake
described Mutilla gabbii n. sp., from Costa Rica.
Mr. ©. T. Cresson announced the completion of
his Catalog of North American apidae, enumer-
ating 45 genera and 724 species, of which 113
species, principally from Mexico and the West
Indies, are unknown to him; 601 species are
89
represented in the collection of the American
Entomological Society, and 10 are in the collections
of Belfrage and Gundlach. Mr. C: A. Blake
stated that Catocala editha is the same as C. ama-
trix ; he stated also that in the summer of 1878
a Papilio cresphontes was captured near Philadel-
phia, where it very rarely occurs. Mr. E. T.
Cresson announced the death of F: Smith, of
the British Museum.— p. 4-6.
11 Apri 1879. — Mr. E. T. Cresson described
Euparagia scutellaris, a n. g. and sp. of vespidae,
from Nevada, belonging probably to the tribe
masarinae ; and read descriptions of Trigonalys
mexicanus, T. laeviceps and T. nevadensis, three
new species, the former two from Mexico, and
the last from Nevada. Dr. G: H: Horn reviewed
the family mycteridae, advocating its union with
melandryidae on the one hand and with pythidae
on the other, and insisting on the greater im-
portance of the sexual characters as the true
means of specific distinction in the genera Myc-
terus and Lacconotus. — p. 6-8.
9 May 1879. — Mr. C: A. Blake described Pam-
phila dukolum n. sp., from Costa Rica; Mr. E. T.
Cresson described Oryssus occidentalis and Cleptes
americana, from Colorado and Nevada, Oryssus
mexicanus from Mexico, and Cleptes purpurata
from Vancouver’s Island, four new species. Rey.
H: C. McCook exhibited under the microscope
thin sections of the mandibles of Pogonomyrmex
barbatus, the agricultural ant of Texas, showing
the loss of substance by wear on the sharp edges
of the teeth. The same fact was also illustrated
in the mandibles of Pasimachus and of other
coleoptera, as well as in other members of the
body exposed to wear. [See Psyche advertiser,
May-June 1879, p. 9.] (To be continued.)
REVIEW.
Insect LIVES, or Born in prison, by Mrs. Julia
P. Ballard, [see Rec., no. 1725] is a very attract-
ively written account of the author’s experiences
in raising a few butterflies and moths, and is well
designed to interest children, or indeed older per-
sons, in the subject, though in some particulars
beyond the comprehension of children. It has
the merit of accuracy and clearness, and is full
of a delightful suggestiveness of the treasures
in store for the young explorer who is led by it
to try her own experiments. Bz PLM.
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [|], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
American aphides. (Nature, 24 April 1879,
vy. 19, p. 585, 6 cm.)
Brief rev. of C: V. Riley and Joseph Monell’s “‘ Notes on
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G: D. (1724)
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Rey. (Amer. nat., Dec. 1879, v. 18, p. 774.)
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5 cm.)
Rey. (Atlantic monthly, Jan. 1880, v. 45, p.
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Notice. (Cincinnati times, .. .)
[Advert.] 4 p., 24 x 16, t 17.3 x 9.8.
Rey. (Psyche, July [Oct.] 1880, v. 3, p. 89.)
Statement of the author’s experiences in raising a few
butterflies and moths, so told as to interest and instruct
beginners in doing likewise. Information attractively given
and accurate. The advertisement contains a preface, as it
were, to the book, a commendatory notice by W: H: Ed-
wards, and a reprint of the notice given in the Cincinnati
times. B: P.M. (1725)
Brooklyn [N. Y.] entomological society.
Bulletin [Prospectus of]. (Bull. Brooklyn
entom. soc., May 1878, [y. 1], p. 1.)
B: P.M. (1726)
Early types of insects (The). (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 584, 5 cm.)
Notice of S: H. Scudder’s ‘‘ The early types of insects ;
.”? (Mem. Bost. soc. nat. hist., March 1879, v. 3, p. 13-
21) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1789]. G: D. (1727)
Edwards, W: H: On the lepidoptera collected
by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., in Montana,
during 1874. (Bull. U. S. geol. and geog.
sury. terr., May 1878, v. 4, no. 2, p. 513-517.)
List of 22 species of rhopalocera, with notes on distribu-
tion. Colias eriphyle and argynnis clio described as new
species. B: P. M. (1728)
Grey, D: Climbing Ute mountain. ([Chicago,
Ill.| d. interocean, 25 Aug. 1875, . . . 95 cm.)
Briefly describes an Ute Indian mother catching and eat-
ing pediculus from her child’s head. G: D. (1729)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Descriptions of noctui-
dae, chiefly from California. (Bull. U.S. geol.
and geog. surv. terr., 1878, v. 4, no. 1, p. 169-
187.)
Describes the following 1 n. g. and 37 n. sp.: apatela
pallidicoma, 18 sp. of agrotis, 4sp. of hadena, dryobota opina,
arzama diffusa, ufeus unicolor, graphiphora contrahens,
lithophane lepida Lintn., rylomiges tabulata, tarache semi-
opaca, annaphila divinula, melivotis stygialis, poaphila
placata, p. irrorata, zanclognatha minimalis, dercetis (n. g.,
types: d. vitrea and d. pygmaea), d. vitrea, d. pygmaea ;
describes zotheca tranquilla var. viridula n. var. ; notes on
other genera and species; list of the 11 N. A. species of
glaea and of 9 species of annaphila. B: P.M. (1730)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Preliminary studies on
the North American pyralidae. 1. (Bull. U.S.
geol. and geog. surv. terr., July 1878, v. 4, no.
3, p. 669-705, fig. 1-14.)
Describes as new genera and species : prorasea simalis,
aedis funalis, honora mellinella, dakruma turbatella; de-
scribes as new species: stemmatophora nicalis, emprepes
nuchalis, scoparia libella, botis albiceralis, b. talis, acroba-
sis tricolorella, pempelia pravella, pinipestis ? abietivorella ;
describes and figures the neuration of the genera epipa-
schia, mochlocera, cacozelia, toripalpus, tetralopha, acro-
basis, pempelia, salebria, nephopteryx, pinipestis, honora,
dakruma, homeosoma, anerastia, and species of each; de-
scribes the genera arta, condylolomia and melanomma, and
species of each, and two species of asopia ; annotated list
of the 66 N. A. species of botis known to the author ; charac-
ter of the groups epipaschiae and phycidae ; provisional
list of the species of phycidae. B: P.M. (1781)
Habits of ants. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1879, v. 13,
p. 525-527.)
Observations by J: Lubbock on the hairs of plants asa
means of preventing ants going up the stems, on fertile
worker ants, on longevity of ants and population of their
nests, on recognition of friends and production of sounds
by ants, on their kind treatment of other ants; by H: C.
McCook on blunting of ants’ mandibles by labor.
G: D. (1782)
[Habits of ants.] Sitten der Ameisen (Die).
(Kosmos [Leipzig], Jan. 1880, bd. 6, p. 304
313, 339 cm.)
Reviews late discoveries on the habits of ants, especially
those of Lubbock. Mostly tr. from Revue scientifique, 19
July 1879. G: D. (A734)
Harrison, Mrs. L. All for boys. (Prairie
farmer, 5 June 1880, v. 51, no. 23, p. 179, col.
4, 21 cm.)
Catching and establishing colonies of runaway bees.
J.D. P. (1735)
PSYCHE.
Hyatt, J.D. A method of making sections of
insects and their appendages. (Amer. m.
micros. journ., Jan. 1880, vy. 1, p. 8, 21 em.)
Imbedding in shellac. G: D. (1736)
Infection from mosquitos. (Science, 3 July
1880, v. 1, no. 1, p. 10, 5 cm.)
“Mosquitos carry jilaria in their probosces, and infect
the human subject with that much dreaded worm parasite.”
B: P.M. (41737)
Isenschmidt, Moritz, [Biog. sketch], see Perry, M., Mor-
itz Isenschmidt, . . . [PsycHe, Rec., no. 1782]. See also,
Psyche advertiser, March 1879, p. 8-9.
Kaempfer, F: Insect pins and cork, |etc.].
(Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., 1878 [v. 1], p. 8,
12, 24, 32, 40, 51, 60.)
Advertisement. B: P. M. (1788)
Kampfmuller, W. Breeding cages for in-
sects, [ete.]. (Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., 1878
[v. 1], p. 24, 82, 40, 51, 60, 68, 76, 84.)
Advertisement. B: P.M. (1789)
Kampfmuller, W. Japanned breeding
cages for coleoptera, [etc.]. (Bull. Brooklyn
entom. soc., 1878 [v. 1], p. 8, 12.)
Advertisement. B: P.M. (1740)
Karsch, Ferd. Zur Kenntniss der Galeodiden-
(Archiy. f. Naturgeschichte, 1880, jahrg. 46,
bd. 1, p. 228-245, fig. 1-25 of pl. 10.)
Discussion of classification; describes new genera and
species. G: D. (1741)
Karsch, Ferd. Zur Kenntniss der Tarantuli-
den. (Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 1880, jahrg.
46, bd. 1, p. 244-249, fig. 26 of pl. 10.)
Discussion of nomenclature. G: D. (1742)
pE Lafitte, P. [Extrait de] L’euf d’hiver du
phylloxera aux Congres viticole de Nimes.
(Comptes rendus, 15 Dec. 1879, v. 89, p. 1029.)
G: D. (1743)
LeConte, J: Lawrence. The coleoptera of the
alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains. (Bull.
U.S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., 1878, v. 4, no.
2, p. 447-480.)
Specification of the peculiarly favorable opportunities
presented by the elevated interior region of North America
for the study of questions connected with geographical dis-
tribution of animals and plants; describes the following 1
n. g. and 42 n. sp.: 5 sp. of nebria, pterostichus (cryobius)
surgens, platynus jejunus, amara (curtonotus) cylindrica,
harpalus clandestinus, bembidium bowditchii, b. scudderi,
hydroporus congruus, gaurodytes nanus, geodromicus ovi-
pennis, orobanus (n. g. |staphylinidae], type : 0. simulator),
0. simulator, scymnus nigripennis, 15 sp. of aphodius, an-
thaxia deleta, chrysobothris carinipennis, corymbites planu-
lus, podabrus brevipennis, melyris atra, m. flavipes, crossi-
dius allgewahri, neoclytus ascendens, glyptoscelis longior,
chrysomela montivagans, magdalis alutacea ; synoptic table
of the 4 sp. of platynus subg. rhadine ; notes on other spe-
cies; lists and distribution of the (more than 200) coleo-
ptera collected by F: C. Bowditch at an elevation of 1800
metres and upwards, about 30 of which species are peculiar
to the mountain region. List of (150) coleoptera collected
at Atlanta, Idaho (2400 M.), by L. Allgewahr. Synoptic
table to supplement that given by Horn in Zrans. amer. en-
tom. soc., 1870, v. 3, p. 98, for determining the N. A. species
of nebria; synoptic tables to exhibit the relations of the
N. A. species of nebria; geographical distribution of the
several N. A. groups of nebria. B: P.M. (1744)
[1736-1755] 91
Lichtenstein, Jules. Résistance des puce-
rons aux froids rigoureux. (Comptes rendus,
12 Jan. 1880, v. 90, p. 80-81.)
Abstract, entitled, “On the resistance of
aphides to severe cold.” (Annals and mag.
nat. hist., April 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 344-345.)
G: D. (1745)
Lichtenstein, Jules. On the resistance of
aphides to severe cold. (Annals and mag. nat.
hist., April 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 344-345.)
Abstract of J. Lichtenstein’s ‘“‘Résistance des pucerons
aux froids rigoureux’’ (Comptes rendus, 12 Jan. 1880, v.
90, p. 80-81) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1745.] G: D. (1746)
Lichtenstein, Jules, see [Lytta vesicatoria] [Psycue,
Ree., no. 1751.]
Lienard, Valére. Recherches sur le systeme
nerveux des arthropodes. Constitution de
Yanneau cesophagien. (Archives de biologie,
1880, v. 1, p. 381.)
The suboesophagean commissure, which has hitherto
been considered special to the crustacea, is found in insects
and myriapods. A, R. (1747)
[Locust swarms in Russia, India and Armenia.]
(Amer. nat., Sept. 1879, v. 13, p. 600.)
G: D. (1748)
Loman, J.C. C. Beitrige zur Kenntnis des
anatomischen Baues der Geschlechtsorgane
bei den Phalangiden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 23
Feb. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 90-92.)
Summary of results obtained by study of phalangium
cornutum, p. urnigerum, p. parietinum, and leobunus rotun-
dus. G: D. (1749)
London purple. (Rural new yorker, 5 June
1880, v. 59, no. 23, p. 364, col. 3, 2 cm.)
Experience in the use of London purple in killing beetles ;
proportions of purple and plaster necessary to be effectual.
J.D. P. (1750)
[Lytta vesicatoria.] Die Entwickelungs-
geschichte des Spanischfliegen-Kifers. (Kos-
mos [Leipzig], Aug. 1879, bd. 5, p. 387-389, 65
cm.)
Germ. tr. of a paper by J. Lichtenstein (‘‘ Rev. inter-
nationale des sciences, Juin 1879”). Describes rearing of
l. vesicatoria under artificial conditions. G: D. (1751)
McCracken, W. Bee enemies in Texas.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 355.)
Among the enemies are mentioned spiders, ants, bee-
moths, horned lizards, and toads. A.J: C. (1752)
Macloskie, G: The proboscis of the house-
fly. (Amer. nat., March 1880, v. 14, p. 153-
161, 3 fig.)
Structure, functions, and homology of the parts of the
proboscis of musca domestica. Homologizes the ‘‘ pharynx”
or fulcrum of the proboscis of diptera with the endocranium
of other insects. G: D. (1753)
Mandibles of ants worn blunt by use. (Amer.
nat., Sept. 1879, v. 18, p. 596.)
From Psyche advertiser, May-June 1879, p. 9.
G: D. (1754)
March of the army worm (The). (Boston d.
advert., 16 June 1880, no. 22404, y. 135, no.
145, p. [2], col. 2, 15 em.)
Regions devastated by leucania unipuncta.
B: P.M. (1755)
92 [1756-1774]
Maynard, C:J. A new species of butterfly
from Florida. (Amer. nat., March 1873, v. 7,
p. 177-178.)
Notes on butterflies of Florida; describes lycaena mo-
desta. : (1756)
Minot, C: Sedgwick. A sketch of comparative
embryology. (Amer. nat., April 1880, v. 14,
p. 242-249, 6 fig.)
Figure from Bobretzky [p. 247] to illustrate mode of
segmentation of egg of pierts crataegi. G: D. (AT57)
Mole, a plea for the. (Rural new yorker, 12
June 1880, v. 39, no. 24, p. 377, col. 1-2, 35 em.)
The mole [¢alpa] stated to be more useful than injurious,
by destroying noxious insects. J. D. P. - (1758)
Monell, Joseph, see Ritey, C: V. and J. Monet, Notes on
the aphididae of the United States, ... [Psycue, Rec.,
no. :
Morehouse, G. W. The structure of the
scales of lepisma saccharina. (Amer. nat., Nov.
1873, v. 7, p. 666-669.)
G: D. (1759)
Mosquitoes. Interesting information for
Florida colonists ; some tall stories. ([N. Y. w.|
sun, 10 Sept. 1879, v. 44, no. 2276, p. 2, col. 6,
13 cm.)
Intolerable attacks of mosquitoes [ewlex?], unless the
insects are kept away by netting or smoke.
B: P. M. (1760)
Miiller, Albert. Moritz Isenschmid’s Zusitze
zu “ Kaltenbach, Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der
Klasse der Insekten,” Stuttgart, 1874, 8°., mit
den Belegstiicken seiner Sammlung, Nat. Mus.
Bern, verglichen und hrsg. von Albert Miiller.
(Mitth. Schweiz. entom. Gesells., 1880, v. 5, no.
10, p. 575-576.)
Separate, Bern, 20 Feb. 1880, p. 575-576, 24
MAb EL xX 10S:
List of 37 coleoptera found on 19 plants.
B: P.M. (1761)
Miiller, Fritz. Lpicalia acontius. Ein unglei-
ches Ehepaar. (Kosmos [Leipzig], Jan. 1879,
bd. 4, p. 285-292, 272 cm., fig. 1-6.)
Discusses sexual dim orphism. G: D. (1762)
Miiller, Fritz. Jiuna und thyridia. Ein merk-
wiirdiges Beispeil von Mimicry bei Schmetter-
lingen. (Kosmos [Leipzig], May 1879, bd. 5,
p. 100-108, 510 cm., 4 fig.)
Figures wings of two Brazilian butterflies, ituna ilione
nd thyridia megisto, which mimic each other closely ; dis-
sion of mimicry in lepidoptera. + (1763)
Miiller, Fritz and Hermann Miiller. Phryg-
aniden-Studien. (Kosmos [Leipzig], Feb. 1879,
bd. 4, p. 386-396, 400 em., 3 il.)
Comparison of the lepidoptera and the phryganidae,
Cwith a view to their ancestral relationship. Brazilian phryg-
anid-larvae which live in the tops of trees in the water col-
lected by the leaves of bromeliaceous plants. Larval cases,
or ‘grumicha,”’ of a Brazilian phryganid. Comparison of
larval cases of phryganids with those of lepidoptera.
G: (1764)
PSYCHE.
Miiller, Fritz. Schiitzende Firbung und die
Farbenempfindung der Thiere. (Kosmos | Leip-
zig|, April 1879, bd. 5, p. 62-63, 42 cm.)
Protective coloration shows that some animals can dis-
tinguish color. G: D. (1765)
Muller, Hermann, see Mutier,Fritz and Hermann MULLER,
Phryganiden-Studien [Psycue, Rec., no. 1764].
Miller, Hermann. In Blumen gefangene Fal-
ter. — Fleischfressende Honigbienen. (Kos-
mos |Leipzig|, Oct-Dec. 1879, bd. 6, p. 225-
226, 53 cm.)
Quotes a letter from A. S. Packard, j7., concerning cap-
ture of insects by physianthus albens, and comments upon
the subject. G: D. (1766)
Miller, Hermann. Hesperiden-Blumen Bra-
siliens. (Kosmos [Leipzig], March 1879, bd.
4, p. 481-482, 18 cm.)
Observations recorded by Fritz Miller seem to support
the idea that the blue and violet flowers-may be especially
often fertilized by crepuscular insects, since blue and violet
are especially distinct by twilight. G: D. (1767)
Miiller, Hermann. Ein Kifer mit Schmetter-
lingsriissel. (Kosmos [Leipzig], Jan. 1880, bd.
6, p. 302-804, 79 cm., il.)
Figures a nemognatha from Brazil, and its mouth-parts,
in which the maxillae are modified to form a hollow probos-
cis; compares this modification with the mouth-parts of n.
chrysomelina from France. G: D. (1768)
Miiller, Hermann. Koelreuter und Sprengel.
(Kosmos [Leipzig], Aug. 1879, bd. 5, p. 402—
404, 78 cm.)
Contains notes on the history of the knowledge of fer-
tilization of flowers by insects. G: D. (1769)
Miiller, Hermann. Schiitzende Aenlichkeit
einheimischer Insekten. (Kosmos [Leipzig],
Oct.—Dec. 1879, bd. 6, p. 29-39, 114-124, 800
em., 5 fig.)
Discusses mimicry. Figures calocampa exoleta, larva of
eugonia alniaria, pupal cases of cionus scrophulariae and
the seed-capsules of scrophularia nodosa, brood-cells of
anthidium strigatum, and larva of stauropus fagi.
G: D. (1770)
Muth,C: F. Foul-brood,its cure. (Amer. bee
journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 502.)
The salicylic acid cure is described. A.J: @. (1771)
New French silk (A). (Science advocate [Atco,
N. J.], Jan. 1880, v. 1, no. 1, [p. 4], col. 1-2, 16
cm.)
On attacus cynthia. G: D. (A772)
|New York microscopical society, Proceedings
of.]| (Amer. m. micros. journ., Jan. 1880, v. 1,
p. 19, 5 em.)
Notice of address given before the society, 17 Oct. 1879,
by J. D. Hyatt, on ‘‘ The mechanism of insect-stings.”
G: D. (1773)
Noel, Paul. Amélioration du vase au cyanure.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, June 1880, an.
10, p. 107.)
A contrivance by which the potassic cyanide [KCN] in a
collecting-tube is kept in slow decomposition by the vapor
of vinegar. G: D. (1774)
PSYCHE.
Nylander, W. De l’ouie chez les anobium.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, May 1880, an.
10, p. 92-93.)
Delicate hearing of anobium and the mode in which the
beetle makes its rapping noise. G: D. (1775)
Osborn, Herbert. <A destructive borer. (Col-
lege quart., May 1880, v. 3, no. 1, p. 12, col. 1-
2,24 cm.) (Western stock journ. and farmer,
June 1880, v. 10, no. 6, p. 125, col. 1-2, 32 cm.)
Description and figure of a large caterpillar found among
chips of red oak, and supposed to be xyleutes robiniae,
Peck. J.D. P. (1776)
Osborn, Herbert. [Habits of /achnosterna fusca. |
(College quart., May 1880, v.3, no. 1, p. 13, col.
2,1 cm.) (Western stock journ. and farmer,
June 1880, vy. 10, no. 6, p. 125, col. 2, 9 em.)
Jee. VINT)
Osborn, Herbert. [Trochilium denutatum de-
structive to ash trees, fraxinus.| (College
quart., May 1880, v. 3, no. 1, p. 14, col. 2,3 cm.)
JaD..P. (778)
Paaren, N.H. Scab in sheep. (Prairie far-
mer, 5 June 1880, v. 51, no. 23, p. 181, col. 3-4,
37 cm.)
Scab in sheep caused by acari; methods of treatment.
J.D. P. (1779)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr. A poisonous
centipede. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1879, v. 13, p.
527.)
Abstract. (Science advocate [Atco, N. J.|,
Jan. 1880, v. 1, no. 1, [p. 4,] col. 2, 4 em.)
Notes cermatia forceps from Providence, R. I.
G: D. (1780)
The Rocky
(Amer. nat.,
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr.
Mountain locust in New Mexico.
Sept. 1879, v. 15, p. 586.)
Northern half of New Mexico and probably northern
Arizona are subject to occasional invasions of caloptenus
spretus ; dates of several invasions. G: D. (1781)
Perty, Maximilian. Moritz Isenschmidt, Nek-
rolog. (Abhandlungen d. naturforschenden
Gesellschaft in Bern aus d. J. 1878, 1879, p.
187-193.)
M. Isenschmidt was b. 5 Nov. 1850 in Konitz, near Bern,
Switzerland ; d. 21 Oct. 1878, in Bern. G: D. (1782)
[Poletajew, N.] Die Flugmuskeln der Lep-
idopteren und Libelluliden. (Zool. Anzeiger,
3 May 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 212-213.)
Abstract of a paper by N. Poletajew before the zoological
section of the sixth assembly of Russian naturalists and
physicians. G: D. (1783)
Ravages of the army worm. (Boston d. ad-
vert., 29 June 1880, no. 22415, v. 135, no. 156,
p- 1, col. 67,3 em.)
Invasion of Portsmouth, N. H., and vicinity by Jeuca-
nia unipuncta ; ‘in farming districts ditching proves to be
the only effectual means of staying their progress.’
B: P.M. (1784)
[1775-1788] 93
Riley, C: Valentine and Joseph Monell.
Notes on the aphididae of the United States,
with descriptions of species occurring west of
the Mississippi. (Bull. U.S. geol. and geog.
sury. terr., 28 Feb. 1879, v. 5, no. 1, p. 1-32.)
Rey., entitled, “American aphides.” (Na-
ture, 24 April 1879, v. 19, p. 585, 6 cm.)
Part 1, p. 1-17. Biological notes on the pemphiginae,
with descriptions of new species, by Riley. ‘* Full account
ot? schizoneura americana n. sp. and colopha ulmicola,
‘‘with less complete accounts of” hormaphis spinosus,
pemphigus populimonilis n. sp., p. populitransversus Ni. Sp-,
p. populiramulorum un. sp., p. acerifolii n. sp., p. fraxini-
Jolii n. sp.
Part 2, p. 18-32. Notes on aphidinae, with descriptions
of new species, by Monell. Describes 9 new species of
siphonophora, 5 of aphis, 2 of rhopalosiphum, 9 of callipte-
rus, 3 of chaitophorus, other species of these genera and
of drepanosiphum and the genera themselves, with synoptic
tables for distinguishing some of the species.
B: P.M. (1785)
Schaupp, Frank G: ‘[Coleoptera wanted.]
(Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., May 1878 [v. 1],
e183)
List of 7 cicindela, 3 nomaretus, 10 cychrus which the
author wishes to obtain by purchase or exchange.
idee ee Maa @ Wi-Is))
Schindler, Emil. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der
Malpighi’schen Gefasse der Insecten. Inaug-
uraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doctor-
wiirde vorgelegt der hohen philosophischen
Facultit der Universitit Leipzig. Mit 5 Tafeln
und 1 Hoizschnitt. Leipzig, W. Engelmann,
1878. t.-p. cover + 76 [+ 1] p., pl. 388-40. 24
Mlb tals 1057.
From the Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., v.30, heft 4. General ;
historical ; minute and grosser anatomy of the malpighian
vessels in the different orders of insects; final remarks in
which the view that the malpighian vessels are urinary or-
gans is defended, and their surface in relation to the weight
of the body of the insect is discussed. Figures the mal-
pighian vessels or their parts, in lepisma saccharina, peri-
planeta europaea, p. orientalis, mantis religiosa, gryllotalpa
vulgaris,acheta campestris, decticus, perla bicaudata, ephem-
era vulgata, phryganea flavicornis, dromius, cryptocephalus
sericeus, rhagonica fulva, melolontha vulgaris, tenebrio mo-
litor, geotrupes sylvestris, lophyrus pini, ophion, tettigonia
’ viridis, haltica nemorum, formica rufa, lygaeus equestris,
culex pipiens, eristalis tenax, é. floreus, sarcophaga carnaria,
papilio machaon, cossus ligniperda, pontia brassicae, larva
of euprepia, hyponomeuta evonymella, euprepia caja, and
sphinx convolvuli. G: D. (A787)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. An account of some
insects of unusual interest from the tertiary
rocks of Colorado and Wyoming. (Bull. U.
S. geol. and geog. surv. terr., May 1878, v. 4,
no. 2, p. 519-545.)
Separate, with t.p. cover, Wash., 5 May
1878, p. 519-545, 25 « 15, t 19 & 11.2.
Notice. (Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,
Geologie und Palaeontologie, ... G. Leon-
hard und H. B. Geinitz, 1878, p. 970.)
Describes the following genera and species, all new ex-
cept the phryganid genus indusia: prodryas persephone
[nymphal et palembolus florigerus |hirmoneuridae], pa-
rolamia rudis [cerambycidae), petrolystra gigantea Laphro-
phorina), p. heros, lithymnetes guttatus ( phyllophoridcae],
dysagrion fredericii (agrionina], egg-masses of corydalites
Jecundum [sialina], holcorpa maculosa | panorpidae], larva-
cases of indusia calculosa. B: P.M. (1788)
94 [1789-1804]
Scudder, S: Hubbard. The early types of in-
sects: or the origin and sequence of insect life
in palaeozoic times. (Mem. Bost. soc. nat. hist.,
March 1879, v. 3, p. 13-21.)
Abstract. (Science news, 15 Noy. 1878, v.
1, p. 22-28.)
Notice. (Sci. amer., 23 Nov. 1878, v. 39, p.
330.)
Abstract. (Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Jan.
1879, s. 3, v. 17, p. 72-74.)
Germ. tr. of the abstract in Amer. journ.
sci. and arts, under the title “Die Urtypen der
Insekten.” (Kosmos [Leipzig], April 1879, bd.
5, p. 61-62, 51 em.)
Notice, entitled, “ The early types of insects.”
(Nature, 24 April 1879, v. 19, p. 584, 5 cm.)
General considerations drawn from a study of palaeozoic
insects. Abstracts were published before the memoir.
G: D. (1789)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. The fossil insects of
the Green River shales. (Bull. U.S. geol. and
geog. sury. terr., Dec. 1878, v. 4, no. 4, p. 747-
776.)
Separate, with t-p. cover, Wash., 1878 |2
Jan. 1879], 29 p., 23 X 15, t 19 x 11.2.
Notice. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1879, v. 13, p.
132.)
Describes as new genera: stenocinclis [asilidae], polio-
myia [myopidae], lithopsis [fulgoridae]; describes 4 hy-
menoptera, 16 diptera, 24 coleoptera, 15 heteroptera, 7 hom-
optera, 1 orthopteron, 2 pseudoneuroptera, 3 arachnida, 1
myriapod, with notes on others. ‘BoP Me. (E790)
[Squash-bugs, coreus tristis, destroyed by
soot, ashes or dust sprinkled on the vines while
moist.] (Western stock journ. and farmer,
June 1880, v. 10, no. 6, p. 124, col. 4, 2 em.)
J.D. P. (1791)
Thomas, Cyrus. On the orthoptera collected
by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., in Dakota and
Montana, during 1873-74. (Bull. U.S. geol.
and geog. sury. terr., May 1878, v. 4, no. 2, p.
481-501.)
List of 25 species of acrididae, locustidae, and gryllidae
found near the boundary line between the U. 8. and Can-
ada; classificatory and other notes, and especially a note
(p. 485-501) on calopienus spretus, its breeding places, mi-
grations, ravages, and means against it. B: P.M. (1792)
Trelease, W: Carnivorous habits of bees.
(Amer. nat., May 1880, v. 14, p. 363.)
Cites references upon the above subject. G: D. (1793)
Trelease, W: On the fertilization of symplo-
carpus foetidus. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1879, v. 13,
p. 580-581.)
Regards apis mellifica the chief agent in the fertilization
of the skunk cabbage ; notes ips fasciatus and other insects
in the spathes. G: D. (1794)
bE Troostembergh, Max. Longévité chez
les insectes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes,
May 1880, an. 10, p. 93.)
Specimens of limonius lived 50 days without nourish-
ment, glued upon a tablet, and in air saturated with naph-
thalin. G: D, (1795)
PSYCHE.
Turner, H: elostoma {corr.| piscivorous.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 710-711.)
Belostoma kills gasterosteus and sucks its blood.
G: D. (1796)
Uhler, Philip Reese. On the hemiptera col-
lected by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.,in Dakota
and Montana, during 1873-74. (Bull. U.S. geol.
and geog. sury. terr., May 1878, v. 4, no. 2, p.
603-512.)
List of 59 species, with localities ; jassus twiningi and
deltocephalus configuratus described as new species.
B: P.M. (A797)
Uhler, Philip Reese. Ona remarkable wasp’s
nest found ina stump,in Maryland. (Amer.
nat., Nov. 1873, v. 7, p. 678-679.)
Reprint. (Proce. Amer. assoc. advance. s¢i.,
1875 [1874], v. 22, pt. 32-34.)
Review, by C: V. Riley, entitled, “The hab-
its of polistes and pelopacus” [sic]. (Amer.
nat., 1874, v. 8, p. 229-231.)
Description of the clay nest of a species of polistes [?],
and the process of its construction. G: D. (1798)
Urtypen der Insekten (Die). (Kosmos [Leip-
zig|, April 1879, bd. 5, p. 61-62, 51 cm.)
Germ. transl. of an abstract (Amer. journ. sci. and arts,
1879, s. 3, v. 17, p. 72-74) of S: H. Seudder’s ‘‘ The early
types of insects: ...’? (Mem. Bost. soc. nat. hist., 1579, v.
3, p. 13-21) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1789]. G: D. (4799)
Useful and destructive insects. (Journ. ap-
plied sci., April 1880, v. 11, p. 60, 11 cm.)
Subjects for discussion at the exhibition of the Central
Agricultural and Entomological Society of France.
(1800)
G: D.
Vogel, Friedrich Wilhelm. Die Honigbiene
und die Vermehrung der Bienenvolker nach
den Gesetzen der Wahlzucht sowie vollstan-
dige Anleitung zur rationell-naturgemassen
und eintraglichen Pflege der Biene in Korben,
Beuten und Dzierzon’schen Wohnungen. Mit
135... Holzschnitten. Mannheim, J. Schnei-
der, 1880. t.-p. cover-++ 10-+ 409 p., 25 X 16,
£6 Scull. SM:
An illustrated general work on apiculture. Part i, the
hive ; ii, the establishment of the bee-household ; iii, se-
lective breeding in general ; iv, practical bee-raising.
G: D. (1801)
Warbles in cattle. (Rural new yorker, 12
June 1880, v. 39, no. 24, p. 379, col. 3, 10 cm.)
Tumors caused by oestrus bovis ; remedy.
J.D. P. (1802)
Ward, Lester F. Sexual differentiation in
epiguea repens. (Amer. nat., March 1880, v. 14,
p. 198-200.)
Epigaea probably fertilized by ants.
What it costs to feed insects. (Sci. amer., 17
March 1877, v. 36, p. 160, col. 2, 33 cm.)
Statistics from Packard, Riley and others. Advocates
salaried state and national entomologists, a weekly ento-
mological bulletin, and reports upon insect migrations and
related topics by the Weather Signal Bureau. [Title cited
in Psycue, Rec., no. 865c.] G: D. (1804)
G: D. (1803)
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Srr J: Lussocx has received specimens of
Australian ants which have a very much dis.
tended abdomen, so that the ant serves as an
animated honey-pot.
Tue mystery of Prosopistoma punctifrons is
solved. Dr. Joly and Mr. Vayssiere have reared
it and find that it is an ephemerid, as has been
supposed. It has also been supposed to be a
crustacean, and again to be the larva of a parnid
beetle.
Tue Micnuiean State Pomological Society
has, at the suggestion of Prof. A. J. Cook, offered
two prizes, the first of fifty dollars, and the second
of twenty-five, to be given to the neighborhood
that shows most skill, thoroughness, and secures
best results in destroying the coddling moth. —
Amer. naturalist, June 1880, v. 14, p. 470.
AUTHORS wHo desire to enlarge any numero
of Psycue in order to accommodate longer arti-
cles by them than are regularly accepted by the
editors for publication, can do so at a cost of
$6.50 for each 4 pages of Long-Primer reading
matter, or fraction thereof. This offer is in no
way intended to extend admission to articles of
a nature unsuitable for publication in Psycue,
such as descriptions of new species, or lists of
insects from special localities.
M. Pau Noeu describes two modes of collect-
ing coleoptera in the May numero of the Feuille
des jeunes naturalistes. To capture some of the
carabidae he strews earthworms, cut in small
pieces, about loose rocks or boards near moist
roads. After the beetles have eaten their fill,
during the night, they secrete themselves under
the boards or rocks, where they may be easily
collected the next morning. To capture Geotru-
pes and staphylinidae M. Noel puts the excre-
ment in which they live in a tub of water, and,
after thorough stirring, the beetles float to the
top, while the refuse mostly sinks. The beetles
can be easily gathered from the surface with a
sieve, a few grams of ether having been added
to the water, if they are so numerous as to be
liable to escape. This mode of collecting will
be applicable to insects not mentioned by M.
Noel, e. g., to beetles in bark and fungus, by
using forced submersion.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, 8 Apr. ,,
10 Dec. ,, 138 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
ti Reb. 5,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. ,, 23 Mar. ,,
22 Dee. ,, Plc ADEs 55
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SvApIa | 5s
10 Dec. ,, 138 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
Li Feb: 5;
James H. Ripinas, Jecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
13 Dee. 1880. 13 June 1881.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada,
on the days following : —
7 Sept. 1880. 4 Jan.1881.
aOct, 1 Feb. ,,
ZENOVA. jgy 1 Mar: ,,
‘Dec. |; brAwr: &
G: H. Bow tes, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Ocr. 1882.—Life-histories of Sclero-
stoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergracilis. See
PSYCHE, Vv. 3, p. 59.
96
PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.— 40 on a sheet. No. 2.—50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
Pror. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (PostPain), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron vy. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc_
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ_
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”’
May be obtained of all booksellers ; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
Pureus a. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 a 2.50 M;
1877 43 M; 187845 M; 1879 a 6.50 M.
{@- European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention by
being addressed to
GeorGE DimMock,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société @Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, 8. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN
L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edi-
ted by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878. 11 p.t 19
12.5, Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. Horn. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
6 p.t19X12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title-
slips, 50 cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBPARD SCUD-
DER. Compiled and edited by George Dimmock.
Aug. 1879. 28p.t19X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Pamphila Pontiac, Pamphila Dion, Anthocaris Olym-
pia, Catocala insolabilis, and other lepidoptera.
Address W. C. GALLAGHER,
Whitings, Ind.
FOR SALE.
Single copies of PSYCHE. Price: 2 copies for 15
cts.; 4 copies for 20 cts. Nos. 37, 38, 39-40, 47-48, 51-
52, 55-56, 60, 61-62 (no plate), 64, 65, 66, 67, 68.
Address: Editors of PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
Washington, D, C.
No. 74 was issued 13 Aug. 1880.
Set ri F.,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. |
EDITED BY
Georce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
Abert J: Cook, Lansing, Mich.; Cuirrrorp CHase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.; Joseph Duncan Putnam,
Davenport, Iowa.
Vol. 3. No. 76.
Avec. 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS z - 98
Tue Troput AND THEIR CurITINOUS Supports IN GRACILARIA.— George Dimmock 99-108
Proceepines oF Socretres— Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, Philadelphia, Pa.
BrerioGRaruicaL REcorD : é - : :
Enromo.ocicat Irems — Society Meetings — Prize Essays
ADVERTISEMENTS
: - 104
: . . - 105-106
. : ° : em LOT
: : . . . - 108
CampripcE, Mass., U. S. A.: PusiisHep By GEORGE DIMMOCK.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter.|
98
PSYCHE.
PSYCHE, Orean of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
—__—
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2a Scientific publications desired in exchange.
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on
hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in
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ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 & 25 & 35 em., 45 ets.
Light mailing boxes, 17 X 22 cm., and half and quar-
ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 8.5 X 0.5 em., 12 cts. per sheet,
$1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 X 50
mm., 1060 mm., 1270 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per
100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per
100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes
and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 27X12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed
labels, containing the names of the North Ameri-
can States and Territories, of months, and signs
for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North
American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the
upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus,
and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
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flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma-
terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological
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Collections of insects for beginners or for
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Books and materials in other branches of Nat-
ural History procured for parties at a distance, at
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Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St.,
Boston, Mass.
iE euy ©deb bs.
THE TROPHI AND THEIR CHITINOUS SUPPORTS IN GRACILARIA.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The papers upon Lithocolletis by Mr. V.
T. Chambers, which have appeared from
time to time in Psycue,' supplemented by
the notes and figures on the same subject
contained in his address as retiring presi-
dent of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History,” inspired me with the desire to
study further the mouth-parts of the larvae
of Tineina, especially in their earlier
stages. The abundance of Gracilaria
syringelia in the leaves of the lilac (Sy-
ringa vulgaris), about Leipzig this sum-
mer, gave me plenty of material, and the
opportunity of studying the larvae under
the direction of Professor Leuckart was not
lost.
Altho the larvae were so numerous in
some of the gardens about Leipzig that
searcely a leaf of the lilac escaped their
depredations, I attempted to learn but little
of their mode of life. During their early
stages, when they have the flattened larval
form, they mine in the upper side of the
leaf. They then have the form of head
and mouth-parts represented in fig. 2, and
their legs are mere rudiments. A little
1Psycue, Nov.—Dec. 1877 | April 1878], v. 2, p.
81-87; May—Aug. [Nov.] 1878, v. 2, p. 187-153;
April 1879, v. 2, p. 227.
later they assume the form of head and
mouth-parts shown in fig. 3, and begin to
eat away all the parenchyma of the leaf,
leaving only the upper and lower epider-
mis; still later they leave the mines and
roll the ends of the leaves, feeding within
the rolls. Upon changing the form of
mouth-parts from that represented in figure
2 to that represented in fig. 4, true legs are
developed, the secretion of silk is begun,
and the larvae become more cylindrical.
A striking resemblance to the changes
which Mr. Chambers has observed in the
cylindrical larvae of Lithocolletis is ob-
served in the above-mentioned changes of
the larvae of Gracilaria.
as ten or fifteen larvae are found in a single
blotch on the leaf. I succeeded in rearing
the larvae easily by simply transferring
Often as many
leaves containing them to a box, in which
I packed many leaves closely together.
The leaves, thus packed, retained moisture
and the larvae deserted the mines to wan-
der about between the leaves, where they
fed until ready for pupation. I am in-
debted to Professor Zeller, for the determ-
2 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., July 1879,
also Separate, 22 p. [Psycue, Rec., no. 1805.]
100
ination of the species of Gracilaria which
I have had under observation.
In order to make the structure of the
trophi and the arrangement of their chit-
inous supports more clear, I have prepared
fig. 2-4, to accompany the following de-
scription.
The head of the early form (fig. 2) is
.much flattened. It has, upon its dorsal
surface, two stout chitinous supports, which
pass anteriorly toa point above the labrum,
where they nearly meet, then turning lat-
Fic. 2.— Ventral view of the head of Graci-
laria syringella in its early larval stages: 0, la-
brum; , mandible; 7, maxilla; p, antenna; a,
b, d, e, f, 9, h, i, m, chitinous supports explained
in the text; g, depression between the basal sup-
port of the maxilla and the ventral surface of the
head.
erally and ventrally, at nearly right angles
to their previous direction, they join with
other chitinous supports to form the sockets
of the mandibular joints. Posteriorly these
two dorsal supports (the anterior portions
of which are not seen in fig. 2) approxi-
mate slightly and are connected by a trans-
verse support (fig. 2, e) ; rapidly diverging
again they join the ring which passes
around the posterior portion of the head
(fig. 2, f, m, g). From the lateral por-
PSYCHE.
tions of this ring there passes forward, on
each side, a support (fig. 2, @), which turns
suddenly inward and ventrally behind the
antenna (fig. 2, p), and helps to form the
socket of the joint of the mandible. About
half way between the lateral supports (fig.
2, a) and the middle of the ventral portion
of the head, on each side, there passes for-
ward from the ring which surrounds the
posterior portion of the head another sup-
port (fig. 2, b), which also helps to form
the socket of the mandibular joint. From
the points where the last-mentioned sup-
ports join the posterior ring, supports (fig.
2, d) pass anteriorly and obliquely toward
the dorsal side of the head, joming the dor-
sal supports about midway between e and
the labrum.
The labrum of the early form (fig. 2, 0)
is supported beneath the d'verzent anterior
extremities of the dorsal chitinous supports
of the head in such a manner as to be ca-
pable, not only of some protrusion and re-
traction, but also of a slight lateral motion.
The labrum is bilobed, each lobe bearing
five incurved spines, and has a very delicate
grooving (fig. 3, 0).
The mandibles of the early form (fig. 2
and 3,7) are strongly chitinized. They
are of a generally triangular form, strongly
rounded on the outer side and toothed on
the inner side. Two prominent apical
teeth are followed by a number of smaller
ones. On the under-side of each mandi-
ble, near the middle of the proximal end,
is a rounded protuberance, which fits into
a socket formed by the union of the sup-
ports a and 6b with the laterally divergent
anterior portions of the dorsal supports of
the head, thus forming the mandibular
joint. The pinniform extensor muscles of
PSYCHE.
the mandibles have their insertion on the
exterior proximal angle of each mandible
and their origin on the chitin supports a
and 6. The broadly pinniform flexor mus-
cles of the mandibles have their insertion
on the interior proximal angle of each
mandible, and their origin on the chitinous
supports @ and m and on those which pass
anteriorly and posteriorly from the support
e; they thus le dorsally and the extensors
ventrally. The mandibles are directed ex-
actly anteriorly, in the axis of the body ;
and not ventrally.
The maxillae (fig. 2 and 3, 7) and the
labium (fig. 3, v) in the early form are
attached to a common protrusile basis, the
limits of which are partly indicated at -g
(fig.2). The maxillae are very rudiment-
ary, but that they are maxillae is shown
by their being cleft, for if they were labial
palpi they would not be cleft, but would
probably be jointed. Further, as nearly as
could be determined from a number of lar-
vae found in the act of molting, at the time
when they pass from the earlier to the later
form, the maxillae of the later form were
drawn from the skins of these cleft appen-
dages. In still further support of the view
that these mouth-parts are maxillae is their
position, which is with their apical extrem-
ities slightly above the level of the labium,
as can easily be seen by careful focusing
with a high-power objective. The max-
illae of the early form, then, are only lat-
eral, outwardly-curved processes, each side
of, and attached to the same support as the
labium.
The labium of the early form (fig. 3, v)
is bilobed, with a few delicate grooves and
thickenings, and is covered distally with a
rasp of fine spines. It can be protruded,
101
together with the maxillae, beyond the ex-
tremities of the mandibles, and has a slight
lateral motion. No traces of a spinneret
are visible in the early form of larvae.
The support common to the maxillae
and labium consists of two chitinous rods
(fig. 2, 7) passing posteriorly, diverging
slightly, and then suddenly curving in-
ward. The support is retracted by a mus-
cle between the posterior ends of these
chitinous rods (fig. 2, 4) and a part (fig.
2, 9) of the ring at the posterior portion
of the head. I was unable to discover
Fig. 3. — Comparison of the separated mouth-
parts of the early and later larval stages of Gra-
cilaria syringella : v, v’, labium of each form; t,
labial palpus of later form.
any opposing muscle, and I think the labio- _
maxillary support is protruded by the ac-
tion of the fluids of the head.
After the molting by which the larva
enters upon its later or more cylindrical
stages, the head becomes broader and
thicker in proportion to its length, a few
hairs appear on its .anterior portions, the
mouth-parts are directed a little ventrally
from the axis of the body (fig. 4), and the
condition of the trophi and their supports
is as follows : —
The chitinous supports of the parts of
the head are somewhat modified from what
102
they were in the early form of larva, altho
they are only a further elaboration of the
The support e (fig. 2) has
become so reduced that the dorsal supports
appear simply to cross one another (fig. 4,
e). The supports which pass anteriorly
from e have united at their ends to form a
clypeus (not shown in the figure). The sup-
port f (fig. 2), which was slender in the
early form, has entirely disappeared. The
supports @ and m remain essentially the
same as they were in the early form, but d,
which at first united almost directly with d,
has become separated from it, to allow of
the interposition of a support c, which
passes forward and unites, at /, with a
branch (k) from 6, the whole portion at /
serving as attachment for a muscle to
extend the labium and maxillae. The
chitinous supports of the labium and
maxillae have changed, as will be seen
later.
The labrum (fig. 4, 0; fig. 3, 0’) has
nearly the same outline as in the early form.
The anterior portion, especially in the very
last larval stage, is beset with hairs. It
has two oblique thickenings in each lobe,
and a Y-shaped thickening through the mid-
dle. The labrum is protrusile, retractile,
and slightly movable laterally, as in the
early form.
The mandibles (fig. 4, n; fig. 3, n’)
have characters similar to those which
they had in the early form. The small
teeth are, however, absent, and, in their
place, a ridge extends along the under side
of the mandible from the large apical teeth
to the base. The origin and insertion of
the extensor and flexor muscles are on
places corresponding to their origin and
insertion in the early form.
same plan.
PSYCHE.
The maxillae in the later form (fig. 4,
r; fig. 3, 7”) have undergone considerable
change in their appearance from that in the
early form. They are now of the form
common to lepidopterous larvae —an out-
ward jointed portion, the maxillary palpus,
and a double inner jointed portion, the
maxilla proper.
The labium (fig. 3, v’) has, in the later
form, developed a pair of jointed labial
palpi and a tubular spinneret. The proxi-
mal portion is hairy. Not only the spin-
neret, but also the labium itself, can be
Fie. 4. — Ventral view of the head of Gracila-
ria syringella in its later larval stages: s, spin-
neret; other letters as in fig. 2, or explained in
text.
turned under, so that the labial palpi are
directed posteriorly. The position shown
in fig. 8 is with extended labium; in fig.
4, with labium folded back.
The supports which bore the labium and
maxillae in the early stages (fig. 2, 7) are
greatly modified in the later stages. The
support 7 (fig. 4) divides posteriorly into
two parts, between the ends of which ex-
tends a support, A (fig. 4). The slightly
developed line of demarcation between the
PSYCHE.
maxilla and the under surface of the head
(fig. 2, 7) has become a clearly defined
line, and the whole supporting framework
of the labium and maxillae approaches a
rectangular form, limited posteriorly by
chitinous supports (fig. 4,2, h’). Muscles
extend from these chitinous supports, h, h’,
anteriorly to the chitinous rod / and pos-
teriorly to the rod g. The action of these
muscles protrudes or retracts the framework
of the labium and maxillae, but, while the
maxillae are simply pushed forward by
this action, the labium is unfolded, or un-
rolled, so as to assume the position shown
in fig. 3, v’.
If the form of the trophiin Gracilaria
syringella, in its early larval stages, be
compared with the form in the later larval
stages, the modification of each part will
be seen to increase in amount as the dis-
tance from the anterior part of the head
increases, that is, the mandibles change
more than the labrum, the maxillae more
than the mandibles, and the labium most
of all. By comparing, on fig. 3, the mouth-
parts of the early and later forms, the
changes of the labrum are seen to be
mostly in markings, and in the number of
hairs or spines; the changes of the man-
dible have been, to a slight extent, modifi-
cations of form; the maxillae, while they
existed before, are greatly modified in the
later form; the labium most of all seems
to have added to its structure and functions.
This increase of complexity of the mouth-
parts toward the labium, which becomes
more and more striking at each successive
stage in many insects, is probably coordin-
ate with the relations which these parts
have to the surfaces on which the larvae
103
walk, from which they feed, and, in many
cases, on which they spin their silk.
This successive development of organs
coordinate with their functions is well
exemplified in the larvae of Gracilaria, of
Inthocolletis, of Phyllocnistis * and possibly
of other Tineina, in which the early form
of the larva is so different from its later
form. In Gracilaria syringella, so long
as the larvae feed only in a plane surface,
and do not spin, no great difference is visi-
ble between the mouth-parts above the
mandibles and those below them. Both
labrum and labium exercise their simplest
functions of pushing the food between, and
keeping it subject to the action of the man-
dibles, and, perhaps, of sawing it out of
the parenchyma by a lateral motion. But
contemporaneous with the appearance of
the later form of larval trophi, — the la-
bium capable of turning under, and the
better developed maxillae — the larva, now
having its mandibles directed slightly ven-
trally, acquires the power of eating verti-
cally to the surface of the leaf, and of
spinning threads in all directions. At the
same time its feet are developed, later it
eats out from its mine, and becomes free.
An externally well-differentiated dorsal and
ventral surface seems to have been acquired
from the time when the larva ceased to be
pressed dorsally and ventrally between the
upper and lower epidermis of its mine.
I have not had the opportunity to com-
pare, by microscopic work, the larva of
Gracilaria syringella with other larvae of
Tineina; therefore the above observations
may be regarded as quite incomplete.
Leipzig, 15 Aug. 1880.
8PsycuE, May [July] 1880, v. 3, p. 67.
104
PSY CEH:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., AUG.
1880.
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vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA.
[ Abstract from the Monthly proceedings, concluded
Srom page 89.]
9 May 1879. — Mr. McCook described and fig-
ured [Proc., p. 11, fig. 1,2] a nest of Tarentula
tigrina n. sp., from New Jersey. Dr. G: H: Horn
remarked upon Cantharis deserticola, Mycetina
limbata, Dasycerus sulcatus, Adelops hirtus and
Sarpedon scabrosus ; also upon the classification
of the nitidulidae and the monotomidae ; he thought
the latter family would probably have to be re-
united with the lathridiidae. — p. 9-18.
9 JunE 1879. — Mr. C: A. Blake exhibited some
rare lepidoptera; also an Actias luna % having
an ocellus on the left fore wing, midway between
the usual discal spot and the apex, and about 3
mm. beneath the costal margin, and having some
of the colors on the wing suffused; also an A.
luna Q, upon the wings of which the discal spots
were irregular and the colors diffused; also a
Junonia lavinia peculiarly colored. Mr. Blake
remarked, with figures [Proc., p. 14], on the form
and attachment of the wing-scales of some spe-
cies of Morpho and Hipparchia. Dr. G: H: Horn
communicated a table [Proc., p. 14-16] of the
(13) North American species of Adelocera, with
a list of changes and synonymy among the elate-
ridae. Mr. E. T. Cresson described Jbalia rufipes,
I. montana, and 6 species of Pterochilus from the
western U. S., and Aulacus pallipes from Massa-
chusetts, 9 n. sp. — p. 13-20.
PS YCHE.
12 Sept. 1879.—Dr. G: H: Horn remarked
upon the classification of the eucnemidae, with
especial reference to Cerophytum and Perothops,
“which should be excluded from the eucnemidae
each to represent a sub-type of the greater elate-
ride complex ” including the euenemidae, the ceb-
rionidae, the throscidae, and the elateridae proper.
Dr. Horn reviewed the dascyllidae, directing spe-
cial attention to certain hitherto unnoticed char-
acters in the related genera Eubria (which does
not occur in our fauna), Ectopria |[Eurea}, Dicra-
nopselaphus and Acneus n.g.; he also indicated
the new genus Placonycha, of which Dicranopse-
laphus edwardsii is the type. Mr. H: C. McCook
exhibited an artificial formicary containing liy-
ing specimens of Myrmecocystus mexicanus, and
described the nests and habits of the ants. He
also remarked upon the habits and architecture
of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. Mr. E. T. Cresson
described 5 new species of Hucerceris from New
Mexico, Colorado and Nevada. — p. 21-25.
14 Nov. 1879.— Dr. J: L. LeConte remarked
upon his paper, entitled, “ Short studies on North
American coleoptera.” Mr. E. T. Cresson de-
scribed 10 new species of Metopius, 8 from Ne-
yada and Colorado, and 1 each from Florida and
Maryland. Dr. G: H: Horn described a case of
dimorphism in Desmocerus auripennis 9 , consisting
in a different size of markings and a different
fineness of punctuation of the elytra, and men-
tioned other instances of dimorphism in coleo-
ptera, which occurs almost exclusively in the fe-
male sex. —p. 26-31.
8 Dec. 1879.—Dr. J: L. LeConte remarked
upon the structural peculiarities of Propalticus
oculatus, one of the mycetophagidae from the Ha-
waiian Islands. Dr. G: H: Horn described a de-
formity in the left anterior tarsus of Cremasto-
chilus saucws, the last joint of which seemed to
be triple, and alluded to the tendency of deform-
ities to exist by triplication. Mr. E. T. Cresson
described 7 new species of Philanthus from the
western U.S. The following officers were elected
for the year 1880:— Director, J: Lawrence Le-
Conte; Vice-Director, G: H: Horn; Recorder, James
H. Ridings; Treasurer, Ezra Townsend Cresson ;
Conservator, G: B. Cresson ; Publication Committee,
G: H: Horn, S: Lewis. — p. 31-04.
PSYCHE.
[1805-1821] 105
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets |], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
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- One of the causes of these re-invasions is the
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Schaupp, Frank G: Raising beetles in cap-
tivity. (Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., May 1878
[v. 1], p. 2-3.)
Account of keeping cicindela and carabidae in breeding
cages. F. G: 8. (1839)
Schaupp, Frank G: Synoptic table of the ge-
nus elaphrus Latr. (Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc.,
May 1878 [v. 1], p. 6.)
Based upon G: R. Crotch’s table published in G: H: Horn’s
“Synoptic tables...’? (Trans. amer. entom. soc., Dee.
1876, v. 5, p. 246 [Psycue, Rec., no. 814], with insertion of
two other species and addition of ilo,
. G: 8S. (1840)
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE APPROPRIATIONS by Congress, at its last
session, include one of $25,000 for the U. 8. En-
tomological Commission.
Joseru Baer &Co., of Frankfort-on-the-Main,
have issued a catalog (no. 79) of the library of the
late Dr. Haag-Ruthenberg, for sale by that firm.
Tue Dorruesta, or Australian bug, like the
Xanthium spinosum and the phylloxera, have oc-
cupied the attention of the legislature [in Cape
Colony]. It has already destroyed much timber,
and has lately attacked vines and roses. ...—
Colonies and India, 31 July 1880, p. 13.
A BRED specimen of Arctia fuliginosa which
possessed only one antenna was exhibited at the
meeting of the London Entomological Society, 2
June 1880. Sir J: Lubbock said that he had oc-
casionally bred ants with only one antenna, and
had possessed one with no antennae.
Miss Emiry A. Smita, the well-known ento-
mologist of Peoria, Illinois, has gone to Leipzig,
where, if the university authorities will allow it,
she will pursue a general course of zoological
work in the new laboratory of Professor Leuck-
art. Her address, for the present, is Salzgisschen,
8, 111, Leipzig, Germany.
Dr. HABerLAnpdtT, in the “ster. Landwirth.
Wochenblatt,” in treating of the cultivation of
red clover, urges agriculturists to act upon the
discoveries of Darwin, and protect the humble-
bees necessary for the fertilization of the blos-
soms of this plant. — Journ. of Science, May 1880,
p. 347.
UNDER THE auspices of the Government of
Ceylon an elaborate illustrated work on the lep-
idoptera of that island is in active preparation,
edited by Mr. F. Moore, F. Z.S. The publica-
tion is entrusted to Messrs. L. Reeve & Co., from
whom the first instalment may be expected
shortly. — The Athenaeum, 3 July 1880, p. 21.
Mr. Cates Cooxe, once a pupil of Agassiz,
who has been an industrious collector in the
neighborhood of his own home, Salem, Mass.,
and has also collected in South America, Zanzi-
bar and Madagascar, and in the Mammoth Cave
in Ky., died in Salem, 5 June 1880, aged 42
years and 4 months.
107
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SApr 5;
LOMDec.. 18 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
if Hep: 5
B: Pickman Many, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. ,, 23 Mar. ,,
22Decs—s Di Apres
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
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Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, S-Apr. 5;
10 Dec. ,, 18 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June _,,
11 Feb. ,,
James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
13 Dec. 1880. 13 June 1881.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada,
on the days following : —
7 Sept. 1880. 4 Jan.1881.
SOc «5, 1 Feb. ,,
2 Nov. ,, Mar;
(Dee. ;, OeAPrr 55
G: H. Bowtgs, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.— Life-histories of Sclero-
stoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergracilis. See
Psycue, v. 3, p. 59.
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“we GS e
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. |
EDITED BY
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Vol. 3. No. 77.
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CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : - 2 ; : : ; ; : LO
Tue YELLOW FEVER Hie — Beer ueust oe ‘ ; : ; 5 : P 3 4k
Notes on A FEW Bomeyces, Hyprips, &c.— Alfred Wailly . é : : : : Zu ld
On an Aquatic SpHinx Larva.— Hermann August Hagen . ; oi Ete
Proceepines oF Sociretres— Entomological Club of the American ieocintian for the
Advancement of Science . : - : : : : : . ; ; : 114
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD " - : ; - ; . . ‘ 115-118
Enromo.ocicaL Items — Society Maui ae Hashes . Le aks is . lg
ADVERTISEMENTS - : ; ‘ « : 5 : 2 - = - . su LzO
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110
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
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PSY CEE:
THE YELLOW FEVER FLY.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
It is not without precedent that certain
facts or observations in natural history sud-
denly acquire a great fame, go more or less
over the whole scientific world, and are
forgotten with wonderful quickness, when
they have been found out not to be true.
Some twenty-five years ago the history of
the famous yellow fever fly was every-
where told and largely analyzed. It seems
that the height of its glory was in 1855;
1 say it seems, as I have been unable
to see any account or even any mention
of it in a scientific publication or a news-
paper.
nected with such publications in former
times, assure me that the matter was at
that time much spoken of in periodicals,
but that they cannot give any quotation of
an article. Upon application to the well
known physician, Dr. St. Julian B. Rav-
enel, in 8S. Carolina, I obtained the answer
that although the Doctor had almost for-
gotten about it, yet with some effort of
memory he recalled that during the epi-
demic at Norfolk in 1855, a fly appeared
in swarms, which the people there said
had never been seen before, and which they
ealled the yellow fever fly. The Doctor
had sent some of them to the late Prof. L.
Agassiz for examination; but these are
not now to be found in the collection of
Gentlemen, who were largely con-
the museum. The Doctor, however, states
that he has since found the same fly in
Charleston, S. C., in dark, close places,
even in perfectly healthy seasons, and thinks
that it only becomes immeasurably multi-
plied in the dirt and filth of all kinds pro-
duced by pestilence. It has never been
observed in Charleston during epidemics.
This is the only direct information I was
able to obtain. The collection bought by
the Museum of Comparative Zoology from
Prof. Loew, contains one specimen, col-
lected in 1848 in New Orleans by the late
Prof. Schaum, and three others, one marked
as the yellow fever fly. The species has
never been described. It belongs to Sciara,
and a careful examination of the descrip-
tions of all the species quoted in Baron Os-
ten Sacken’s new catalog of N. A. diptera,
shows that none of them belong to this
species. I was not able to compare the
descriptions of Sciara nigra Wied.
The fact that the species appeared in
swarms is also new. A list of swarms
of diptera, given by Prof. Weyenbergh
(Tijdskr. vy. Eutom., 1861), records 29,
but none of Sciara.
I believe that a description of the species
is very desirable, so that its former curious
history, and the fact of its swarming, may
not be lost.
112
PSYCHE.
NOTES ON A FEW BOMBYCES, HYBRIDS, &C.
BY ALFRED WAILLY, LONDON, ENGLAND.
In my report on silk-producing bomby-
ces and other lepidoptera, reprinted from
the Journal of the Society of Arts, 13 Feb.
and 5 March 1880,1I speak of the disas-
trous effects of the weather on most species
during the year 1879.
This year, although the splendid weather
in August and in the early part of Septem-
ber allowed of the successful rearing of
several species in the open air, the wet and
cold weather lasting till about the end of
July affected and retarded lepidoptera, as
in 1879; for instance, the moths of Samia
promethea had not all emerged before the
end of August. With a few exceptions,
none of the moths of Indian species emerged
at all.
Actias luna. I bred this species this
year for the first time, and most success-
fully, on walnut (Juglans). It thrived
well also on a nut tree in my garden, to-
gether with larvae of Telea polyphemus
and Samia cecropia. Unfortunately the
sparrows destroyed all the larvae which
were on that tree, when they were already
at the end of their third stage. My Euro-
pean correspondents were all, I think, suc-
cessful with the rearing of Actias luna.
Yet I must observe that many ova obtained
from well paired A. luna moths and ova of
other species, were not fertile, a fact which
I attribute to the low temperature of the
month of June, affecting the moths.
Samia gloveri. Of this species I re-
ceived a very large number of cocoons from
a young entomologist, but I regret to say
the attempt at rearing them was the most
complete failure that can be recorded. —
The moths emerged, from the middle of
April to the middle of July, with a few ex-
ceptions, all crippled. The greater part
of the cocoons did not produce moths ; some
were dead on arriving in London; others
died later, either from the attacks of para-
Not a
I would
sites or from some other cause.
single pairing could be obtained.
be glad to try this species again.
Samia ceanothi. Of about forty co-
coons, the first moth emerged in March,
the second on 3 April; the rest continued
to emerge till 18 July. Only two pairings
were obtained. The larvae, reared on
plum (Prunus) and willow (Salix), did not
thrive, and all died, some going into their
third stage. None of my correspondents,
as far as I know, succeeded with this spe-
cies. Evidently, plum and willow are not
proper food plants for S. ceanothi.
The first pairing took place 27 June, the
second 10 July. The ova of the first
brood hatched 18 days, and those of the
second, 15 days, after having been de-
posited.
The larvae, somewhat similar to those
of S. cecropia in first and second stage, but
of a lighter color, showed a marked differ-
ence in the third stage, and were thus:
Back of body, sky blue, sides greenish yel-
low; tubercles golden yellow all along the
back, and on the sides, blue ; head green.
Hybrids. Although Samia gloveri re-
fused to pair among themselves, I had sey-
eral crossings between S. gloveri, S. cea-
nothi, and S.cecropia. The ova obtained
1 Psycue, Rec., no. 1717.
PSYCHE.
from a long pairing of S. ceanothi 2 with
S. gloveri %, were the only ones that were
fertile. Unfortunately the larvae, reared
on willow and plum, all died, some reach-
ing, like S. ceanothi, the third stage.
The pairing of S. ceanothi 2? with S. glov-
ert %, was from the evening of 20 to the
evening of 21 May. The larvae hatched
from 15 to 21 June; the majority having
hatched 16 and 17 June.
First stage. Larger larvae, black ; small-
er ones, fallow; the colors becoming of a
more uniform hue as the larvae increased
in size. Very much like S. cecropia larvae.
Second stage. Larvae yellow, with black
tubercles ; head black. Third stage. Back,
bluish ; sides, yellow. Tubercles on back,
113
orange-red ; tubercles on sides, blue ; head,
yellow.
The other crossings resulting from the
keeping of various species together in large
cages, when % and 2 moths of the same
species were not obtained at the same time,
in a hot-house, 22 May,
Telea polyphemus 2 and Attacus mylitta
% of the Bombay race; J. polyphemus &
and Attacus pernyt &; Samia gloveri
and A. pernyi $: in my house at ordinary
temperature, 12 and 13 June, Samia ce-
anotht 2 and S.cecropia % ; 15 June, S.
glovert 2 and S. cecropia $ ; 18 and 19
June, S. cecropia 2 and S. ceanothi $. In
all the above cases, the ova were infertile.
are the following :
ON AN AQUATIC SPHINX LARVA.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The following letter from the Baron von
Reizenstein, in New Orleans, La., was sent
to me as a scientific communication by Dr.
J. L. LeConte, of Philadelphia : —
‘¢ From larvae and pupae of a sphinx in
my possession, there is every reason for be-
lieving that I have made a new acquisition
to the lepidopterous fauna of Louisiana.
They belong to the genus Philampelus, but
the larvae far exceed in size those of the
other known sphingidae, even of the true
sphinx Macrosila rustica (Sphina chion-
anthi). I found the larvae feeding on the
floating Nymphaea, in the very centre of a
draining canal in the outskirts of the city.
When I discovered them, their whole body,
with the exception of the first three segments,
was submerged in the water. When they
had devoured one patch of the water plants,
they swam with great facility to a new one,
the first instance I ever experienced of this
habit in the larva of a sphinx, or in any
caterpillar. As I am familiar with all the
other known larvae of the genus Philam-
pelus, and it is not probably that of Ph.
labruscae, a strictly tropical species, which
I do not know, so it is very likely an entirely
new species.
Of the other species of Philampelus (pe-
culiar only to the new continent) are until
now only known and described: Philam-
pelus vitis Linn., Ph. achemon, Ph. satel-
litia, Ph. fasciatus, and Ph. lycaon Cram.
(posticatus Grote), all occurring here, ex-
cept achemon, a northern species, and whose
larvae are all known to me.
There remains then only Philampelus
labruscae, which I do not believe is the
sphinx in question. Of 25 larvae (now all
pupae) in my possession, I preserved one
in alcohol, to have an ‘‘ argumentum ad
hominem” for a further occasion, when I
will prepare a correct drawing of the in-
sect in all its stages.
114
PHewer E..
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., SEPT. 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
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Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
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be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
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Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSO-
CIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE.
[A fuller report of the meetings of the Club
will be given subsequently; the following
communications have not been published else-
where. |
25 Aue. 1880.—The following letter, dated
Coalburgh, W. Va., 22 Aug. 1880, from Mr. W:
H: Edwards to Mr. S: H. Scudder was read:
“ _.. If you like, you may say to the lepidopter-
ists of the Association, when they meet, that I
have raised a brood of Apatura flora from egg to
imago, and the species is distinct from A. elyton.
I described flora as a possible variety of clyton,
you remember. I shall give a plate to flora.
Also that I have raised a brood of Apatura alicia
from egg to imago, and this is distinct from A.
celtis, with which you and Riley and some other
lepidopterists had united it as a variety. I will
figure the larva of alicia also.
“T have taken this summer a bi-formed Ly-
caena neglecta, one side %, the other 9.
“T had a Papilio ajax marcellus come from
chrysalis perfect, except that there was no trace
whatever of one hind wing.
“ Thave two chrysalids of Limenitis disippus
which have been on ice 30 days, and which should
give imagos in 2 or 3 days. I hope to find these
last changed in some direction by the cold.
“JT have made some important observations on
PSYCHE.
L. disippus and its supposed varieties, but am not
ready to publish them yet. The species is three
brooded here — that I have ascertained,— and it
makes its perch not by means of its excrement,
but with bits of leaf chewed up in the mouth. The
object of the packet of bits of leaf is not yet
certain.
“TT. L. Mead has been in Newfoundland the
last six weeks, and sent me specimens of Coe-
nonympha inornata Edw., taken there by him ;—
a butterfly that I do not think has been re
ported as living within a thousand miles of that
island.
“From Florida I have received examples of
Pieris ilaire, C. agarithe, and a new Pamphila, size
of P. dion, which I call P. byssus; also the
sphinges Oenosanda noctuiformis, and Anceryx
scyzon, not before attributed to North America.
“ Hope you will have a good time, and wish I
could be of the party.”
Mr. A: R. Grote said that Mr. Edwards had
also received Didasys belae and Dahana atripen-
nis, two rare zygaenidae, from Florida.
30 Ave. 1880.—The following letter, dated
Carbondale, Ill., 18 Aug. 1880, from Prof. Cyrus
Thomas to Mr. S: H. Scudder, was read: “... My
investigations, during the past and present year,
in reference to the migrations of Caloptenus spre-
tus, have brought to light facts which indicate
that, after all, the opinion you and I formerly
held in regard to their movements is not so far
wrong as has been supposed. While it is proba-
ble that in some instances swarms sweep down
from British America and Montana in a single
season to Nebraska and Kansas, a careful study
of their history in Dakota indicates that they
usually move by successive waves (generations).
This theory is also the only one that will conform
to the meteorological conditions in 1866, 1874,
and 1876. I am also of the opinion now that
Minnesota may ultimately be freed from them,
if the Coteau of the Prairies can be clothed with
trees, and the lakes are preserved so that the
water surface remains the same asitisnow. I
cannot give my reasons for this opinion in a let-
ter, but have written them out rather briefly for
Governor Pillsbury of Minnesota. They will also
be given in our Third Report... .”
PSYCHE.
[1841-1855] 115
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [ |, marks the time at which the work was received, unless au
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Afaron], E[ugene] M. The papilios of New
Jersey. (Science advocate, July 1880, v. 1, no.
3, p. [1], col. 2-4, 58 em.; Oct. 1880, v.1, no. 4,
p- [1, 4|, 170 cm.)
Popular account of the 5 species of papilio found in New
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B: P.M. (1841)
Adolph, G. Ernst. Ueber Insectenfliigel. (Nova
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[or t.-p., p. 215-291], pl. 1-6 [or 27-32].
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t.-p. cover, p. 1-79
33 X
Ants and their milch cattle. (Sci. amer., 22
May 1880, v. 42, p. 827-328, 64 cm., 1 fig.)
Popular account of how species of formica keep aphides
for their sweet secretion. G: D, (1848)
Apple tree borers. (Cultivator and country
gent., 10 June 1880, v. 45, no. 1428, p. 376, col.
2, 5.5 em.)
Methods of destroying borers in apple trees ; by painting
the stems with coal tar; by an application of soft soap or
soft soap and tobacco; by use of a knife and barbed wire.
J.D. P. (1844)
Army worm (The). (Rural new yorker, 12
June 1880, v. 39, p. 380, col. 2-3, 39 em., 3 fig.)
Leucania unipuncta appears on Long Island, N. Y., in
vast numbers, and is very destructive to crops.
J.D. P. (1845)
Army worm (The). No decrease in its devas-
tation on Long Island. Farmers in despair
compelled to cut down their green crops to
save them from the insect. New Jersey in-
vaded. (N. Y. herald, 11 June 1880,..., 188
cm.)
Reporter’s description of the progress of lewcania uni-
puncta in New Jersey, and of the remedies tried.
G: D. (1846)
Army worm (The). The department of agri-
culture investigates the insect’s habits. A
voracious pest. Methods of destroying it and
limiting the area of its ravages. (N. Y. herald,
14 June 1880, ..., 72 cm.)
Letter of J: H: Comstock, containing brief account of
heliophila (leucania) unipuncta and mode of destroying its
larvae ; letters from agriculturists. G: D. (1847)
Army worm in Essex County (The). (Boston
d. advert., 28 June 1880, no. 22414, y. 135, no.
155, p. 4, col. 1°, 7 cm.)
Ravages and movements of larvae of leucania unipuncta
in Essex Co., Mass.; futile attempts to destroy the pests.
B: P.M. (1848)
B., C. Exterminating lice—2. (Cultivator
and country gent., 10 June 1880, v. 45, no. 1428,
p- 375, col. 2-3, 23 cm.)
Cleanliness and air-slacked lime the best means of ex-
terminating chicken lice. J.D. P. (1849)
B.,S. [Bees eating animal matter.]
sci., May 1880, s. 3, v. 2, p. 341.)
Wasps and bees seen sipping blood from a fresh steak,
probably only for moisture. G: D. (1850)
(Journ.
Bailey, W.W. Humble bees and the gerardia
Jlava. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 18, p. 649.)
Bombus perforates the corolla of gerardia. G: D. (1851)
Baliou, W: Hosea. The literature of Dr. A.
S. Packard, jr. (Chicago [Ill.] field, 31 Jan.
1880, v. 12, p. 396-398, 266 cm.)
Enumerates 158 titles of papers wholly or in part by Al-
pheus Spring Packard, j7., many of which are entomologi-
cal; and some of the titles are accompanied by quotations
and reviews. : (1852)
Bethune, C: James Stewart. Entomology for
beginners. The tomato worm, sphinx quinque-
maculata, Haworth. (Can. entom., June 1880,
y. 12, p. 101-104, fig.)
Describes and figures various stages of s. guinquemacu-
lata. : (1853)
Billings, Elkanah. [Obituary notice, by J. F.
Whiteaves, entitled] ‘Obituary notice of El-
kanah Billings, F.G. 8.” (Can. nat., 1877, v.
8, p. 251-261.)
Mr. Billings was b. 5 May 1820, and d. 14 June 1876.
[Psyone, Rec., no. 893.] B: P.M. (1854)
Brauer, Friedrich. Eine unbewusste Entdeck-
ung Fritz Miiller’s. (Zool. Anzeiger, 22 March
1880, jahrg. 3, p. 134-135.)
F. Miller has first discovered the early stages of one of
the blepharoceridae, which he names curupira torrentium.
Curupira, Miiller, is a synonym of genus paltostoma, Schi-
ner, from Bogota. Relationship of the blepharoceridae as
based upon their metamorphoses. G: D. (1855)
116 [1856-1872]
Brown, Warren. Vermin on stock. (Western
stock journ. and farmer, June 1880, v. 10, no.
6, p. 127, cols. 1-2, 48 em.
Various remedies for lice on animals tried ; recommends
the use of carbolic soap, and gives directions for making it.
J.D, P. (1856)
Bugs in peas not chinch bugs. (Prairie farmer,
12 June 1880, v. 51, no. 24, p. 188, col. 5,5 em.)
Bugs infesting peas at Henry, Dak., are not chinch bugs.
J. (1857)
Bugs, To protect vines from. [By “Farmer’s
wife.”] (Cultivator and country gent., 10 June
1880, v. 45, no. 1428, p. 375, col. 2, 5 cm.)
Insects may be kept away from vines by covering the
vines with netting ; solution of hen-manure not agreeable
to bugs. J.D, P. (1858)
Burgess, E: The structure and action of a
butterfly’s trunk. (Amer. nat., May 1880, v.
14, p. 313-319, fig. 1-6.)
Minute structure of the proboscis of danais archippus ;
butterflies roll their proboscis by action of its diagonal
muscles; fluids are pumped into the stomach by an oral
sack. G: D. (1859)
C., J. F. Worms in peach trees. (Rural new
yorker, 29 May 1880, v. 39, no. 22, p. 346, col.
3, 3 cm.)
Method of destroying worms (species not stated) at the
roots of peach trees, with boiling water. J.D. P. (1860)
Cabbage worms. (Prairie farmer, 12 June
1880, v. 51, no. 24, p. 186, cols. 5-4, 45 cm.)
A species of agrotis destructive to cabbage; habits and
remedies ; compared with pieris rapae. J.D. P. (1861)
Carlet, G. Sur la locomotion des insectes et
des arachnides. (Comptes rendus, 29 Dec.
1879, p. 1124-1125.)
Eng. tr., entitled, “On the locomotion of in-
sects and arachnida.” (Ann. and mag. nat.
hist., Feb. 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 196.)
“Extract. (Naturforscher, 1880, no. 8, p.
(Bs)
) G: D. (1862)
Carlet, G. On the locomotion of insects and
arachnida. (Ann. and mag. nat. hist., Feb.
1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 196.)
Eng. tr. of G. Carlet’s ‘‘Sur la locomotion des insectes
et des arachnides’’ (Comptes rendus, 29 Dec. 1879, p. 1124
-1125) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1862]. G: D. (1863)
Carpenter, W. L. Experiments with pyre-
thrum roseum in killing insects. (Amer. nat.,
March 1879, v. 13, p. 176-177.)
Timed experiments upon a number of insects placed
with powdered pyrethrum ‘‘under a tumbler, which was
slightly raised to admit fresh air.”’. . . ‘‘ In experimenting
upon the coleoptera, an insect as nearly the size of the car-
pet-beetle as could be found was secured in Diabrotica duo-
decim-punctata, an abundant species here. It was easily
affected and became helpless in twelve minutes.” .
‘““These experiments prove that all insects having open
mouth parts are peculiarly susceptible to this powerful
drug. And as a result, the writer does not hesitate to rec-
ommend the powder to housekeepers as an infallible agent
in destroying the carpet-beetle and preventing its ravages.”
G: D, (1864)
Connoisseurs will recognise the absurdity of the argument. pat
PSYCHE.
|Cermatia forceps in Rhode Island.| (Sci-
ence advocate, Jan. 1880, v. 1, no. 1, p. [4], col.
2, 4 cm.)
Abstract of A. S. Packard, jr.’s ‘‘A poisonous centi-
pede’? (Amer. nat., Aug. 1879, v. 13, p. 527) [PsxcuE, Rec.,
no. 1780]. G: D. (1865)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Descriptions of
new tineina from Texas, and others from more
northern localities. (Bull. U.S. geol. and geog.
sury. terr., 1878, v. 4, no. 1, p. 79-106.)
Describes the following 1 n. g. and 46 n. sp. : anaphora
texanella, tinea? septem-strigella, anesychia hagenelia, hy-
ponomeuta zelleriella, depressaria eupatoriiella, d. fernal-
della, cryptolechia? obscuromaculella, 13 sp. of gelechia,
dasycera nonstrigella, 7 sp. of coleophora, cosmopteryx quad-
rilineella, eriphia? albalineella, e? nigrilineella, elachista
texanella, e. staintonella, tischeria latipenella, t. pulvella, 5
sp. of lithocolletis, acanthocnemes (n. g., type: a. fuscosca-
pulella), a. fuscoscapulella, phyllocnistis erechtitisella, 4 sp.
of nepticula ; notes on other species of the same genera
and of ypsolophus, cleodora, anarsia, and butalis, especially
synonymical notes on certain species described as depressa-
ria ; hagno = psilocorsis = cryptolechia pars.
B: P. M. (1866)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Index to the
described tineina of the United States and
Canada. (Bull. U.S. geol. and geog. surv. terr.,
1878, v. 4, no.1, p. 125-167.)
Reference to European literature as late as 1875 and N.
American as late as 1877 or later, upon these insects as
American species. Enumerates about 780 accepted species,
belonging to about 108 accepted genera, with synonyms.
B: P.M. (1867)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Vineina and their
food-plants. (Bull. U.S. geol. and geog. surv.
terr., 1878, v. 4, no. 1, p. 107-128.)
“ A catalogue of plants which are fed upon by the tine-
ina within the limits of the United States and Canada so
far as they are at present known. Mentions about 90 spe-
cies or groups of species of plants (all phaenogamous) ;
about 30 species of larvae, the imagos of which are un-
known; about 200 species, of which the imagos also are
known; and about 5 species known only by their mines.
B: P. M. (1868)
Charbonneaux, Emile. Chasses aux colé-
optéres dans les villes. (Feuille des jeunes
naturalistes, April 1870, an. 10, p. 82.)
G: D.
Localities for searching insects in town. (1869)
Chatin, Joannes. Origine et valeur morpho-
logique des différentes pieces du labium chez
les orthopteres. (Comptes rend., 15 Oct. 1879,
vy. 89, p. 652-653. )
G: D. (1870)
|Cholodkowsky, N.] Ueber den Bau der
Testikel bei Schmetterlingen. (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 3 May 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 214-215.)
Abstract of a paper by N. Cholodkowsky before the zoo-
logical section of the sixth assembly of Russian naturalists
and physicians. G: D. (1871)
Cholodkowsky, N. Ueber die Hoden der
Schmetterlinge. (Zool. Anzeiger, 8 March
1880, jahrg. 3, p. 115-117.)
Records the important points gained in the study of the
testes of 34 species of diurnal lepidoptera. G: D. (1872)
PSYCHE.
Cochineal insect (The). (New remedies, June
1880, v. 9, p. 175, 18 em.)
Partial reprint of H. B. M.’s ‘Curious facts concerning
the cochineal insect ...”’ (Sci. amer., 22 Nov. 1879, v. 4,
Pp. 325, col. 1) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1536}. G: D. (1873)
Coleman, Nathan.
[larva of agrotis].
7, p. 872.)
Habits of the cut worm
(Amer. nat., June 1873, v.
G: D. (1874)
Comstock, J: H: Report upon cotton insects,
prepared under the direction of the commis-
sioner of agriculture in pursuance of an act of
Congress approved June 19, 1878. Washing-
ton, 1879. 5-+-511 p., 3 pl, 24 x 15, t 19 x
Tet 4G a
Notice. (Rural new yorker, 5 June 1880, v.
39, no. 23, p. 270, col. 4, 7.5 cm.)
Title, table of contents and letter to the commissioner
{P. 1-5, 1-9); full and general account of aletia argillacea
p. 11-284, pl. 1, fig. 1-75); general account of heliothis ar-
migera (p. 285-315, pl. 2; fig. 76-77); nectar and its uses
(p. 317-343, pl. 3); appendices (p. 345-494); index (p. 495-
511). Contains chapters upon the classification and nomen-
celature, the past history, the habits and natural history and
the natural enemies of aletia argillacea, measures prevent-
ive of its ravages, statistics of losses, the theory of migra-
tions of the moth, the influence of weather upon it, and a
bibliography of nearly 100 citations on these subjects ; also
chapters upon the importance of heliothis armigera, its
nomenclature and natural history, the influence of weather
uponit, and remedies for its ravages ; also (by W: Trelease)
a discussion of the nature and uses of nectar, and a bibliog-
raphy of nearly 200 citations on the subject ; also reports
of special agents and local observers (E. A. Schwarz, A: R.
Grote, E. H. Anderson, W: J. Jones, J. E. Willet, W: Trelease,
E. A. Smith), answers to circular, and list of correspon-
dents. B: P.M. (1875)
sare ma J: H:, see Anmy worm (The) [Psycue, Rec., no.
Coquillett, Daniel W: On describing larvae.
(Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. 108.)
A few terms recommended for use in describing larvae
of lepidoptera. G: D. (1876)
Coquillett, Daniel W: On the early stages of
some moths. (Can. entom., March 1880, vy. 12,
p. 43-46.)
Describes larvae of hypena scabra, calpe canadensis,
pseudoglossa lubricalis, scepsis fulvicollis, chytolita morbi-
dalis, hypoprepia fucosa, parorgyia clintonii, botis penitalis
and arsilonche henrici. G: D. (1877)
Couper, W: Alypia maccullochii, Kirby. (Can.
entom., March 1880, v. 12, p. 41-42, fig. 7-8.)
Figures and describes male of this moth. G: D. (1878)
Curculio [conotrachelus nenuphar|. (Prairie far-
mer, 12 June 1880, y. 51, no. 24, p. 186, col. 4,
12 cm.)
Habits of curculio diurnal ; methods of destroying them,
by jarring, and by Ransom’s traps. J.D. P. (1879)
Destruction of insects by fungi.
nat., July 1880, v. 14, p. 516-517.)
Notice of Elias Metschnikoff’s suggestion to employ
isaria destructor for killing insects. [See MerscHNtkorr,
E., Zur Lehre iiber Insectenkrankheiten (Psycue, Rec., no.
1634).] G: D, (1880)
(Amer.
[1873-1891] 117
Dragon fly (The). (Science advocate, Oct.
1880, v. 1, no. 4, p. [4], col. 3-4, 37 cm.)
From the Worcester [Mass.] spy. Popular general ac-
count of the odonata. Beth. Mie) (ise)
Fabre, J. H. Meurs et parthénogénése des
halictes |[Psycue, Rec., no. 1629].
Eng. tr., entitled, “On the habits and parthe-
nogenesis of the halicti.” (Ann. and mag. nat.
hist., Feb. 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 194-196.)
G: D. (1882)
Fabre, J. H. On the habits and parthenogen-
esis of the halicti. (Ann. and mag. nat. hist.,
Feb. 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 194-196.)
Eng. tr. of J. H. Fabre’s ‘“‘ Meurs et parthénogénése des
halictes ’? (Comptes rendus, 22 Dec. 1879, p. 1079-1081)
[Psycue, Rec., no. 1629]. G: D, (1883)
Fatio, V. Désinfection des véhicules par l’acide
sulfureux anhydre. (Comptes rendus, 12 April
1880, v. 90, p. 851-854.)
Experiments in railway carriages to determine the de-
structive effect of sulphurous anhydride eae age plants
and upon phylloxera. 7: D. (1884)
Fletcher, James. Notes and queries. (Can.
entom., March 1880, v. 12, p. 60.)
Answer, by A. H. Mundt, entitled, “[Cos-
sus].” (Can. entom., May 1880, v. 12, p. 100.)
Inquiries about how to rear wood-boring insects.
G: D. (1885)
F[oster], S[uel]. Crop and market reports,
Muscatine, lowa, May 25 [1880]. (Cultivator
and country gent., 3 June 1880, v. 45, no. 1427,
p. 357, col. 4, 5.5 cm.)
Canker worms [anisopteryx] mostly destroyed with Paris
green, arsenic, and London purple, —the latter much the
cheapest and best. J.D. P. (1886)
French,G: Hazen. Notes on the larva of agro-
tis lubricans. (Can. entom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p.
14.
ened larva. G: D. (1887)
French, G: Hazen. Notes on the larva of
heterocampa pulverea, G. & R. (Can. entom.,
May 1880, v. 12, p. 85-84.)
Describes larva which feeds on quereus alba and q. coc-
cinea. G: D. (1888)
French, G: Hazen. Two new species of ich-
neumonidae. (Can. entom., March 1880, v. 12,
p. 42-43.)
Describes ¥ new species, microgaster utilis (reared from
larva of sphinx carolina and from larva of a species of leuw-
cania) and macrocentrus iridescens (reared from a larva
supposed to be that of eugonia subsignaria).
G: D. (1889)
French government and the phylloxera (The).
(Times |Lond., Eng.],17 April 1880, no. 29858,
p. 13, col. 2, 5 em.)
Statistics of expenditures in attempting to suppress the
phylloxera. G: D. (1890)
Frost as a vermin-destroyer. [By “An old
naturalist.”] (Journ. of sci., June 1880, s. 3,
v. 2, p. 407.)
The severe cold of the winter of 1878-79 did not prevent
the ravages of abraxas grossulariata and plusia gamma the
next summer. G: D. (1891)
118 [1892-1913
Fiigner, K. Der Duftapparat von sp. ligustri.
sner, ) pparat von sp. ligus
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Aug. 1880, jahrg. 6, p.
166.)
Experiments on the apparatus by which sphinx ligustri
produces an odorous exhalation. G: D (1892)
Fuller, Andrew 8. Nuts and nut-bearing trees.
(Frank Leslie’s popular mo., May 1880, v. 9, p.
551-555, 148 cm., 12 fig.)
Popular description and figures of the larva and imago
of the regal walnut-moth, ceratocampa regalis, and of the
larva, pupa and imago of the hazel-nut weevil [balaninus ?}.
G: D. (1893)
Gerard, W.R. The saprolegnia ferax. (Proc.
Poughkeepsie [N. Y.] soc. nat. sci., Oct. 1878-
July 1879, p. 25-28, 89 cm.)
Sporendonema muscae, a fungus parasitic on flies, is the
terrestrial state of an amphibious fungus, which, in its
aquatic condition, is saprolegnia ferax, a fish-parasite ; de-
scription of both forms. G: D, (1894)
Gibbes, Lewis R. Flight of butterflies. (Can.
entom., March 1880, v. 12, p. 60.)
Flight of callidryas across the harbor of Charleston, S.
C., in 1870. G: D. (1895)
Gillman, H: The Colorado potato beetle va-
rying its food. (Amer. nat., July 1873, v.7, p.
430-431.)
Doryphora decemlineata eats other plants than solanum,
or even solanaceae. G: D. (1896)
Gissler, Carl Friedrich. The anatomy of am-
blychila cylindriformis Say. (Psyche, May-
June 1879, v. 2, p. 233-244, pl. 1.)
Rey., entitled, “The microscope in entomol-
ogy.” (Amer. nat., Sept. 1879, v. 15, p. 595-
596.)
G: D. (1897)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. On the neuration of eu-
strotia secta. (Can. entom., March 1880, v. 12,
p. 50.)
Describes wing-neuration.
Grote, A: Radcliffe. New noctuidae.
entom., May 1880, v. 12, p. 88-89.)
Describes 2 new species, rylomiges dolosa [? from Me.],
and mamestra defessa from California. G: D, (1899)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Preliminary list of North
American species of crambus. (Can. entom.,
April 1880, v. 12, p. 77-80.)
Enumerates 42 species, two of which, ¢. duplicatus (from
N. Y.) and ¢. repandus (from Col.), are new species, with
description. G: D. (1900)
[Hind,G:C.] Collecting and mounting spiders’
webs. (Amer. nat., June 1880, v. 14, p. 464-
465.)
Abstract of a paper by G: C. Hind, before the Queckett
Microscopical Club. The beaded condition of a spider’s
web is caused by relaxation of the tension of the thread
just after it is emitted by the spider. : (1901)
March of the army worm. (Boston d. ad-
vert., 22 June 1880, no. 22409, vy. 135, no. 150,
p. 1, col. 5, 86 cm.)
Invasion of Connecticut and southeastern Massachusetts
by larvae of leucania unipuncta ; rapidity of their march,
havoc in pastures and grain fields. B: P.M. (1902)
G: D. (1898)
(Can.
PS YCHE.
Microscope in entomology (The).
nat., Sept. 1879, v. 18, p. 585-596.)
Rev. of C. F. Gissler’s “The anstomy of amblychila cy-
lindriformis Say” (Psycur, May-June 1879, v. 2, p. 233-
244, pl. 1) [Psycue, Ree., no, 1897. ] G: D. (1903)
Miller, A. Ant battles.
1880, v. 14, p. 209.)
(Amer,
(Amer. nat., March
G:D. (1904)
Mivart, St.G: The relations of living beings
to one another. (Contemporary rev., y. 19,
April 1880, p. 606-625. )
Discusses relations of insects to plants and to other liv-
ing beings. G: D, (1905)
Mundt, A. H. [Cossus.] (Can. entom., Feb.,
1880, v. 12, p. 39.)
Supplement. (Can. entom., May 1880, y. 12,
p. 100.)
Records finding larvae of cossws in oak [quercus] and in
cottonwood [ populus]; notes upon the larvae.
G: D, (1906)
Mundt, A. H. [Cossus.] (Can. entom., May
1880, v. 12, p. 100.)
Supplement to a letter by the author (Can. entom., Feb.
1880, v. 12, p. 39) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1906], and in answer
to James Fletcher’s ‘‘Notes and queries’? (Can. entom.,
March 1880, v. 12, p. 60) [Psycue, Rec., no. ee
G: (1907)
Novi, G. Surl’emploi des sables volcaniques
dans le traitement des vignes attaquées par le
phylloxera. (Comptes rendus, 31 May 1880,
yv. 90, p. 1258-1259.)
Employs volcanic sand against phylloxera.
G: D. (1908)
[Odorous exhalation in butterflies.] Ueber
den Duft bei Schmetterlingen. (Entom.
Nachrichten, 1 Aug. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 166-167.)
Translation of a note by Ernest Leli¢vre (Le naturaliste,
1 June 1880). Both sexes of thais polyxena Schiff. (t. hyp-
sipile Fabr.) emit an odorous exhalation. Notes an exha-
lation in spilosoma fuliginosa. G: D. (1909)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, j7., see BAttovu, W: H., The
literature of Dr. A. S. Packard, jr. [PsycHe, Rec., no.
1852].
Reichenau, W. Der Duftapparat von sphinx
ligustri. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 July 1880,
jahrg. 6, p. 141.)
The apparatus by which s. Jigustri emits an odorous ex-
halation discovered on the first abdominal segment.
G: D. (1910)
Trichopetalum [lunatum found in Phila-
delpnis, Pa]. (Amer. nat., May 1880, v. 14, p.
76.
) G: D. (1911)
White wax of Sze-chuen (The). (New reme-
dies, March 1880, v. 9, p. 81, 20 em.)
Mode of obtaining wax from a species of insect [? coc-
cus], which feeds on ligustrum lucidum in China. Facts
from Pall mall gazette. G: D. (1912)
Whiting, L. C. Foul brood. (Amer. bee
journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 504.)
A.J: @. (1913)
PSYCHE.
119
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
A PHYLLOXERA congress met at Saragossa,
Spain, 2 Oct. 1880.
Ow1ne To the ravages of the phylloxera in
France, the people are using raisins for making
wine. During the first six months of 1880,
48,000,000 kilograms of raisins were imported
into France.
Dr. E. ERLENMEYER gives, in the “ Bienen
Zeitung,” details of experiments showing that
bees elaborate their wax from non-azotised mat-
ter. Carbo-hydrates serve also for the produc-
tion of the fat found in the body of the bee.
The food of these insects should not be very
rich in nitrogenous matter. — Journ. of Science
May 1880, p. 347.
THE Books of the large library of the late Dr,
C. Stal, of Stockholm, Sweden, are for sale by R.
Friedliinder u. Sohn, Carlstr., 11, Berlin. Cata-
logs, in three parts, will be sent for 50 pfennige
(12c) in stamps each part. Contents: Part 1,
Scripta miscellanea, coleoptera, 40 p.; 11, Lepi-
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orthoptera, diptera, hemiptera, parasita, 30 p.
Pror. Cyrus Tuomas proposed to the Ento-
mological Club of the A. A. A.S., for discussion,
this year, the following questions, with a view to
finding means of diminishing the ravages of Cal-
ovtenus spretus in the Territories of the United
States :—
“Ts it possible to increase the amount of moist-
ure on the great plains east of the Rocky Moun-
tains? Or to state it differently, Is it possible
to supply any considerable portion of these plains
with water sufficient for agricultural purposes ?
This leaves the question as broad and general as
possible. This is animportant practical question,
which must sooner or later come up for solution.
I think it would be well to agitate it, that the
general government and western States may be
induced to take it up. There are some reasons
for believing that there are some possible meth-
ods of attaining the desired end which have not
yet been presented or discussed. I suggest it,
not that I feel competent to take hold of it, but
from the fact that my work brings me constantly
face to face with it, and that I do not feel quali-
fied to enter upon an attempt at its solution.”
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
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120
PSYCHE.
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PSYCHE
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
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Vol. 3. No. 78.
Oct. 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : 5 122
DESCRIPTION OF THE Peapicmiaber Siane OF , ieee eek ALICIA. — W: H:
Edwards . 123-127
Larva oF EURYCREON RANTALIS Bee. = Francs mein id : 127
Review — In Memoriam 3 * . 128
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : 129-130
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fe Y CH H.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF APATURA
ALICIA.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
Ecc. — Nearly spherical, flattened at
base ; marked by 20 vertical ribs, between
which are many fine, horizontal striae ;
color pale yellow-green. Duration of this
stage 3 to 4 days.
Youne Larva. — Length 2 mm;
cylindrical, tapering slightly from segment
2 to 13: color pale green; covered with
minute concolored tubercles, each of which
sends out a white hair. As the stage pro-
ceeds, the color changes to deep green, and
at the extreme edge of dorsal area appears
a whitish line, and another along base over
feet ; under side, feet and legs green ; head
broader than body, sub-globular, a little
depressed at top; color dark brown. Du-
ration of this stage 3 to 4 days.
After Ist moult.— Length 3.6 mm. ;
tapering from segment 2, and ending in
two short, conical, divergent tails; color
uniform dark green, and sprinkled uni-
formly over back and sides with fine yellow
tubercles, distinctly separated, each giving
out a short hair; two sub-dorsal lines,
composed of same fine tubercles, but close
set, pass from head to the ends of the
tails; on middle of side is a wavy line of
similar tubercles, and below the spiracles is
another line, straight; the ends of the
tails rather roughly tuberculated, with
longer hairs, pointing backward; head
twice as broad as segment 2 ; subquadrate,
the base nearly square, the sides rounded,
the top depressed in front at the suture;
on each vertex a stout process or horn, di-
vergent, tapering, 0.5 mm. long, ending in
two equal, divergent forks, the length of
these being about two-fifths the length of
the whole horn; the forks are even sized
till near the top, then bluntly conical ;_ be-
hind the horn is a short spine just below
the fork, and five small ones around it half
way down; along top of head two prongs
between the horns, and another back of
each. On the side of face, back, are two
prongs, each bent down, the upper a little
below base of horn measuring 0.38 mm.,
the other about half as long; whole sur-
face densely and shallowly pitted, and cov-
ered with a fine whitish down; all the
horns and spines beset with long white
hairs, which, from the tips, form pencils ;
color of front face whitish-green, the top
for a narrow space, brown, and a little
brown below horns, on the side; the back
124
of head green; the horns brown in front,
green behind; the space along back head
and on side green ; ocelli black.
of this stage about 5 days.
Duration
After 2d moult.— Length 7.6 mm. ;
shape as before ; color uniform dark green ;
all the lines as before ; head as before ; the
horns 1 mm. long to end of forks, the forks
being about one-third of this ; below each
horn on side of face avery short cone;
down side of face are now fine spurs, the
upper one longest, the rest gradually di-
minishing to avery short one quite at base ;
other spurs as before; the color of head
varies in individuals, the upper front face
and the front of horns being always dark
brown, the rest of face greenish-white. In
some examples the brown extends half way
down, fading into vinous at its lower edge ;
in one a pale brown stripe extended from
base of horn at side to the outer end of
mandibles ; the back of head always green ;
the spurs green, the longer ones usually
brown at tips. Duration of this stage 3
days.
After Sd moult.— Length 14 mm.;
body white in the middle ; color more yel-
low, of one shade; the tubercles and all
lines as before. In one example, as this
stage proceeded, a minute yellow spot ap-
peared on the anterior edge of each seg-
ment from 6 to 11, on dorsal line, but in
the others these spots did not appear till
the subsequent moult. Head shaped as
before, with the processes and spurs as at
preceding stage; colors variable. Most
have the upper part and front horns vinous-
brown, with a slight brown stripe from
below horns to end of mandibles, and a
2
PSYOHE.
shorter one down side to top of the ocelli.
One had the green restricted to a little
space in front, and a little stripe on side
between the two brown stripes before spoken
of; another had all the face green, the
horns alone being brown; another has a
narrow rim of brown along the top, and
two side stripes. In all the front of horns
is brown, green behind, and the green
spurs or prongs behind have brown tips.
To next moult 4 days.
After 4th moult. — Length 21 mm. In
from 4 to 11 days after the moult the lar-
vae pupated.
Mature Larva. — Length % 29
mm., 2 36 mm; greatest breadth % 6.1
mm., of 2? 7.6 mm,; stout, thickest in
middle, the dorsum greatly arched, taper-
ing pretty evenly either way, so that seg-
ments 2 and 12 are of about same diame-
ter ; ending in two small, conical, divergent
tails, 1.8 mm. long, one placed on each
side of the segment, the space between their
bases being the convex surface of the seg-
ment. Color of whole surface, dorsum
and sides, from segment 2 to ends of tails,
one shade of yellow-green; next over feet
a little bluish, the under side pale ; thickly
sprinkled with little yellow tubercles, which
are distributed equally over whole surface,
and are distinctly separated. These are
mostly of two sizes, one twice that of the
other; some are pointed at top, some
rounded, and each gives out a short white
hair. There are neither stripes nor bands,
but a fine line of tubercles like those else-
where, but close set, runs from head to end
of tail, at each edge of the dorsal area.
A similar line below spiracles from segment
PSYCHE. 125
3 to 13 ; and on middle of side from segment
7 to 10. Sometimes from segment 6 to 11
is a short oblique line, made up of same
tubercles, pointing forward and downward ;
on the medio-dorsal line on segments 6 to
11, on the anterior side of each segment,
is a little rounded yellow spot, smallest on
6 and 11, and often indistinct, on 7 to 10
clear colored. The largest spot observed
measured but 0.08 mm. in diameter. Im-
mediately after the fourth moult all these
spots were indistinct, but they became con-
spicuous as the stage progressed. Feet and
legs bluish-green; head sub-quadrate,
about as broad as segment 3, as broad as
high, the sides and also the base a little
convex, the top deeply depressed in front
at the suture ; the vertices conical and each
bearing a branching process or horn. These
all stout at base, tapering, 2 mm. long,
forked near top, the forks being 0.5 mm.
long; about the middle part are set five
short conical spurs; at base behind are
two spurs on inner side and one on outer
side ; down the side of face three in verti-
cal line, the upper one long, the others
gradually diminishing, all bent downward ;
between the last of these and the ocelli, a
short spur; many minute spurs are found
down back and sides to mandibles ; whole
surface of head and horns thickly and shal-
lowly pitted, and covered with a fine whit-
ish down; the spurs and horns beset with
quite long hairs on their sides and tops;
the color of face is variable ; some have it
blue-green, vitreous, along the top vinous-
brown ; a whitish vertical stripe from in-
ner base of each horn down the suture, and
another beginning a little below horn on
the side, and running to end of mandibles ;
one example had nearly all vinous-brown,
there being merely a little green over man-
dibles ; in this one even the back of horns
and head was brown; in all others these
parts were green, the fronts of the horns
brown; some had the upper part of face
vinous, with the fine stripes paler brown ;
one had the whole face green, no brown,
with fine paler stripes.
CurysaLis. — Length 23 to 25 mm. ;
breadth of the largest at wing cases 8.1
mm.,of abdomen 6.6 mm.; depth of ab-
domen 9.1 mm.; compressed laterally ;
the outline of ventral side convex ; the ab-
domen prominent dorsally, much arched,
sharply carinated, the carina finely and ir-
regularly serrate and on it the anterior
edge of each segment is produced and is
marked on each side by a shining black
dot ; the last segment ending in a long bi-
furcated pad of hooklets ; the thoracic seg-
ments roundly excavated below mesono-
tum, and the sides there also excavated in
the direction of the bases of the wings;
mesonotum angular, a little rounded at
summit, with a low and narrow keel; head
case produced, sub-conic, the projections at
vertices prominent, sub-pyramidal, bent in
at the top; color delicate yellow-green,
thickly covered with pale yellow dots and
patches over the abdomen, and beyond, on
dorsal side to top of head, with irregular
pale yellow inscriptions; many of these
marks also on the wing cases transversely
between the nervures; the neuration of
the wings distinct; a yellow line passes
along the keel from the last segment to top
of head case, and a little beyond top of
mesonotum sends two forks to the projec-
tions of head; another line, but white,
passes along the posterior edge of the wing
126
ease until it strikes a white line from last
segment along middle of side of abdomen ;
on each side of mesonotum a white dot
and one on each side of most of the abdom-
inal segments ; the junctions of these seg-
ments indicated by a white line. Duration
of the stage 9 days.
I described Apatura alicia, with plate,
in the Butterflies of N. A., 1868, v. 1,
p- 135. In 1874, Mr. Riley, in his 6th
Mo. Rep., argued at length against the
probability of its being a good species, or
more than a variety of A. celtis. But he
closes by saying very fairly, ‘‘ But all such
questions must be left to the future to de-
cide ; meanwhile Mr. Edwards’ opinion is,
in one sense, as rightly held as Mr. Scud-
der’s or mine.”
Mr. Seudder, in his Synonymical list,
1875, put A.alicia as a synonym of A. celtis,
not even crediting it as a possible variety.
The only way, therefore, to settle the
point, was to breed this form from the egg,
and for several years I have made every
effort to do so, and at last have succeeded.
I received from a correspondent in south-
eastern Florida several examples of the
butterfly early in the season of 1880, and
I urged him to attempt getting eggs by
enclosing a female in a bag over a limb of
any species of Celtis tree found there.
This was done, and seven eggs were for-
warded to me by mail. I received two
larvae from these eggs, hatched on the
road, on 15 June. The eggs were laid
on Celtis integrifolia Chapman, but the
larvae fed readily on C. occidentalis here.
One escaped after its second moult, but
the other went on to chrysalis.
On 17 August, I received several more
PSYCHE.
larvae froin eggs obtained in the same
manner. They were near the first moult
when they came, and began to pass it on
19 August. Of these I raised five to ima-
go; some died. And examples at every
stage were put in alcohol.
The larva after first moult is distinct
from that of A. celtis. It is uniform dark
green, sprinkled with separate yellow tu-
bercles, which are equally distributed over
whole upper surface — dorsum and sides ;
on each side of dorsal area is a fine line of
same tubercles close set, from head to the
end of the tail; on middle of side a wavy
line, and below spiracles a straight one ;
the face is pale green, along the top brown,
the back dark green; the horns are brown
in front, green behind; the single spurs
along back of head are all green ; the horns
are all larger, more tapering, and branches
shorter than in A. celtis.
A, celtis after first moult has the dorsum
occupied by a band composed of yellow
tubercles, a space in middle of this band
on posterior half of each segment from 2
to 13, being green; the sides are green,
and the line on side is crenated, not wavy ;
along base a straight line as in alicia ; the
face is either black or purple or green ; the
horns are green; the ends of the spurs
usually purple or black.
Each species preserves these character-
istics through the next stages. After the
fourth moult (the last stage), alicia, as
already described, is always of one shade
of color over back and sides— yellow-
green ; covered uniformly with small, sep-
arated tubercles ; there are two sub-dorsal
lines as before described, and the wavy line
on side has given place to an oblique mark
on segments 6 to 11; there is no medio-
. PSYCHE. 127
dorsal line or stripe, but on the anterior
edges of segments 6 to 11 is a little narrow
yellow spot on each.
A. celtis is yellow green over dorsal area,
blue-green on the sides ; in middle of dor-
sum is a pale yellow stripe, and on this a
deep yellow oval spot is set on the anterior
end of each segment from 3 to 12 or 13;
sometimes the stripe is wanting, but the
spots are always present ; these are larger
than any on alicia, each occupying more
than half the breadth of the segment.
These differences in the larvae are de-
cisive of the distinctness of the butterflies.
The eggs are alike; the chrysalids are
closely alike. Mrs. Peart, who has made
drawings of both chrysalids, has called my
attention to the serrated edge of the carina
on abdomen of alicia, as being different
from that of celtis, which the drawings
represent as evenly edged, but I do not hap-
pen at present to have a chrysalis of celts
at hand for more exact comparison.
LARVA OF EURYCREON RANTALIS GUEN.
BY FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW, LAWRENCE, KANS.
THE LARVA of Lurycreon rantalis is re-
ported by Prof. F. H. Snow to have caused
serious injury to various garden vegetables,
weeds and other low and tender plants (a
list of which is given below), in Kansas,
in June and July, and a description of the
larva is given by him in the Lawrence
(Kans.) daily journal, 28 July 1880.
To preserve this description from loss or
render it more accessible to entomologists
generally, it is here reproduced, with Prof.
Snow’s permission :—
Head pale yellowish red without spots.
Body nearly cylindrical, about 25 mm.
long. Color, light green with a narrow
yellowish white band on each side of dor-
sal surface except on second segment. Seg-
ment 2 (the head is segment 1) has a sin-
gle short longitudinal jet black dash be-
_ tween dorsal and stigmatic surfaces on each
side, with traces of a second and third spot
in some individuals. Segments 3 and 4
have each two such spots on each side.
Segments 5 to 12 inclusive have each three
circular jet black spots on each side at the
vertices of the angles of an imaginary
equilateral triangle having two angles on
the anterior half of the segment and one
on the posterior half. In some individuals
these black spots are minutely pupiled with
light green. From the lower of the three
spots proceeds a single central yellowish
hair. Below this lower spot upon each
side of each segment may be detected an
exceedingly minute black dot, which would
easily escape the ordinary observer. The
thirteenth or anal segment has two large
black spots on dorsal line and one small
black spot on each side. The lower sur-
face of each segment has a transverse se-
ries of eight annular black spots. The
second, third, and fourth segments have
each a pair of true legs, and segments 7,
8, 9, 10 and 13 a pair of prop legs.
The plants upon which this larva was
found are : Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) ,
alfalfa (Medicago sativa), beets (Beta
vulgaris), peas (Pisum sativum), pig-
weed (Amarantus), purslane (Portulaca
oleracea).
128
PSY C.BLE:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.,
OCT. 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
REVIEW.
Lorp WatsincHam’s Illustrations of typical
specimens of ...N. A. tortricidae [Psycue,
Rec., no. 1943] is one of the most valuable contri-
butions to our knowledge of the North American
tortricdae that has yet appeared. In it a large
number of new species, mainly from the Pacific
Coast, are described, and the North American
species of the tortricidae published by Walker,
are re-described with colored figures of all the
new and re-described species. So far as the
species of Walker are concerned, the work is
worthy of especial commendation, and the
students of this group of insects are under great
obligations to his lordship for providing them
with the means of recognizing these species, for
the original descriptions are to a great extent of
no value whatever.
Lord Walsingham has in this work adopted
the classification of Heinemann, with some mod-
ifications in which he is, no doubt, correct, as in
raising the subgenera to generic rank, which has
already been done in part by others. He has
avoided many errors which might otherwise
have occurred, by putting himself into corre-
spondence with Prof. Zeller, and others more or
less acquainted with these insects, to whom he
sent as complete suites as possible, to be com-
pared with the previously described species of
this country.
On the orthography of certain names there
will, doubtless, be a difference of opinion. Many
agree in changing the spelling of a word from
PSYCHE. ‘
that given by the original author to one more
consistent with the derivation, and Lord Wal-
singham, in a letter received since the publication
of his work, says, “I shall be grateful to you in
any review of my work to correct Cochylis to
Conchylis with my entire concurrence.” I am of
the opinion that we are justified in making this
change, and in accordance with this principle
zotaenia becomes Loxotaenia.
‘ For the Californian species cuneanum, the genus
Hendecastema is established, but this species is
identical in its structure with humerosana which
Clemens published in 1860, and for which he
established the genus Amorbia. I am very sure
his lordship did not have an example of hume-
rosana at the time he published this work, else he
would have noticed the generic relation, and
would have placed his cuneanum in the genus
Amorbia of Clemens.
The species “Cenopis” pulcherrimana and “OC.”
demissana belong to the genus Dichelia, while
“ Begunna” xanthoides Walk. belongs to Oenectra.
Sericoris foedana Clem. is given as a synonym
of Penthina hebesana Walk. This is an error
for which I am responsible, but at the time I had
good reason for my opinion; I now have the
type of foedana before me and it proves to be
distinct from hebesana but identical with Sericoris
concinnana Clem., which is a true Exartema and
must be known as Ezartema concinnanum Clem.
Exartema griseoalbanum Walsingham is a true
Penthina, as shown by the males in my collection.
The type was a female and the generic characters
show only in the males.
It is a pleasure to review a week of such
positive merit, prepared, as it has been, with
such remarkable care.
C: H: FERNALD.
IN MEMORIAM.
Our faithful compositor and efficient assistant
in the work of publishing Psycue, Edwin
Charles Prentiss, born at Foxcroft, Me., 2 June .
1848, died at Brighton, Mass., 25 Dec. 1880,
of consumption, after a long illness, while at
work upon this October 1880 numero of Psycue.
— We will endeavor tomake arrangements as
soon as possible to continue the work thus
interrupted. B: P. M.
PSYCHE.
[1914-1928] 129
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given in brackets [|], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor. Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Academy of natural sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Entomological section. Advertisement. (Proc.
m. meetings entom. sect. acad. nat. sci. Phil.,
[16 Apr. 1879], p. 1.)
Announcement of the relations existing between the
American entomological society and the Entomological sec-
thon of the Academy of natural sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.;
prospectus of the ‘‘Proceedings. .. *’ [See Psycue, Rec.
no. 1915]. B: P.M. (1914)
Academy of natural sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
—Entomological section. Proceedings of the
monthly meetings [1879]. [Phil., 1879.] 34 p.,
25 X& 14, t 14.5 x 9.8.
An abstract of these Proceedings is published in Psycue,
July [12 Oct.], Aug. [4 Nov.] 1879, v. 3, p. 89, 104.
B: P.M. (1915)
[American association for the advancement
of science—Entomological club — Boston [Mass.|
meeting (1880). Advertisement.] (Can. entom.,
June 1880, v. 12, p. 104.) (Amer. nat., July 1880,
v. 14, p. 550; Aug. 1880, v. 14, p. 615-616.)
(Psyche, May [July] 1880, v. 3, p. 71; June
| Aug.] 1880, v. 3, p. 83.)
Various announcements of the annual meeting to be held
23-31 Aug. 1880. B: P. M. (1916)
‘¢ Baird, Spencer Fullerton, ed. Annual record
of science and industry for 1878. N. Y., Har-
per, 1879. 17-+715 p. O. el., $2.
“8th volume of a series begun 1871. Summary of
progress made during year in the various branches of
science; each being separately treated, by eminent special-
ists, such as E: 8. Holden, Cleveland Abbe, Profs. G: F:
Barker, E: 8. Dana, T. Sterry Hunt, Dr. A. 8. Packard,
ete. Also contains: Industrial statistics; List of scientists
who died during the year; Select works on science published
in 1878. Table of contents presents an analysis of the
several articles. Alphabetical index.’’—Title-slip registry,
June [July] 1879, v. 1, no. 6, p. 56. (1917)
Barkelice. (Prairie farmer, 12 June 1880, v.
51, no. 24, p. 186, col. 4, 16 em.)
[Pulvinaria innumerabilis] on soft maples at Chicago
and Franklin Grove, Ill. ; remedies —soft soap and water,
or, carbolic acid and water. J. DOP. \(A9i8)
Barrois, J. Investigations on the develop-
ment of the spiders. (Annals and mag. nat.
hist., March 1880, s. 5, v. 5, p. 197-211, pl. 9.)
“Translated by W. S. Dallas from a separate copy, fur-
nished by the author, of the memoir published in the
‘Journal de Vanatomie et de la physiologie,’ tome xiv, p.
629-547.”? G: D. (1919)
Bates, James Elwyn. [Thoracic appendages
etc.| (Can. entom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p. 20.)
Processes on the thorax of a female spilosoma virginica;
collecting moths about the sap exuding from new buds of
a species of oak [quercus]. G: D. (1920)
Beal, F.E.L. Tardigrades and eggs. (Amer.
nat., Aug. 1830, v. 14, p. 593-594, il.)
Macrobiotus (?) lays its eggs in its cast-off skin.
G: D. (1921)
Beal, W.J. The agency of insects in fertiliz-
ation. (Amer. nat., March 1880, v. 14, p. 201
—204.)
Records briefly the results of experiments made by stu-
dents of the Michigan Agricultural College, under the di-
rection of Prof. Beal. G: D. (1922)
Bed bug's swarming in nests of the house swal-
low in New Mexico.| (Cultivator and country
gent., 3 June 1880, v. 45, no. 1427, p. 358, col.
3, 2 cm.)
J.D. P. (1923)
Befruchtung (Die) von erica carnea. (Kos-
mos [Leipzig], July 1879, bd. 5, p. 300, 23 em.)
Discussion of the question whether bombus fertilizes e.
carned. G: D. (1924)
Bod, Lewis. Carnivorous wasps. (Nature, 8
Apr. 1880, v. 21, p. 538.)
Wasp seen eating a fly.
B.,J.H. Memoir of the late Professor Jacob
Boll. (The Dallas [Tex.] d. herald, 28 Oct.
1880, v. 30, no. 20, p. [6], col. 1, 42 cm.
B. 29 May 1828, in the canton of of Aargau, Switzerland;
d. 29 Sept. 1880, in camp on Red River, Wilbarger Co.,
Texas. B: P. M. (1926)
Boll, Jacob, see B., J. H., Memoir of the late Professor
Jacob Boll [Psycur, Rec., no. 0403. ]
Boll, Jacob, Death of Prof. (The Dallas
|Tex.] d. herald, 5 Oct. 1880, v. 27, no. 273, p.
2, col. 2-3, 21 cm.
Announcement of Boll’s death; enumeration of his
family and of official positions held by him.
B: P: M. (1927)
J. M. W. (1925)
Bowles, G: H. Annual meeting of the Mon-
treal branch [of the Entomological soc. of
Ontario, Canada]. (Can. entom. June 1880,
v. 12, p. 119.)
Report of proceedings of the 7th annual meeting, held
17 May 1880. G: D. (1928)
130 [1929-1942]
[Brandt, Eduard K] Ueber das Nervensys-
tem der Dipterenlarven. (Zool. Anzeiger, 3
May 1880, jahrg. 8, p. 215.)
Notice of a paper by E: K. Brandt before the zoological
section of the sixth assembly of Russian naturalists and
physicians. . G: D. (1929)
California academy of sciences, San Fran-
cisco, Cal. [Report of proceedings.| April 5
[1880]. (Amer. nat., June 1880, v. 14, p. 472.)
B. B. Redding exhibited twigs of larrea mexicana, with
imbedded lac insects, from Arizona. G: D. (1930)
Dubois, A. Chasse aux coléopteres dans les
villes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Feb.
1880, p. 45-46.)
How to collect insects in towns. G: D, (1931)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. On the described N. Am.
species of thalpochares. (Can. entom., March
1880, v. 12, p. 57-59.)
List of the Sdescribed species of N. A. thalpochares, with
the reasons for including some of them in the genus.
G: D. (1932)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Crambidae. (Can. en-
tom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p. 15-19.)
Notes upon or descriptions of 15 species, of which 10
are new species, as follows: chilo crambidoides (from Kan-
sas), crambus dissectus (N. Y.), c. occidentalis (Cal.), ¢. ex-
esus (N.Y.), c. goodellianus (Mass.), ce. oregonicus Vike
ec. anceps (Cal.), c. laciniellus (Me.), c. attenuatus (Vance.
Isl.), c. edonis (Tex.). G: D. (1933)
Hagen, Hermann August. Kiemeniiberreste
bei einer Libelle; glatte Muskelfasern bei In-
secten. (Zool. Anzeiger, 21 June 1880, jahrg.
3, p. 304-305.)
Remnants of gills found in euphaea. This insect also
has non-striated muscular fibres in its gills. G: D. (1934)
Hagen, Hermann August. The exceedingly
numerous appearance of a phryganid. (Can.
entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. 108.)
Brachycentrus fuliginosus very abundant at Birming-
ham, Conn. G: D. (1935)
Hagen, Hermann August. On the destruction
of obnoxious insects by yeast. (Can. entom.,
May 1880, v. 12, p. 81-83.)
Record of opinions and experiments to show that yeast-
fungus kills insects. G: D. (1936)
Hagen, Hermann August. Cordyceps raven-
elii on the larvae of phyllophaga. (Can. entom.,
May 1880, v. 12, p. 89.)
Brief description of the above-mentioned fungus, quoted
from M. A. Curtis, with notes on the larvae of phyllophaga.
G: D. (1937)
Harrington, W: Hague. Entomology for
beginners. Some woodeaters. (Can. entom.,
May 1880, v. 12, p. 95-99.)
Notes upon tremezx (sirex) columba and sirex gigas and
upon other uroceridae. G: D, (1938)
Hopkins, Ellice. On ants. (Contemporary
rev., June 1880, p. 941-955.)
Summary of modern observations on the nature and so-
ciology of ants. G: D. (1939)
Horne, W: The oriole or golden robin. (Cul-
tivator and country gent.,3 June 1880, v. 45,
no. 1427. p. 358, col. 4, 4.5 em.) 4
Greyish-green caterpillars on hyslop crab apple trees de-
stroyed by orioles [icterus]. J.D. P. (1940)
PS YCHE.
Horvath, Géza. Ueber periodische Erschein-
ungen im Thierreiche: zugleich ein Aufruf zu
deren systematischer Beobachtung. (Entom.
Nachrichten, 15 May 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 97-103;
1 June 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 109-115.)
Translation of a paper in the ‘‘ Mittheilungen der ungar-
ischen naturwiss. Gesellschaft, jahrg. 1880, Miirz-Heft.”’
Treats partly of insects. G: D. (1941)
peGrey, T:, Lord Walsingham. Illustrations
of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera
in the collection of the British Museum. Part
IV.—North American {tortricidae. London,
printed by order of the Trustees, 29 Nov.
1879. 12+-84 p., 17 col. pl., 83325, t 2014.5.
Review. (The entomologist, Nov. 1880, v.
15 no. 210, p. 287-288.)
Review. (Psyche, Oct. 1880 [Feb. 1881],
v. 3, p. 128.)
Contains descriptions and colored illustrations of the fol-
lowing new species: Teras nivisellana, T. simpliciana, T.
Joliana, Hendecastema cuneanum and var. adumbranum,
Lozotaenia fucana, L. retiniana, L. retana, L. franciseana,
L. glaucana, Lophoderus gloveranus, Oenectra inconditana,
O. rudana, and var. a, O. senecionana, Cenopis gracilana,
C. diluticostana, C. niveana, C. pulc herrimana, C. demis-
sang, Dichelia tunicana, D. californiana, Capua lentigino-
sana, Sciaphila horariana, 8. trigonana, S. basiplagana,
Synnoma (n. g.) lynosyrana, Retinia subcervinana, Idio-
graphis fulviplicana and var. I. aegrana, Cochylis intactana,
C. fernaldana, C. parallelana, C. transversana, C. saxico-
lana, C. latipunctana, C. dilutana, C. campicolana, C. par-
vimaculana, Penthina consanguinana, P. conditana, Seri.
coris vetulana, S. auricapitana, S. dilutifuscana, S. chaly-
beana, Exartema sericoranum, E. punctanum, E. griseoal-
banum, Paedisca culminana, P. illotana, P. terracoctana,
P. rectiplicana, P. albangulana, P? ah Silee. P? sub-
plicana, P. nigralbana, P. agricolana, P. atomosana, P.
bolanderana, P. crambitana, P.larana, P. luridana, P. ar-
gentialbana, P. pulveratana, P. primulana, P. biquadrana,
P. shastana, P. grandifiavana, P. subflavana, P. macula-
tana, P. irroratana, P. perdricana, P. passerana, P. glo-
merana, P. fulminana, E amice P.hirsutana, P.radicana,
P. abruptana, P. graduatana, P. palpana, P. abbreviatana,
Semasia radiatana, S? elongana, S. artemisiana, S. scalana,
S. columbiana, S. decempunctana, S. parangustana, S. lapi-
dana, S. sublapidana, S. tenuiana, S. parvana, 8. strami-
neana, S. minimana, S. argenticostana, S. griseocapitana, S.
pallidicostana, S. infuscana, S? oregonana, S. amphorana,
Hystrichophora (n. g.) leonana and var. aurantiana, Grapho-
litha vitrana, G. caeruleana, G. conversana, G. lunatana,
G. americana, G. trossulana, Proteopteryx (n. g.) emargt-
nana and varities, Pthoroblastis texanana, Carpocapsa latifer-
reana, Steganoptycha liturana, S. lagopana, S. biangulana,
S. purpuriciliana, Phoxopteryx pacificana, Ph. muricana,
Ph. cometana, Rhyacionia juncticiliana, Dichrorampha
radicicolana.
The following species described by Francis Walker, from
North America, are re-described and colored figures given
of each: Teras pulverosana = Sciaphila implexana, T. ros-
trana=T. restitutana=T. connexana, T. albaniana, T.
obsoletana, T. directana, Begunna xanthoides = Teras xan-
thoides, Tortrix patulana, T. conjlictana, Lophoderus? semi-
feranus, L. melaleucanus = Conchylis invexana, Cacoecia
transiturana, C. triferana=C. velutinana, Dichelia furca-
tana, Sciaphila afjlictana, S. hebesana = Carpocapsa inex-
pertana, S. puncticostana, S. confixana=S? perductana,
S? ferriferana, S. improbana = Paedisca diffinana, S. per-
structana, Retinia argyrospila, R. georgiana, Conchylis
floccosana, C. scissana, Penthina subnivana, P. dealbana,
P. resumptana, P. transmissana, Paedisca inquietana, P.
cataclystiana, Affa bipunctella, Grapholitha_strenuana=
G. exvagana, G. solicitana, G. refusana, G. discigerana=
G. metametana, G. apicana, G. divisana. Most of these
species are referred to other genera, those being the ones
to which they more properly belong. C: H: F. (1942)
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
“IN MY OPINION you not only render service
to science by the publication in your columns of
original memoirs on general entomology, but you
are and will be still more more useful to savants
by your bibliographical record.”,—A. Rosin,
Paris, France, 4 Feb. 1880.
TuovucH sur indirectly entomological, by
serving as a guide to the newspapers in the
United States, where entomological articles may
be found, Rowell’s Newspaper Directory may be
mentioned here as the one great authority upon
its subject. We as bibliographers may strain a
point to call attention to the foremost work of
its kind.
Unver tHe name of Société d’Etudes Zoologi-
ques, a society has recently been established in
Paris, for the purpose of forming a library of
general zoology, from which books may be
loaned to members living at a distance from
great libraries. The members, moreover, ex-
change analyses of recent works, and the officers
undertake to make bibliographical researches in
the libraries of Paris for their colleagues residing
elsewhere.
Dr. Oskar Krancuer, of Leipzig, son of
Mr. L. Krancher, the editor of the Deutscher
' Bienenfreund, will soon publish a dissertation
containing the results of his studies upon the
stigmata of insects. These studies were made
in the zoological laboratory of Leipzig univer-
sity, during the past summer, under the direction
of Professor R. Leuckart.
_ Tue Frencu government are trying to intro-
duce the culture of the vine in New Caledonia.
The grasshoppers will not allow the sugar-cane
to grow, and they soon strip maize; so that the
people have to import from Sidney what would
grow luxuriantly on their own land were it free
from these pests.—Colonies and India, 23 Oct
1880, p. 9.
ENERGETIC MEASURES are being taken by the
government [of Cyprus] for the suppression of
the plague of the locust, each inhabitant being
bound to send in eight okes (about 19 lbs.)
[really 22.63 lbs. = 10.26 Kg.] weight of locust
eggs. Many thousand pounds weight are thus
sent in and destroyed.—Colonies and India, 6
Nov. 1880, p. 13.
131
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St.,
at 7.45 p. m., on the days following :—
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, 8-Apr.” -,;
10 Dec. ,, 13 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
chimley vs.
B: Prckman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : — .
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. ,, 23 Mar. ,,
22 Dec. ,, 21 Apr aes
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ,,
- B: Prokman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at 8. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ,, SiApr, 5,
10 Dec. ,, 15 May ,,
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June ,,
Id Feb: ;;
JAMES H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
13 Dec. 1880. 15 June 1881.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada,
on the days following : —
: Sept. 1880. 4 Jan.1881.
Oct. 5; L Feb... ,,
ZaINOW ce 8 35 1 Mar. ,,
fowec: 5 Apr. ,,
G: H. Bowtgs, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Ocr. 1882.—Life-histories of Sclero-
stoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergracilis. See
PsycueE, v. 3, p. 59.
PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reath the editors by the 10th of the
month preceding the one in which they are to
appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.—40 on a sheet. No. 2. —50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed,
printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two
cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PrRor. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (PostPaip), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische-Nachrichten,
Vl. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of
Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“It is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ-
ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange
and sale of insects; of literary information and notices of
books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself
the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the
Science of Entomology.”’
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher,
A. DOSE,
Pursus a. Ricern,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 18754 2.50 M;
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COCCIDAE WANTED
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No. 77 was issued 15 Dec. 1880.
ae CHE,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
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Vol. 3. No. 79.
Nov. 188o.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : - : : : ; ; : : ; 134
FURTHER NOTES ON SOME TINEID LARVAE— Vactor Tousey Chambers 135-137
SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON FossiL INsSEcTs — Review 138
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : . - : - . 139-142
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS — Society Meetings — Prize Essays 143
ADVERTISEMENTS 144
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io CET E..
FURTHER NOTES ON SOME TINEID LARVAE.
BY VACTOR TOUSEY CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
Phyllocnistis. In a former numero
(v. 3, no. 73, p. 67) I have stated that
larvae of this genus molt only twice;
becoming pupae at the second molt.
This statement was the result of careful
examinations of numerous mines and
larvae, but since it was made accident
has revealed what careful observation
failed to discover. A short time since I
observed in a mine a larva with the an-
terior segments so much swollen as to
give the larva the appearance of a small
paddle, and on removing it from the mine
I found that it was in the act of molting.
There are therefore three molts in this
genus. This larva was only one-third
grown, measuring only about 1.3 mm. in
length, whereas the mature larva measures
about 3.9 mm., but there is no intervening
molt, as frequent and careful observation
has shown beyond a doubt. There may
be an earlier molt, but if so I have failed
to find any indication of it; if there is,
then according to the regular ratio which
obtains in the sizes of allied genera the
larva ought then to be 0.65 mm. long.
These larvae, and those of most other
leafminers, are translucent, and filled with
the green parenchyma in which they are
embedded, so that in their younger stages
it is not only almost impossible to know
whether or not they are molting, but it is
difficult even to detect their presence in
the leaf until they are one-third grown.
The full-grown larva, before it assumes
the second form of trophi, has eight
pairs of lateral pseudopodia, which are
membranous, retractile and not armed
with either claws or tentacles; the first
two pairs, placed on the first and second
abdominal segments, are smaller than
the others ; there are also two long mem-
branous retractile processes at the anal
end, which seem to represent the anal
prolegs of lepidopterous larvae. The pu-
pal state continues eight days in summer,
and the imago hibernates. In the last
larval stage the trophi are so much abor-
ted that it is difficult to tell what organs
they represent ; they are figured too dis-
tinctly, ante p. 67. The organs of the
imago can be discovered within those of
the pupa on the third day after the latter
is disclosed and perhaps even earlier.
Nepticula. What is written above as
to the difficulty of observations on young
larvae of Phyllocnistis applies equally to
the larvae of this genus. Until recently
only one larval molt — that by which the
pupa is disclosed—has been known in this
genus. Another, earlier, molt has, I be-
lieve, been observed in a European spe-
cies, and according to my observations
(given below) the number does not seem
to be the same in all the species. The
larval life in the mine is too short to
136
allow of more than one molt, though I
find that I formerly limited it too greatly
in stating that it lasted only thirty-six or
forty-eight hours. It is true that in many
species it does not continue longer than
two or three days after the mine becomes
distinctly visible to the unaided eye ; but
there is an earlier period in such cases,
lasting three or four days, when the mine
can only be discerned by holding the leaf
up to the light, and examining it with a
lens, yet even then I have not succeeded
in finding any other molt than that
which discloses the pupa. ‘Thus in
NV. fuscotibiaeella Clem. I have found
the larva when its length did not exceed
0.85 mm., and the mine itself was only
1.3 mm. long, and have watched it then
for seven days more until it left the mine
to pupate and yet have failed to find any
indication of a molt. The mine is already
about 19 mm. long before it becomes
distinctly visible; but is no wider than
the body of the larva; its total length
when the larva quits it is about 40 mm.
The larva is of a pale straw yellow, and
when full-grown is about 3.2mm. The
young larva is embedded in the yellowish
green parenchyma and therefore is even
more difficult of observation than the
larva of Phyllocnistis, which lies imme-
diately beneath the cuticle of the leaf;
the space mined by it at night, when I
could not observe it, shows that it had
not molted at night. I detected no molt
other than that which discloses the pupa.
This species mines the leaves of various
species of willow (Salix). It was first
described by Dr. Clemens from captured
specimens, and subsequently I described
it also from captured specimens as JN.
ciliaefuscella, suggesting that it might
PSYCHE.
be NV. fuscotibiaeella. Afterwards I bred
it from willow leaves, recognized the
identity of the species, and suggested
that there were two other Nepticula which
also mine willow leaves, one of which,
unlike all other known WNepticula, mines
the under surface. The other miner of
the upper surface still remains unknown,
but the miner of the under surface proves
to be LN. fuscotibiaeella. The egg, like
all Nepticula eggs that I have seen, is a
dark brown roundish or oval microscopic
speck attached to the surface of the leaf.
When it is attached to the upper sur-
face the larva mines in the parenchyma
nearest to that surface, but when it is
attached to the under surface, it mines
nearest to that, unless it has previously
eaten through to the upper side as it fre-
quently does early in life. In the latter
part of its larval life the entire parenchy-
ma is eaten out, so that it cannot then be
said to be a miner of either surface.
The egg of Lithocolletis celtisella Cham.
is deposited on the under surface of leaves
of Celtis, but the larva early in life eats
through to the upper surface and becomes
a miner of that surface. With the ex-
ception of these two species all of the
mines that I have examined are under
the surface to which the egg is attached, ~
and the larva, or imago, leaves the leaf
through that surface.
I have alluded above to the fact that it
feeds at night as showing that it could
not then have passed a molt which es-
caped me, but this habit is not peculiar
by any means to this species. No leaf-
mining larva has ever been ‘‘ caught nap-
ping” by me. If they ever sleep they do
so either while still eating or molting or
they take very short ‘‘ cat naps.” Ihave
PSYCHE.
frequently found them when they were
not feeding, but they were either molting,
sick, parasitized or alarmed.
The cocoon of this species is slightly
reniform, about 2 mm. long and of a
bright golden yellow. The larval life
does not exceed eight days in the mine,
and is therefore half as long as that of
NV. pteliaeella, anew species of which
the imago is yet unknown. Its food
plant, Ptelia trifoliata, called also ‘‘ Hop
bush,” or ‘‘ Bush clover.” is by no means
abundant in this locality (Covington,
Kentucky), at least I have but seldom
met with it; but where I have found it
in August, every leaf is always mined by
the larvae of this species, and many
leaves have as many as forty larvae in
each. The larva is bright green, the
intestine being filled with blue-green pel-
lets looking sometimes almost like indigo.
It undergoes two molts while still in the
mine, besides that in the cocoon by which
the pupa is disclosed. Abundant as are
the mines, I have never seen the egg even
on the youngest mines. It seems to be-
come soon detached from the leaf and
lost. The mine is at first an oval or ir-
regularly roundish blotch about 2 mm. in
diameter, made by eating out the paren-
chyma around the spot at which the larva
enters the leaf and the entire parenchyma
is eaten out. About three days are con-
sumed in making this part of the mine,
but as it was already begun in each in-
stance I cannot be more exact as to the
time. The larva is now 0.8 mm. long;
it ceases to feed and undergoes its first
molt. This occupies not less than forty-
eight hours; I cannot be more exact
because in every instance the molt was
either begun or ended in the night. The
137
molt accomplished, it begins to feed
again, leaving its little blotch and making
an exceedingly serpentine or zigzag track,
packed densely with little green pellets
of frass placed transversely. The mine
is linear and no wider than the body of
the larva; the parenchyma next to the
under surface is not eaten; and if the
larva happens to strike a vein in its course
the mine ceases to be crooked, and passes
straight along the vein. This part of the
mine is very distinct from that of the first
stage, is about 25 mm. long, and it takes
the larva three days to make it. Feeding
then ceases, and forty-eight hours are
consumed in the second molt, which being
finished, feeding begins again. At the
beginning of this molt the larva is 1.6
mm. long, having just doubled its length
since the first molt. The mine of the
third stage is similar to that of the second,
though readily distinguishable from it by
being a little wider, and having the trans-
verse rows of frass not so densely packed
—a little wider apart—and the frass black
instead of green, and in the last part of
it (for 12 mm. before the end) it is placed
in a central line, and not in transverse
rows. ‘This part of the mine is so crook-
ed that it is impossible to give its length
accurately, but it is more than 75 mm.
long, and that of the whole mine is not
far from 110 mm., or twice as great as
that of N. fuscotibiaeella. No molt
occurs in this part of the mine, which is
made in six days, equal to the other two
stages combined, and making the larval
life in the mine sixteen days — about twice
that of WN. fuscotibiaeella. 'The length
of the larva at the end of this stage is 3.2
mm., just twice what it was at the second
molt. (To be continued on p. 147.)
138
PSYCHE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., NOV. 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
Psycue must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON
FOSSIL INSECTS.
It is not often that we can record any con-
siderable accession to the literature of fossil
insects, and therefore it is worth while to
call attention to the writings of Mr. Goss, of
England, upon this subject, whose papers,*
appearing at intervals during the past three
years, not only form an important contribu-
tion, but, now that they are completed, have
a unity and completeness worthy of remark.
They make no pretension to originality,
but are a pains-taking compilation of general
results reached by a broad survey of the liter-
ature, with full references, which show that
no important contribution to the subject, and
scarcely a minor tract, whether in Europe or
America, has escaped the vigilance of the
author. ;
As completed, Mr. Goss’s essays form two
series; one of three essays, first published in
the Proceedings of the geologists’ association;
the other of twelve minor papers, which orig-
inally appeared by instalments in the Exfo-
mologists’ monthly magazine, and have since
been issued as a separate tract. The first
series consists of 128 pages, and the second of
50 pages, both in octavo. Both treat the sub-
* Goss, Herbert. Three papers on fossil insects,
and the British and foreign formations in which insect
remains have been detected. No. 1. The insect fauna
of the recent and tertiary periods. No. 2. of the second-
ary or mesozoic period. No. 3. of the primary or pa-
leozoic period. Fromthe Proceedings of the geologists’
association, vols. 5-6. [London, 1878-1880.] 82
Goss, Herbert. The geological antiquity of insects.
Twelve papers on fossil entomology. London, 1880. 8°
PSYCHE.
ject from a geological standpoint, i. e., each
geological formation is separately consid-
ered, —in the first series ina descending,
in the second in an ascending order. They
differ however in that the papers of the first
series enter more fully into details concerning
the insects, and have appended to them lists,
for the earlier periods of the species, for the
later periods of the genera of known forms;
the lists are bare catalogs under the mention
of the papers in which they are treated. The
second series of papers consists, as it were,
of an abstract of the other, but is also accom-
panied by very full references to the papers
(in foot notes), and by statements, for each
formation, of the progress of vegetable and
of other animal life, for comparison with the
advance in development of insect types. Our
author here wisely chooses the ascending in-
stead of the descending order, as in the other
series, where the order was less material.
The success which has attended this ven-
ture of Mr. Goss in a difficult field, in which
he has shown great carefulness and industry,
lead us to hope—the more that he is known
as an entomologist, rather than as a geologist
—that, if he will not join the all too feeble
band of original investigators in the field,
he will at least complete the picture by
treating the entire subject from an entomolog-
ical standpoint. Samuel H. Scudder.
" REVIEW.
CrcIL’s BOoKs of natural history, by Prof.
S. H. Peabody [see Rec., no. 1982], consist
of carefully prepared short chapters on the
more important general groups of the higher
animals, illustrated with well-executed wood-
cut plates, and are a valuable contribution to
the too small number of popular and inter-
esting American works upon natural history
for children.
They treat, to a greater extent than has
hitherto unfortunately been usual in American
books of this class, of the indigenous insects,
which children can be led to observe for
themselves, and convey a large amount of
accurate information in a form that can easily
be understood. B: Fide
PST CHE.
[1943-1957] 139
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and socteties are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [ |, marks the time at which the
work was recetved, unless an earlier date of publication tis known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solictted.
Abbe, Cleveland. A relation between me-
teorology and the grasshopper or locust
pest. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14, p.
735-738. )
Attempt to establish the relationship between temper-
ature and its duration, and the length of time required
to hatch eggs of locusts [caloptenus]. G: D. (1943)
Bennett, Alfred W. The fertilization of
flowers by insects and their mutual adap-
tation for that function. (Academy, 15 Aug.
1873, v. 4, no. 78, p. 307-309, 59cm.) (Amer.
nat., Nov. 1873, v. 7, p. 680-683. )
Rey. of H. Miiller’s ‘‘ Die Befruchtung der Blumen
durch Insekten und die gegenseitigen Anpassungen
Beider... .” G: D. (1944)
Breitenbach, Wilhelm. Eine Beobachtung
an Hymenopteren-Fliigeln. (Zool. An-
zeiger, 18 Oct. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 522-523.)
How to distinguish, on wings of hymenoptera, the
lines of folding which they had in the pupal state, by
means of the hairs and tracheae of the wings.
G: D. (1945)
[Burgess, E:, Notice of lessons on entomol-
ogy at the Bussey Institution, Harvard Uni-
versity, Jamaica Plain, Mass., given in
1880, by.] (Harvard register, March 1880,
Weds Pi 7s:€ol..2) 2.cm:)
G: D. (1946)
(California, — State horticultural society.
Report of meeting, at San Francisco, 30
July 1880.] (Pacific rural press [San Fran-
cisco], 7 Aug. 1880, v. 20, p. 88-89, 153
cm.)
Communications (32 cm.) upon the spread of the
grape phylloxera, and means against it.
B: P.M. (1947)
Canestrini, Johann. Uber ein sonderbares
Organ der Hymenopteren. (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 23 Aug. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 421-422.)
Notes upon a peculiar organ upon the first pair of legs
of all hymenoptera, hitherto noted upon the bee (af7s
mellifica). G: D. (1948)
Carbolic soap for ant bites. (Colonies and
India, 6 Nov. 1880, p. 9, 1 cm.)
G: D. (1949)
Chambolle, F. Sur les meeurs de I’ hydro-
philus piceus. (Feuille des jeunes natural-
istes, Sept. 1880, an. 10, p. 147.)
H. piceus eats readily not only vegetable food but
also young triton punctatus and pieces of meat.
G: D. (1950)
Chambolle, F. Observation sur le Jéparis
du saule, /¢Aards salic’s, et sur la propaga-
tion anormale de certains insectes. (Feuille
des jeunes naturalistes, Sept. 1880, an. 10,
Pp. 145.)
Swarming of /iparts salicts, pyramets cardut, orgyia
pudibunda, cnethocampa processionea and liparis chry-
sorrhoea. Reason for such superabundance of certain
species ; application to phylloxera. G: D. (1951)
Claypole, E: W. [Insects taken at Yellow
Springs,O.] (Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12,
p- 120.)
Insects taken in March and April 18So0 at Yellow
Springs, Ohio. Gi Da *(052),
Cook, Albert J: The tongue of the honey
bee [Psycue, Rec., no. 1576].
Reprint. (Amer. nat., April 1880, v. 14,
p- 271-280, 1 fig.) G: D. (1953)
D.,J. D. Preservative against the ravages of
termites or white ants. (Colonies and
India, 23 Oct. 1880, p. 17, 2 cm.)
Inquiries about patenting such a preservative; an-
swered by R. E.C. (Colonies and India, 30 Oct. 1880,
Pp. 17, 3 cm.) G: D. (1954)
Domesticating the tusser silkworm. (Journ.
applied sci., Dec. 1880, v. 11, p. 186-187,
43 cm.)
Notes upon the habits of antherea paphia [= attacus
mylitta|, actias selene and cricula trifenestra.
G: D. (1955)
Edwards, W: H: On certain species of
satyrus [PsycHE, Rec., no, 1817].
Correction by W: H: Edwards. (Can.
entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p. 147.
» Aug , 2 Be TAL) cans
Edwards, W: H: Correction. (Can. en-
tom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p. 147.)
Correction to the authors’ ‘‘ On certain species of sa-
tyrus” [PsycHE, Rec., no. 1817]. G: D. (1957)
140 [1958-1978]
Bdwards, W: H: Description of prepara-
tory stages of argynnis cybele, Fabr. (Can.
entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p. 141-145.)
Description of egg, larva in different stages, and
chrysalis of a. cybele. Mode of keeping larvae at freezing
temperature through the winter, and results.
G: D. (1958)
Ehlers, Ernst. Berichtigungen. (Zool. An-
zeiger, 23 Aug. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 429-430.)
Correction of O. Taschenberg’s ‘‘ Die Fléhe”’...
[PsycHE, Rec., no. 2005]. G: D. (1959)
Electrical insects [PsycHE, Rec., no. 1820].
(Pacific rural press [San Francisco], 31
July 1880, v. 20. p. 67, col. 4, 11 cm.)
B: P. M. (1960)
Fletcher, James. ([JMelztaea Phaeton in a
swamp near Ottawa, Canada.] (Can.
entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p. 160.)
G: D. (1961)
Goullon, H., jr. The clinical use of afzs
mellifica. Extract from the essay: ‘‘ Das
Bienengift im Dienste der Homceopathie.”
(N. A. [quart.] journ. homoeopathy, May
1880, no. 112, nN. S., NO. 40, p. 509-524.)
G: D. (1962)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Descriptions of zoc-
tuidae. (Can. entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p.
152-157-)
Suggestions about mode of describing noctuidae;
describes agrotts hilaris, a. stellarts, a. citricolor, polia
aedon and tarache sutrix (5 new species from the United
States); arrangement of some of the naked eyed noc-
tuidae of the author’s collection. G: D. (1963)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. North American zoc-
tuidae in the Zutraege. First hundred.
(Can. entom., May 1880, v. 12, p. 84-88.)
Identification, as far as possible, of the species men-
tioned in Jacob Hiibner’s “Zutrage zur Sammlung
exotischer Schmetterlinge,” ... [see Hagen, Bibl. en-
tom., v. I, p- 389]. G: (1964)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. North American zoc-
tuidae in the Zutraege. Second and third
hundreds. (Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12,
p- 116-118.)
Identification, as far as possible, of the species men-
tioned in a Hiibner’s ‘‘Zutrage zur Sammlung
exotischer Schmetterlinge,”... [see Hagen, Bibl. entom.,
Vv. I, p. 389]- G: D. (1965)
Healthful effects of the Australian blue-gum
tree. (Colonies and India, 6 Nov. 1880,
ip: 2, 15 Cm.)
al oo trees as a means of driving away mos-
c
uitoes [culex], phylloxera, and other insects. Quoted
rom Naples correspondent of the Daily news [ London,
Eng. ]. (1966)
Heustis, Caroline Eliza. [Scarcity of in-
sects.] (Can. entom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p.
19-20.)
Records scarcity of insects, especially lepidoptera,
in New Brunswick, during 1879. G: D. (1967)
PSTGHE.
Hilgard, Eugene W. The deadly phylloxera.
(San Francisco [Cal.] merchant, 20 Aug.
1880, v. 3, no. 25, p. [2], col. 6, 17 cm.)
Discovery of the fertile winged form of the grape
phylloxera in California; means of destroying it.
B: P.M. (1068)
Honey bees [apis mellifica] in New Zealand.
(Colonies and India, 4 Dec. 1880, p. 11,
10 cm.)
The Italian or Ligurian bee is found to fertilize the
red clover [¢rifolium] in New Zealand as well as the
imported humble-bee [bombus] does. The Ligurian
variety is free from the attacks of the _bee-moth to
which the black variety is there subject. G: D. (1969)
Howard, L.O. A new silk-spinning chal-
cid. (Can. entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12, p.
158-159. ) he _
Habits and description of euplectrus comstockti, a
new species found feeding externally on the larva of the
cotton worm [aletia argillacea]. G: D. (1970)
Indian silk industry. (Journ. applied sci.,
Oct. 1880, v. II, p. 154-155, 71 cm.)
Prizes offered to the natives by Mr. Lepper, at Kaul-
igir, India, for planting morus and ricinus and for silk,
k G: D. (1971)
Infection from mosquitoes [PsycuE, Rec.,
no. 1737]. (Pacific rural press [San Fran-
cisco], 31 July 1880, v. 20, p. 71, col. 3,
6 cm.) B: P. M. (1972)
Kellicott, D: S. [Cossus and nephopteryx].
(Can. entom., March 1880, v. 12, p. 59.)
Notes on cossus from Mich., and on nephopteryx
zimmermani, from N, Y. G: D. (1973)
Leliévre, Ernest. [Passage de pzerts rapae
et de Z. napz.] (Feuille des jeunes nat-
uralistes, Oct. 1880, an. Io, p. 161.)
Flight of p. rapae and fp. napi seen 23 July 1880, near
Brussels, Belgium. G: D. (1974)
Lemmon, J. G. The locust scourge. Rava-
ges of the destructive insect in Sierra Val-
ley. Destruction of the alfalfa crop in
Truckee Meadows. Description of the
scourge and its best-known enemies. ([San
Francisco, Cal.] evening bulletin, 11 Sept.
1880, v. 50, no. 134, p- 4, col. 1-3, 10 fig.,
162 cm.) B: P.M. (1975)
M., H. B. Curious facts... [PsycuHe, Rec.,
no. 1536].
Extract, entitled, ‘* The cochineal insect.”
(New remedies, June 1880, vy. ae:
18 cm.) ‘ ; Gp cena}
Nicholls, H. A. Alford. Dominica and its
boiling lake. (Colonies and India, 19 July
1879, p- 7, 24 cm.)
Note (2cm.) on cemtostoma coffeellum, which does
not attack Liberian coffee in Dominica. G: D. (1977)
McBride, A. S. Entomological notes. (Can.
entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. 106-107.)
Notes on a few species of coleoptera and their habits.
(1978)
PSTCHE.
Michels, H. Beschreibung des Nervensys-
tems von oryctes nasicornis im Larven-,
Puppen- und Kaferzustande. (Zeitschr. f.
wissensch. Zool., 1880, bd. 34, p. 641-702,
pl. 33-36.)
Anatomical.
Packard, Alpheus Spring, 7,7.
and brain of cermatia forceps.
nat., Aug. 1880, v. 14, p. 602-603.)
Anatomical and histological. G: D. (1980)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, 7r. Moths en-
EaApped + closvenm, Rec... no 1671 }.
(Botan. gazette [Crawfordsville, Ind. ], Feb.
1880, v. 5, p. 17-20.)
Notice. (Nature, 29 Jan. 1880, v. 21, p.
308, 13 cm.)
Abstract. (Journ. of sci., March 1880, s. 3,
Va 25 p..213). G: D. (1981)
Peabody, Selim Hobart. Cecil’s books of
natural history. 3 v. [each with sub-title]
Cecil’s book of beasts; ...of birds; ...
of insects. Chic., Clarke & Co., 1869.
10+ 214 p.; 10+ 234 p.; 10+ 228 p.; 18 X
Poy i25 X78. cl. $1.25 eack.
Re-issue, Phil., Claxton, Remsen & Haf-
felfinger, 1871. cl., $1.25 each.
Re-issue, 3 v. in one, entitled, ‘‘ Cecil’s
books of natural history. Parti, Beasts;
part 11, Birds; part 111, Insects. Profusely
illustrated.” Phil., Claxton... , 1879. 15 +
674 p. il. cl. $1.75.
Re-issue, 3 v. in one, with same title, N. Y.,
American Book Exchange, 1879. cl., $1.25.
Re-issue, N. Y., American Book Ex-
change, 1880. cl. $1.00.
Notice. (Title-slip registry, Nov. [Dec. ]
1879, v. I, p. 108.)
Rev. (Psyche, Nov. 1880 [March 1881],
V- 35) p-: 138.)
The successive issues all printed from the same
plates. The entomological portion treats of ants, bees,
spiders, dragon-flies, white-ants, wasps, locusts, mos-
quitoes, beetles and butterflies, in a simple manner,
intended to interest and instruct children. (1982)
1982
Sok. P.
(Swarming of
G: D. (1979)
The eyes
(Amer.
Peabody, Selim Hobart.
danais archippus. |
(Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. I19g-
120. )
_ Swarming of danas archippus at Racine, Wiscon-
sin, Sept. 1868. G: (1983)
Phylloxera vastatrix. Important meeting
of viticulturists at Sonoma. Concerted
action necessary to destroy the pest in in-
fected districts. The future safety of our
-vineyards assured by the energetic recom-
mendations and action of the State viticul-
tural board. (San Francisco [Cal.] mer-
chant, 30 July 1880, v. 3, no. 22, p. [1],
col. 1-5, 260 cm.)
Riley, C: Valentine.
[1979-1992] 141
Report of meeting, at Sonoma, 23-24 July 1880, of the
Board of state viticultural commissioners. Communi-
cations and addresses upon the grape phylloxera, its
first appearance and spread in California, means of
preventing its ravages. B: P.M. (1984)
Pilati [Pilate], E. Chasse aux lépidoptéres.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, July 1880,
an. 10, p. 118-119.)
Mode of capturing and killing lepidoptera.
raesvva Se Ga DRO 68s)
Plateau, Félix. Preservation of entomo-
logical specimens. (Ann. record of sci.
and industry,...S. F. Baird, 1876, p.
275-) .
Recommends use of yellow glass in windows of
rooms containing collections of insects, as a means of
preserving the colors. Experiments with colored glass
other than yellow mentioned. H:; W. T. (1986)
Potato bugs (About). (N. Y. herald, 11
June 1880, .. ., 16 cm.)
Abundance of doryphora decemlineata in Westches-
ter county, N. Y., and the remedies used. :
G: D. (1987)
Preudhomme de Borre, Alfred. Quelques
mots sur l’organisation et l’histoire natur-
elle desanimauxarticulés, conférence donnée
le 15 février 1880, a la Société royale lin-
néenne. (Bull. soc. roy. linn. de Brux-
elles, 1879 [April 1880], v. 8, p. 119-137.)
Popular lecture upon articulates, G: D. (1988)
Putnam, Joseph Duncan. Biological and other
notes on coccidae. 1. Pulvinaria innume-
rabilis. 11. Aspidiotus ancylus. (Proc. Dav-
enport acad. nat. sci., 1879-1880, v. 2, p.
293-348, pl. 12-13.)
Separate, with t.-p. cover. Davenport, -
Feb. 1880. p. 293-348, 2 pl., 25X16, t 16.8 X
Io. I. ;
P. innumerabilis, its synonymy, history, develop -
ment, different stages and forms and their habits, inter-
nal anatomy, diseases, parasites, enemies, manner of
distribution, effects on trees, remedies, food-plants
(chiefly acer dasycarpum, a. saccharinum, negundo
aceroides, and tilia europaea), other species of pulvina-
ria; brief account of aspidiotus ancylus. G: D. (1989)
Riley, C: Valentine. Harvest mites. (Amer.
nat., Jan. 1873, v. 7, p. 16-19, fig. 5.)
Describes and figures deptus americanus, n.? sp. and
1. trritans, n. sp. G: D. (1990)
Notes on the apple-
worm. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1879, v. 13, p-
523-524.)
The freedom of Michigan apples from carpocapsa
pomonella probably due to the general failure of the
apple crop in 1877, and to the efforts made to prevent the
ravages of this insect. From a paper before the Mis-
souri State Horticultural Society, 1879. G: D. (1991)
Riley, C: Valentine. On the oviposition of
the yucca moth [fronuba yuccasella].
(Amer. nat., Oct. 1873, v- 7, p- 619-623.)
G: D. (1992)
142 [1993-2007]
Rogers, R. Vashon... Entomology for begin-
ners. Tiger beetles. (Can. entom., April
1880, v. 12, p. 61-65, fig. 10-15.)
Figures cicindela vulgaris, c. oo sigh c. sexguttata,
c. hirticollis, c. generosa, and a larva of cicindela: notes
on their habits. G: D. (1993)
DE Rossi, G. Eine sonderbare Meésalliance.
(Entom. Nachrichten, 15 March 1880, jahrg.
6, P- 57-)
Copulation observed between a male age/astica hal-
ensis and a female chrysomela brunsvicensts.
G: D. (1994)
Sanborn, Francis Gregory. Collections of
the late Dr. Asa Fitch. (Can. entom.,
April 1880, v. 12, p. 66-67.)
Descriptive of A. Fitch’s collection and its condition.
Nearly the same description is contained in PsycHE,
Sept.—Dec. 1879 [9 April 18So], p. 273-275.
G: D. (1995)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners,
no. 2. (Can. entom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p.
4-6, fig. 1-3.)
Figures and describes catocala ultronta and de-
scribes its larva; figures psenocerus supernotatus and
aegerta tipuliformis, habits of the former. G; D. (1996)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners.
The common woolly bear, sfzlosoma vir-
ginica. (Can., entom., March 1880, v. 12,
P- 56-57, fig. 9.)
Figures and briefly describes larva, pupa, and female
imago of s. virginica. G: D. (1997)
Schnabl, Johann. Ueber Libellenschwirme.
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Aug. 1880, jahrg.
6, p. 167.)
Flight of great numbers of Zibellula quadrimaculata
through Warsaw, Poland, 14-16 May 1880. A flight of
2. favomaculata noted at Warsaw, 6-7 June 1880.
G: D. (1998)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. A few notes on N.
American acridiz. (Can. entom., April
1880, v. 12, p. 75-76.)
Synonymy of a few species of pezotettix, caloptenus
and melanoplus ; describes bradynotes,a new genus, of
which pezotettix obesa is the type and the only known
species, G: (1999)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. The entomological
libraries of the United States. (Bull. of the
libr. of Harvard university, 1 Jan. 1880, no.
14, V. 2, p. 20-23.)
Separate. (Lib. Harvard university.
Bibliographical contributions, no. 11.) Re-
published from the Bulletin of the library
of Harvard university, no. 14. Cambridge,
Mass., 1880. 6p., 25 X 17.5, t 20 X 13.
Notice. (Amer. nat., June 1880, v. 14,
p- 466.)
Size and specialties of the largest public and private
entomological libraries of the United States. List of
69 rare entomological works found in the different libra-
ries of: the vicinity of Cambridge, with indication of the
libraries possessing each work. G: D. (2000)
PSYCHE.
Silkworm-gut. (New remedies, June 1880,
v. 9, p- 180, 8 cm.)
Sources of silkworm-gut and foodplants of the so-
called ‘‘camphor-worm” of Japan. G: D. (2001)
Smith, Worthington G. Carnivorous wasps.
(Nature, 15 April 1880, v. 21, p. 563.)
Observed wasps attacking and killing bombus, calli-
phora and apis; the, garden was full of flowers and the
wasps seemed to be lying in ambush for the bees.
M. W. (2002)
[Société helvétique des sciences naturelles. ]
62eme session, réunie a Saint-Gall les ro,
11 et 12 Aofit 1879. (Archives des sci. phys.
et nat., 15 Dec. 1879, per. 3, v- 2, p. 677-723.)
Contains abstract of paper by Dr. V. Fatio upon
phylloxera in Switzerland (p. 708-711), and of a paper
by F. A, Forel on his experiments upon the larvae of
the hydropsychides (tinodes lurida) which sculpture the
rock of the bed of Lake Geneva. G: D. (2003)
Sprague, Frank Headley. Notes from Wol-
laston, Mass. (Can. entom., May 1880, v.
12, p. 100.)
Notes on colias philodice, c. eurytheme, limenttis ar-
themis, and Junonia coenta. : (2004)
Taschenberg, O: Die Fléhe. Die Arten
der Insektenordnung szctorza nach ihrem
Chitinskelet monographisch dargestellt.
Mit 4 lithographischen Tafeln. Halle, Max
Niemeyer, 1880. t.-p. cover, 120[+ 2] p., 4
pl. 25 X 18.5; 19 X 13+: ae
Correction, by E. Ehlers, entitled, ‘* Be-
richtigungen.” (Zool. Anzeiger, 23 Aug.
1880, jahrg. 3, p- 429-430.)
General anatomy; systematic arrangement; divides
the order suctorta into 2 families, sarcopsyllidae (con-
taining SO TP ae penetrans, s. gallinacea, and rhyn-
chopsylla pulex) and pulicidae, of which an analytical
table of 3 genera and 21 species is given; description,
synonymy and habits of the 24 species (of 5 genera) of
suctoria seen by the author; describes 2 new genera
(hystrichopsylla and typhlopsylia) and 9 new species
(none from N. A.); notes upon or quoted descriptions
of 10 species not seen by the author; remarks on the
distribution of sarcopsylla penetrans and pulex irritans;
catalog of animals on which or in the nests of which
fleas have been found, with names of the latter; alpha-
betical index of species described and of synonyms;
alphabetical list of 101 works cited by the author; plates.
. G: D. (2005)
Tessier, Lucien. Chassed’hiver. (Feuilles
des jeunes naturalistes, April 1880, p. 82-83.)
Many insects are not killed by the cold of winter.
List of coleoptera taken 15-20 Feb., at Kichompré, near
Gérardmer, Vosges, France, G: D. (2006)
Thaxter, Roland. Swarming of archippus.
(Can. entom., Feb. 1880, v. 12, p. 38-39,
fig. 6.)
Swarms of danais archifpus seen in Apalachicola,
Florida, in the winter of 1875-76. Figures a twig full
of butterflies to illustrate how thick they were upon it.
G: D. (2007)
, PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Henry Hott & Co., of New York, will
soon publish a general illustrated work, by
Samuel Hubbard Scudder, on the structure,
metamorphoses, habits, ornamentation, di-
morphism, ancestry, and other peculiarities
of butterflies, including life-histories of a
large number of North American species.
* Dr. AUERBACH, writing to the ‘*‘ Chemiker-
Zeitung,” mentions as a curious fact that
during an entire summer he observed water-
beetles — probably Gyrnus natator — living
in tanks of a saturated solution of Glauber’s —
salt. When alarmed the beetles took shelter
under the crystals, just as they do in ordinary
circumstances under water plants. A little
of the liquid so harmless to insects, having
found its way by leakage into an adjoining
river, proved fatal to multitudes of fish. —
Fourn. of sct., March 1880, p. 213.
AT THE sixty-eighth meeting of the Société
Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles in Brigue,
13-15 September 1880, Mr. Joseph Anderegg,
of Gamsen, a village near Brigue, exhibited a
fine collection of about a thousand species of
the lepidoptera of the region. Many of the
species were represented by numerous speci-
‘mens, and the collection, which gave a good
idea of the lepidopterous fauna of the Simp-
lon region, was very finely prepared and pre-
served. ;
Tue U.S. Entomological Commission de-
signs preparing for publication a bibliography
of the economic entomology of the United
States and Canada, in the same style as the
Bibliographical Record of Psycue. This bib-
liography will contain references to papers,
articles and notes in agricultural and popular
scientific periodicals, and in journals devoted
to bee culture, and as complete as possible
references will be made to notes on economic
entomology in those periodicals which ap-
peared prior to 1850. The compiler, Dr. A.
S. Packard, ir., Secretary of the commission,
requests that authors will forward to him, at
Providence, R. I., full records of their pub-
lications upon this subject, made out in the
adopted style.
143
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
|THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 19 Follen
St., at 7.45 p.m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. “ tlwecoyms OC
70. Dec. * 6 13 May ‘
14 Jan. 1881. TOMES cr
ig Se] a ee
B: PicKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following :—
247 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb: 1881.
2A. Nov... <* 23 Mar. ‘°
22.WeE. =~ 27 Apr. ce
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ‘
B: PickMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical-Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
8 Oct., 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12, Noy.3 4° SApr: °°
TOLWEc.) » raMay. — <¢
14 Jan. 1881 Tojune 4S
tr Febeey, S
James H. Ripincs, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following : —
13 Dec. 188o. 13 June, 1881.
James H. Ripincs, Pec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following : —
7 pent 1880. aes 1881.
5 Oct. § TED per
PING Ven Mar. ©
pm Dee. )> 4 HAprae
G: H. BowLes, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.— Life-histories of Scle-
vostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See PSYCHE, v. 3, p- 59-
144
PSYCHE: ,
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phzenogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name ‘and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpaid), M 6.50=$1,62,
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron y. Harold, Entomological Museum of Berlin,
says of this magazine :—
‘It is a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices; of practical directions for collecting, ob-
serving, and preparing specimens; of proposals for
exchange and sale of insects; of literary information
and notices of books; and correspondence. In short,
it has proved itself the special organ for the encourage-
ment and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from the
publisher,
A. DOSE,
PUTBUs A, RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 A 2.50
M; 1877 43 M; 187845 M; 1879 6.50 M.
Sg European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
Irp.tIg X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock, Aug.1879. 28 p.t I9 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies. .
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
No. 78 was issued 12 Feb. 1881.
ao”
Poy CHE,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
BOITED BY
GrorGE Diumock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickKMAN Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CuasEe Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.; JosEPH DuNcAN PUTNAM,
Davenport, Towa.
Vol. 3. No. 80.
Dec. 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : : : : : : : . . 146
FURTHER NOTES ON SOME TINEID LARVAE— Vactor Tousey Chambers. : 147-149
REVIEW : : : ; ‘ , , : : : : : : ; 150
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES — Linnean Society of London — Cambridge Entomo-
logical Club 150
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD I5I-154
CORRECTIONS E : : : ‘ : , : : : : : 155
ADVERTISEMENTS : ° ; , : : ; ; : : : é : ride HISLS:
CameripGe, Mass., U.S. A.: PusLisHep By GEorGE Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. }
146
PS hoa.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
ag—- Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed.
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Ee. CET Ss):
FURTHER NOTES ON
BY VACTOR TOUSEY CHAMBERS,
SOME TINEID LARVAE.
COVINGTON, KY.
(Continued from page 137.)
The regular ratio of growth between
the different stages of these minims would
scarcely be believed by one unfamiliar
with such facts; thus the lengths of this
species (NV. pieliaeella) at its several
molts are, as above stated, 0.8, 1.6, and
5.2 mm., and to adopt the language of the
anthropologists, its ‘‘ cranial capacity,”
as indicated by the width of the head at
the widest point, is in the different casts
of the same larva, 0.0825, 0.165, and 0.33
mm.
The mine is a very pretty one ; and sev-
eral of them together give to a leaf a very
singular appearance. The mines fre-
quently cross themselves and each other,
and sometimes almost the entire contents
of a leaf are eaten out.
mine in oak (Quercus) and another in
hickory (Carya). In these however there
is no little blotch at the beginning, the
frass is deposited in a central line in the
first part (corresponding to the first stage
of larval life’), as it also is in the last 12
mm. of the mine, as in this species. This
last character is preparatory to leaving
the mine to pupate, and does not indicate
a molt accomplished, as the other changes
in the character of the mine do; but it
There is a similar
is probable that every change in the mode
of feeding, and if the character of the
mine, and every decided break in the
continuity of the frass made by a larva
in early life, indicates that it has just
compieted a molt. Yet there are many
Nepticula mines in which I have not
only failed to find any molt, but also
have failed to find any indication of one.
Perhaps the enlargement of the mine of
N. fuscotibiaeella two days before it
ceases to feed may indicate that a molt
then takes place, but I have not found
that its does.
The only cocoons that I have seen
were yellowish green and about 2 mm.
long; they were between the side of
the glass breeding jar and the earth in
the bottom of it. Does it pupate under
ground ?
Aspidisca saliciella Cham. The egg
is deposited usually at the side of the
midrib in willow leaves [Salix]; .the
larva makes a mine just wide enough to
hold it, along the midrib, and 2.12 mm.
long ;. here it undergoes its first molt,
being at the time 1.06 mm. long. It then
leaves the midrib and makes a clavate
mine 3.356 mm. long, when it undergoes
148
its second molt, being now 2.12 mm.
long. It then eats out the parenchyma,
making a small irregular roundish blotch
from which it cuts out the little oval
‘ase in which it pupates. Its length
after it has finished feeding is 4.24 mm.
The larva hibernates ; in all of its stages,
except as hereinafter stated, it is pale
yellow with a fuscous spot on the under
surface of each segment except the head
and anal segment, and two hairs (one
of them very small) project from each
side of each of the
The body is cylindrical and depressed ;
feet are represented (7) by sucker-like
dises, and the trophi from its exit from
the egg are of the ordinary form, that is
the spinneret, maxillae and palpi are dis-
tinct, as well as the other organs. Each
molt in the mine occupies twelve hours.
It is only recently that I have been able
to follow its life history, having formerly
supposed that it molted only once. The
width of the head of each cast is, 0.101,
0.202, 0.303 mm. I give these figures
as showing the regularity of the relative
sizes of the same insect at its different
molts. But it will be observed that there
ure two ratios. In Aspidisca and Nepti-
cula the larva in each stage increases its
length by adding the length of the prece-
ding stage, as 1.06, 2.12, 4.24 mm. and
0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mm. ; whilst in Lithocolletis,
Leucanthiza and others the length of the
larva at the end of its first stage is added in
each of its succeeding feeding stages (0,81,
1.62, 2.43, 3.24, 4.05 mm.). In Aspidis-
ca and others what corresponds to the third
molt of Lithocolletis and others seems to
be skipped, and a double length added
at the fourth. In many larvae there is,
however, a fifth molt, which seems to be
same segments.
PSPECHE.
the equivalent of the sixth one in Litho-
colletis, the fifth also being skipped.
The larva undergoes another (its
third) molt in its case, after the case has
been attached for pupation, but previous
to the molt by which the pupa is formed.
If the case is opened, some days after it
has been finally attached, a white silken
cocoon will be found inside, fitting closely
to the body of the pupa, and the cast
skin will be found between the cocoon
and the case. There are therefore four
larval stages. In the last stage the
appearance of the larva differs greatly
from that of the previous stages. It is
now yellow, without maculae, and the
sucker-like spots on the thoracic segments
have disappeared. I have long known
the larva in this condition, but only
recently discovered that it attained it
by a third molt, though the difference
in its appearance suggested as much.
Prof. J. H. Comstock, in his ‘*Report of
the Entomologist of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, for the year 1879,” pl. 2,
fig. 2, b and ¢, gives figures of these last
two (or third and fourth) larval stages.
The mode of progress in the larvae of
Aspidisca is one of the most surprising
in the insect world. As above stated
there are no true feet or prolegs; every
vestige of them has vanished except on
the second and third thoracic segments,
where they are represented (?) by the
little sucker-like dises before mentioned.
But these discs are not suckers. They
are distinct depressions both on the ven-
tral and dorsul surfaces. They do not
exude any glutinous or other secretion
by which the larva gains foothold. The
larvae are thus apparently without any
means of porgress. Yet encumbered by
&
Ps
‘
PSEC. 149
their case, and with the whole body en-
cased except the head and first, and
sometimes the second, segment, they will
climb trees and fences, travel through and
over grass and weeds and irregularities
of ground for distances sometimes of
many metres before they finally attach
their cases. I was long puzzled to know
how they accomplished it, supposing that
it was by means of the discs, by suction or
by exuding from them a glutinous secre-
tion. Experiment and observation have
solved the problem. ‘There is no suction
or secretion ; and the discs have nothing
to do with it; they are not organs of lo-
comotion. ‘The larvae travel solely by
means of their silk. The head and fol-
lowing segment, and sometimes the next,
are protruded from one end of the case
(the larvae sometimes close one end and
open the other), then successive taps are
given with the end of the spinneret to
the surface on which the larva. lies.
and thus a minute byssus is formed, to
which the spinneret adheres ; the body is
then contracted so that the under surface
of the case is brought into contact with
the byssus and apex of the spinneret,
and thus the case is attached. The head
and segments are again extended, and
another byssus is made, and, the body
contracting, the case is again brought up
and attached. Its attachment is only by
a few silken threads each of which is less
than 0.0002 mm. in diameter, and the
fresh silk readily stretches or breaks.
This is the sole mode of progress of the
larva.
I have not followed the changes of
A. splendoriferella or any of the species
other than A. saliciella; but the mines
and larvae of all resemble each other so
much that there is no reason to suppose
there is any difference in their histories
other than such as relates to size, orna-
mentation and food plant.
Antispila. Inthis genus I know the spe-
cies nyssaefoliella, cornifoliella, viticordi-
foliella and ampelopsiella in their last and
In their last
stage all are fat, white, footless larvae ; the
first then having a length of 4.07 mim.
when fully grown, and the last of 3.50
mm.
penultimate larval stages.
In the penultimate stage all have
the ventral maculae on all of the segments,
except the head and the two hindermost
I have never
seen a molt in any of the species, but there
has evidently been a molt between the
two stages above mentioned, and I have
found the cast skin of this molt in the
mines.» From the size of these two
stages, and from the size and form of the
mine, and from analogy with Aspidisca, I
have no doubt that there is an earlier molt
which takes place in the first three above-
mentioned species when the larva is about
1.55 mm. long; and in ampelopsiella
I know
the larvae of A. hydrangeaeella Cham.
and A. isabella Clem. only in their penul-
timate stages. They are very much like
the other larvae. Isabella in size agrees
with viticordifoliella, and hydrangeaeella
is but little larger than ampelopsiella.
The inines of all greatly resemble those
of Aspidisca, but are larger; and like
nearly all Tineid mines known to me they
are at first linear, ending in a blotch which
frequently obliterates more or less of the
linear part of the mine. They no doubt
leave their eggs with mouth parts of the
ordinary form, like Aspidisca and Nep-
ticula.
segments of the abdomen.
when it is about 1.1 mm. long.
150
PeACC EB.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., DEC. 1880.
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REVIEW.
Mocaquerys’ Tératologie entomologique
[PsycHe, Rec., no. 2037] is the record of
abnormal coleoptera most of which belong to
the collection left by the late M. Mocquerys,
of Rouen, France, at his death, 12 Feb. 1879,
to the city of Rouen, for its natural history
museum. The systematic and careful arrange-
ment of this work will commend it to the use
of all coleopterists. Each abnormal spe-
cies is neatly figured, natural upon
the top of a page, and, where the abnor-
mality is in an antenna, or other part too
small for convenient observation, the part
itself is figured enlarged. Beneath the figures
is a brief description of the abnormal part,
followed by a statement of where the speci-
size,
men was found, and in whose collection it is
preserved. The work reflects credit upon the
Société des Amis des Sciences Naturelles,
under whose auspices it was published, and,
upon M. Bourgeois, the secretary of the
society, by whom the work was revised and
put in form for publication, and by whom the
views of M. Mocquerys upon the abnormal-
ities of insects were explained in the intro-
duction. A good work could be done for
American entomology if the numerous abnor-
mal specimens now scattered through Ameri-
can collections of insects were brought
together, figured, and the figures published
with brief descriptions. G: D.
PSPCRE:
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
LINNEAN Society or LONDON.
17 JUNE 1880.—... <A paper was read by
Mr. F. Maule Campbell, **‘On certain Glands
in the Maxillae of Spiders.” These glands,
to which he attributes a secretory ‘function
(probably salivary), are found in Tegenaria
domestica, have apertures on the inner side
of the upper face of each maxilla thence in-
clining towards the mouth. They are ring-
like in figure, with an enclosed disk, and with
tegumentary folds at their outlets. The glands
and apertures increase in number with age,
and the ducts tend to become chitinous.
Glands yarying somewhat in structure, but
evidently similar in kind, exist in species of
linyphitdac, theriditdae, and efecridae.
Mr. F. M. Campbell communicated a second
paper ‘*‘ On the stridulating organs of SZea-
toda guttata and Linyphia terebricola.” A
stridulating organ has already been described
by Prof. Westering and Mason Wood in cer-
tain other spiders; the present observations
demonstrate its existence in both sexes, and
the essentials of the structure are now given
in detail. ... A paper by Sir John Lubbock,
Bart., M. P., was read, namely, ‘* Observa-
“tions on Ants, Bees, and Wasps, with a de-
scription of a new species of Honey Ant.
In this, his seventh contribution on this sub-
ject, Sir John related his fresh experiments
on their powers of communication. — From
F. Murie in Zool. Anzetger, 23 Aug. 1880, p.
431-432.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMCLOGICAL CLUB.
8 Oct. 1880. Dr. H. A. Hagen read a let-
ter lately received from a lady residing in the
suburbs of Boston, in regard to a new and
very annoying household pest, the exact na-
ture of which it had not been possible yet to
determine, as no specimens had been submit-
ted to competent inspection nor could any at
this time be obtained; but the most extreme
exertions, including the frequent scalding or
baking of nearly every article in the house,
numerous complete removals of all the furni-
ture from room to room, and the burning of
over twenty five kilograms of sulphur in a
single summer, had failed to mitigate the
attacks of the pest, during its period.
PSTCHL.
[2008-2019] 151
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given tn brackets [], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omisstons are solicited.
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Discovery of the infertile winged form of the grape
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for a long time.” BE aM. | \(2027))
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des of the galls of the pistachio to the roots
of grasses. (Annals and mag. nat. hist.,
Feb: 1879, s»5; Vv. 2, p- 1742)
‘““The emigrants (second larval form) which quit
the gall, fly to the grasses and there produce apterous
young which are the budders (third_larval form).”
R. HH. (2031)
Lichtenstein, Jules. Observations critiques
sur les pucerons des ormeaux et les puce-
rons du térébinthe. (Feuille des jeunes
naturalistes, Aug. 1880, p. 124-126.)
Corrections to the author’s ‘Les pucerons des or-
meaux...’’ (/. c., Nov. 1879, p. 6-9; Dec. 1879, p. 22-24)
[PsycHE, Rec., no. 1615] and to his ** Les pucerons du
térébinthe,”’ (7. c., May 1880, p. 85-88; June 1880, p.
97-99) [PsycHe, Rec., no. 2027]. Gives a corrected
synopsis of the galls found on u/mus. G: D. (2032)
Lichtenstein, Jules, see ASSOCIATION frangaise pour
lavancement des sciences — Congrés de Mont-
pellier, Section de zoologie. {Abstract ot proceedings ]
[PsycHeE, Rec., no. 1488}.
Light of the glow-worm (The). (Frank
Leslie’s popular mo., May 1880, v. 9, p.
639, 2 cm.) '
Conditions under which the light of /ampyridae is
produced. G: DD. 1073)
Lyman, H: Herbert. List of diurnal lepi-
doptera taken in the vicinity of Portland,
Maine. (Can. entom., Jan. 1880, v. 12, p.
7-9-)
Enumerates and gives notes on 46 species.
G: D. (2034)
Mann, B: Pickman. Zoological subjects
partly classified by the Dewey system.
(Lib. journ., May 1880, v. 5, p. 143-144,
61 cm.)
A decimal classification of zoological subjects for the
use of libraries in arranging their books. ‘‘The di-
vision has been carried, generally, only as far as the
needs of an entomologist require, but a division of cer-
tain botanical subjects has been carried one step farther,
since the relations of the subjects seemed to permit this
to be done.” G: D. (2035)
PS TCI.
Marott, J. Pincitore. Emigrations et appa-
ritions de certains lépidopteres; notes de
mon agenda entomologique. (Feuille des
jeunes naturalistes, July 1880, p. 115-117.)
Discussion of relative abundance and migrations of
different lepidoptera about Palermo, Italy, and of accom-
panying peculiarities of the species. G: D. (2036)
Mocquerys, S. axdJ. Bourgeois. Tératologie
entomologique. Recueil de coléopteres
anormaux, par feu 7.5. Mocquerys. Réim-
primé par les soins de la Société des amis des
sciences naturelles de Rouen, avec intro-
duction par AZ. J. Bourgeois. Rouen, 18S8o.
ip aCOVeL LO -Id2- 2) pill. 23> 145
T5A8.3- Qh 50 6
Rev., by G: Dimmock. (Psyche, Dec.
1880 [May 1881], v. 3, p. 150.)
Introduction [16 p.] in which the writer seeks to give,
as far as possible, from memory of conversations with
Mocquerys, the ideas of the latter upon abnormal forms
of coleoptera, revi-wing the causes and torms of gen-
eral and special monstrosities. “The monstrosities, most
of which arefrom Mocquerys’ collection, are each fig-
ured and described, being classified as follows: 19°
Monstrosities by excess; 23 in the antennae, 4 in the
palpi and mandibles, 3 (one a hybrid) in the elytra, 15 in
the femora or tibiae, 10 in the tarsi or feet, g with extra
gibbosities: 22 Monstrosities by deficient number of
parts (9 examples) : 3° Monstrosities without apparent
causes (28 exampie-): 4° Incomplete development (11
examples). G: D. (2037)
Mogegridge, J. Treherne. Observations on
some orchids of the south of France.
(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Nov. 1864, v. 8, -
p- 256-258. )
Describes the pollination of several species by the
aid of insects. W: T. (2038)
Molin, Rafael. Das Leben und die rationelle.
Zucht der Honigbiene. Mit 31 Holzschnit-
ten. Wien, W. Braumiiller, 1880. t.-p.
COVED, 16-202 p., 246 05,1b, 01 X07. irs.
General work on honey bees; their anatomy, care,
diseases, enemies, etc. G: D. (2039)
Morris, G. K. A new harvesting ant.
(Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14, p. 669-670.)
Some habits of a- variety of phefdole pennsylvanica
as observed in New Jersey. G: D. (2040)
Moseley, H. N. Further notes on the plants
of Kerguelen, with some remarks on the
imsects) Journ.) Linm-isec., /Bot., 4 Feb.
1875, V- 15, P- 53-54-)
Records the capture of ‘two apterous flies, one as
large as a housefly, the other almost as big as a blowfly,
an apterous gnat (cz/er) and a winged gnat, a small
apterous (or rather very short-winged) moth, two or
_three beetles (curculio and staphylinidae), and three or
four spiders (saltict and a trombidium).”
Wes E® (2047)
Miiller, Fritz. Nectar-secreting glands.
[Communicated by T: Belt.] (Nature,
14 June 1877, v. 16, p. 122, 20 cm.)
Shows the protective value of the nectar glands of
pterts aquilina in Brazil. State that ants stroke nectar
glands with their antennae as they do aphides, etc.
W: T. (2042)
[2036—2049] 153
Miiller, Fritz. On flowers and insects, &c.
[Communicated by C: Darwin.] (Nature,
29 Nov. 1877, v. 17, p. 78-79, 40 cm.)
Describes the fertilization of several flowers by in-
sects. States that the difference in neuration between
the sexes of certain butterflies is connected with, if not
caused by the development in the males of clusters of
odoriferous scales. W: T. (2043)
Miller, Fritz. Nectar-secreting glands.
[Communicated by Francis Darwin. ]
(Nature, 7 June 1877, v. 16, p. 100-101,
27 cm.)
Shows that in Brazil extrafloral nectar glands of
pterts and other plants are visited by ants which pro-
tect the plants from the ravages of leaf-cutting ants.
W:; T. (2044)
Miller, Hermann. Die Befruchtung der
Blumen durch Insekten und die gegenseit-
igen Anpassungen Beider. Ein Beitrag
zur Erkenntniss des ursachlichen Zusam-
menhanges in der organischen Natur. Mit
52 Abbildungen in Holzschnitt. Leipzig,
W. Engelmann, 1873. t.-p. cover, 8-+ 478
=f Dase 2275 pXlOm t LO.5 12. lea pom ao:
Rev. by A. W. Bennett, entitled, ‘‘ The fer-
tilization of flowers by insects....” (Acad-
emy, 15 Aug. 1873, v. 4, no. 78, p. 307-309,
59cm.) (Amer. nat., Nov. 1873, v- 7, p-
680-683. )
Introduction, containing the history of the subject;
insects which visit flowers and their adaptation to the
flowers; flowers visited by insects and their adaptation
to the insects, in order of families and species of plants ;
general review of the subject, its bearing on the theory
of selection; peculiarities of flowers which cause insects
to visit them; catalog of insects and of plants, serving
as index. G: D. (2045)
Murray, A. S. Stephani on the antiquities
of Mycenae. (Academy, 3 July 1880, p.
14-15.)
A discussion of the place of the butterfly (Psyche) in
Greek art, based upon Stephani’s paper in the Compte-
rendu de la Commision impériale archéoligique [de St.
Petersbourg] pour l’année 1877. G: D. (2046)
Neumoegen, Berthold. Description of a new
genus and species of zygaenidae. (Can.
entom., April 1880, v. 12, p. 67-69.)
Describes edwardsta brillians from Texas.
G: D. (2047)
Newall, R. S. Carnivorous wasps. (Nature,
25 Mar. 1880, v. 21, p. 494.)
Carnivorous habits and ingenuity of wasps.
F. M. W. (2048)
Noel, Paul. Chasses diverses aux coléopteres.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, May 1880,
an. 10, p. 93.)
Abstract. (Psyche, July [12 Oct.] 1880,
Winds P9557) Cll.)
Easy way to collect carabidae, aad another to collect
scarabaerdae and staphylinidae which frequent dung.
G: D. (2049)
154 [2050—2068]
Noel, Paul. Destruction des guépiers. (Feu-
ille des jeunes naturalistes, Oct. 1880, an.
IO, p. 162.)
Uses a burning mixture of potassic chlorate [K Cl
Og] and sulphur [S] to destroy nests of vespa.
7 G: D. (2050)
Nostrand, P. Elbert. Capture of a fine ab-
erration of chrysophanus americanus. (Bull.
Brooklyn ent. soc., May 1879, v. 2, p. 8.)
The underside of the right hind wing is marked by
red dashes running from base to exterior margin.
Ei iGl oss | (2050)
Olney, E. W. Curious facts concerning ants.
(St. Nicholas, May 1880, v. 7, p. 554-560.
249 cm., 5 il.)
Popular account of some of the most interesting
habits of ants. G: D. (2052)
Origin and survival of the types of flowers
(The). (Amer. nat:, July 1880, v. 14, p.
‘517-)
A few notes on the modifying influences which insects
have exerted on plants. G; D. (2053)
P.,G.S. How to kill him. (New England
homestead, 4 Sept. 1880, . . . Ig cm.)
Recommends carbolized paper for preventing ravages
of anthrenus scrophulariae. G: D. (2054)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jv. Case of
protective mimicry in a moth. (Amer.
nat., Aug. 1880, v. 14, p. 600.)
Mimicry of poltstes fuscus by trochilium polistifor-
mis. G:; D. (2055)
Pea weevils. (‘“‘N. Y. herald, ....”) (Florida
agriculturist [DeLand, Fla.], 16 Feb. 1881,
nO. 144, v. 3, no. 40, p. 316, col. 3, 11 cm.)
Enclosing peas or beans in a tight vessel containing
an open bottle of turpentine, and occasionally exposing
the vessel to the heat of the sun, kills the eggs deposite
in the seeds. B: P.M. (2056)
Petroleum for scale insect. (*‘ Pacific rural
press,” , (Florida agriculturist [De-
Land, Fla.], 16 Feb. 1881, no. 144, v. 3, no.
AO; Dp. 318, Col. 4, 22,cm-):.
Successful use of crude petroleum in killing bark-
lice. BP. MM: (2057)
Philadelphia silk school (The). (‘‘ Phila-
delphia ledger. ...”) (Journ. applied sci.,
Oct. 1880, v. II, p. 155-156, 29 cm.)
Establishment of a school, by the Women’s silk cc -
ture association, in which to learn how to rear silk-
worms and reel silk. G: D. (2058)
Popenoe, Edwin Alonzo. A new insect foe.
(The industrialist [Manhattan, Kans. ],
29 May 1850, v. 5, suppl., no. 59, p- [2],
col. 3-4, 35 cm.)
Description of aramigus tessellatus, which devours
leaves of sweet potatoes (/fomoea), but is found mostly
on a species of psoralea; its habits are those of a.
Sulleri. B: PIM, (2059)
PST CHE.
Popenoe, Edwin Alonzo. The web worm.
Notes upon its habits, and description of
its transformations. (2nd quart. rept. Kan-
sas state board agric. for 1880, [20 July]
1880, p. 99-103.)
Description of larva, pupa and imago, habits and
ravages of eurycreon rantalis; its food plants; checks
upon its increase. B: P.M. (2060)
Preisausschreiben. (Entom. Nachrichten,
I July 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 147.)
Announcement of prizes for papers upon injurious
insects offered by Miss E. A. Ormerod, through the
Entomological Society of London. G: ‘3D. (206r)
Prentiss, Albert N. Destruction of obnox-
ious insects by means of fungoid growths.
(Amer. nat., Aug. 1880, v. 14, p- 575-581;
Sept. 1880, v. 14, p. 630-635.)
In a series of experiments the author finds ‘that
yeast cannot be regarded as a reliable remedy against
such insects as commonly affect plants cultivated in
green-houses, rooms and parlors.” Compare H. A.
Hagen’s ‘* Obnoxious pests...’ [PsycHeE, Rec., no.
1650. | G: D. (2062)
R,M: H:. Kerosene vs. lice. ((@oumtgy
Set teary ee (Florida agriculturist [De-
Land, Fla.], 16 Feb. 1881, no. 144, v. 3, no.
40, p- 318, Col. 4-5, 13 cm.)
Successful use of kerosene in killing or preventing
lice on fowls. B: P.M. (2063)
Rogers, R. Vashon. Entomology for begin-
ners. Clytus. (Can. entom., Aug. 1880,
v. 12, p. 148-152, fig. 21.)
Figures c. spectosus; habits and description of c.
speciosus, c. pictus and c. robiniue. G: D. (2064)
Royal geographical society. (Colonies and
India, 27 Nov. 1880, p. 11-12, 51 cm.)
Contains notes upon the disappearance of the tsetse-
fly [gZossina morsitans] before the advance of civiliza-
tion in Africa. G; D. (2065)
Ryder, J: A. Holman’s new compressorium
and moist chamber. (Amer. nat., Sept.
1880, v. 14, p. 691-693.)
Use of this compressorium for studying the larva of
corethra plumicoxnts. G: D, (2066)
Ryder, wi: A:
young fishes.
14, p- 675-676. )
The author says, ‘‘there seems to me to be little
doubt that the prime element in the production of phos- -
phorescence in the animal world in general, is some
kind of sudden molecular disturbance or impulse, dis-
turbing the equilibrium of the molecules of the living
protoplasm involved, so as to produce a kind of motion
which makes itself apparent as momentary emissions
of light. 1 have no doubt that the phenomenon in
Lampyris or the fire-fly, is connected with expiration
and inspiration.” ... G: D. (2067)
Torrey, Bradford. Second flight of dragon-
flies. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1880, v. 14, p. 594.)
Records flight of dragon-flies in Melrose [Mass.].
G: D. (2068)
Phosphorescence of very
(Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v.
The passages
follows : —
Y ciel i Gi Woe
CORRECTIONS.
indicated should read as
p- col. Ie
65 1 8... genus, which...
65 2 —9 caciella, but
66 1 b rolled into cones
88 1 —8 ... where the transforma-
tions of the larvae could...
go 3% 2.20 SHOWN IM io 4 and...
123 2 4... hairs pointing ..
123 2 do... segment 2,subquadrate,
123 2 —#s horns and spurs...
124 1 2. . the spurs along’ ....
124 1 11... now four spurs, the
124 1 —13 body stouter in...
124 1 —1 side below horns...
124 2 —12 ... underside paler;...
125 1 ee and one on). :;.
a25. 1 6... antertor edge of...
125 2 G. the four stripes...
125 2 8 with four paler stripes.
126 2 5 go, some died, and
126 2 9 ... with separated yellow tu-
126 2. 20 are all longer, ...
or 1 2... is a little round
7.1 5 ... on middle of dor-
p. col l
8 1 —1s5 ... der Insekten’ .. .
10 2 2 Abstract, entitled, ““A new
oil-producing insect.”...
I0 2 —31 ... 1879, p. 12, 4cm.)
Il 2 —I3 Acanthocinus nodosus,...
13 Insert REVIEWS . . . I9
2Y\°2 I Jn Goad lel DER. Sehe
21 2 —16 Turner. Hi: Ward... .
Soe te eile. eNLOM. elec .u. ...
25 —g ..- Annual Address .
46 I Bee MSOs Ver4 Les D 3255) «0
AGw Ted): Tt (Feuille des...
47 I —25 ... and Prerotus LeC.
47 I —2 ABRASSIN OIL...
47 1 —16... V. I, p. 765.
56 1 —23 Dezso, Béla. Ueber...
Bet, 20 . bd. 36, abth. 2,-p. 273-
mM
nn
OOO Msrsrs Hn
Ny # © WwW CO OO AI
2
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cs)
116 2
129 I
129 I
129 1
129 2
130 2
LY |
—12, —11, —5 and fthyridia .
. known.”
—
er
aT
15) DeGars7O. ial
. nomina entomologorum...
(Feuille des...
Smith, Mss Emily Adella.
. Doria, Beccari, et...
Nnalictes:-a
Muller, Fritz. ...
9-15 + p-, ---
.. (La emula-
. Miin-
the Entomological
17 Feb. 1680,
among a number...
GArchitva tare =
[ Zrochilium denudatum de-
umer, El: Wards. .-
Ve 225 Din 2p. B2-34—)
.. collecting szl/phidae, ela-
5 JaXjoyer) | agsislore aac
RGE., NOL 1942)|).\5)-
. a work of such
[Bed bugs ...
fHorvath, Géza. ...
SB vant, (p10; COl..2,, 31cm, )
(Feuille
. (Diptera) [PsycHE, Rec., no. 1458].
. Dipteren” [PsycuE, Rec., no. 1452].
. Yucatan [PsycuE, Rec., no. 1479].
. French [Psycue, Rec., no. 1593].
. de Académie...
entitled,...
-. 373-374) [PsycHE,...
. on /iriodendron ...
Defence of ...
SmituH, Mss Emily Adella.
optera injurious ...
. name, the others...
. to remain over...
. mylitta (= antheraea...
.. melipotis stygialis, ...
. favorable opportunities
no. 1785].
.. | cussion of... |
with a view...
Mentions...
24-31 Aug. 1880. ...
E:S. Holden, .
who died during year; ...
.- Rec., no. 1926].
nana andiwarieties, Phthoroblastis .
130 2 —2 strike out those being the ones
139 1
15
Beider...’” [PsycueE, Rec., no. 2045].
156
PSTCHE.
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MANN’ S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phznogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. ed ed.
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CONTENTS:
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Address: EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
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IP SY CREB.
ON THE NUMBER OF MOLTS
OF BUTTERFLIES,
WITH SOME
HISTORY OF THE MOTH CALLOSAMIA PROMETHEA.
BY WILLIAM H: EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
WuEn I first began to study the history
of the lepidoptera, it was difficult to learn
from any quarter how many molts lepi-
dopterous larvae underwent. No one to
whom I could apply could tell with any
assurance of certainty what was the num-
ber of molts among the butterflies, and
authors either disagreed or were silent
on the subject. Burmeister (Lond. ed.,
1836, page 431) says: ‘* The caterpillars
of the butterflies molt, according to Kirby
and Spence, frequently; but thrice, ac-
cording to Cuvier. The caterpillars of
the noctuae, on the contrary, molt four
times,”’ ete.
Boisduval (Spec. Gen., v. 1, p. 46)
says: ‘* These molts are more or less
numerous according to the family; the
rhopalocera passing ordinarily three and
four; the greater part of the heterocera
four, except some clothed species, which
pass from seven to eight.”
Kirby and Spence (Introd. to Ent.,
Lond. ed., 1856, p. 36) speak of ‘‘ but-
terfly caterpillars throwing off three or
more successive skins.”
Westwood (Brit. Butt.,v.1,p.6) says:
‘ They cast their skins several times.”
Harris (Ins. injur. veg., ed. 1862, p.
259) says: ‘* Caterpillars usually change
their skins about four times,” referring to
caterpillars generally.
So it will appear that, twenty years
‘ago, no definite information was to be
had on the subject. It was the custom
when larvae were described, if any men-
tion of stages earlier than the last, or
mature, was made, to say, ‘** young lar-
va,” ‘‘half grown,” etc., with no ref-
erence to the number of molts.
During these years, and indeed since
1870, I have bred from the egg many
species of butterflies, as Papiios 6, viz.,
ajax, philenor, asterias, troilus, turnus,.
cresphontes ; Prrris 3, protodice, oleracea,
rapae; Cortas 2, eurytheme, philodice ;
Terris 1, nicippe; Danats 1, archippus ;
Areynnis 7, diana, idalia, cybele, aphro-
dite, egleis, myrina, bellona; Evuprorr-
TA 1, claudia; Me.irara 1, phaeton;
Puyciopves 3, harristi, nycteis, tharos;
Grapta 3, interrogationis, comma, prog-
ne; VANESSA 1, antiopa; PyYRamets 2,
atalanta, huntera; Limenitis 2, arthe-
mis, disippus ; APATURA 2, celtis, clyton ;
Neonympua 4, eurytris, sosybius, gemma,
canthus; Desis 1, portlandia; Satyrus
1, alope; LipytrnHea 1, dachmanni;
160
CurysopHANus 1, americana; LYCAENA
2, pseudargiolus, comyntas; PAMPHILA
4, hobomok, huron, verna, cernes; Ku-
pamus, 38, _ bathyllus, tityrus ;
Puowisora 1, catullus: 53 species, all
but one or two to imago, and these
through the larval stages to chrysalis.
Several others’ I have received in either
first or second larval stages from cor-
respondents, and have carried the larvae
to imago, as Papimio 1, palamedes ;
CaLuipryas 1, eubule; HeEticonra 1,
charitonia; AGRAULIS 1, vanillae; Err-
sta 1, tewana; Limenttis 1, eros; APAT-
urRA 2, alicia, flora: making 8 species.
Besides this, Messrs. Couper, Baron,
Mead, and other correspondents have
bred other species, of which I have had
reports, as Papilio brevicauda and mach-
aon (the latter determined at my special
request by Dr. Aug. Weismann and Mr.
Wm. Buckler) Pieris beckeri and sisym-
bri, Anthocharis stella, Danais berenice,
Melitaea rubicunda and chalcedon, Grap-
ta satyrus, Pamphila ethlius, 10 species,
thus making 71 species whose complete
larval history has been observed. It is
difficult to follow the stages of the Hes-
perians, as the larvae conceal themselves
in cases of leaves, but so far as I have
been able to do so, the molts in each case
have been four. In Hudamus lycidas and
Pholisora catullus I made sure of this
the past season. About Callidryas eu-
bule I am in doubt, that is, whether there
are three or four molts. The early sta-
ges so much resemble each other in this
species and pass so rapidly, that I could
not be sure at which stage I received the
larvae from Georgia. Mr. Baron report-
ed three molts to both Pieris beckeri and
lycidas,
PSTVCHE.
P. sisymbri, and gave dates of their oc-
currence. There certainly were three
only to Neonympha gemma, verified by
me in several broods. But in all other
cases there have been four, except when
the larvae hibernated, and then an addi-
tional molt occurred. There seems to
be a necessity with the hibernators of
getting rid of the rigid skin in which the
larva has passed the winter; that is, if
the hibernation has taken place during
the middle stages, as it does in Apaturu
and Limenitis. In these cases very little
food is taken between the molt which
precedes hibernation and the one which
follows it, and the larva while in lethar-
gy is actually smaller than before the
next previous molt. The skin shrinks,
and has to be cast off before the
awakened larva can grow. These spe-
cies (observed), whose larvae molt five
times in the winter brood, require
but four molts during the summer.
In the case of Limenitis disippus the
stages up to the third molt are identical
in the winter and summer broods, but
the stage following the third in summer is
equivalent to the two stages after the third
in winter, and the stage after the fourth
of the one comes to be identical with the
stage after the fifth of the other. Many
larvae go into lethargy immediately after
exclusion from the egg, as the large Ar-
gynnids, and probably all the Satyrids of
the alope group.* The former pass five
molts, but probably only four in summer.
* T have now hibernating young larvae of
Satyrus silvestris, eggs of which species were
received from Mr. Baron and hatched here
at Coalburgh. They look like.and behave
exactly as alofe.
PC Es, 161
At any rate the small Argynnids, as
myrina and bellona, pass but four in sum-
mer. Satyrus alope passes but four,
although the only brood of the year is
that of winter. In both these genera, the
larvae eat nothing before lethargy, except
their own egg shell, but feed for several
days after awaking and before a molt
comes on.
The genera above mentioned, on which
observations have been made, embrace a
large proportion of those which belong
to the North American butterfly fauna,
and we may infer that butterflies of the
other genera, at least those which inhabit
temperate regions, will as a rule be found
to behave likewise, and that the regular
number of molts is four, except in cases
of hibernation, three being a very rare
exception.
In the Entomologists’ Monthly Mag-
azine for July 1880, Mr. Wm. Buckler,
who has had very great experience in
breeding lepidopterous larvae, contrib-
utes a paper entitled: ‘+ Is the number of
moults of lepidopterous larvae constant in
the same species?” and begins thus: ‘‘ I
have been impressed lately with the uncer-
tainty that seems to exist as to the number
of times lepidopterous larvae moult in
course of their growth, and have been
considering whence this uncertainty
springs.... Or is it quite certain, as
many think, that the number of moults
varies in the same species’... I know
that the number of moults certainly
varies in different species. I have myself
made sure that six is the number for
some and nine for others, as in the case
Nola centonalis.... Any one who has
made notes.on which he can depend
about the growth of any species he has
reared, would I think do good service by
publishing them,” etc.
What I have said before will in some
respects answer Mr. Buckler’s query,
so far as concerns North American but-
terflies at least. I have no doubt the
several species are constant in the num-
ber of their molts, the exceptional cases
being as I have stated.
But whether the same can be said of
all species of heterocera I am not compe-
tent to say. Certain observations made
on Callosamia promethea would seem to
indicate that there may be variability.
I happened last spring to have a co-
coon of this silk-worm moth, which I had
brought in from a tulip tree, and as a
female came from it, it occurred to
me to see how many molts its larvae
might have. I have long given up breed-
ing or collecting heterocera (though for
several years I bred sphinges and bomby-
cidae largely) , the North American Diurn-
als giving me more work than I can
properly attend to; but I had some
curiosity to satisfy in this particular
case. I tied the subject to a tree, and
during the night it was impregnated, and
next day, 19 April, it laid many eggs.
The hatching began 1 May. ‘The first
molt took place 7 May; second molt,
11 May; third molt, 15 May. On 22
May, or 7 days after third molt, the first
larva was shut up in its cocoon. I was
much surprised at this, as I had expected
four molts, and I searched the books to
see what had been said about this
species. (To be continued on p. 171.)
162
PSY SEs.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JAN. 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ coptes
should be addressed to Epirors oF PsyCHE, Cam
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PsyYcHE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
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Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
12 Nov. 1880.— 71st meeting. The fol-
lowing persons were elected to membership:
W : Barnes, of Decatur, Ill.; J: A. Ryder, of
Philadelphia, Pa.; S: Wendell Williston, of
New Haven, Conn.; Mss Emily Adella
Smith, of Peoria, Ill.; Gustay Thommen, of
Lowell, Mass. ... Dr. E: L. Mark exhibited
some drawings which he had made, illustra-
tive of the external anatomy of the head and
thorax of a larva allied to Lzthocolletis, which
he had found mining in the leaves of Acer.
The special point of interest to which Dr.
Mark called attention in connection with
these drawings was the indication of the ex-
istence of organs performing the function of
prop-legs, on the back of the thoracic rings.
Dr. Mark was not aware that such organs had
been noticed in lepidopterous larvae. He re-
ferred to the discovery of abdominal legs in
the embryos of Aydrophilus, Mantissa and
Campodea, by different observers. . . . Notice
was taken of the death of Jacob Boll, of Dal-
las, Texas. Mr. W: Trelease said he
had taken individuals of the genus Apathus
on flowers of 7igridia, engaged in supply-
ing themselves with food. Mr. S: Henshaw
PS PCIE,
said he also had taken a few of these bees
on flowers. ... Mr. Roland Hayward ex-
hibited a specimen of Calosoma wilcoxit,
taken at Nantucket, Mass. Mr. S: Henshaw
said that he had recorded about half a
dozen captures of this species in) eastern
Massachusetts. . . . Mr. W: Barnes said he
had captured several specimens of Anthocharis
olympia and of Terias nicippe in Central Il-
linois. This region is the meeting place of
the southern and northern faunae. The limits
of the faunae come within fifty kilometres of
each other, and are not indicated by any
geographical feature. Mr. Barnes*said he
had found Pafgilio cresphontes feeding on the
hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata). ... Mr. W:
Trelease said he had found Harfalus caligi-
nosus feeding on the ripening seeds of the
rag-weed (Ambrosia artemisiaefolia). Mr.
Roland Hayward said he had found HZ. penn-
sylvanicus, H. compar and H. faunus on the
same plant. Mr. E: P. Austin said he had
found several species of carabidae feeding on
plants, some of them eating the leaves. .. .
Mr. W: Trelease said that the young leaves of
poplar trees (Populus) had nectar glands on
the petioles, to which he had found ants and
parasitic hymenoptera attracted for the sake
of feeding on the nectar. In a grove of
Japanese persimmon trees (Dzosfyros) in the
grounds of the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, the leaves had been distorted by
a homopterous insect which produced honey-
dew upon them, and he had seen numerous
honey-bees visiting these leaves to obtain the
honey-dew. He had also seen humming bees
(Bombus) feeding on carrion. He had found
Vespa maculata cutting holes 3 mm. in diam-
eter in the flowers of ?zbes cynosbati ; he had
also found ants cutting holes in a similar
manner in these flowers, and perforating the
corolla of Salvia splendens near the mouth of
the calyx. Prof. J: H: Comstock had found
a fungus (‘‘ Scorzus spongiosus”) growing on
the honey-dew produced by woolly plant-lice
[Zriosoma?]|. Fungus had also been found
on the honey-dew produced by cocctdae on
the orange tree (Cztrus).
PSTCHL:
[2069-2079] 163
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and soctetics are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [|], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name, as: A: Augustus; B:
Benjamin; C: Charles; D: David; E: Edward; F: Frederic; G:
George; Hi: Henry; TI:
Isaac; F: Fohn; K: Karl; L: Louis; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P:~Peter; R:
Richard; S: Samuel; T: Thomas; W: William.
or note, are those of the recorder.
The tnitials at the end of each record,
Corrections of errors and notices of omisstons are solicited.
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B: P.M. (2069)
American association for the advance-
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nat., Oct. 1877, v. 11, p. 636-639. )
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3 entomological titles. B; P.M. (2072)
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Mo., 21-28 Aug. 1878.] (Amer. nat., 1878,
Ww. 12, Oct., p. 706; Nov., p: 769.)
Notes of meeting, with list of some papers read in
section B, including none on entomology.
B; P.M. (2073)
American association for the advance-
ment of science. 28th meeting, Saratoga
[N. Y.], Aug. 27 to Sept. 2, 1879. (Amer.
nat., Oct. 1879, v. 13, p. 664-665.)
Contains a list of papers read in section B, including
about 6 entomological titles. R. Th. (2074)
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Contains a list of papers read in section B, including
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Account and figure of a cerambycid larva, perhaps
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Reply, by Boiteau, entitled ‘‘ Réponse a
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(Comptes rendus, 15 Dec. 1879, v. 89, p.
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164 [2080—2094]
Barber, Mrs. M. E. On the fertilization and
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(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 15 Apr. 1869, v-
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Describes and figures the actions of a wy/ocopa when
visiting the flowers of this African plant.
W: T. (2080)
Batelli, Dr.—. On the anatomy of erzstal7s
tenax. (Annals and mag. nat. hist., Jan.
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The external tube of the tail is regarded as a modi-
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Behr, H. The phylloxera and its foes.
(Pacific rural press [San Francisco], 31
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Lecture delivered at the July meeting of the State
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B: P. M. (2082)
Boiteau, Sur la présence, dans les
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superficielles du sol.” (Comptes rendus,
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Notice. (Rev. scientifique, 22 Nov. 1879,
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Boiteau, ——. Réponse a M. Balbiani, au
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Bourgeois, J., see MocquErys, S.and J. BOURGEOIS,
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Bowles, G: J:, see ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ON-
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Bridge-building ant (A). (‘‘ Leisure hour.”)
(Colonies and India, 11 Dec. 1880, p. 14,
9g cm.)
How the driver-ants [axomma arcens
cross streams.
of Africa,
2D. \(2085)
Bridgman, J: B. Bees and flowers. Nature,
6 Dee, 1877, v. 17. p- 102; 6 cm.)
States that andrena hattorfiana is found only on the
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several species of flowers on a single visit.
W: T. (2086)
PSYCHE. a
Brongniart, C: azd Max Cornu. Epidémie
causée sur des dipteres du genre syrphus
parunchampignonextomophthora. (Comp-
tes rendus, 9 Feb. 1880, v. 90, p. 249.)
The note, with above title, sent to the Académie des
sciences, and referred to their Commission on the phyl-
loxera, is not printed in the Comptes rendus, but the
remarks of the Permanent Secretary [Jean Baptiste
Dumas] in regard to the application of fungi to the
destruction of insects are printed (/. c. p. 249-251).
Quotes an abstract of H. A. Hagen’s ‘ Destruction of
obnoxious insects” [Rec., 1660] given in a communi-
cation by H. Donckier de Donceel to the Bull. soc. en-
tom. Belg. G: D. (2087)
Canker worms. (Springfield [ Mass. ] sunday
telegram, 9 Nov. 1873, ... 15 cm.)
Mode of protecting trees with printers’ ink, Ex-
tracted from Mass. ploughman. G: (2088)
Cornu, Max, see BRONGNIART, C: and Max Cornu,
Epidémie causée sur des diptéres ... [Rec., 2087].
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(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 1 June 1876, v. 15,
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especially myrmica; also elater and another beetle.
W: T. (2090)
Decaux, . Destruction des acarus. (Feu-
ille des jeunes naturalistes, March 1880, an.
10, p. 66-67.)
Uses carbon disulphide [C S2] to kill acarus.
G: D. (2091)
Destroying grain weevils.
1 Aug. 1879, v. I, p. 304.)
‘‘ Riley recommends the use of bisulphide of carbon
[C S2].” S: H. (2092)
(Science news,
Entomological society of Ontario—Mozr-
real branch. 7th annual report of the coun-
cil. (Can. entom,, Aug. 1880, v. 12, p. 146-
147.)
Report rendered by G: J : Bowles, president, and G:
H. Bowles, secretary. List of papers read and of
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Erhaltung (Die) der fliichtigen Farben der
Libellen. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 July
1880, jahrg. 6, p. 145.)
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PSTCHE.
Ernst, A. La enfermedad del malojo en las
vegas del Guaire. (La opinion nacional
[Cardcas, Venezuela], 20 Apr. 1880, afio 13,
no. 3262, p. 2-3, 65 cm.)
Green corn fodder crops in the plains (vegas) of La
Guayra attacked by an insect, here described, named
provisionally mirts matdts or chinche del matz, which
sucks the leaves and kills the plants. B: P. Ml. (2095)
Ernst, A. La epizootia de las moscas. (La
opinion nacional [Cardcas, Venezuela],
15 July 1880, afio 13, no. 3331, p. [1], col.
4-5; 55 cm.)
Destruction of flies by empusa muscae; description
of the parasite. B: P. M. (2096)
Fernald, C: H: Oviposition in the ¢ortre-
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Separate, [Phil., 1881], p. 63-65, 23X15,
t 18X 10.2.
Description of eggs and larvae, habits and oviposi-
tion of tortrix fumtferana, which is very destructive to
leaves of abres balsamea. B: P.M. (2097)
[Fitch (Asa), The entomological collection
of.] (Amer. naturalist, March 1880, v. 14,
p- 228-2269.) ’
Enumeration of the contents of this collection, com-
prising 106 boxes arranged, 125000 duplicates, 148 note
books, and other material. B: P.M. (2008)
Forbes, Stephen Alfred. The food of the
darters. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14, p.
697-703.)
Food of the etheostomatinae, Tabulation of the pro-
portion of food which different groups of animals fur-
nish to these fishes, which devour, among other insects,
corixa, palingenia, ephemeridae, larvae of phryganidae
and of chironomus, and pupae of agrionina and of
chironomus. G: D. (2099)
[Geffcken, Woldemar?] List of lepido-
ptera from the Nelson and Churchill rivers
and the west coast of Hudson’s bay. (Rept.
of progress geol. sury. Can., 1878-1879, p.
63c-64c. Montreal, 1880. 8°.)
Nominal list of 25 butterflies and 4 moths.
i293. 2IO0)
Godman, F. Du Cane anvd Osbert Salvin.
Descriptions of new species of rhopalocera
from Central and South America. (An-
nals and mag. nat. hist., Sep. 1878, s. 5,
Walz, p-) 25/7-1)
Describes callithomia panamensis, tthomta aesion, t.
Jucunda, t. caedia,t. rhene and tithorea pinthias from
Panama; phyctodes poltis from Mexico; ph. fulgora,
ye sosts, ph. casstopea and adelpha sophax from Costa
ica; together with many South American species.
R. H. (2101)
\]
Hagen, Hermann August. [Bibliotheca en-
tomologica. | (Harvard register, April
1880, v. I, p. 85, col. 2, 3 cm.)
Notice that Dr. Hagen leaves the continuation of this
work to younger hands. G: D. (2102)
[2095—2109] 165
Hance, H: F. On the silkworm oaks of
northern China. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot.,
7 May 1868, v. 10, p. 482-492.)
Considers the rearing of ‘*mountain silk’? worms,
and the plants which furnish their food,
W: T. (2103)
Houlbert,_—. Phosphorescence d’une scolo-
pendre. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes,
Nov. 1879, p. 14.)
Phosphoresence of a French species of scolopendra.
G: D. (2104)
Humbert, Alois, see ScuppER, S: Hubbard, Les pre-
miers types d’insectes ... [Rec., 2122].
Joly, Emile, see Jory, Nicolas and Emile Jory,
Etudes sur le prétendu crustacé ... (Rec., 2107].
Joly, Emile. Note sur le prétendu crustacé
dont Latreille a fait le genre Jrosopzstoma.
(Mém. soc. nation. des sci. nat. de Cher-
bourg, 1872, v. 16, Ss. 2, v. 6, p. 329-336.)
Considers prosopistoma an ephemerid. _
S: H. (2105)
Joly, Emile. Sur un nouvel cas de jefine
prolongé chez le prosopistoma punctifrons.
(Annal. soc. entom. France, ,v. 8, trim. 2,
Bull., p. 59-60.) Zool. Anz. (2106)
Joly, Nicolas azd Emile Joly. Etudes sur
le prétendu crustacé au sujet duquel Latre-
ille a créé le genre Jrosopistoma et qui n’est
autre chose qu’un véritable insecte hexa-
pode. (Ann. des sci. nat., 1872, s. 5, v. 16,
p- 1-16, pl. 13.)
General remarks; external structure, insect charac-
teristics, habits; résumé and conclusions; figures an-
atomy. S: Hf. (2107)
Kansas state board of agriculture, Tofeka,
Kans. Quarterly report for the quarter
ending June 30, 1880. [2d quarterly report
for 1860.]\..).J. K. Hudson, secretary.2...
Topeka, [20 July] 1880, _ t.-p. cover-++-119
p- 23X15.
ee een 22-37, 40-56, detached statements of the
prevalence of insects upon the various crops throughout
the state, and recommending to cut out borers from fruit
trees as the only means against them; recommends
hand picking of rose chafers [macrodactylus], p. 613
chinch bugs [d/7ssus leucopterus| injure sorghum cane;
contains also the following article :—
PoPENOE, E. A. The web worm... . [Rec., 2060].
B: P.M. (2108)
Lintner, Joseph Albert, see APPOINTMENT of state en-
tomologist .. . [Rec., 2076].
[Lintner, Joseph Albert, appointed state en-
tomologist of New York.] (Psyche, June
[13 Aug. ] 1880, v. 3, p- 83.) (Amer. nat.,
Sep. 1880, v. 14, p. 696.)
Announcement and commendation.
B: P. M. (2109)
166 [2110—2124]
Lintner, Joseph Albert. The clover-seed fly,
a new insect pest. (Amer. nat., March 1879,
V. 13, p. 190.)
Brief account of and reference to description of larva
of cectdomyia trifolii n. sp., which destroys seeds of
trifolium pratense. G: D. (2110)
Meldola, Raphael. Butterflies with dissim-
ilar sexes. (Nature, 24 April 1879, v- 19,
p- 586-588, 62 cm.)
An extended review of S: H. Scudder’s ‘ Antigeny,
or sexual dimorphism in butterflies’ (Proc. Amer.
acad. arts and sci., 1877, v. 12, p. 150-158) ee ad )
Sea, AC2TES
Mouillefert, Sur les résultats fournis
par le traitement des vignes phylloxérées
au moyen du sulfocarbonate de potasse
[K2S2 CS] et sur le mode d’emploie de cet
agent. (Comptes rendus, 10 Nov. 1879, v-
8g: p- 774-766. ) G: D. (2112)
Miiller, Hermann. J. E. Taylor iiber Blu-
men, ihren Ursprung, ihre Gestalten, Ge-
riiche und Farben. (Kosmos [Leipzig],
May 1879, bd. 5, p. 149-157, 289 cm.)
Reviews E. Taylor’s ‘‘ Flowers, their origin,
shapes, perfumes and colours;’’ compares it with C:
Darwin’s ‘‘ On the various contrivances by which british
and foreign orchids are fertilized by insects’? and with
J: Lubbock’s ‘On british wild flowers considered in
relation to insects.” Discusses the geological age of
G: D. [2113)
insects and flowers.
Olivier, A. [Boite a insectes.] (Feuille des
jeunes naturalistes, Oct. 1880, an. Io, p.
162.)
A new sort of box for collections of insects; no
description given. G: D. (2114)
Papilio cresphontes in New England.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1877, v.
cm.)
Crit. rev.,, by “Qe Le. Bean, entitled
‘‘Northern occurrences of fapilio cres-
phontes.” (Can. entom., Feb. 1878, v. 10,
P- 35-36.)
Capture of the only specimen ever recorded from
New England. [The review shows no nearer localities
than W. Va., Ill. and Ontario. ] B: P.M. (2115)
If, p. 688, 3
Poisonous caterpillar (A). (New remedies,
Aug. 1879, v. 8, p. 256, 6 cm.)
Extract from a paper by E.D. Jones in Yourn. roy.
micros. soc., June 1879, with note by editor of New
remedies. G: D. (2116)
Riley, C: Valentine. The ailanthus silk-
worm, attacus (samia) cynthia. (Science
news, 15 Oct. 1879, v. 1, p- 377-383.)
Natural history, description ; comparison with s.
ricint; introduction into various countries ; adaptability
to our climate; difficulties in reeling the silk; relative
value of native and introduced silk-worms.
S: Hf. (2117)
PSYCHE.
Riley, C: Valentine. [Habits of the cotton-
worm moth.] (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v-
135) p-)720:)
Believes that alet‘a argillacea passes the winter in
the imago state only. B: P.M. (2118)
Ryder, J: A. An account of a new genus
mea (RCC 3 DOCS |
Abstract. (Nature, 27 Nov. 1879, v. 21,
Pp: 93, 6 cm.) F. M. W. (2119)
Schaupp, Frank G: Synoptic table of the
genus omophron Latr. (Bull. Brooklyn
entom. soc., May 1878, [v. 1]. p- [5]-)
Chiefly extracted from p. 71-750f G: H: Horn’s
‘Contributions to the coleopterology of the United
States” (Trans. Amer. entom. soc., June 1879, v. 3,
p- 69-97). £. G: S. (2120)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Antigeny, or sexual
dimorphism in butterflies. (Proc. Amer.
acad. arts and sci., 1877, v. 12, p. 150-158.)
Separate, with t.-p., [Bost., 10 May]
1877, p. 150-158, 24X15, t 16.5 X9g.7.
Notice. (Amer. journ. sci. and arts,
Sep. 1877, s. 3, v- 14, p- 244-245.)
Abstract. (Annals and mag. nat. hist.,
MED A1S7S,Sahav- Lepeeose)
Rev. by R. Meldola, entitled, ‘‘ Butter-
flies with dissimilar sexes.” (Nature, 24
April 1879, v. 19, p. 586-588, 62 cm.)
Colorational and structural differences between or in
the sexes of various butterflies enumerated and classi-
fied; females more commonly aberrant than males;
existence of androconia in males opposes the theory of
sexual selection. B: P.M. (2121)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Les premiers types
d’insectes; origine et ordre de succession
des insectes dans la période paléozoique.
(Archiv. des sci. phys. et nat. Geneve, 15
April 1880. p. 353-371. 8°.)
Translation [by Alois Humbert] of S: H. Scudder’s
‘‘The early types of insects...’ (Mem. Bost. soc.
nat. hist., March 1879, v. 3, p- 13-21) [Rec., 1789].
The bibliographical notes, together with note 1 on Up 16
and note 2 on p. 19 of the original paper are omitte
S: H. S. (2122)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. The early types of
insects... [Rec., 1789].
Fr. transl., by Alois Humbert, entitled
‘*Les premiers types d’insectes; origine et
ordre de succession des insectes dans la
période paléozoique. (Archiv. des sci.
phys. et nat. Genéve, 15 April 1880. p.
353-371. 8°.) , St GSS (ara)
Stefanelli, Pietro. 2nda miemoria intorno
alla conservazione delle libellule a colori
fugaci. (Bull. soc. entom. ital., 1879, an.
II, p. 29-36, pl. 6.)
Abstract, entitled ‘‘Die Erhaltung der
fliichtigen Farben der Libellen.” (Entom.
Nachrichten, 1 July 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 145.)
Directions for preserving living colors of /ibelZuli-
dae, by rapid drying of fresh specimens.
B: P.M. (2124)
PSI CHE. 167
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Dr. Durrieux, of the Belgian expedition
engaged in explorations in Africa, sent home
an entomological collection in the spring of
\
1879.
Mr. S. E. Cassino intends publishing a
Directory containing the names, addresses,
departments of study, etc., of the naturalists
of the world.
DuRING THE last year a very convenient
‘“*Manual of the New Zealand coleoptera,”
prepared by Thomas Brown, and containing
672 pages, was published in Wellington, N.Z.
AccoRDING TO Gehe, in his Friihjahrsbe-
richt for 1879, cantharidin is made chiefly
from Chinese beetles, and is becoming con-
siderably cheaper, in consequence of this new
source.
JosEPH DuNCAN PuTNaM, for several years
previously the Corresponding Secretary of
the Davenport (lowa) academy of sciences,
was elected President of the Academy for the
ensuing year, 5 Jan. 1881.
AT THE election of officers held by the
Cambridge Entomological Club, 14 Jan. 1881,
the following persons were chosen : — Presz-
dent, E: Laurens Mark; Secretary, Treas-
urer, and Editor of PsycHE, B: Pickman
Mann; Librarian, Clifford Chase Eaton;
Executive Committee, S: Hubbard Scudder,
E: Payson Austin, E: Burgess.
HERBERT H. Smitru, author of ‘Brazil;
the Amazons and the Coast,” is to conduct
another South American expedition. The
route embraces some of the unexplored trib-
utaries of the Amazons and the great table-
lands of western Brazil and Bolivia. In his
former explorations Mr. Smith made large
collections of insects; some of his results of
a day’s collection of beetles are of interest, as
on 17 Dec. he took 394. specimens of 275 species
in about eight hours, on 29 Jan. 471 specimens
of 268 species. In the East Indies, Wallace
considered 40 to 60 species a good day’s col-
lecting, and gives 95 as the largest number
ever taken.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 19 Follen
St., at 7.45 p.m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
r2iNove) 5 fei dajorer 6S
TOVDEC ne ra Mayans
14 Jan. 1881. TO june) =>
iin [velop Ue
B: PicKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following :—
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov.‘ 22a.
Pips ID Lee3 6 Pz) JeXjoney - ak
26 Jan. 81. 25uMay ‘*
B: PrckMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following : —
8 Oct., 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
121Novas 7° Shayorne | LG
TOM DC Cane na-May |. °
14 Jan. 1881 LoONjune) =
mit TMD} oG eG
James H. Ripines, fecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following : —
13 Dec. 188o. 13 June, 1881.
James H. Ripinos, Pec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following : —
7 Sept. 1880. 4 Jan. 1881.
KeOct a pebeb.. ic
ZEN OV) oe 1 Mar. ‘‘
Pele Castine Beare”
G: H. Bow.es, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.— Life-histories of Scle-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilzs. See PSYCHE, V. 3, P- 59-
PSITCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’ S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phzenogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpaid), M 6.50 = $1.62,
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of Berlin,
says of this magazine : —
‘‘TItis a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices; of practical directions for collecting, ob-
serving, and preparing specimens; of proposals for
exchange and sale of insects; of literary information
and notices of books; and correspondence. In short,
it has proved itself the special organ for the encourage-
ment and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from the
publisher,
A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50
M; 187743 M; 187845 M; 1879 46.50 M.
5 European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
tio Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
IIp.tI9 X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t I9
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t 19 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
No. 80 was issued 13 May 1881.
fey Tih
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
2 OGLE DT
GeEorGE Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHASE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JosEPpH Duncan Putnam, Davenport, Iowa: FRANCIS
HUuNTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLAND Haywarp, S: HENSHAW, A. ROBIN, FRANK G:
SCHAUPP, S: HUBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER, W: TRELEASBE,
H: Warp TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 82.
FEBRUARY, IS881.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : : : : : : : : = )ik7o
ON THE NUMBER OF Nair OF BUTTERFLIES, WITH SOME HISTORY OF THE
Motu CALLOSAMIA PROMETHEA— IW: H: Edwards : F - 171-174
EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO CHRYSALIDS OF LIMENITIS DISIPPUS — W: Zs
Edwards . : : : : : é - : : : : : ce LL 4:
Revi—ew— Records of Necrology . ; : q ; : = PRLS,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD—Necrology for oe ahd 1880 . : : : 176-178
ENTOMOLoGICAL IrEms — Advertisement — Society Meetings —Prize Besays : FS
ADVERTISEMENTS ; : : ; : : s : : : 3 3 : 2 i180
CamBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PusiisHep By GrorGE Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. ]
170 PSG.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
B&- Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed.
Sample copies, postpaid, . . . . . . Iocents.
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One volume (three years), postpaid, . . . $3.
Yearly, printed on one side of thin paper (for
pasting the titles of the bibliographical record
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One volume, printed on one side of fan p paper,
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One volume Giepllier) ind one volume on one
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Twenty-five extra copies without Giiase of
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Author’s extras over twenty-five in number,
under above-mentioned conditions, each, 2¢.
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ga Screntific publications destred in exchange.
ADVERTISING RATES, ETC.
TERMS CASH—STRICTLY IN ADVANCE.
Je&= Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
will be allowed in PSYCHE, and the advertising pages
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editors reserve the right to reject advertisements.
Subscribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects for
exchange or desired for study, ot for cash, free, at
the discretion of the editors.
Regular style of advertisements plain, at the fol-
lowing rates : —
Outside Inside
Page. Pages
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Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR
SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no, 00-3;
39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per tooo: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth-
ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts
on hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only
in packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam-
ples, 6 cts.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22X14 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 27X12 mm., 45 cts. per Iooo. A set of 100
generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above
blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies,
complete to 1876, $1.00.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra,
B: PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States.
He is especially interested in those made by Lepzdo-
, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Corres-
pondence in reference to Gall growths, or other
vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
17oc Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D.C.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, cater-
pillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Dried
specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars,
which should be prepared by inflation. Correspon-
dence is invited with persons engaged in the study
of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
BACK NUMEROS OF PSYCHE.
Copies of the following numeros of PSYCHE will
be sold separately. Price: 2 copies for 15 cts.; 4
copies for 20 cts. Nos. 2, 4, 5, 8, I2, 14, 20, 21, 25,
26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39-40, 47-48, 51-52, 55-56, 60,
61-62 (no plate), 64, 65-68. Any two of the above’
will be exchanged for any one of the following: Nos,
I, 6, 9, 10, 16, 18, 28, 41-42, 43-44, 49-50, 53-54, 58, 63.
No. 32 (index to vol. 1), 30 cts.
[/udex to Vol. 2 not yet published.]
Address: EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
2
on
| Se Mel OM oe 28 soe
BUTTERFLIES, WITH SOME
MOTH CALLOSAMIA PROMETHEA.
COALBURGH, W. VA.
(Continued from Page 167.)
ON THE NUMBER OF MOLTS OF
HISTORY OF THE
BY WILLIAM H: EDWARDS,
Mr. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y. (En-
tom. Contributions, III, p. 129), speaks
of four molts, though he does not say he
saw the fourth. He speaks of first,
second and third, and adds, ‘‘ the sub-
sequent moulting was not noticed,” evi-
dently considering that a fourth should
take place, and probably he was aware
that it had done so from the difference in
markings between the larval stages.
Mr. Lintner states that the eggs were
laid 17 June, and hatched in 19 days, 6
July. The second molt was passed 20
July; third molt 1 Aug. On 9 Aug.,
‘*some of the colony commenced the
construction of their cocoons, 52 days
from oviposition and 33 days from the
disclosure of the larvae.”
The larvae at. Coalburgh, passing but
three molts, had therefore but four sta-
ges. Stages 1 and 2 were essentially
alike, the coloration being yellow with
black stripes across the segments. At |
the second molt a radical change in col-
oration took place, and this stage, the
third, and the following (or last) were
in this respect essentially alike. The
color was now, at second molt, whitish
with a green tint; the black stripes had
entirely disappeared and on each of seg-
ments 3 and 4 (head being segment 1)
were two dorsal appendages much larger
than other dorsals, cylindrical, high,
light yellow, with concolored spurs around
the rounded summit, and a black ring at
base ; on segment 11 was a single similar
process on the medio-dorsal line. As
the larva approaches the third molt, and
about 24 hours before the same, the four
anterior processes gradually change color,
turning first ochraceous, then dull orange,
and so continue to the molt.
After the third molt, or at the fourth
and last stage, these processes have
changed, all having lost their crowns of
spurs, and become oval topped ; those on
segments 3 and 4 are red, and look like
sealing wax, but the one in segment 11
retains its yellow color.
It will be seen therefore that (apart
from several other differences which I
might have specified) the jirst two stages
are black striped but the last two have no
stripes, and of these last two, the first
has five yellow, crowned knobs or proces-
ses on dorsum, while in the last stage
the knobs have lost their crowns, and four
of them are red, one yellow. So that
172
it is easy to distinguish apart the third
and fourth stages, and indeed it is not
possible to mistake one for the other.
I had bred these larvae in glasses and
watched them several times every day.
The moment I noticed a swelling on the
second segment, which always precedes
and advertises a molt in lepidopterous
larvae, I separated the swollen larva
and followed it carefully. I also pre-
served the casts of the face at each molt,
and examples of the larvae in alcohol
both at the beginning and end of each
stage.
I looked further at Prof. Riley’s de-
scription of the same moth (Fourth
Missouri Report, p. 121). Mr. Riley
gives four molts for this species, and
says: ‘¢ The first stage is yellow, with
two transverse dark hands” (to each body
segment). ‘*In the second stage there
is no essential change.” etc. So far
Prof. Riley and I agree in all points.
He goes on: ‘‘In the third stage the
transverse stripes are more conspicuous.”
Here we part, and this stage did not dis-
cover itself in my observations. ‘‘In
the fourth stage (or after the third molt)
... the body is still paler ... the trans-
verse stripes are broader,” etc. This stage
also is in addition to any observed by me.
Inthe fifth stage (or after the fourth molt)
the appearance is totally changed, the
body is of the most delicate bluish-white
... the four dorsals on segments 2 and
3” (my 3 and 4) ‘‘are at first yellow,
with a black basal annulation, but they
soon become red, that of joint 11” (my
12) ‘‘remains yellow,” ete. Nothing is
said of the crowns of spines on the dor-
PS TCE,
sal processes, which I found a conspic-
uous feature at the stage after the second
molt, or of a molt intervening between
the processes being yellow and _ their
being red (for the change in the processes
which precedes the last molt is not to red,
but to ochraceous and then orange and
no further). It is evident then thateMr.
Riley’s fifth stage is equal to my third and
fourth together, and that his third and
fourth stages did not appear at all in my
larvae. Certainly the larvae at Albany
behave differently from those in Missouri,
and both differ materially from those at
Coalburgh. It has occurred to me that
Prof. Riley’s observations might have
been made on larvae of C. angulifera, a
form which he says he regards as a va-
riety of C. promethea, but which I for-
merly bred, and then had no doubt of
its distinctness from promethea. The
periods of my brood of larvae were
thus :-—
Eggs laid 19 April.
Eggs hatched 1 May. Time 11 days.
Larva, Ist molt 7 May. °% 76;
Se eDnegiee< Vi agieg aL
ee Brady *! 15 ae tn
In cocoon 22 May. aii
Three ¢ ¢@ moths issued
Time 25 days.
a month later.
Whole larval period 22 days.
From egg to imago, 58 days.
After correspondence with Mr. Lintner
on the discrepancy of our observations,
in which he thought I must have missed
a molt, I bred a second lot of larvae
from eggs laid by a female which emerged
from the first lot of cocoons, on 20 June.
16 June.
Others at intervals for
Yl Rs Aa
I found it paired in the box, and it laid
162 eggs, 21 June.
Eggs laid 21 June.
Eges hatched 1 July. Time 10 days.
Larva, ist molt4 July. “ 3 *
art acai: (2S: 9 mess eet rons
oe 3rd oe 13 ee we 4 ee
In cocoon LS 4 hig dat
First moths issued 12 Aug.
days.
Whole larval period, 18 days.
From egg to imago, 52 days.
The behavior of the pupae of this brood
was in this way. On 12 Aug., 2 ¢
emerged. As I desired to keep exam-
ples of the moth of each brood for com-
parison, I killed these, expecting to see
plenty more. On 13 Aug. 392 emerged ;
on 14, 19 ; on 15, 29-; on 16, 1 9’; on
17,1 2 ; and no more of either sex ap-
peared. So I lost the opportunity of
mating any females in the boxes. I tied
all these 9 9 out at night and kept them
out several nights, bringing them to the
house during daylight, until all of them
were broken up, but in no case did a male
visit them. That means that at this pe-
riod no wild males were flying in the
vicinity. Had I kept the males which
issued 12 Aug., another brood would
have been raised, making the third in
succession. As it was, the females tied
out laid many unimpregnated eggs on
the trees to which I confined them. An-
other 9 emerging from the first lot of
cocoons on 16 July gave me another
opportunity of verifying my observations.
Eggs laid 17 July.
Eges hatched 27 July. Time 10 days.
Larva, lstmolt,1 Aug. ‘“ 4 *
Time 25
173
Larva, 2nd molt, 6 Aug. Time 5 days.
1 i we oe 5 ee
In cocoon Wie} OS | faery
Whole larval period 22 days.
No moths issued from this lot, but all
About two-
thirds of the cocoous from the eggs laid
21 June gave imagos, and about one-
third are wintering. But both these last
broods, as I have said before, came from
+. 3rd as
the cocoons are wintering.
the first lot of cocoons.
I was careful at all points in these two
broods, the more so as my attention had
been directed to the different results be-
tween my observations and others re-
corded. The rapidity of the changes in
both broods, caused by the hot weather,
no doubt, will be noticed, in one brood
but 3 to 5 days intervening between any
of the molts, in the other from 4 to 5.
In the last stage of the second brood
the time was 7 (from third molt to
cocoon). In this last brood it happened
that I painted red a part of the last seg-
ment of every larva just after the third
molt. ‘These red marks were not lost,
but stuck to the larvae till they disap-
peared in their cocoons. Ido not remem-
ber ever reading of this device for
identifying larvae, but with light colored
and smooth-skinned ones, it answers
admirably.
So I am thoroughly satisfied that C-.
promethea, at Coalburgh, passes but
three molts, and it becomes very proba-
ble that this species at least varies in
the number of molts with the latitude
or locality. At Albany, N.Y., I suppose
there is but one annual brood. Mr.
Lintner found the period from the laying
174
of eggs to cocoons, mostly in midsum-
mer, to be 52 days. At Coalburgh, the
broods ran from 33 days in’ April
and May to 28 June and
July. The larval period only at Albany
was 33 days, at Coalburgh 22 and 18
days in
days. Perhaps in attaining to a double
or triple annual generation, the species
has come to have its larval stages dimin-
ished by one, and in W. Va. molts three
times while at Albany it molts four times.
Mr. Trouvelot (Amer. Nat., v.1,p.37)
has the
allied silk-worm moth Telea polyphemus,
recorded his observations on
PSTCRE.
and says; ** The polyphemus worm, like
all other silk worms, changes its skin five
times during its larval life.”
In the Entomologist, London, 1879,
v. 12, p. 26 et seq., Mr. P. H. Goase
details at great length the larval history
of Attacus atlas from farther Asia, bred
by him from eggs obtained from the fe-
male which had emerged from cocoon in
Europe. He describes in full five molts.
The oniy other large moth whose lar-
val stages I have carefully watched is
Dryocampa imperialis, which has four
molts only.
EFFECT OF COLD- APPLIED TO CHRYSALIDS OF LIMENITIS
DISTPPUS:.
BY WILLIAM H: EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
I succEEDED in bringing two larvae
through the last winter. No. 1 pupated
at 3 p.m., 22 April. At 9P.M., same
day, I placed the chrysalis in an ice box,
where it remained till 9 p. m., 6 May, 14
days. No. 2 pupated at 7 Pp. M., 27
April, and at 7 a. M., next day, the
chrysalis was put on ice and remained till
7 a.M., 7 May, 10 days. ‘Temperature,
40° F. [4° C.]. (In 1880, I subjected two
chrysalids of this species to a tempera-
ture of 32° F. [0° C.], and killed both.)
On 13 May, two butterflies emerged :
from No. 1, a ¢; the other 9. Both
are alike in color above and below;
above dark, resembling southern Danais
archippus. In the g, the black mesial
band on hind wings is wider than usual,
though I have one example, bred at
Coalburgh, like it; but in the female, this
band is extraordinary, nearly three times
as wide as usual, measuring 2.5 mm. at
the cell. Beneath, in both, the whole
hind wing.is very light, a fawn-color,
with no fulvous tint, quite unlike any
Coalburgh or western or southern ex-
ample, though resembling Catskill exam-
ples, except that these have a tint of
fulvous.
As appears, the change is most decided
in the female, though this was exposed
when 12 hours old and for 10 days
ovly, against 14 days in the male, at 6
hours old.
I had hoped to see the butterflies
much melanized, and so approaching
Limenitis proserpina, from which it has
been conjectured disippus is derived.
But nothing has occurred in support of
that view.
PSE CHE: 175
PS Ye ELE:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JAN. 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
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the statements made in their own communications.
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advertising columns.
REVIEW.
Dr. HERMANN MULLER’s Alpenblumen
[PsycueE, Rec., no. 2175] is the most recent
contribution to our knowledge of the mutual
relations between flowers and insects, by an
author whose studies of the fertilization of
flowers include the habits of the insects by
which this is effected.
After the publication of his work on the
pollination of flowers, in 1873, Dr. Miiller
turned his attention to the plants growing at
a considerable elevation above the sea-level,
a field which his earlier studies had shown
him to be deserving of special attention. The
book before us shows that he has been no less
thorough in this than in his earlier work.
Following the descriptions of the floral con-
trivances —if we may use this word in the
sense accorded it by modern teleology — of
over 400 species of plants, are systematic
lists of the insects found upon each, including
the frequency and object of their visits, and,
in the case of lepidoptera and hymenoptera,
the length of their proboscides or tongues.
About one fourth of the volume is devoted to
a consideration of the more interesting topics
suggested by the facts observed, the entomo-
logical bearings of the questions receiving
their full share of attention. The relative
frequency of insects belonging to the different
orders is discussed at length while the writer
is considering flowers with wholly accessible,
partly concealed, and deep-lying nectar, and
the results are tabulated for convenient in-
spection. Flowers of the first sort have a
mixed set of visitors, those with little-elon-
gated mouth parts precominating; as the
nectar becomes more and more inaccessible
to these, the proportion of long-tongued
species increases gradually, till, where it is
deep-seated, bees and lepidoptera include by
far the greater number of the insects which
gather it, and large numbers of flowers of
characteristic form and coloration are wholly
or in great part dependent upon each of these
orders for their pollination. The author finds
that under favorable conditions the number
of insect-visits to flowers which may be ob-
served within a given time in alpine regions
is even larger than at lower altitudes, this
being dependent upon the consolidation of
vegetation into dense masses of bloom, and
the necessity for improving every favorable
moment which the frequent mists and cold
winds of high altitudes impose upon flower-
frequenting insects. As the distance above
the sea increases, the relative abundance of
coleoptera and hymenoptera about flowers
falls off, while the proportion of diptera and
lepidoptera largely increases. A valuable
feature of the work is a systematic list of the
insects observed, the name of each species
being followed by a list of the flowers which
it frequents, and the degree of their adapta-
tion from general to special insect groups.
Although it is to be considered as a contri-
bution to botany rather than to entomology,
Dr. Muller’s ‘‘Alpenblumen” should make a
welcome addition to the library of the ento-
mologist who believes that biological studies
have their value as well as those which are
purely morphological.— W7rlliam Trelease.
RECORDS OF NECROLOGY.
Undoubtedly the names of many entomol-
ogists who died in the years 1879 and 1880
have still escaped record in our pages, as
well as many notices of the persons whose
names are given here. We will welcome
gladly any contribution to the record from
our friends or from friends of the deceased.
ee Ae
176 [2125—2140]
PSTCHE:
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
ADDITIONAL TO REC., 1501-1518,
Atkin, T: [Biog. notice.] (Entomologist,
Jan. 1880, v. 13, p- 24.)
Mr. Atkin, b. 5 May 1813, at Stapleford, Eng., d.
8 Nov. 1879, at Nottingham, Eng. Bs, eee, (2135)
Berce, Jean Etienne. [Biog. notices.] (Zool.
Anzeiger, 22 March 1880, jahrg 3, p- 144.)
(Psyche, May [July] 1880, v. 3, p. 71.)
(Entomologist, May 1880, v. 13, p. I1g-
120.) (Entom. m. mag., March 188o, v.
16, p. 236.)
Mr. B., lepidopterist, was b. in 1802; d.
1879, in Paris. Gard:
AND 1555.
29 Dec.
(2126)
Boisduval, Jean Baptiste
chauffoir. |Biog. notices.] (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 22 March 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 144.)
(Psyche, May [July] 1880, v. 3, p. 71.)
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 July 18So, jahig.
6, p. 150.) Entomologist, May 1880, v. 13,
p- I1g.) Entom. m. mag., March 1880, v.
16, p. 235-236.)
‘““GIRARD, Maurice. Notice nécrologique
sur le docteur Boisduval. Paris, 1880. 8°.
Alphonse Deé-
6 p. Extr. du Journ. centr. d’horticult.. 3
sér., t. 2.” [According to Zool. Anzeiger,
29 Nov. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 573-]
Dr. Boisduval, lepidopterist, was b. in 1799, in Tiche-
ville, Normandy, France; d. 30 Dec. 1879, 1n Paris,
France. Gs.D.. (2127)
Si ie)
Chapman, T: [Biog. notice.] (Entomolo-
gist, Dec. 1879, v. 12, p. 299-300. )
[ See Rec., 1502. | G:; D. (2128)
Chenu, Jean C: [Biog. note.] Zool. Anzeig-
er, 22 March 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 144.)
[See Rec., 1505.] G: D. (2129)
Cooper, James. [Biog. notice.] (Entomol-
ogist, Nov. 1879, v. 12, p. 280.)
Ge Ds) (275360)
Fitch, Asa.’ [Biog. notices.] (Amer. en-
tom., May 1880, v. 3; p. 121-123.)
[ See Rec. 1507 and 1995. ] GoD.(2131)
Fritsch, Carl. [Biog. notices.] (Zool. An-
zeiger, 8 March 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 120.)
(Psyche, May [July] 1880, v. 3, p. 71.)
(Aus allen Welttheilen, April 1880, jahrg.
Il, p- 213.)
B.16 Aug. 1812, in Prague, Bohemia; d. 26 Dec.
1879, in Salzburg, Austria. At the time of his death
Dr. Fritsch was Vice-director (emeritus) of the Central-
Anstalt fiir Meteorologie und Erdmagnetismus in
Vienna. He has written upen insect- phaenology.
Gi:Ds (ar)
“Goureau, Claude C: [Biog. sketch, by Henri
Miot, entitled ‘* Notice nécrologique sur le
colonel Goureau.”] (Annal. Soc. entom.
France, 1879, s. 5, V- 9, p- 389-400.)”
Co]. Goureau, entomological writer, was b. 5 April
1790, in Pisy, Yonne, France; d. 6 Feb. 1879, in Paris,
France. GD.» (aig)
Greening, Noah. [Biog. notices.] (Ento-
mologist, Dec. 1879, v. 12, p. 300.) (En-
tom. m. mag., Dec. 1879, v. 16, by 167.)
G: D. (2134)
Haag, Georg. [Biog. sketch, by G. Kraatz.
entitled ** Necrolog.”] (Deutsche entom.
Zeitschr., May 1880, jahrg. 24, p. 231-235.)
[Biog. sketch, by C. A. Dohrn, entitled
‘“‘Necrolog.”] (Entom. Zeitung ... zu
Stettin, Jan.-Mar. 1880, jahrg. 41, p. T1I-
113.)
| Biog. note.] (Entomologist, May 1880,
Vi. 12s pail2Or)
[ See Rec., 1555. ] Grid:
[Biog. notice. ]
1880, v. 13, p- 118—
5 April 1880, jahrg.
(2135)
Kirchner, Leopold Anton.
(Entomologist, May
11g.) Zool. Anzeiger,
3, p- 168.)
| Biog. sketch, by R. Stein, entitled ‘‘Nek-
rolog.”| (Entom. Nachrichten, 15 March
1880, jahrg. 6, p. 60-61.)
Dr. Kirchner, a practising physician in Kaplitz,
Bohemia, and author of papers on hymenoptera, d. in
Kaplitz, 29 Dec. 1879. G: D. (2136)
Loew, Hermann. [Biog. sketch, by F.
Kowarz, entitled ‘‘Professor Dr. Hermann
Loew.”] (Sitzungsber. d. k.-k. zool.—
bot. Gesells. Wien, Nov. 1879, bd. 29, p.
45-47-)
[Biog. sketch (by Ernst Krause). ]
(Deutsche entom. Zeitsch., 1879, jahrg. 23,
Pp. 419-423.)
[ See Rec., 1510. ] G: DD. (iz)
Plieninger, Theodor Wilhelm Heinrich
[Biog. notice.] (Zool. Jahresbericht f.
1879. p- 5-)
Entomological writer; professor in Stiittgart, Wiir-
temberg; secretary of the agricultural society in Wiir-
temburg. B.17 Nov. 1795; “d. 26 April 1879.
G: D. (2538)
Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig.
[Biog. notice.]]} (Amer. journ. sci. and
arts, Jan. 1880, v. 19, p. 77-)
[ See Rec., 1514. ] G: D. (2139)
Rondani, Camillo. [Biog. notice. ] (Entom-
ologist, May 1880, v. 13, p. 120.)
[ See Rec., 1515.] G: D. (2140)
PSTCHE.
Saunders, W: Wilson. [Biog. notice. |
(Zool. Anzeiger, 3 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 2, p.
576.) (Entomologist, Nov. 1879, v. 12, p.
278-280. )
[ See Rec., 1516. ] G: D. (2141)
Smith, F: [Biog. note.] (Amer. nat., Sept.
1879, Vv. 13, p- 600.)
[ See Rec., 1517. ] G: D. (2142)
NECROLOGY FOR 1880.
Boll, Jacob. [Biog. notices.] (Naturae nov-
itates, Dec. 1880, no. 23, p. 196.) (Amer.
nat., Jan. 1881, v. 15, p. 84-85.) (Entom.
May tmee., eb. Son.) Vv. 17, p. 213-214.)
(Entom. Nachrichten, 15 Feb. 1881, jahrg.
4, p- 68.) (Mitth. d. schweiz. entom.
Gesells., bd: G3.p: =)
Mr. Boll, entomologist especially interested in micro-
lepidoptera, was b. 29 May 1828 in the canton of Aar-
gau, Switzerland; d. 29 Sept. 1880, in Western Texas.
| See also Rec., 1926-1927. | Gas (2r43))
Buckland, Francis Trevelyan. [Biog. no-
tices.] Colonies and India, 25 Dec. 1880,
pt, 16 cm.) (Amer. nat.; Feb. 13631, Vv.
15, p- 175-) (Journ. applied sci., Feb. 1881,
WetesN p22 5) Clow) (Zool. Anzeiger, 7
March 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 120.)
Mr. Buckland, usually known as Frank Buckland,
a popular writer on natural history, and a fish-culturist,
was b. 17 Dec. 1836; d. 19 Dec. 1880, in London, Eng-
land. G: (2144)
Castelnau, Francois. [Biog. notices.] (Natu-
rae novitates, April 1880, no. 7, p. 62.)
(Zool. Anzeiger, 5 April 1880, jahrg. 3, p.
168.) (Amer. nat., July 1880, v. 14, p.
548-549: )
Count Castelnau, entomologist and ichthyologist,
French consul in Melbourne, Australia; d. in Mel-
bourne, 4 Feb. 1880. G: D. (2145)
Cooke, Caleb. [Biog. notices.] (Amer. nat.,
Aug. 1880, v. 14, p. 614.) (Psyche, Aug.
[4 Nov. ] 1880, v. 3, p. 107.) (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 18 Oct. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 528.)
Mr. Cooke, a collector in various departments of
zoology, especially of entomology, was b. Feb. 1838; d.
5 June 1880, in Salem, Mass. G: D. (2146)
Cox, H: Ramsay. [Biog. note.] (Zool.
, Anzeiger, 18 Oct. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 528.)
(Entomologist, Oct. 1880, v. 13. p. 248.)
Mr. Cox, an entomologist, 36 years old, d. 3 Sept.
1880, in Forest Hill, England. GE De * (2147)
Grube, Adolph Eduard. [Biog. notices. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 5 July 1880, jahrg. 3, p.
336.)
**ZappAcH, G. Adolph Eduard Grube.
Gediachtnisrede. K6nigsberg [1880]. 8°.
[32 p-]” (According to Zool. Anzeiger,
24 Jan. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 25. ]
Dr. Grube, professor of zoology in Breslau (former-
ly in K6nigsberg and in Dorpat), author of entomolog-
ical papers, was b. 18 May 1812, in Kénigsberg, Prussia;
d. 23 June 1880, in Breslau, Prussia. G: D. (2148)
[2141-2155 ei fh
Guénée, Achille. [Biog. notices.] (Entom.
Nachrichten, 15 Feb. 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 68.)
(Amer. nat., March 1881, v. 15, p. 261.)
(Zool. Anzeiger, 7 March 1881, jahrg. 4,
p- 120.)
[Biog. notice, by E: A. Fitch, entitled
‘* Obituary of Achille Guenée.” (Entomol-
ogist, Feb. 1881, v. 14, p. 48.)
[Biog. notice, entitled ‘‘ Obituary of
Achille Guénée.”] (Entom. m. mag., Feb.
1881. v. 17, p. 214-216.)
Biographical sketch of M. Achille Guénée.
By A: R. Grote. (Papilio, 1o March 1881,
Vv. I, p. 31-33-)
M. Guénée, lepidopterist, was b. 1 Jan. 1809, in
Chartres, France; d. 30 Dec. 18So0, in Chateaudun, near
Paris, France. G: D. (2149)
Giinther, O: R: [Biog. notice, by T. A.
D(ickinson).] (Can. entom., May 1880,
V0 125 ps 99:)
Mr. Giinther, coleopterist, was b. 7 Sept. 1855, in
Worcester, Mass., where he d. 27 Feb. 1S8o.
G: D. (2150)
Haldeman, S:Stehman. ([Biog. notices. ]
(Amer. nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14, p. 755-756.)
(Can. entom., Oct. 1880, v. 12, p. 220.)
(Naturae novitates, Oct. 1880, no. 20, p.
168.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 1 Nov. 1880, jahrg.
Bs Pees52-)
Dr. Haldeman, professor of philology in the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, author of numerous articles on
conchology, entomology, and palaeontology, was b. in
1812, near Columbia, Penn.; d. 10 Sept. 1880, in Chickis,
Penn. G: D. (2151)
Hamm, Wilhelm. [Biog. note.] (Leipzi-
ger Tageblatt u. Anzeiger, 1 Jan. 1881,
jahre: 75, no. 1, p-'5, col-/2.)
Dr. W. von Hamm, imperial ministerial councilor,
writer on agricultural subjects and upon phy/loxera, a.
8 Nov. 1880, in Vienna, Austria. GOD" @rs2)
Hartig, Theodor. [Biog. notes.] (Naturae
novitates, April 1880, no. 7, p.62.) (Entom.
Nachrichten, 1 July 1880, jahrg. 6, p, 151-
152.) (Entomologist, Aug. 1880, v. 13. p.
192.)
Prof. Dr. Hartig, economic entomologist, was b. 21
Feb. 1805, in Dillenburg, Prussia; d. 26 (? 30) March
1880, in Brunswick, Prussia. G: DD. 12153)
Hartmann, August. (Biog. notice, by Joseph
Kriechbaumer.] (Entom. Nachrichten, 1
July 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 148-149. )
Herr Hartman, microlepidopterist, was b. in 1807, in
Ansbach, Bavaria; d. 27 May 1880, in Miinchen, Ba-
varia. G: D. (2154)
Hnateck, J. S. [Biog. notice, by Alexander
Homeyer.] (Entom. Nachrichten, 15 March
1880, jahrg. 6, p. 61-62.)
Herr Hnateck, collector of insects in the Upper En-
gadine, Switzerland, was b. 23 Jan. 1801, in Berlin,
Prussia; d. 25 Jan. 1880, in Sils-Maria, Switzerland.
Gi D. .(215s)
178 [21562168]
Jones, T: Rymer. [Biog. note.] (Amer.
nat., Feb. 1881, v. 15, p- 175-)
Dr. Jones, professor of comparative anatomy in King’s
College, London, Eng., was b. in 1810; d. in Dec. 1SSo.
Ge. (2156)
Kiesenwetter. Ernst August Hellmuth.
[Biog. notices.] (Naturae novitates, April
1880, no. 7, p. 62.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 3
May 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 216.) (Entomol-
ogist, May 1880, v. 13, p- 120.) (Amer.
nat.. June 1880, v. 14, p. 468.) (Entom.
Nachrichten, 1 July 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 150-
I5I.)
ee Kirscu, Th. E. Helm. von Kiesen-
wetter, in: Leopoldina, xvi. Heft, no. 9-10,
p- 67-70.” [According to Zool. Anzeiger,
24 Jan. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 25. ]
Herr von Kiesenwetter, general writer upon entorm-
ology but especially upon coleoptera, was b. 5 Nov. 1820,
in Dresden, Saxony, where he d, 18 March 1880.
G: D. (2157)
Kirschbaum, Carl Ludwig. [Biog. notices. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 5 April 1880, jahrg. 3, p.
168.) (‘‘Niederrheinischen Zeitung”....
(Entom. Nachrichten, 15 April 18S8o, jahrg.
6, p. 85-87.) (Deutsche entom. Zeitschr.,
May 1880, jahrg. 24, p. 236.) (Entom.
Zeitung . zu Stettin, April-June 1880,
jahrg. 41, p. 249. ]
Dr, Kirschbaum, professor in Wiesbaden, Prussia,
an entomological writer especially upon hemiptera, was
b. 31 Jan. 1812, in Usingen, Prussia; d. 3 March 1880,
in Wiesbaden. G: D. (2158)
Lokaj, Emanuel. ([Biog. notice, entitled
‘“‘Necrolog,” by R. Stein.] (Entom. Nach-
richten, 15 Nov. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 257-258.)
Herr Lokaj, collector of insects and entomological
writer, 57 years of age, d. 28 April 1880, in Prague,
Bohemia. , G: D. (2159)
Menge, Anton. [Biog. notices.] (Zool. An-
zeiger, 8 March 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 120.)
(Naturae novitates, March 1880, no. 6, p.
54.) (Deutsche entom. Zeitschr., May 188o,
jahrg. 24, p. 237.)
Dr. Menge, araneologist, was b. 10 Feb. 1808, in
Arnsberg, Prussia; d. 27 Jan. 1880, in Danzig, Prussia.
G: D. (2160)
Mulsant, Etienne. [Biog. notices.] Natu-
rae novitates, Dec. 1880, no 23, p. 196.)
{Entom. Nachrichten, 15 Jan. 1881, jahrg.
7, p. 36.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 7 March 1881,
jahrg. 4, p. 120.) (Amer. nat., March 1881,
Vv. 15, p- 262.)
[Biog. notice, by J:,O. Westwood. en-
titled ‘‘Obituary of Etienne Mulsant.”]
(Entom. m. mag., Jan. 1881, v. 17, p. 189-
190. )
PSYCHE.
(Mulsant, Etienne. )
[Biog. notice, by E. A. Fitch, entitled
‘¢ Obituary of Etienne Mulsant.”] (Entom-
ologist, Feb. 1881, v. 14, p. 46-47.)
M. Mulsant, librarian of the University of Lyons,
writer on ornithology and entomology (especially co-
leoptera), was b. 2 March 1797, in Marnard, France; d.
4 Nov. 1880, in Lyons, France. G: D. (2161)
Ougspurger, Philibert Friedrich. [Biog.
notice, by Albert Miiller, entitled ‘‘ Natur-
historisches Museum.” ] (Intelligenzblatt
fur die Stadt Bern [Switzerland], 29 Noy.
1880, jahrg. 47, no. 331, p. 4, col. 2, 10 cm.)
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Jan. 1881, jahrg.
7s P- 14-15.)
Herr von Ougspurger, coleopterist, d. 5 Nov. 1880»
in Bern, Switzerland. G; D. (2162)
Owen, Francis. [Biog. note. ]
ogist, Dec. 1880, v. 13, p- 312.)
Mr. Owen, lepidopterist, d. 21 Oct. 1880, at Kintbury,
Surrey, Eng. B: P.M. (2163)
Smith, G: D. [Biog. notice.] (Amer.
nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14, p. 756.)
Mr. Smith, coleopterist, author of no papers on en
tomology, but possessor of a collection of about 13000
species of coleoptera, d. in Cambridge, Mass., 6 July
1880, in his 46th year. G: (2164)
Snellen van Vollenhoven, S: Constant.
[Biog. notices.] (Zool. Anzeiger, 19 April
1889, jahrg. 3, p- 192.) (Entom. Zeitung...
zu Stettin, April-June 1880, jahrg. 41, p.
249. ) (Amer. nat., June 1880, v. 14,
p. 468.) (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 July 1880,
jahrg. 6, p. 147.) | (Entomologist, May
1880, v. 13, p- t17-118.) (Deutsche entom.
Zeitschr., May 1880, jahrg. 24, p. 238.)
Herr Snellen van Vollenhoven, director of the en-
tomological section of the zoological museum in Leiden,
Holland, was b. 18 Oct. 1816, in Rotterdam, Holland;
d. 22 March 1880, in the Hague. G: D. (2165)
Spagnolini, Alessandro. [Biog. notice, by
P. Pavesi, entitled, ‘‘ Necrolog.”] (Zool.
Anzeiger, 21 June 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 312.)
Dr. Spagnolini, professor of natural science in
Florence, Italy, an entomological writer, was b. in 1833,
in Livorno, Italy, in which city he died in March 1880.
G: D. (2166)
Stauffer, Jacob. [Biog. notice.] (Amer.
nat., June 1880, v. 14, p. 466.)
Mr. Stauffer, entomologist, b. in Lancaster county,
Penn.; d., aged 72, in Lancaster, Penn.; he is said to
have kept no collection, but made drawings of his cap-
tures. : Di (ai6F)
Standish, Francis Oram. [Biog. notices. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 7 June 1880, jahrg. 3, p.
288.) (Entomologist, June 1880, v. 13, p.
142.)
Mr. Standish, lepidopterist, d. 12 April 1880, in Chel-
tenham, England; aged 48 years. G: D. (2168)
(Entomol-
Pst CHE. 179
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
EUGENE M. Aaron, 27 South 4th St., Phil-
adelphia, Pa., wishes to receive the larvae of
any butterflies, especially 100 to 150 speci-
mens of the papilios a@/an, astertas, philenor,
trotlus and turnus; he will, if desired, return
to the senders the imagos raised from these
larvae, and repay the postage. Pack speci-
mens securely in small strong boxes, with the
plant on which they are feeding.— Sczence
advocate, Oct. 1880, v. 1, no. 4, p. [3].
THE COLLECTION of coleoptera left by the
late George D. Smith, of Cambridge, Mass.,
and now offered for sale, comprises 8926 North
American
scribed. 10g varieties and 22835 specimens sys-
tematically arranged and in perfect condition ;
5037 South American species and 7947 speci-
mens, systematically arranged and in good
condition; besides 14789 North American and
1782 South American duplicates and speci-
mens still remaining in the boxes in which
they were purchased from the collectors.
THe New York Entomological Club, re-
cently formed in New York City, with Au-
gustus Radcliffe Grote as President, Henry
Edwards as Secretary, and Berthold Neumoe-
gen as Treasurer, meets twice monthly, and
has begun under the direction of Messrs.
Grote, Edwards and Theodore Luqueer Mead,
the publication of an octavo monthly entitled
**Papilio. Devoted to lepidoptera exclusively.
Organ of the New York Entomological Club.”
We understand that if sufficient encourage-
ment is received the Club hopes at some
futuretime to publishalsoa “Vespa,” a“Blatta,”
a ‘‘ Musca,” etc., to cover the other groups of
insects. ‘‘ Papilio” will appear during ten
months of each year; the annual subscription
price is $2.00; subscriptions and communica-
tions should be addressed to Mr. Henry
Edwards, 185 East 116th Street, New York,
Ne Yi
ADVERTISEMENT.
COLEOPTERA AND LEPIDOPTERA
for sale and exchange; send 5 cts. for catalogue.
PHILIP LAURENT,
621 Marshall St., Philadelphia, Pa.
species, 489 of which are unde- |
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 19 Follen
St., at 7.45 p-m., on the days following : —
8 Oct. 1880. rr Mar. 1881.
2s NOVeny -: ON pis
TOMO Cees 13 May ‘
14 Jan. 1881. TOuine wes:
righ Meaveloay | GE
B: PicKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following :—
27 Oct. 1880. 22 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov.‘ 23 Mar. ‘ y
22) Dec." 7A) JN oh eae
26 Jan. Sr. 25 May ‘
B: PickMan MAnn, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences. of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following : —
8 Oct., 1880.
I2Nov. ©"
LOPDSGa
14 Jan. 1881.
THESE aes
James H. Ripinecs, Recorder.
11 Mar. 1881.
SuApIes os
n3 May.) ¢s
io) |ftaboyes
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following : —
13 Dec. 188o. 13 June, 1881.
James H. Ripincs, Rec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following : —
7 Sept. 1880. 4 Jan. 188r.
Ga@cts esr Tiebe us’
2 Nov. <* WINTERS OC
TEDEG. ate ip xpre.
G: H. Bowes, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
DuE 15 Oct. 1882.— Life-histories of Scle-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
See PSYCHE, V.-3,3p2 59:
cil?s.
180
PSTCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phaznogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of th=
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. ad ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possibile, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY.
ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpaid), M 6.50 =$1,62,
Entomologische Nachrichten,
VI. Jahre. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of Berlin,
says of this magazine : —
‘“<Itis a complete repository of interesting and instruc-
tive notices; of practical directions for collecting, ob-
serving, and preparing specimens; of proposals for
exchange and sale of insects; of literary information
and notices of books; and correspondence. In short,
it has proved itself the special organ for the encourage-
ment and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from the
publisher,
‘A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN,
GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 a 2.50
M; 1877 43 M; 1878 a5 M; 1879 46.50 M.
§<@> European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
I1ro Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
IIp.tig X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t 19 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
No. 81 was issued 27 June 1881.
‘Boe Cleans
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. |
PALL IP Fs
GerorGE Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickMAN Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHasE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JosEpH DuncAN Putnam, Davenport, [owa; FRANCIS
HUNTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLAND Haywarpb, S: HENSHAW, A. ROBIN, FRANK G:
ScHaupp, S: HuBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER, W: TRELEASE,
H: WARD TURNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 83.
Marcu 1881.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : 182
INSECTS IN aw enk Alege Sohn Cook 183-185
PROCEEDINGS OF SocIETIES—Cambridge Bitomalozical Club 186
HoOMOLOGIES OF THE CREMASTER—Samuel Hubbard Scudder . B P , : 186
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD
: ‘ 187-190
ENTOMOLoGICAL ITEMS — Society eae — eee Essays IgI
ADVERTISEMENTS 192
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PusBLisHED By GEORGE DIMMOCK.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. ]
182 PSYCHE.
: ; . NTOM STS? s
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club. ENTOMOL GS TS ee a
Oo C SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-3;
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC. 39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per Iooo: no, 2-6, $1.10; oth-
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dence is invited with persons engaged in the study
of the early stages of butterflies.
Je Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
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=
| Sat = be OS ts A ate
INSECTS IN
BY ALBERT JOHN COOK,
Tue condition of our vertebrate an-
imals in winter, and also the functional
condition of their organs, have been well
studied and are pretty well understood.
That most of them require more carbon-
aceous food at this season, as this min-
isters to the special kind of nutrition
which supplies animal heat, is a well rec-
ognized fact. It has long been known
that some vertebrates hibernate, in which
state they respire very slowly, and so
are able to live even though the heart
does circulate unoxidized blood.
The functional activity of the organs
in this case is reduced to the minimum,
and so nutrition is almost abated, and
no food is required other than that stored
up in the adipose tissue. But even
though these animals do live so slowly,
with too severe and long continued cold
they often lose even this little vitality
and perish.
Physiologists have determined that
tissues and organs, whether im situ or
removed from the body, will maintain
their vitality for a long time, and often
indefinitely, if kept in a cold atmosphere,
though all functional activity is for the
time held in abeyance. I myself have
exposed hens’ eggs, while in the process
of incubation, to a temperature but little.
above 0° C., until I had good reason to
believe that the hearts of the embryo
chicks had ceased to beat. I then re-
placed the eggs under the brooding hen,
when with the return of heat came also
a resumption of development. Very
WINTER.
LANSING, MICH.
likely the same explanation may rightly
account for the retarded development
jn many tadpoles that pass the winter
in animmature state. Most frogs de-
velop fully in summer, and pass the win-
ter in a mature state. Yet we not infre-
quently find tadpoles in mid-winter, or
large ones at the very dawn of spring.
If all animals have had a common ori-
gin (and can any biologist doubt it?),
we may expect that the phenomena ob-
served among invertebrates will closely
resemble the peculiarities which we note
in our study of the higher forms.
The effects of cold to stay or retard
development among insects, though per-
haps not so long and closely studied as
have been the same influences as they
worked to modify development among
the vertebrates. will be found, I feel quite
sure, to act in a vcry similar way.
The winter of 1874-75 was one of the
most severe ever experienced in the
northern United States. In the month
of February of that year, the tempera-
ture fell below zero of the Fahrenheit
seale (—17.°8C.), at Lansing, Michigan,
twenty-one times. The mercury showed
—20° F. (—28.°9 C.) on eight different
days, and —30° F. (—34.°4C.) twice.
Surely this was a good time to study the
effects of cold upon insect life.
The codling moth insect (Carpocapsa
pomonella), as is well known, passes the
winter, in the larval state, protected only
by a slight silken cocoon, and some bark
The
scale, crevice, or similar Covering.
184
spring following the severe season just
referred to I found that nearly all these
larvae that had passed the winter out
doors about the apple trees were dead, a
circumstance I have never observed at
any other time. The fact that this mor-
tality was not due to parasites, that there
was no Climatic peculiarity during that
winter other than the cold, especially as
the larvae in cellars and kitchens were
healthy and lively, points strongly to
the severe cold as the cause of this wel-
comed mortality. If this inference is
correct, we must conclude that insects
which freeze up in winter may succumb
to very severe cold.
Farmers long that
clover sward ploughed in autumn, and
planted to corn the following spring,
was less liable to be attacked by cut-
worms, than when ploughed in spring,
and immediately planted. This has led
to the very general belief among farmers,
which view is adopted by several noted
entomologists, that exposure to the cold,
especially to alternate freezing and thaw-
ing, is what destroys the cut-worms.
During the very severe winter already
referred to, I subjected some cut-worms—
larvae of species of Agrotis— to intense
cold, and to alternate cold and _ heat,
which seemed in no wise to injure them.
Others were exposed very much as they
would be by fall ploughing, and yet
passed the winter in safety. The farmers
are doubtless correct in thinking that fall
since observed
ploughing is a protection against these
marauding cut-worms; but wrong in
their explanation. Exposure to insect-
ivorous birds and not to cold is the more
probable solution, especially as frequent
cultivation of the land in autumn and
PSt CH,
spring, when birds are plenty, is found
to greatly augment the destruction of
insects.
The late Mr. Quinby, inhis work on bee
keeping, states that the larva of the bee-
moth, Galleria cereana, cannot survive
exposure to the cold; that if these lar-
vae are removed from the hive and its
genial heat, during the winter, they
surely die. Mr. G. M. Doolittle reports
that he has observed these bee-moth
caterpillars in exposed positions, and
that they have survived even the present
rigorous winter of 1880 and 81. I have
often noticed these larvae and the chrys-
alids, which have passed the winter in
cold rooms outside the hives. Still from
the natural surroundings of these insects
we may easily believe that they have
developed a constitution more susceptible
to the cold than insects whose habits
bring more exposure.
Mr. W. H. Edwards has shown how
the development of butterflies may be
retarded by the cold. The bearing of
these experiments upon the formation of
different broods of a species and charac-
teristic markings of each brood is of very
great interest.
Among honey bees of the genus Apis,
we note peculiarities in respect to cold,
which, like their habits and instincts,
seem to separate them widely from most
other insects, and strongly remind us of
the vertebrates. Most insects freeze up
in winter, so that all their functional ac-
tivities are held in abeyance, ready to
start into action at the touch of revivify-
ing warmth, which ever comes with
returning spring. A few of the higher
ones really hibernate. There is slight
activity of the tissues which is sustained
PSYCHE. 185
by the stored-up fat cells of the body.
The species of Apis, on the other hand,
remain active, take food, and resemble
more closely the higher vertebrates. In
a nearly uniform temperature of from
3° to 8° C. the domestic honey bees
remain very quiet, take but little food,
and only move as the cold at the outside
of the cluster impels them to crowd tow-
ards the centre, or as the absence of food
in any part of the hive impels the whole
cluster to change its position. If the
temperature outside the hive is main-
tained within the limits mentioned above,
the bees will eat so little, and there will
be so little dis-assimilation in the body,
that all the excrementitious substances,
except such as pass off with the breath,
and this last is very slight at such
times — are easily and safely held in the
intestines for so long a space as five or six
months. But if the temperature immedi-
ately without the hive is for any consid-
erable period lowered much below the
point mentioned above, the bees attempt
to increase the animal heat by action,
and by increased consumption of honey,
which among vertebrates is typical as a
heat producing food. This leads to an
excessive accumulation of fecal matter
within the intestines, which consists of
the undigested food and the waste prod-
ucts which are the resultant of func-
tional activity. In this condition, bees
must soon fly forth to void their feces,
which in normal circumstances they only
do while on the wing, or soon they will
be attacked by fatal dysentery. The
above is undoubtedly the rightful ex-
planation of the exceeding mortality
among bees the past winter. In many
parts of the more northern states, bees
have been confined to their hives for five
months, and in almost all cases where
they have not been protected from the
severe cold, they have died. Those win-
tered in suitable cellars are safe and
healthy, and many protected out doors
by a thick wall of chaff about their hives
are saved from death. I have found by
weighing the honey in the fall and in
the spring, that bees kept in the right
temperature during the past winter have
consumed never more than ten pounds
(4 Kg. 5) of honey to the colony, while
all colonies exposed to the severe cold
have taken more than twice that amount.
The former have wintered well, the latter
have sickened and died.
If bees are confined in winter, and the
temperature be raised much above 10°
C., the heat becomes a serious irritant,
and the bees, unless their hives are very
well ventilated, and unless they are soon
enabled to fiy out from their hives, will
speedily die.
It is an interesting fact that bees re-
quire only the carbo-hydrates for food in
winter. They will winter better on clear
honey or even pure cane sugar than when
well supplied with the nitrogenous pollen.
I think the reason of this is, that in the
first case they are prevented from the
activity which follows upon brood rear-
ing, and breeding can only be carried on
when there is pollen in the hive.
We see then that our honey bees are
not dormant in winter, but that, in our
colder climates they are Othello-like, and
with their occupation gone; and shut in
by the rigor of the season, they only eat
the small amount necessary to the bated
activity of their bodily functions.
156
ea Yoeea 1.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., MARCH 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to EpirorRs OF PsyCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication tn
Psycuk must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only respoustble jor
the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed tn PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
Lipp Shoe a I
Scudder called attention to a recent paper by
Dr. F. Eugen Geinitz (‘‘Die Blattineen aus
der Dyas von Weissig”) being a new and
extensive description of a very complete fos-
sil cockroach. Especial attention was called
to the want of symmetry in the venation of
the wings. Mr.
10 Dec. 1880. — 72nd meeting.
Scudder then exhibited a
drawing of a new (undescribed) cockroach
recently found at Mazon Creek, IIl., which
was even more complete than the one studied
by Geinitz. This specimen also shows con-
spicuous difference in the venation of the
wings of both pairs.
Mr. Scudder also called attention to another
paper by Dr. Geinitz, which was, he said,
the first considerable paper that had hitherto
appeared, so far as he knew, on fossil insects
of the Lyas of Germany. Dr Eau:
Mark gave a synopsis of the results already
arrived at by Dr. Manson (of Amoy). Lewis
(of Calcutta), and others concerning the
history of the parasite of the human blood
known as Filaria sanguis-hominis, and the
probability of a certain mosquito (Culex)
wor CAL.
being the intermediary host which harbors
the worm in certain stages of its develop-
ment. The figures accompanying the papers
by Drs. Manson and Lewis were exhibited.
Mr. W: Trelease referred to Mr. HC.
McCook’s report printed on p. 183 of Prof.
Comstock’s ‘* Report upon Cotton Insects.”
Mr. Trelease could not quite agree with Mr.
McCook in attributing so insignificant an
importance to the ants. He (Trelease) had
repeatedly lost in a single night the contents
of boxes holding a dozen or more larvae of
lle¢fa trom the invasion of the ants in ques-
tion. Mr. T. is now quite sure that the
moths (AZefa) seek the extra-floral glands
on the peduncle of the sweet potato plant
[ Zpomoea batatas| for food. He did not state
the fact in his report to Prof. Comstock be-
cause at that time he was not quite sure that
such was the case.
HOMOLOGIES OF THE CREMASTER.
In the Comptes Rendus tor 16 Aug. 188o,
Kiinckel homologizes the whole cremaster of
the butterfly chrysalis with the anal prolegs
of the caterpillar; the cremaster is formed,
he says, by the soldering of a pair of appen-
dages, bearing at tip, each independently of
the other, a series of hooks; and these two
parts can be seen. in a changing chrysalis,
to be hidden under the skin of the anal legs
of the caterpillar. Riley however has clearly
shown (Amer. entom., July 1880, v. 3, p. 162—
167) that the body of the cremaster of the
chrysalis corresponds to the anal plate (or
terminal segment) of the caterpillar, and
that the anal prolegs of the latter are trans-
formed to what he terms the sustentors. rid-
ges on the under surface of the cremaster
which terminate anteriorly in little knobs,
and play such an important part in the pupa-
tion of nymphalidous butterflies. Kiinckelhas
evidently been led astray in part by the mere
resemblance between the hooks of the pupal
cremaster and those of the larval prolegs;
and what becomes of the anal plate of the
caterpillar he fails to tell us. Both these au-
thors have written independently. S$: HS.
AW
PSPC.
[2169-2179] 187
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets { |, marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omitsstons are solicited.
Edwards, I{: [Prospectus of *‘Papilio.
Orean of the New York entomologica!
club.”] (Papilio, 15 [20] Jan. 1881, no. 1,
Wee keul Tes Lai)
This journal will be devoted solely to lepidoptera,
and will be issued about the fifteenth of each month
(except Julyand August) ; subscription price two dollars
per annum, B;: P.M. (2169)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. A new insect injurious
to the hickory. (Papilio, 19 Feb. 1881, no.
2,0Ve LD, Pp: 13=14-)
Describes acrobasis caryae n. sp., larva, imago and
chrysalis (Ohio) and a. demotella (N. Y.); compares
a. caryae with a. angusella. States that it is necessary
to have both sexes of this genus for identification. A.
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Hf: &. (2170)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. New Jyral/dae. (Papi-
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hydrocampa pacalis (N. Y.), paraponyx plenilinealis
(Wise.), olfgostigma obscuralis (Wisc.), tortpalpus
trabalis (Col.), nephopteryx scintillans (Cal.). Gives
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of hydrocampa. iis ES (2s)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. The North American
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Jit stSSty WO: EF, Vv. 1, PLO.)
Gives list of the N. A. species; defends the name
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(Wisc.). HT; E. (2172)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. ‘‘North American for-
trictdae.” By Lord Walsingham, London,
1879. (Papilio, 15 [20] Jan. 1881, no. 1, v.
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Review of T: de Grey’s (Lord Walsingham) ‘Tllus-
trations of typical] specimens of lepidoplera heterocera
Sie SPELEC.,, 1642 |. HT: EF.” (2173)
Lintner, Joseph Albert. On the importance
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Jan. 1881, no. 1, v. I, p. I-2.)
Extracts from an address recently made to the Far-
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introduction of destructive species. ff: E. (2174)
Miiller. Hermann. Alpenblumen, ihre Be-
fruchtung durch Insekten und ihre Anpas-
sungen ap dieselben. Mit 173 Abbildungen
in Holzschnitt. Leipzig, Wilh. Engel-
mann, ISSI. 612 p., 23X15.
Considers the mode of fertilization of 422 phaeno-
gamous species, enumerating the insects taken upon
each and their behavior. Discusses the structural
peculiarities through which certain flowers profit by the
visits of certain groups of insects, and the structures of
the latter which are correlated with their floral activity.
Gives tables showing the relative frequency of the
different groups of insects about flowers in alpine and
less elevated regions, and a classified list of all insects
observed on the former, indicating the species which
they visit, and the degree of adaptation found in these
flowers. Ws Ts (r75)
Neumoegen, Berthold. A new species of
arctia, fiom Colorado. (Papilio, 1g Feb.
T881, no. 2, Vv. I, p: 28-29.)
Describes arctia determinata from southern Col-
orado. Hf: E. (2176)
Neumoegen, Berthold. On a new species
of arctia from Florida. (Papilio, 15 [20]
Jan. 1881, no. 1, v. Tt, p. 9-10. )
Describes arctia flammea, from Indian River, Fla.
Ht: E. (2177
Neumoegen, Berthold. The illustration of
edwardsia brillians. (Papilio, no. I, v. 1,
p- 12, pl. 1.)
Colored figure of this zygaenid moth, first described
in Can, entom., Apr. 1880, v. 12, p. 67-69.
SE. “\(2178)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Catalogue of scien-
tific serials of all countries, including trans-
actions of learned societies in the natural,
physical and mathematical sciences, 1633-
1876. (Library of Harvard university,
special publications, 1.) Cambridge, [pub.
by the Library], 1879. 12+158p., 25X16,
cl., $4; printed on one side of leaf, $5.
Notice. (Title-slip registry, Oct. [Nov. ]
1879, v- I, nO. 10, p. 90.)
Countries geographically arranged, towns alphabeti-
cally under countries, societies and independent publi-
cations alphabetically under towns, transactions under
societies. Contains ample cross-references, indexes of
towns, of titles, and of minor topics. Numeros nearly
4500, entries about 6000; about 137 entomological titles.
B: P. M. (2179)
188 [2180-2196]
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Ocelli in buttertlies.
(Amer. nat., Aug. 1873, v. 7, p- 490.)
The males of /erema, accius and /. pattentt have a
single ocellus in the middle of the front. [See Rec., 8.]
G: D. (2180)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Problems in ento-
mology. (Can. entom., Sept. 1880, v. 12,
p- 161-167.)
Retiring President’s address, delivered 24 Aug. tar
before the Entomological club of the A. A. A.
Brief historical notice of the study of entomology
about Boston, Mass.; appeal to entomologists to study
the comparative anatomy, embryology, post-embryolog-
ical development, habits, structure of wings and struct-
ure of mouth-parts of insects. (rss (2151)
Shell-lac cultivation in India. (Colonies
and India, 28 Aug. 1880, p. II, 13 cm.)
Mode of preparing shell-lac and of transferring the
lac-insect [coccus acca] from one tree to another.
G: D. (2182)
Shimer, H : Butterflies in midwinter. (Science
news, I Mar. 1879, v. I, p- 143-)
Colias philodice? and vanessa antiopa? on the wing»
20 Dec. 1877, at Mt. Carroll, [ll. Ses, 4(2183)
Shortt, J: An account of the sclerotium stz-
pitatum B. & Curr., of Southern India.
(Journ., Linn. soc., Bot., 1 Nov. 1866, v. 9,
P- 417-419. ) Nitta 23
Considers the nature, distribution and uses of the
fungus of white ant hills. W: T. (2184)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. Mold as an insect
destroyer. (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v- 13,
p- 681-683.)
Separate, [Phil., 1879].
X15, t 18X 10.2.
Effect of fungi in destroying insects.
B: P.M. (2185)
Smith, Mss Emily Adella. Shade trees,
indigenous shrubs and vines, by J. T.
Stewart, 14. D., and Insectsthat infest them,
by Mss Emily A. Smith. Peoria, Ill., 1877.
t.-p. cover, 55 p., il. 22X14, t 17X9.7.
The entomological part (p. 29-55) describes, in a
popular way, psylla celtides-mamma, pemphigus ulmt-
cola, ertosoma ulmi, vanessa antiopa, tremex columba,
datana ministra, stenocorus putator, lecantum acericola,
ornix acertfoliella, aegerta acerni, clistocampa amert-
cana, pemphigus vagabundus, acronycta popul’, clytus
robiniae, xyleutus robintae, hyphantria textor, clisto-
campa sylvatica, attacus promethea, hylurgus terebrans,
and curculio pales, some of which are figured.
G: D. 12186)
Smith, Mrs. Erminnie A. Concerning am-
ber. (Amer. nat., March 1880, v. 14, p.-
179-190. ) ’
Alludes to insects in amber, and quotes verses upon
that subject. GD. £2187)
Sograff, N. Vorliufige Mittheilungen...
[Rec., 1698].
Notice, by Alex. Brandt. (Zool. An-
zeiger, 22 March 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 138.)
G: D. (2188)
p- 681-683, 2
PST CHE,
Sources and preparation of shellac. (New
remedies, June 1880, v. 9, p. 177, 27 cm.)
Propagation of coccus /acca and preparation of shel-
lac and lac dye. From Valentine Ball’s ‘are le life in
Endia;,.j.s 4° : D. (2189)
Strecker, Herman. Butterflies and moths
in their connection with agriculture and
horticulture. A paper prepared for the
Pennsylvania fruit growers’ society, Jan-
uary, 1879. Harrisburg, 1879. 22 p., 24X16.
Entitled, on p. 3, ‘‘ Butterflies and moths of North
America, in their relation to horticulture and floricul-
ture.” Universality of the attacks of lepidoptera upon
plants; food-plants of numerous species; insectivorous
plants; useful insects; peculiar caterpillars; mimicry;
monstrosities; geographical distribution; American
entomologists. B: P. M. (2190)
Strecker, Herman. Wintering of butterflies.
(Science news, 1 Mar. 1879, v. I, p. 160.)
Vanessa antiopa and v. progne hibernate; philam-
pelus labruscae captured, 8 Jan. 1874, at Fairbury, Ill.
iS2\ Ae’ (@roy)
Swinton, A. H. Notes on certain fossil or-
thoptera claiming affinity with the genus
gryllacris. (Geol. mag., 1874, s. 2, v- I,
P- 337-341, pl. 1.)
Figures and describes gvyllacris (recent species),
g.ungert (restored) and corydalis brogniartit (Au-
douin). F. lM. W. (2192)
Taschenberg, E. L. Wandtafel zur Darstel-
lung des Colorado-Kartoffelkafers und
seiner Entwickelungsstufen. Mit erklar-
endem Texte fiir Schule und Haus. Stutt-
gart, E. Ulmer, [1877]. 1 pl., 56X71, folded
in a cover 30X25, and accompanied by
Der Colorado-Kartoffelkafer. Erlautern-
der Text zu der ‘‘ Wandtafel zur Darstel-
lung [etc].” Stuttgart, E. Ulmer, 1877.
I2 p-, 21X 14.5, t 17 X10.5.
Colored figures with description of egg, larva, pupa
and imago of doryphora decemlineata, G: D. (2193)
Tepper, F: Cerura multiscripta Riley.
(Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., May 1878
[v. 1], p- 4-)
Larvae found on “ upright willow” [sa/ix sp?] 30
July. F. (2194)
Tepper, F: Notes on zofodonta tremula,
Clerk, 2. dictaeordes Esp. and x. rimosa Pack.
(Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., May 1879, v.
2, Pp. 3-4.)
With woodcuts of the larvae of the two first-named
species. F. G: S. (2195)
Todd, James E. Contrivances for cross-fer-
tilization in the ranunculaceae. (Amer.
nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14, p. 668-669. )
Chiefly botanical. G: D. (21096)
»" ~
BST CHE.
Travers, H: H. Notes on the Chatham
‘ Islands. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Nov.
1864, v. 9, p- 135-144.)
Records, p. 144, the insects he recognized; also the
fact that since the importation of bees European fruit
trees have produced freely. W: T. (2197)
Treat, Mary. Chapter in the history of ants.
(Harper’s new mo. mag., Jan. 1879, v. 58,
p- 176-184.)
Reprint. (Treat, Mary. Chapters on
Anise) envi. TG7O:), Pali—72-)
Habits of formica sanguinea, the slave making ant;
of its slaves, f. fusca and /. schaufussti; and of insects
captured by it for food, /as’us flavus, camponotus meleus
and aphaenogaster treatt. Bs Poi. (2108)
Treat, Mary. Chapters on ants. N.Y.,
Harper and Bros., 1879. (Harper’s half-
hour ser., no. 123.) t.—p. cover, p. 5-96,
12 X 8, t9X5.7. il. pap., 20 cts.
Rev. (Amer. bookseller, 1 Sept. 1879, v.
8, p- 174, 3 cm.)
Chap. 1 (p. 11-72) is a reprint of the author’s ‘“*Chap-
ter in the nistory of ants” (Harper’s new mo, mag.,
Jan. 1879, v. 58, p. 176-184) [Rec., 2198]; chap. 2 (p. 72-
95) is a reprint of the author’s “The harvesting ants of
Florida’? (Lippincott’s mag., Nov. 1878, no. 131, v. 22,
p- 555-562) [Rec., 2200]. B os Mt. (2199)
Treat, Mary. The harvesting ants of Florida.
(Lippincott’s mag., Nov. 1878, no. 131, v.
22, p- 555-562.)
Reprint. (TREAT, Mary. Chapters on
ants. N. Y., 1879. p. 72-96.)
Habits of pogonomyrmex crudelis; its harvesting
of seeds, its recognition of comrades; theories as to
soldiers and queens with smooth mandibles.
G: D. (2200)
Treat, Mary. Is the valve of uwtricularia
sensitive? (Harper’s new m. mag., Feb.
1876, no. 309, v. 52, p. 382-387, il.)
“«Shows how the mosquito [cu/ex] and chtronomus
larvae are caught in the utricles, which proves Mr. Dar-
win in error with regard to the sensitiveness of the
valve of utricularia.’’— Author. B: P.M. (2201)
Trelease, W: The fertilization of aquilegia
vulgaris. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14,
P- 731-733-)
How bombus fertilizes a. vulgaris. G: D. (2202)
Turner, H: Ward. The delostoma piscivor-
[o]us. (Amer. nat., Sep. 1879, v. 13, p.
585-)
A belostoma seen killing a stickle-back [gasteros-
teus). G: D. (2203)
[United States eutomological commis-
sion.] (Amer. nat., Oct. 1880, v. 14, p.
a) ae
Organization, distribution of the work, and results of
investigations of the commission in regard to caloptenus
spretus. G: D. (2204)
[United States entomological commis-
sion, Work of the.] (Amer. nat., Jan. 1879,
Vv. 13, p. 60-61.)
Extract from the Report of the U. S. Secretary of the
interior, for 1878. G: D. (2205)
[2197-2208] 189
United States — Extomological commission’
Bulletin no. 3. The cotton worm [aletéa
argillacea}. Summary of its natural history,
with an account of its enemies, and the
best means of controlling it; being a report
of progress of the work of the commis-
sion.... By Chas. V. Riley, Wash., Jan.
28, 1889. t.-p. cover-+6--[1 ]-++144 p., 1 col.
pl., 23X15, 84 fig.
Rev. (Nature, 18 Mar. 1880, v. 21, p. 446.)
Rev., entitled, ‘‘ Riley on the cotton
worm.” (Amer. nat., April 1880, v. 14, p.
283-284.)
Notice. (College quart., May 1880, v. 3,
nO: £, p. 14, col. 2.)
History of prior investigations; destructiveness,
nomenclature, descriptions and figures of all stages,
seasons, migration, hibernation, natural enemies and
parasites of a/etia argillacea; influence of weather and
environment upon its appearance and development;
artificial means against it: prevention, mechanical de-
struction, poisoning of larvae, destruction of imagos.
Appendix, containing answers to Circular no. 7. Tadles
Describes larvae of plusta dyaus (p. 11), aspila virescens
(p. 25), platyhypena scabra (p. 27); describes also tricho-
gramma pretiosa (p. 39), tachina aletiae (p. 40-41),
sarcophaga sarraceniae (larva and puparium, p. 41;
imago in part, p. 39-49), belvoisia bifasctata (larva, p.
42), clrrospilus esurus (p. 43). chalcts ovata (larva and
pupa, p. 43), @¢dictyum n.g. | proctotrupidae|, d. zigzag
n. Sp. (p. 44), plmpla conqguisitor (larvaand pupa, p. 45),
cryptus nunctus; figures of many of these and other
insects. B: P.M. (2206)
United States— ELxtomological commission.
Bulletin no. 4. The hessian fly [cectédo-
mylta destructor], its ravages, habits, ene-
mies, and means of preventing its increase.
By A. S. Packard, 7r., M.D. Wash., May 20,
1880. t.-p. cover, 43 p., 2 pl., each pl.
with 1 p. explanation, t 19gX 11.2; 1 map, t
20:5 X26:7)7 239015.
Rev. and extract. entitled *‘ The hessian
flys? “CAmer: nat., “Aus: 9880, v. “r4," p:
586-587. )
Statement of the present knowledge upon the subjects
indicated by the title, intended to elicit further informa-
tion. Describes and figures the fly in all its stages,
treats of the times and places of its occurrence in
injurious abundance, and contaias a list of the most
important published writings relating to the fly.
G: D. (2207)
United States — Entomological commission.
Bulletin no. 5. The chinch-bug [8léssas
leucopterus|. Its history. characters, and
habits, and the means of destroying it or
counteracting its injuries. By Cyrus
Thomas. Wash., 1879. t.-p. cover + 44 p.,
23 X 15, t IgX 11.2; map, 23X31; 10 fig.
Notice. (College quart. [Ames, Iowa],
May 1880, v. 3, no. 1, p. 14, col. 2.)
Rev., entitled ‘* Thomas’s Chinch bug.”
(Amer, nat., July 1880, v. 14, p. 511.)
Distribution and ravages, civil history, names and
description, number of broods, hibernation, migrations,
and natural enemies of d/issus leucopterus; artificial
means against it: early sowing, barricading, burning,
starving, crushing, and other means. B: P, M. (2208)
190 [2209-2215]
United States — Geological and geograph-
tcal survey of the territories. Bulletin,
1874 and 1875. Vol. 1. Wash., 1875. t.-p.
covers +13+28+77+499 p., pl. 1-3, 7: 8,
11-26, 23X15, t 18.8Xa11.1; pl. [4], 23X31;
pl. [5], 23X57; pl. [6] 23X88; pl. 9, 23x
81; pl. 10, 23X80; map, 61X77.
The pages, dates, and entomological contents are as
follows :—
i. 1], no. 1. 1874. half t.-p.+28 p. — List of members
and collaborators of the survey for 1873 [Rec. 564 a],
p- 3-4.-—List of the publications of the Geological survey
of the territories [Rec., 554 6], p. 5-5.
[s. 1], no. 2, 1874. half t.-p.+77 p.—THomas, C.
Descriptions of some new orthoptera...[Rec., 565],
p. 63-71.
s. 2, no. 1. 1875. _p. 1-48, pl. 1-3.
s. 2, no. 2. 14 May 1875. p. 49-142.— INGERSOLL, E.
Report on the natural history ... [Rec., 566], p. 121-124.
S. 2, no. 3. 15 May 1875. p. 143-214, pl. [4-6], 7-8.
S. 2, no. 4. I0 June 1875. p. 215-232, pl. 9-18.—
ScuppER, S$: H. The tertiary physopoda of Colorado
[Rec., 567], p. 221-223.
s. 2, no. 5.8 Jan. 1876. [1 p.]J+p. 233-414, pl. 19-21.—
Unter, P. R. List of hemiptera of the region west of
the Mississippi River... [Rec., 568], p. 267-361, pl.
19-21.
r s. 2, no. 6. 8 Feb. 1876. p. 415-499+13 p., pl. 22-26. —
ScuppvEr, S: H. Fossil orthoptera from the Rocky
Mountain tertiaries [ Rec., 5 » D- 447-449.
rake bi sais M. (2299)
United States—Geological and geograph-
ical survey of the territories. Bulletin,
1876. Vol. 2. Wash., 1876. t.-p. covers+
12+392 p.. pl. 1-31, 42-49, 1-6 [42-47], 23X
15, t18.8X11.1; pl. 1-6 [32-37], 8-10 [39-
4a), 23% 525. pl. iz [38], 23X61; “maps,
44X71. 55X72.
The pages, dates, and entomological contents are as
follows :—
no.1. 21 Mar. 1876. p. 1-88, pl. 1-29, map.—SCUDDER,
S: H. Fossil cole>ptera from the Rocky Mountain
tertiaries [Rec., 570], p. 77-37-
no. 2. 1 Apr. 1876. p. &9-195+, pl. 30-3.
no. 3. 5 June 1876. p. 197-278, pl. 1-10 [32-41], map.—
ScuppER, S:H. Brief synopsis of North American
earwigs... (Rec., 571], p- 249-260.—ScupDER, S: H.
List of the orthoptera collected... [Rec., 572], p. 261-
267-— SCUDDER, S: H. Notice of a small collection of
butterflies ... [Rec., 573], p- 269-270. ,
no. 4. 4 Aug. 1876. [1 p.]+p. 279-392+12 p., pl. 42-
49, 1-6 [42-47]. B: P. M. (2210)
United States— Geological and geograph-
tcal survey of the terrttortes. Bulletin.
1877. Vol. 3. Wash., 1877. t.-p. covers-++
8-+-856 + p., pl. 2-25, 27-34, 36, 23 X 15,
HES. Soe lies, pl I 4uXx 35; ple 20. 35 X46;
Die 362330); pl. 37.23% 24-5 pisso, 23 6625
Pl. 39, 33% 52.
The pages, dates, and entomological contents are as
follows :—
no. 1. 5 Apr. 1877. p. 1-185, pl. 1-25.—Grore, A: R.
Notes on a collection of noctuid moths made in Col-
orado...[Rec., 850], p. 115-120.—CHAMBERS, V. T.
The timeina of Colorado [Rec., 851], p. 121-142.—
CHAMBERS, V. T. Notes on a collection of tineid
moths made in Colorado... [Rec., 852], p. 143-145.—
CHAMBERS, V. T. On the distribution of t/zefna in
Colorado [ Rec., 853], p. 147-150.—PACKARD, A.S., jr.
On a new cave fauna in Utah [Rec., $54], p. 157-160.
PSYCHE.
no. 2. 30 Apr. 1877. p- 187-530, pl. 27-28.—OSTEN
SackEN, C: R. Western diptera... ees 855], P-
189-354.—UHLER, P. R. Report upon the insects col-
lected by P. R. Uhler during the explorations of 1875...
[ Rec., 856],p. 355-475, pl. 27-28 [concl., no. 4,p. 765-So1 |.—
THORELL, T. Descriptions of the avaneae collected in
Colorado... [Rec., 857], p. 477-528.— EMERTON, J; H:
Descriptions of two new spiders from Colorado [Rec.,
858], p. 528-529.
no. 3. 15 May 1877. p. 531-738, pl. 29-39.
no. 4. 15 Aug. 1877. }: 739-850+8+p.— SCUDDER, S:
H. The first discovered traces of fossil insects in the
American tertiaries [Rec., 859], p. 741-762.— SCUDDER,
S:H. Description of two species of carvabidae found in
the interglacial deposits of Scarboro’ Heights, near To-
ronto, Canada [Rec., 860], p. 763-764.—UHLER, P. R.
Report [etc.] [see no. 2, p. 355-475; Rec. 856], p. 765-Sor.
Be P.M eam)
Vayssiére, Alb. Sur la métamorphose du
prosopistoma. Note.... (Compt. rend.,
7 June 1880, v. 90, no. 23, p. 1370-1371.)
Records the transformation of prosopistoma puncti-
frons intoimages resembling caenis, proving that pro-
sopistoma is an ephemerid nymph. Bi PMN Gaze)
Viallanes, H. Surl’appareil respiratoire et
circulatoire de quelques larves de dipteres.
(Comptes rendus de l’Acad. des sci., 17
May 1880, v. go, p. 1180-1182.)
In the young larvae of ctenophora, the dorsal vessel
is a lone, contractile tube open only at its two extrem-
ities. It consists of a homogeneous substance contain-
ing nuclei themselves contractile, and its anterior
portion floats freely in the bloody fluid; the posterior
portion, on the contrary, is clothed with a layer of con-
tinually budding cells which become attached by proto-
plasmic prolongations to the walls of the body and
form the primitive pericardiac sinus; the place where
the lateral orifices of the dorsal vessel are going to be
formed is indicated by a region of more energetic con-
tractions. The last segment is entirely filled with
tracheal tufts which interlace behind so as to form a sort
of sieve behind the orifice of the dorsal vessel. Hence
the blood is entirely oxidized as it passes through the
last segment, and before the appearance of the lateral
orifices the heart is entirely arterial. A. fi
‘* To recapitulate, I have shown; 1° that the heart of
insects is, at first, a simple tube, open only at its two
extremities; 2° that, so long as there are no lateral
orifices, the heart is entirely arterial; 3° I have indicated
the mode of formation of the lateral orifices and of the
pericardial sinus.” G: Ds, Kazr)
Vorce, C. M. Destructive powers of cer-
tain insects. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 13,
p- 663.)
Mentions paper read by above author on this subject
before the American society of microscopists in Buffalo.
R. Th. (2ar4)
Walsingham, Lord, see pE Grey, T:, Lord Walsing-
ham.
Weale. J. P. Mansel. Notes on the structure
and fertilization of the genus donatea, with
a special description of a species found at
Bedford, South Africa. (Journ. Linn. soc.,
Bot., 7 Mar. 1867, v. 10, p. 470-476.)
Describes the curious way in which lepidoptera
transfer pollen. W: T. (2215)
”)
— eS oe
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Vol. 3. No. 84.
APRIL 1881.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : : : : ; Se hifey
SoME PSOCINA OF THE UNITED ST Wee Seyey mann Aedes ania : : : 195-196
ForREIGN Honey BEES—Albert Fohn Cook . ; ; ; : : : : 197-198
A FRAGRANT BuTTERFLY—Mary Esther Murtfeldt . : : : : : 198
GrorGE DoLe SMITH : ; 2 , : ; ‘ : : ; : : 199
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : d : ; F : . 4 200-202
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS — Society Wecotines —_— Pri ize Essays : : . : 3 208
ADVERTISEMENTS : . : : : ‘ : : : : : : A ee ueror!
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.. U.S. A.: PUBLISHED BY GEORGE DIMMOCK.
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2 Seihtven os A GPS Se gd EDS
‘SOME PSOCINA OF
BY HERMANN
Genus Carcirius Curtis.
Subgenus PreropEeLa Kolbe.
Tarsi two-jointed ; claws with a tooth
beneath before tip ; no discoidal cell ; the
stem of the superior furcated vein as
long as the inferior branch of the fork
and incurved; posterior marginal cell
free, elliptical; pterostigma free, with a
hook on the interior inferior angle on the
inner side ; antennae shorter than wings.
CO. pedicularius.
Satine. En..ouec.; ed. 2, no: 1515.—
Psocus salicis Hag., Neur. N. Am., 13,
15! Ps. geologus Walsh, Proc. Ac. N.
Sc. Philad., 1862, p. 362!; Proc. Entom.
Soc. Philad., 1863, p. 168, 184. (For
the European synonymy: Hag., Psoc.
synopsis synon., 1866; M’Lachlan,
Monogr. Brit. Psocidae, p. 17; Kolbe,
Monogr., 1880, p. 118.)
Very small, brown, shining; antennae
a little shorter than wings, darker, pilose ;
head with an impression between anterior
ocellus and clypeus ; clypeus brown, shin-
ing, slightly pilose; palpi brown; eyes
with globular facets; abdomen brown ;
legs darker on knees and tarsi; wings
hyaline, veins dark brown; pterostigma
oblong, broader on tip, with the inferior
exterior angle rounded, and a black hook
beneath on the interior angle; anal
vein with a very small black dot on
tip ; posterior marginal ceil broadly ellip-
tical ; male genitals above with two small
THE
AUGUST HAGEN,
UNITED STATES:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
downwardly bent horny hooks, and be-
neath with two larger sharp upwardly
bent hooks.
Length to tip of wings 14 to 1? mm. ;
expanse of anterior wings 5 to 34 mm.
Hab. Massachusetts, Hagen ; New York,
A. Fitch; Illinois, Rock Island, Walsh ;
Missouri, St. Louis, bred by Mr. Riley ;
New Hampshire, Berlin Falls, August
12; Cuba, Hag.
mon in houses in Cambridge, and com-
and
The species is com-
mon everywhere in the northern
middle parts of Europe.
I compared the types of A. Fitch
(Ps. salicis), of Walsh (Ps. geologus),
Riley; they are identical.
Walsh’s specimens are badly gummed
and of
on paper; probably the difference in the
shape of the pterostigma is the conse-
quence, as the two sides of the wings
are very loosely connected in the psocina,
and therefore the venation easily al-
tered by pasting the wings on paper.
One of Walsh’s types has the pterostig-
ma triangular, and rounded posteriorly
as described by him, the other type has
the pterostigma identical with C. pedicu-
I have observed variation of the
veins in other specimens, but till now no
variation of the pterostigma. The speci-
mens from A. Fitch, Riley, and Walsh,
and from Berlin Falls. are the smallest,
larius.
those in the houses in Cambridge and
from Cuba have just the average size of
196
the European ones, but I possess also
from Europe nearly as small ones as the
small American specimens. I am_ not
able to find any difference between the
American and European specimens.
Mr. Riley has bred three specimens
from a little bounding leafgall of glob-
ular shape, 1 mm. in diameter, shorter
than broad; a small round opening was
eaten out, and inside of the gall was a
The fact of a Psocus
galls
crushed membrane.
being raised from is very long
published, — but overlooked.
Linné, Fn. Suec., ed. 1, 1746, described,
no: 941, one species as Tenthredo, and
always
in ed. 2, no: 1532, the same as Cynips
Professor Zaddach and
I have raised apparently the same spe-
cies from willow galls belonging to Teras
The Psocus is only an inqui-
line and proved to be C. pedicularius.
The description of Ps. pusillus, Harris
Corresp., p. 331, differs from C. pedicu-
lurius; the size is the same. As the
description was made from the living
insect, the identity is not impossible.
C. pedicularius is an aberrant species
in the genus, being the only one known
to me with a tooth before the tip of the
claws; if the tarsi were three-jointed it
could scarcely be separated from Eili-
All species of Caecilius known
to me, or rather all till now examined,
living or fossil, do not possess teeth on
the claws.
The claws of many psocina and also
of C. pedicularius possess a very curious
structure. The basis of the claw is
somewhat enlarged below in the manner
of a blunt projection with what appear
to be two strong bristles, that nearer
salicis strobili.
terminalis.
psocus.
PSYCHE.
to the basis shorter and thinner than the
other one, which is often as long as or
longer than the claw, more or less bent
This
last one is, as I was able to make out by
aud ineurved, and thicker on tip.
the microscope, no bristle at all, but a
kind of hose open on tip and seemingly
finely striated. If the hose is not dilated
it imitates a bristle, and the thicker tip
is formed by the closed mouth of the
hose. If dilated it forms a kind of long
funnel, the mouth « little larger, circular
and as it seems evaginated. In a few
cases I was able to observe in the interior
of the funnel a large number of very fine
threads ending in a little knob.
able to see this hose more or less well
I was
in amber species and among living ones
in C. pedicularius, C. lasiopterus, and
I did not observe
it in atropina (Empheria excepted) nor
in Psocus sensu strictiori, except in the
amber species Ps. affinis, but my obser-
vations are not yet finished. To see the
structure of the hose well a very strong
immersion power is needed. I have no
explanation of the use of it, and know
of no similar structure in other insects.
The tarsi of Thrips are the only ones to
be compared with it, nevertheless they
are very different. As psocina need no
suckers to fix them to the spot, I am at
a loss to understand its use. I may
state that teeth on the claws of the
psocina are very common; Atropos has
two and Amphientomum five on each
claw. Several genera show a comb on
the last joints of the tarsus. A series of
tubercles formed by a kind of shield with
five short spines have on top a longer and
stronger spine, which forms the comb.
( To be continued.)
Elipsocus westwoodii.
VERS ACTEM De 197
FOREIGN HONEY BEES.
BY ALBERT JOHN COOK, LANSING, MICH.
The Cyprian bees were first imported
from Cyprus into Europe by Count
Kolowrat of Hroby and Herr Cori of
3ruex, Bohemia, and were pronounced
by these and other experts in apiculture,
as superior to both the German and
Italian races. In the winter of 1879-
80, Messrs. A. D. Jones, of Breton,
Ontario, Canada, who has made a for-
tune as a bee keeper, and Frank Benton,
a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural
College, and one of the best-read bee
keepers of the world (who reads regular-
ly the agricultural periodicals of Ger-
many. France, Italy and England, as
well as those of our own country), set
sail for Asia, that they might establish
an apiary in Cyprus, and introduce the
Cyprian and Syrian bees directly from
their native habitats into America. Mr.
Jones returned in mid-summer of 1880,
with about three hundred colonies of
Cyprian and Holy-Land bees, while Mr.
Benton remained in Cyprus to superin-
tend a large apiary at Larnaca, and ship
queens from the island to Europe and
America.
The bees, both from Cyprus and Syria,
are, like the Italian race, banded with
yellow, and seem more like the Italian
bees than they do like the much more
yellow Egyptian bee. In temperament
and habits too they are much like the
_ well known Italians.
Mr. Benton, who is a close, accurate
student of science, thinks that the Cyp-
rian bees were probably introduced from
Palestine many years — possibly centu-
ries — ago, and have developed, in their
isolated island home, strong race peculi-
arities. He also believes that the Italians
are the offspring of the Cyprians.
The Cyprian bees closely resemble the
Italians, except that the workers are a
little smaller, and more yellow on the
ventral side of their abdomens. The
drones and queens can hardly be distin-
cuished from those of the Ligurian or Ital-
ian race, except that they are more uni-
form, which we should expect, owing to
the close in and in breeding necessitated
by the limited territory of the island.
The common opinion of those who have
tried these bees is, that they are more
prolific and active than even the Italians.
This is as we should expect, as ‘‘sur-
vival of the fittest’ would work power-
fully to improve bees on so restricted an
area, and where the seasons are often,
like that of 1880, exceedingly dry.
The workers of the Syrian race are
very plainly banded, because of the gray
fuzz on each ring, otherwise they closely
resemble the Italians. The queens are
very obviously banded with dark and
yellow, and are remarkably uniform.
The drones are dark, and covered with
a heavy gray fuzz. They resemble our
common black drones more than they do
either those of the Italians or Cyprians.
These bees, natives of an arid barren
region, have also felt the severe hand of
competition, and really promise to be a
very valuable acquisition to the apiaries
of the United States.
Not content with the valuable service
thus far rendered, Mr. Benton has, the
present winter, visited Ceylon, Farther
198
India, the Philippine Islands, and Java,
hoping to add still further to the valuable
importations of exotic bees. He took
Cyprian and Holy-Land bees along, in
our improved hives, and left some at each
place of landing. He has been received
with marked favor by the several govern-
mental authorities.
At Ceylon, Mr. Benton secured the
diminutive Apis indica. The bodies of
the workers are only 1 em. long; the
thorax is brown, the shield or crescent
between the wings is large and yellow ;
the abdomen, beneath, is yellow, and
above is beautifully banded throughout
its entire length with brown and yellow.
These bees are very little inclined to sting,
and when they do sting the effect is slight,
owing to the very small size of the sting.
The queens are very large compared
with the workers, are of a dark copper
color, and seem astonishingly prolific. I
have received some of the comb from
Mr. Benton. The small cells, less than
one-half of a cm. in diameter, give a
dainty appearance to the comb, which
is very interesting.
A FRAGRANT
MURTFELDT,
BY MARY ESTHER
Ina paper on Brazilian butterflies, read
before the London Entomological Socie-
ty, 5 June 1878, by Dr. Fritz Miiller,
great prominence is given to the odors of
the male butterflies, which the author con-
siders as an especial sexual attraction.
Some years before the publication of
this paper, in spreading fresh males of
Callidryas eubule, I had been struck
with the delicate violet-like odor which
was emitted, and which was retained, to
some extent, for several days. I have
PSLCHE,
These bees, from their small size,
great beauty, amiable tempers, and the
possibility that they can work on flowers
inaccessible to our larger bees, will be
received with no little eagerness by
American apiarists.
At the time of Mr. Benton’s last let-
ter he had not yet succeeded in procuring
the large Apis dorsata, which was the
great attraction which led to this labori-
ous and expensive journey. But he had
learned where they were to be found on
the island of Ceylon andin Java. These
bees suspend their combs vertically to
the limbs of trees, often for a distance
of a metre or more. Great stories are
told of the large amount of honey which
these bees store, and now for the first
time we shall not only get reliable infor-
mation of their habits and value, but, if
the undertaking is practicable, we shall
have them imported to our own American
apiaries. Surely it is something to be
proud of, that it was left for American
enterprise to first introduce these long
coveted species into the civilized coun-
tries of the world.
BUTTERFLY.
KIRKWCOD, MO.
repeatedly observed the same quality
since and always in the males. The
females are not in the smallest degree
fragrant. This is the only species, com-
mon with us, which, so far as I am
aware, possesses this attribute, and as
it belongs to a geius mainly represented
in South American species, it may be
simply the inheritance of a characteris-
tic of use to its congeners in the forests
of Brazil and not of any especial service
to it in its present habitat.
TASHA CUELES. 199
ey Cer.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., APRIL 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to Epirors OF PsyCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
PsycuE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made tn their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed tn PSYCHE.
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advertising columns.
GEORGE DOLE SMITH.
Born 4 Sept. 1833, in Biddeford, Maine.
Died 6 July 1880, in Cambridge, Mass.
Mr. Smith was by trade a watchmaker and
jeweller. After carrying on his business in
Maine, Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri, he
entered the establishment of Palmer, Bach-
elder and Co., in Boston, Mass., where he
acted as salesman in the watch department
for about nineteen years, and was for the last
thirteen years a member of the firm. By his
kind manners, accommodating spirit and
thorough knowledge of his business he won
many friends and increased in no small de-
gree the patronage of the establishment.
But devoted as he was to the interests of the
firm, his heart was elsewhere.
He was a member of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club, and of the Boston Society
of Natural History, though not a frequent
attendant upon the meetings of either society.
He was an enthusiastic student of coleoptera
and for more than twenty years gave all his
leisure time to the collection, arrangement
and study of these insects. Indeed, so assid-
uous was his devotion to his collection, that
few persons had an opportunity of making
his acquaintance out of business hours, un-
less they visited him in his studio. In his
earlier years he established the foundation
of his collection by his own exertions, but
later, being unable to travel extensively, and
finding rather barren fields in his vicinity, he
resorted largely to purchase and exchange.
His aim was to obtain both sexes of every
species existing in North America, and, hav-
ing ample means, he spared hardly any
expense in pursuance of this purpose. More-
over, the liberality with which he granted
the use of his cabinet to other students
secured for him their good will and coopera-
tion, and through them he received immense
additions to his cabinet.- So thoroughly had
the field been explored for him that for a long
time before his death he was rarely able to
add any new species except the very minute
ones, and possessed nearly all that were
known as occurring in North America. The
extent and wonderfully perfect state of pre-
servation of his collection attracted the
attention of the leading students of his spec-
ialty in the country, and from them he re-
ceived many visits. It was his practice to
relax and remount every specimen which he
placed in his cabinet, and it is rare to find a
limb or a joint missing, while all these parts
are set in the attitudes of the living individ-
uals. Very few specimens had ever been in
alcohol, hence they possessed the brilliancy
of life. The whole North American collec-
tion is most neatly labelled and arranged in
more than two hundred boxes made in form
of large octavo books, and covered with black
cloth. These boxes are ranged upon
shelves in cabinets with glass doors.
In addition to his North American collec-
tion Mr. Smith had a quite extensive collec-
tion of South American coleoptera, mostly
donations from various friends. He had
spent much labor upon the arrangement of
these in about forty wooden storing boxes,
and except by comparison this collection in
itself would be considered a monument of
industry and devotion.
Mr. Smith was not simply a collector of in-
sects. He possessed a very good entomolog-
ical library, and was well read in the science.
He owned also a fine and well-equipped binoc-
ular microscope, and was contemplating the
performance of extensive work with this
instrument when death puta stop to all his
plans. —[Abstract of a memoir read by J:
Orne, jr., before the Boston Society of Nat-
ural History. | B: P. M.
200 [2216-2228]
PSLPCHE ;
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and socictics are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets { |, marks the time at which the
zvork was recetved, unless an earlier date of publication zs known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omisstons are solicited.
Bacon, Austin. Insects destroyed by vege-
tables. (Bulletin Torrey bot. club, Dec.
1874, v. 5, p» 51-52. 6 cm.)
Mentions the occasional inability of urocerata to
extricate their ovipositors from trees which they were
boring; the capture of insects in the closing flowers of
nymphaea odorata, and their destruction when the lat-
ter were drawn under water for the maturity of their
fruit; and the occasional inability of gall insects and
the apple borer to escape from their host plants.
W: T. (2216)
Bailey, W: Whitman. Afocynum. (Bull.
Torrey bot. club, Feb. 1874, v. 5, p- 9-10,
12 cm.)
Records the capture of small _coleoptera_ by the
flowers, and quotes a passage from Dr. Darwin’s
‘* Loves of the flowers” concerning the similar capture
of diptera. W: T. (2217)
Bailey. W: Whitman. Bees on gerardia
pedicularia, L. (Bull. Torrey bot. club,
Oct. 1871, v. 2. p- 39, 8 cm.)
Humble bees [é0mbus] observed collecting nectar
exclusively through perforations in the corolla.
W: T. (2218)
Bailey, W: Whitman. Perforation of ger-
ardia pedicularia by bees. (Amer. nat.,
Nov. 1873. v. 7, p- 689-690, 22 cm.)
Finds that humble bees [bombus] visit the flowers
but do not enter them from the mouth, obtaining nectar
through perforations near the base of the corolla, which,
however, he has never seen the bees make.
W: T. (2219)
Basket worm (The). A new and dan-
gerous enemy to the hedges and evergreens
hereabout. From the New York sun.
(Kansas City [Kans.] journal, 12 Aug.
1880, p. 15, col. 1, 43 cm.)
Brief life-history of thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis
and other notes upon this species, mostly by A.S.
Fuller. G: D. (2220)
Bassett, Homer Franklin. Description of a
new species of cyuzps. Cynips g. riley?, n.
sp. (Amer. nat. Feb. 1881, v. 15, p- 149-
150.) (Separate [General notes; entomol-
ogy], from Amer. nat., Feb. 1881, p. 149-
150. )
Description of the species and of its galls on guwer-
cus castanea. iG? (2221)
Beal, W. J. Agency of insects in fertilizing
plants. (Amer. nat., 1867, v. 1, July, p.
254-260; Oct., p- 403-408.)
Describes the fertilization of campanula, taraxvacum,
amorpha, lupinus, oenothera, digitalis, kalmia, andro-
meda and tris by various insects. Wd. sizee2}
Bee-farm in New South Wales (A). (Colo-
nies and India, 30 Oct. 1880, p. 10-11, 14
cm.)
Notes on the bee-farm of W : Dunn, of Sidney.
G: D.~ (@223)
Bell, James Thompson. Arboreal ausculta-
, tion. (Can. entom., Jan. 1881, v.13, 0pe
19-20. )
From observation of woodpeckers [ prcus] at work,
the author thinks that the exact location of a “‘borer’”’ in
a tree can be determined with an instrument similar to
a stethoscope or to an ear-trumpet, and the grub then
killed by piercing with an awl. Gr D. (a2z2%)
Bergroth, E. Die zwolfte skandinavische
Naturforscher-Versammlung. (Entom.
Nachrichten, 15 Nov. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 256-
Oil )
257- ;
Notice of the meeting of 7-14 July 1880, and list of 16
entomological papers read. G: D. (2225)
Bethune, C: James Stewart, ed., see CANADIAN EN-
TOMOLOGIST.
[Bibliography of economic entomology. |
(Amer. nat., Jan. 1881, v. 15, p.84.) (Psy-
che, Nov. 1880 [ Mar. 1881], v. 3, p- 143.)
Preliminary notices of a proposed bibliography of
economic entomology to be prepared by the United
States entomological commission. G: D. (2226)
Bickford, Robert. Honey bee killed by silk-
weed pollen. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1869, v. 2,
p- 665, 4 cm.)
Describes a hive bee [afzs mel/ifica] so entangled by
the pollinia of asclepias as to be unable to obtain its food,
and hence starved to death. W: T. (2227)
Blanc, H. Anatomie et physiologie de l’ap-
pareil sexuel male des phalangides. Sper-
matogénése, fécondation, hermaphroditis-
me. (Bull. soc. vaud. sci. nat., Dec. 1880,
Ss. 2, v. 17, no. 84, p. 49-78, pl. 4-6.)
Anatomical results based chiefly on study of phalan-
gium cornutum, ph. opilio, ph. longipes and ph. rotun-
dum. G: (2228)
- ie
PSY CHE .
Bobretzky, N. Ueber die Bildung des
Blastoderms und der Keimblatter bei den
Insecten. (Zeitsch. f. wissensch. Zool.,
1878, v. 31, p. 195-215, pl. 14.)
Historical; development of the blastoderm and ger-
minal layer, based upon study of the eggs of freris
crataegt and porthesia chrysorrhea; summary of pro-
cesses as follows (p. 207-208) :~1st. Before the appear-
ance of the blastoderm an increase takes place in the
formed elements in the yolk, which consist of proto-
plasm with a nucleus and which have the morphological
value of true cells. —2nd. A part of such elements
gradually comes out of the yolk upon the surface of the
egg and there forms the blastoderm, in the formation
of which no special blastem layer takes part.— 3rd.
Another part of the same elements remains in the yolk
after the formation of the blastoderm, and later causes
the subdivision of the yolk into the so-called yolk-
masses or yolk-balls, which are to be considered as true
cells. —Comparison with the same processes in the
other classes of arthropoda. G: D. (2229)
[Bombyx mori. ] (Journ. applied sci.,
March 188t, v. 12, p. 43, 23 cm.)
On the weight of cocoons and of eggs, on the num-
ber of eggs to a given weight, and on the number of
eggs laid by a single moth. GD: (2220)
Bowles, G: J :, ed., see CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Brandt, Alexander. Uber die Eir6éhren der
blatta (periplaneta) oritental’s. (Mém.
acad. impér. sci. St. Pétersb., s. 7, v. 21,
no. 12.) St. Pétersbourg, 1874. t.-p.
EOVEr Ep -.130) P-5)1 Ploy 33624), b20 <.115..3%
Pam., 40 kop.
Anatomical; upon the ovaries of b. orfentalis and
the development of the eggs in them. Gi D. (2230)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Ueber die Metamor-
phosen des Nervensystems der Insekten
Rec, 1451):
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V- I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2232)
Brandt, Eduard K. Nervnaia sistema os,
vespa. (Protocoly S.-Peterburgskago ob-
shtshestva estestvoispytatelel, tom 7, str.
93-) S.—Peterburg, 1878. 12+3 p., 1 pl.,
21X14.5, t 16.5 X10.
The development and adult structure of the nervous
system of vespa vulgar/s described and figured. Lit-
erature (12 titles). G: D277)
Brandt, Eduard K. O nervnoi sisteme vee-
rokrylykh, strepstptera. Iz Protokoloy
Trudov Russkago entomologitsheskago ob-
shtshestva, tom 11, 1878 g. S.-—Peterburg,
1878. 8p., 21X14.5, t 16.5 X ro.
Anatomy of the nervous system of strepsiptera:
figures the nervous system of stylops melittae.
G: D. (2234)
Brandt, Eduard K. Ein offener Brief an
Herrn Prof. Fr. Leydig. Ueber evanza
appendigaster. St. Petersburg, 1878. 7 p.,
20X14.5, t 17X10.
Figures and describes the nervous system of e. ap-
pendigaster. G: D. (2235)
[2229-2244] 201
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Untersuchungen iiber
das Nervensystem der Dipteren [Rec.,
1452].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2236)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Skizze des Nervensystem der In-
sekten [Rec., 1453].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704. ) G: D. (2237)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Hemipteren [Rec., 1454].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2238)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Hymenopteren [Rec., 1455].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2239)
Brandt, Eduard !K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Kater, coleoptera [Rec., 1456].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2240)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Uniersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Lepidopteren (Rec., 1457].
Notice. [Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704. ) G: D. (2241)
Brandt, Eduard [K.]. Vergleichend-anato-
mische Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven-
system der Zweifliigler, diptera [Rec.,
1458].
Notice. (Monthly journ. sci., Oct. 1879,
S. 3, V. I, p. 703-704.) G: D. (2242)
Buchholz. Reinhold. Reisen in Westafrika.
... Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1880... .
Rey. and extracts entitled ‘“‘Aus der In-
sectenwelt Ober-Guinea’s.” (Das Ausland
[Stuttgart], 23 Feb. 1880, p. 147-150, 152
cm.)
Contains, according to Das Ausland, much upon the
habits of ants and termites, and upon the structure of
their nests. G: D. (2243)
Bush, Mrs. A. E. Ways of limenitis bre-
dowii. (Amer. nat, Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 151.)
(Separate [General notes; entomology],
from Amer. nat., Feb. 1881, p. 151.) :
Brief notes on the habits of this Californian species.
G: D. (2244)
202 [2245-2259 ]
Butterfly’s life (A). (‘‘St. James gazette.’’)
(Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 9 Oct.
1880, p. 7, col. 1-2, 32 cm.)
Some habits of butterflies. G: D. (2245)
Packard, Alpheus Spring, jr., see UNITED STATES—
Entomological commission, Bulletin no. 4. The
hessian fly ... [Rec., 2207].
Riley, C: Valentine, see UNITED States — Entomolog-
teal commission, Bulletin no, 3. The cotton worm ..
[ Rec. 2206].
Schaupp, Frank G: List of the described
col. larvae of the U. S. with some remarks
on their classification. (Bull. Brooklyn
entom. soc., 1879, v. 2, May, p. 1-3; June,
p- 13-14; July, p. 21-22; Aug., p. 29-30.)
Introduction, larvae of cfcindelidae, carabidae, d yt ts-
cidae, gyrinidae, hydrophilidae, staphylinidae, silpht-
dae and scaphidiidae. Ff. G: S. (2246)
Thomas, Cyrus, see UNntTreD States — Entomological
commission, Bulletin no. 5. The chinch-bug...
[ Rec., 2208].
[United States.—Extomological commission.
Notes about researches on the cotton worm,
aletia, and on other insects.] (Amer. nat.,
Aug. 1879, v- 13, p- 535-) G: D. (2247)
Vanilla culture. (Journ. applied sci., 1 Sept.
1880, v. II, Pp. 129, 22 cm.)
Quotes briefly from Belt’s ‘Naturalist in Nicaragua’
[Rec., 72] in regard to insects needed to fertilize the
vanilla plant [vanilla plantfolia|. G: D. (2248)
Wailly, Alfred. Silk-producing bombyces.
(Journ. soc. arts [Lond.], 1 Aug. 1879, v.
27, p- 813-814, 26 cm.)
Time and duration of copulation of several species
of silk-producing bombycidae; fertility of their eggs.
Extracted from The entomologist. G: D. (2249)
Waterhouse, C: O. Descriptions of four
new species of the genus ¢zofeplus (coleo-
ptera, cucujidae). (Annals and mag. nat.
iStesS> Gov 35° p 253.)
Describes ‘nopeplus aeneomicans from Jamaica,
R. H. (2250)
Weale, J. P. Mansel. Observations on the
mode in which certain species of asclepia-
deae are fertilized. (Journ. Linn. soc.,
Bot., 3 Nov. 1870, v. 13, p. 48-58.)
Enumerates the insects upon which the pollination
of several genera depends. WSU) (2250)
Wedderburn, D: Carnivorous wasps.
(Nature, 26 Feb. 1880, v. 21, p. 417, 6 cm.)
A wasp observed devouring a caterpillar which was
alive though considerably mangled. ¥. M. W. (2252)
PSTCHE.
Westwood, J: Obadiah. [Note on Proso-
pistoma. | (Trans. entom. soc. Lond.,
19725 broc., p. 6.)
Lack of perceptible mouth-organs and the structure
of the legs characters not in accord with those of
ephemeridae ov crustacea. External form resembles
baetisca obesa Say. S723)
Westwood, ]: Obadiah. Notes on the ge-
nus prosopistoma of Latreille. (Trans.
entom. soc. Lond., 1877, p. 189-194, pl.
4B-5.)
Literature on the subject; non-agreement between
Joly’s figures and specimens. Direct observation of the
transformation necessary to prove the genus one of the
ephemeridae. Figures prosopistoma variegatum, copies
figure of p. punctifrons from Joly. S: Hf. (2254)
Wetmore, C: A. Propagation of the vine.
How to regulate vineyards by the use of
seedlings. <A treatise illustrating the supe-
riority of constitutionally perfectroots. Also
an essay on the physical and moral in-
fluence of the vine. 2d ed., with appendix.
San Francisco, San Francisco Merchant,
1880. t.-p. cover-++t.-p.--[1]--25 psy 2aee
L4y 5) L ples 53 07 0- apiileny eho Gioe
Reprinted from the columns of the Sax Francisco
merchant, Considers the cultivation of seedling grapes
an especially valuable means of preventing the ravages
of the phylloxera. B: P. M. (2255)
White, C: A. Progress of invertebrate pa-
laeontology in the United States for the
year 1879. (Amer. nat., April 1880, v. 14,
p. 250-260. )
Alludes (p. 253-254) to S: H. Scudder’s papers on
fossil insects. G: D. (2256)
White, C: A. English sparrows refusing to
eat worms. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14,
p- 671-672. )
Passer domesticus probably not really an insectiy-
orous bird, as it refuses Zwmbricus, which is favorite
food of such birds. G:; D. (2257)
Whitney, Josiah Dwight. The museum of
natural history at Harvard. (Harv. regis-
ter, Feb. 1880, v. 1, p. 33-34, 56 cm.)
Brief description of the work attempted and that
carried out at the Museum of comparative zoology, in
Cambridge, Mass. Alludes to Prof. H. A. Hagen’s
biological collection of insects. G: D. (2258)
Worthington, C: Ellis. <A list of diurnal
lepidoptera inhabiting the state of Illinois,
(Can. entom., March 188o, v. 12, p. 46-50.)
Enumerates about 140 species; describes pamphila
ursa and p. pottawattomie, 2 new species.
G: (2259)
PS TCME.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
J. M. T. Myers, of Fort Madison, Iowa, of-
fers no. 5123 of Crotch’s listin exchange for
other beetles.
Pror. C. V. RILey is at work upon an
index to the nine volumes of reports made by
him from 1869 to 1877. as state entomologist
of Missouri.
Pror. C. V. RiLey has become the editor
of the department of entomology in the
American Naturalist, the proprietors of that
magazine having purchased the subscription
list and good will of the ‘‘ American Ento-
mologist.”
UNDER the title of ‘‘ Bibliotheca Coleopte-
rologica,” Mr. F. G. Schaupp is publishing,
in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomologi-
cal Society, lists of the papers on beetles
printed in the publications of various scien-
tific societies.
Mr. J. S. KinGsLeEy’s Naturalists’ Assis-
tant, which Bates, of Salem, will publish early
in the fall. will contain quite an extended bib-
liography in all departments of zoology,
special attention being given to American
and English authors.
BARON DE CHAuporR. of Russia, R. H.
McLachlan. of England, and Baron C. R.
Osten Sacken, Russian Consul
General to this country, have been elected
honorary members of the Belgian Entomo-
logical Society to fill the vacancies caused by
the deaths of Boisduval, Mulsantand Snellen
van Vollenhoven. — Amer. nat., April 1881.
V. 15, P- 324-325-
ACCORDING TO Dr. Jousset de Bellesme,
cocoons do not serve insects as a protection
against the cold. The pupa resists congela-
tion by reason of a continuous liberation of
heat due to the destruction of the muscular
system of the larva, which is much more
considerable than that of the mature insect.
The large quantity of uric acid discharged at
the time of metamorphosis is a proof of the
extent of the organic transformations which
have taken place.—‘Fourn. of sc¢., March 1880,
p- 214.
formerly
203
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
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Some PsocINA OF THE UNITED STATES—Hermann August Hagen - : 207-210
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ee Oued JB:
SOME PSOCINA OF
THE UNITED STATES.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(Continued from p. 196.)
Genus Exipsocus.
Tue genus Elipsocus is a very natural
one. Mr. Kolbe has separated E. uni-
punctatus from the rest as belonging to
a different genus Mesopsocus Kolbe.
This species, it is true, has a peculiar
facies, nevertheless the differences do
not appear to justify a generic separation,
the more as a new species FL. laticeps
Kolbe is perhaps only a variety of EZ.
unipunctatus. Both have no hairs on
the veins of the wings, which is an ex-
ception in Elipsocus. The differences
quoted by Kolbe for Mesopsocus consist
chiefly in the venation, and represent
differences found as variations in the
same species. Among thirty European
specimens now before me, twenty have the
venation of Mesopsocus (alarum anti-
carum ramus venae medianae interior
ramusque venae submedianae exterior
venula transversali conjuncti, Kolbe) ;
the other ten specimens have both rami
united in a point (without the venula
transversalis) ; one of them has the
rami confluent, as figured by Spangberg,
and described as a character of LE. lati-
ceps by Kolbe. The other differences of
the venation quoted by Kolbe are even
less important, and oceur likewise in
E. wnipunctatus. I may state that my
specimens are from Sweden, Eastern
Prussia, Saxony, Posen, Hamburg, and
Elberfeld, and that the before mentioned
varieties were found together with the
normal form.
The claws of the legs of EF. unipunc-
tatus have a tooth below, before the
point, only visible with the compound
microscope. The claws are 0.05 mm.
long. the tooth 0.003 mm. The basal
third of the claw is enlarged below,
forming a prominent edge. I remark
that the nearly related genus Caecilius,
except Pterodela, has no tooth on the
claws in living and fossil species, and is,
as far as my observation goes, the only
one with toothless claws. The genital
appendages of the male of H. unipunc-
tatus are covered by a large spoon-shaped
valve, which is bluntly pointed above ;
the appendages black, somewhat in-
curved, narrow, truncated on tip; the
external border truncated in the middle,
therefore not reaching the tip. The
penis appears to be long and stilletto-
shaped.
In the Synopsis of the Neuroptera of
North America, p. 9, atno:3, Psocus sig-
natus, | have stated my doubts concerning
the distinctness of this species from Ps.
immunis Steph. (= unipunctatus). There
are before me five specimens from Massa-
chusetts and New York, which, after a
208
very detailed examination, I am unable
to separate from the European species.
The slight differences of the venation,
spoken of before, occur also among the
North American specimens. The iden-
tity of the species is made more sure by
the fact that short-winged specimens are
found in Europe and in North America,
and that till now EH. unipunctatus is the
only species of which short-winged spec-
imens are known. I possess three spec-
imens from Eastern Prussia, found to-
gether with the long-winged specimens,
and two from New York, which I
received together with the types of Ps.
signatus.
Mr. Kolbe is inclined to doubt the
existence of short-winged specimens
(Monogr. deutsch. Psociden, p. 95), and
therefore I may give here some more
detailed information. The specimens
agree exactly with the figure given by
Westwood, Introd., -v. 2, f. 59,
13, 14, 15- The only difference is the
absence of ocelli according to West-
wood’s statement, but I think that prob-
ably he used a lens of low power. The
ocelli are easily seen with the compound
microscope; they do not stand upon a
circular elevation as in the long-winged
specimens, but upon the flat surface of
the head. The cornea is very little con-
vex, but sharply defined around its
border, and shining; the anterior ocellus
is smaller, and in one specimen the
cornea is like a dull membrane. In
another specimen this ocellus is deepened,
but a small shining cornea is visible in
the hole. The diameter of the two pos-
terior ocelli is 0.04 mm.; the anterior
is smaller. I saw Westwood’s type years
no:
PSTCHE,
ago, but did not examine the ocelli,
which are very easily overlooked with-
out the use of a compound microscope.
The rudiments of the wings are small
ovoid scales, attached to. the external
margin of the mesothorax and to the
metathorax with a very short stem, and
not with a broad base as commonly in
the nympha state. The scaies lie close
to the thorax and are scarcely longer
than the segment to which they belong ;
they are opaque, chitinous, only the
apical half thinner and somewhat trans-
parent, yellow as the main color of the
body of the insect, without veins, but
with a darker middle stripe; the border
around the scale somewhat thicker.
The head of the short-winged speci-
mens and the large eyes are similar to
those of the normal form, excepting the
want of the circular elevation bearing
the ocelli. The antennae hairy but thin-
ner. Size, body and legs as in the normal
form. The genitals are not to be ob-
served surely in the dry specimens, but
seem to be similar to those of the normal
form. - One is surely, three are probably
male; one seems to be a female, and the
eyes are more separated. I think the
appearance of such specimens is by no
means exceptional, as similar short-
winged imagos are known to exist among
the termitina and perlina. They are
imagos with rudimentary wings.
I remark that I had accepted for the
species the name E£. aphidiodes Schrank,
because it is doubtless sure, though
Mueller’s name £. unipunctatus, the
identification of which was first pointed
out by myself, is only probably sure.
PSF CLE: 209
Psocus venosus Burm.
The species is found everywhere from
Canada down to the Gulf of Mexico and
occurs also in Cuba. I do not know
whether it is found west of the Rocky
Mountains or not. It appears to live
gregariously, sometimes in large num-
bers, on apple trees, in all different
stages. As it is here the largest species,
I have tried to study it carefully, and
give here a short notice of some entirely
new characters, which may be observed
partly in other species.
The wings of Psocus have mostly
been treated of in a rather summary
manner. The venation is considered in
a different way by different writers, but
a satisfactory study of the species not
belonging to the European fauna has
thus far been wanting, and such a study
will probably lead to better knowledge.
I use here, for convenience, the nomen-
clature adopted by Mr. Kolbe in his new
monograph, reserving until a future time
and as the result of farther advanced
‘study, the introduction of some changes.
I would here draw attention to a few char-
acters, which I find nowhere mentioned.
1. At the extreme base of fore and
hind wing of Psocus venosus (and several
related species), just below the the sub-
costa, there is a darker, more chitinous
place, bordered below by the median
vein and ending in front about where
the submedian begins. Examined witha
rather strong lens, this place (0.2 mm.
long) has the appearance of a sieve
with numerous round holes of 0.003 mm.
diameter, arranged in a series of longitudi-
nal lines, not strictly keeping in the lines.
In changing the focus, every hole is found
to have a small sensitive bristle in the
centre. The whole arrangement is simi-
lar to that on the base of the wings of
diptera or on the antennae of insects,
described long ago, and presumed to
represent the sense of hearing. I have
hitherto been unable to prove the pres-
ence of nerves and ganglia in this place,
but such will be found without doubt.
In full grown nymphae I was able to see
the same arrangement, but in a less
definite shape. The small holes have not
such sharp borders in the nymphae as in
the imagos, and the middle elevation
seems to be larger than in the imago.
2. The wings of full-grown nymphae,
while still contained in the wing case,
show nearly the whole venation indicated
by paler lines, representing the veins,
which are blood vessels. Around the
margin of the whole forewing runs a
broad sinus (0.016—-0.023 mm.), with
which the other veins are connected.
The whole wing is dull, not hyaline, pale
grayish, densely filled with cells. The
tracheae are very small (0.0017 mm.
diameter against 0.005 in the imago),
often only indicated, and the spiral thread
not visible or replaced by transverse
nuclei. In an earlier stage there is found
as the first indication of a trachea, one
series of cells arranged ina band. The
trachea forming the analis of Kolbe is
always broader (0.0025 mm. diameter,
against 0.083-+ in the imago). The
analis belongs to the underside of the
wing and is, as far as I know, the only
one not accompanied by a blood vessel,
and formed only by a trachea for pur-
poses later to be spoken of. The hind
border of the wing case has two series
ZO
of long bristles (0.104 mm. long).
Specimens just after transformation
show the wings hyaline but somewhat
milky. The larger veins and the ptero-
stigma are filled with a large number of
blood-cells. The two membranes of the
wings, even in the imago state, are less
firmly glued together than in other
insects, and easily separated if the wing
is touched roughly or glued with one
side on paper or glass. The membranes
of the hind wings are still less firmly con-
nected than those of the forewings. In
going through a moderately large collec-
tion of Psocus, specimens will be found
showing a separation of the two mem-
branes at least in some parts. The same
is often to be seen in fossil species
included in amber or in copal.
All veins show numerous short ap-
pressed hairs, the longest on the margi-
nal vein around the wing (0.009 mm.
long). The only vein without any cloth-
ing of hairs is the analis. The whole
membrane of the wing is beset more or
less densely with similar but much smaller
hairs (the longest 0.003 mm.).
It is a fact new to me that the
whole venation, with the exception of
the subcostalis and analis, consists of a
double net, not only of veins, as I have
proved long ago, but also of tracheae,
one net belonging to the upper mem-
brane, the other to the lower one. Both
are exactly alike and cannot be seen
when the two membranes are firmly glued
together. When separated, which oc-
curs more easily in the hind wings, both
nets are clearly visible, and each trachea
of the upper membrane joins the corres-
CSITCHE .
ponding one of the lower membrane in
a loop at the margin. I have to remark
that the tracheae seem only in juxtapo-
sition to the blood veins, at least I have
established this undoubtedly in the case
of the mediana. A more detailed study
of the origin of the veins will probably
give a more certain basis of facts for
identifying the value of the veins, and
a better founded
For instance, the ramus
medianae interior in the hind wings is
united with the ramus submedianae exte-
rior at the base of the wing, and both
can only be considered to be the two
In the fore-
wing the ramus medianae interior is a
branch of the mediana and the ramus sub-
medianae exterior a branch of the subme-
The mediana originates from the
anterior basal wing-callus, the submedi-
ana from the posterior wing-callus ; nev-
ertheJess both veins are connected by a
tracheal loop at the extreme basis of the
wings. I have purposely given this in
such detail, because the whole disagree-
ment about the nomenclature of the veins
between McLachlan and Kolbe consists
in this point. But I have not yet fin-
ished my studies to a point satisfactory
to myself, so as to emit a positive opinion
about those veins.
The somewhat loose connection of the
two membranes of the wings, and the
fact that the tracheae are double and
constitute, for a very large part, the
venation, easily explains the very fre-
quent variations and warns us to use such
differences only or chiefly for generic
separation. ( To be continued.)
for contributing to
nomenclature.
branches of the same vein.
diana.
_—
PSE CLLE., 211
PSY CEEE.
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
52ND MEETING OF GERMAN NATURALISTS
AND PHYSICIANS IN BADEN-BADEN.
WE findin the Extomologische Nachrichten
for 1 April 1880, Jahrg. 6, p. 65-79, a notice
of the meeting entitled above, by M. von
Hopfigarten, of Miilverstedt. The Entomo-
logical section of this meeting, now four
years old, is declared to be the centre of
German entomological life. After some ir-
relevant matter, and a list of the eighteen
persons present, a list is given of the com-
munications presented. Dr. von Heyden, of
Frankfort, mentioned that Tournier had
found a species of Laccobcus, which he named
thermaritus, in a hot spring, of temperature
474-49° C., in Baden, Switzerland. Mr.
K6ppen, of St. Petersburg, called attention
to a bibliography of the zoology of Russia
which he had published in German. Baron
von Osten-Sacken, now of Heidelberg, spoke
of ‘‘Certain remarkable cases of the geo-
graphical distribution of ¢¢pulidae,” an ab-
stract of which communication is given as
follows : —
Five species of the genus Ptychofpiterina are
known; one is found in the Atlantic states
of North America, one in California, one in
Chili, one in New Zealand and one in amber,
The genus Elephantomyia is found in the
Atlantic states of North America, in Califor-
nia, and in amber. The genus Prochobola
is known from northern and middle Europe,
North America, New Zealand, Van Dieman’s
Land and South Australia. Several species
of the group axdsomerina with enormously
long antennae in the males occur in the
Atlantic states of North America and similar
species are still found in amber. The rather
frequent contact of the [eastern] North
American fauna with that of the amber, on
the one hand, and that of California, Chili
and Australia, on the other hand, is especially
worthy of note, as is also the circumstance
that in certain genera of diptera sporadic
occurrence is more frequent than it is in
the other orders of insects. Considerable
discussion followed this communication, in-
volving the question of the geographical
distribution of cave-insects.
Several ingenious pieces of collecting ap-
paratus were exhibited, and methods of cap;
ture were discussed. Five sessions were held.
Baron von Osten-Sacken proposed that a
loan-library should be formed, for the benefit
of entomologists, from which any one might
obtain books without fee. He offered, in
case such a library were established, to pre-
sent to it about 300 works treating of diptera,
mostly. separates. Dr. Noll, of Frankfort,
said that such a library, containing works on
malacozoology, had already been established
at Frankfort-on-Main, and that it would be
a good plan to choose that city for the /ocale
of this new library. This, together with
other propositions that were brought forward
at the final session, was referred to the meet-
ing to be held in 188o.
A notice is given further of collections ex-
amined and excursions made, and the author
concludes with an expression of exultation
that the entomologists felt strong enough to
resist the attempt of the zoologists to swallow
their section.
It was determined to hold the next meeting
18-24 Sept. 1880, in Danzig. Bick eiVh.
212 [2260-2272]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
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The date of publication, given in brackets |], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Agricultural department's view of the army
worm (The). (Springfield [Mass.] d.
republican, 16 June 1880, p. 4, col. 5, 15
cm. )
Notes, on authority of J: H: Comstock, in regard to
Jeucania untpuncta and modes of destroying it.
G: D. (2260)
B., R. T. Singuliére nourriture d’un névro-
ptere. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1
Nov. 1880, an. II, p. 14.)
Discovers panorpa communis eating portions of
fishes which had been placed on a sunny bank.
G: D.
Biggest of spiders (The). (Springfield
[Mass.] d. republican, 21 June 1880, p. 2,
col. 6, 6 cm.)
. Extract from paper by Frank Buckland in Land and
water. G: D. (2262)
(2261)
Bugnion, Edouard. Métamorphoses du mez-
genta bistgnata, mouche parasite de la
tribu des tachinaires. (Bull. soc. vaud.
sci. nat., Dec. 1880, s. 2, v. 17, no. 84, p.
17-31, pl. 1-2.)
Description and figures of the larva and pupa, and
figure of imago, of m. bisignata, whose larva is para-
sitic in larvae of the chrysomelids Jina tremulae, parop-
sts sexpunctata and agelastica aint, in larvae of the ten-
thredinid athalia spinarum, and in larvae of the geo-
metrid g@ymnancyla canella. Comparisons of larva of
m. bisignata with larvae of tachina villica and of m.
bombivora, with general remarks and citations upon
other tachinid larvae. Quotes from Osten Sacken in
regard to tachinid larvae and their hosts. Notes on
larvae of phora found parasitic on larvae of /ina tre-
mulae. G: D. (2263)
Carpenter, W:L. List of species of butter-
flies received from Fort Niobrara, Nebraska.
(Can. entom., Dec. 1880, v. 12, p. 252.)
Enumerates 26 species. G: D. (2264)
Camerano, Lorenzo. Descrizione di alcuni
insetti monstruosi delle raccolte entomo-
logiche del R. museo zoologico di Torino.
Torino, Laboratorio del Regio museo zoolo-
gico di Torino, 1878. t.—p. cover, g p.,
23X16, t 15X9g; fig. 1-7.
Separate from the Atti della reale accademia delle
sctenze di Torino, v. 14. Deformities of 7 species of
coleoptera, 1 each of hymenoptera, orthoptera, hem-
iptera and lepidoptera. G: D. (2265)
Camerano, Lorenzo. Di alcune variazioni
avvenute nella fauna entomologica del con-
torno di Torino. Nota. Studio fatto nel
Laboratorio del R. museo zoologico di
Torino. Torino, 1878. t.—p. cover, 6 p.,
23X16, t 16X9.5. :
Separate from the Axnalit della reale accademia
@agricoltura di Torino, v.21. Discusses the changes
in the entomological fauna of the neighborhood of
Turin, Italy, and their causes. G: D. (2266)
Camerano, Lorenzo. Polimorfismo nella
femmina dell’ hkydrophilus piceus Linn.
Torino, 1877. t:—p: Cover, II p., © ployed
X16, t 15Xg.
Separate from the Aft della reale accademia delle
scienze di Torino, v. 12. Figures and describes 3
forms of females of h. piceus. q (2267)
Chambers, T. Wasps as marriage priests
to plants. (Amer. nat., Apr. 1867, v. 1, p.
105-107, I fig.)
Describes and figures the tarsus of one of the /ar-
vidae laden with the pollen-masses of an asclepias, and
calls attention to the figures of Savigny and Westwood
showing pollinia of this genus attached to the palpi of
the same family. The communication is accompanied
by notes by Horace Mann and the editor of the Natu-
ralist. W: T. (2268)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. On the early
stages of gracitlaria stigmatella, Fabr.
(Can. entom., Feb. 1881, v. 13, p. 25-28.)
Notes on the life-history of 2. stigmatella, of g.
syringella and of other tineidae. G: D. (2269)
Change in the nervous system of beetles
during metamorphosis. (Amer. nat., Jan.
1881, v. 15, p- 58-59.)
Brief rev. and abstract of H. Michels’ “Beschreibung
des Nervensystems von oryctes nasicornis”’ ... [Rec.,
1979-] G: D. (2270)
Claypole, E: W. Notes on Jdytta, blister-
beetles. (Can. entom., Dec. 1880, v. 12,
p- 245-246. )
Notes on habits of 7. atrata, 1. cinerea, 1. marginata,
and /. vittata. G: D. (2271)
Comstock, J: H: Notes oncoccidae. (Can.
entom., Jan. 1881, v. 13, p. 8-9.)
Describes a new species, aspidiotus citri, from the
orange [c/trvus] in California, probably an introduced
species from Australia. G: D. (2272)
PSIYCHS.
Conner, Browni. San Francisco gossip.
(Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 29
Sept. 1880, ... 84 cm.)
Notes [5 cm.| on silk-raising in California.
Cook, Albert J: The relation of apiculture
to science. (Amer. nat., March 1881, v.
15, P- 195-203-)
Chiefly biological notes on apis mellifica. A paper
read before the Entomological subsection of the Amer-
ican* association for the advancement of science, at
its Boston meeting (1880). G: D. (2274)
Coquillett, Daniel W: On the early stages
of plusia precationts, Guenee. (Can.
entom., Feb. 1881, v.. 13, p. 21-23.)
Describes egg, larva and pupa; notes on habits of
imago. Ge iD (2275)
Cotton crop (The). (Springfield [Mass.] d.
republican, 16 Oct. 1880, p. 4, col. 6, 10
cm.)
Notes on losses from caterpillars. G: D. (2276)
Crickets as pets. (‘Indianapolis [Ind. ]
journal.”) (Springfield [Mass. | d. republi-
can, 8 Jan. 1880, p. 3, col. I, 31 cm.)
Notes on habits of crickets confined as pets.
: GD (2277)
Croneberg, A. Ueber den Bau der Hydra-
chniden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 2 Dec. 1878,
jahrg. I, p. 316-319.)
Abstract, by E: Burgess.
March 1880, v. 3, p. 29-30.) ‘
Internal anatomy of hydrachnidae. G: D, (2278)
(Psyche,
Darwin, Francis. Alpine flowers. (Nature,
10 Feb. 1881, v. 23, p- 333-335-)
Review of H. Miiller’s ‘ Alpenblumen”’... [Rec.,
2175]. : Wi TT (2279)
Darwin, Francis. Bees visiting flowers.
(Nature, 8 Jan. 1874, v. g, p. 189-190, 46
emi’)
States that flowers of /athyrus sylvestris growing in
quantity are perforated by humble-bees [bombus] for |
their nectar. Shows how bees obtain nectar from the
flowers of Phaseolus multifiorus. W: T. (2280)
Detection of glucose and cane syrup in
honey. (New remedies, Feb. 1881, v. 10,
fe p-054,.6)cn1.)
From The druggist; originally from a paper by
Planta-Reichman. G: D. (2281)
Dodge, G: M. On a variety of catocala
nebraskae, Dodge. (Can. entom., Feb.
1881, v. 13, p- 40.)
Describes c. nebraskae var. somnus, G: D. (2282)
[2273-2290] 213
Dogiel, Johannes. Anatomie und Physiolo-
gie des Herzens der Larve von corethra
plumicornts. (Mém. acad. impér. sci. St.
Pétersb., 1877, 8. 7, v. 24, no. 10.) St.
Pétersburg, 1877. t.-p. cover, t.-p., 37 p.,
33X25, t 21X15.2; 2 pl.
Anatomy of the heart of c. plumicornis; its valves,
muscles and nerve-cells; the aorta; physiological exper-
iments on the rapidity of pulsation under the influence
of different temperatures, of electricity, and of 22 differ-
ent poisonous chemicals. G: D. (2283)
Donckier de Donceel, Henri, see BROoNGNIART, C:
and Max Cornu, Epidémie causée sur des diptéres
im @ | PRRGGs3.2084'].
[Doryphora decemlineata.] (Springfield
[Mass.] d. republican, 5 Aug. 1880, col. 3,
p: 8, 4. cm.)
A Maryland farmer experiments on the coloring
matter from d. decemlineata. ' G: D. (2284)
[Doryphora decemlineata.] (Springfield
[Mass.] d. republican, 1880: 3 Jan., p. 7,
col. 1, 2 cm.; 29 May, p. 6, col. 4, 1 cm.;
18 June; p. 6; col. 6, 1 cm. 3, 3 aly ps 63
col. x, 2.em.3 1 Oct., p. 5,.colk 6:7 cm.)
Different items on d. decemlineata in New England
and New Brunswick. G: D. (2285)
Doryphora en Belgique! (La). Liége, 1877.
t.-p. cover, 31 p., 18X12, t 11X7.8.
Humorous account of the means taken to suppress
doryphora decemlineata upon its first appearance in
Belgium. G: D. (2286)
Drive away roaches (To). (New remedies,
Feb. 1881, v. 10, p. 63, 7 cm.)
Recommends various modes of destroying b/atta.
G: D. (2287)
Dufort, Aimé. Un lépidoptére & trompe per-
forante, ravageur des oranges en Australie.
(Bull. soc. d’acclimatation, July 1876.)
Separate, Paris, 1876. t.-p. cover, g p.,
24X15, 17 X9Q.5.
Description and figure of ophideres fullonica, and of
its proboscis with which it pierces the rind of oranges.
G: D. (2288)
Dury, C: Note on chrysomelajuncta, ch. 10-
lineata and caryoborus arthriticus. (Can.
entom., Jan. 1881, v. 13, p. 20.)
Chrysomela juncta with ch. decemlineata in Ohio; the
two species taken pairing with each other; difference of
the larvae of the two species; how to prepare specimens
and retain their color. Caryoborus arthriticus from
seeds of the Sabal-palmetto in Florida. G; D. (2289)
Edwards, W:H: Capture of a bi-formed
lycaena. (Can. entom., Aug. 1880, v. 12,
p- 160.)
Notes a male /. neglecta one side of which had the
coloration of the female. G: D. (2290)
214 [2291-2310]
Edwards, W: H: Concerning chrysophanus
nats, Edw. (Can. entom., Jan. 1881, v. 13,
p. 17-18.)
Systematic position discussed; quotes a part of a
letter from A. G. Butler, who regards the species as
belonging to apidemia, of the erycinidae.
G: D. (2291)
Edwards, W: H: Description of a new
species of dzmenztis. (Can. entom., Dec.
1880, Vv. 12, p. 246-251, fig. 24.)
Crit. rev., by H. Strecker, entitled ‘‘Ona
lately described species of /¢menztzs.” (Can.
entom., Feb. 1881, v. 13, p- 29-30.)
Description of larva, chrysalis:and imago of 7. eros,
new species, from Fla. Larva feeds on salix.
G: D. (2292)
Edwards, W: H: Description of a new
species of Jamphila from Florida. (Can.
entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12, p. 224-225.)
G: D. (2293)
Edwards, W: H: Description of the pre-
paratory stages of euftozeta claudia, Cra-
mer. (Can. entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12, p.
231-235.)
Description of egg, larva, and pupa of e. claudia.
Larvae feed on species of passiflora, viola, and sedum.
G: D. (2294)
Erler, Die Ueberwinterung der Biene.
(Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 1881, jahrg. 17:
I Jan., p. 4-8; 15 Jan., p. 18-23.)
Conditions necessary to observe for the preservation
of bees, in a healthy state, through the winter.
Get
Describes pf. byssus, new species.
(2295)
Farrer, T. H. Fertilization of papiliona-
ceous flowers. (Nature, 2 July 1874, v.10,
p- 169-170, 60 cm.)
Shows how bees fertilize the flowers of species of
coronilla while gathering nectar secreted on the outside
of the calyx. W: T. (2206)
Farrer, T. H. On the fertilization of a few
common papilionaceous flowers. (Nature,
1872, v. 6: 10 Oct., p. 478-480; 17 Oct.,
p- 498-501. )
Describes the structure of the flowers, and the actions
of insects when visiting them. W: T. (2297)
Fatal discipline. (Springfield [Mass.] d.
republican, 2 March 1881, p. 5, col. 3, 6cm.)
Death of a lieutenant of ‘the U.S. A., caused by a
spider going into his ear, while on parade at West
Point, N. Y. G: D. (2208)
Feil, Joseph. Native pyrethrum. (New
remedies, April 1881, v. 10, p. 116, 9 cm.)
Mostly a quotation from Bull. no. 3 of the U. S.
entom. comm. [Rec., 2206], on raising ~. cinerartae-
folium, for insect powder, in California. G: D. (2299)
Flights of ‘‘flies.” (Amer. nat., Nov. 1880,
v. 14, p. 805.)
Clouds of flies on the Hudson river, near Newburg,
N. Y., and in Nova Scotia. G: D; (2300)
PSYCHE.
Notes on cafocala hunt-
12; (pt
French, G: Hazen.
ing. (Can. entom., Nov. 1880, v.
241-242.)
Record of captures at Carbondale, Ill. G: D. (2301)
French still looking toward American vines
(The). (‘* Pacific rural press.”) “@imer.
nat., April 1881, v. 15, p. 322.)
Authorisation of the introduction of American vines
[vitrs] into the department of the Gironde, France.
Items about phylloxera. : (2302)
Goodell, Lafayette Washington. Ona new
species of Jackardza. (Can. entom., Feb.
1881, Vv. 13, p- 30-31.)
Describes /. ntgripunctata, reared froma larva found
upon oak [gwercus] in Amherst, Mass. G: D. (2303)
Goodell, Lafayette Washington. On the
early stages of four geometrid moths.
(Can. entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12, p. 235-236. )
Notes on larvae of ochyria designata, eucrostis
chloroleucaria, eutrapela transversata and_actdalia
enucleata. G: D. (2304)
Good words for the skunk. (‘‘Cincinnati
commercial.” (Springfield [Mass. | d. re-
publican, 14 June 1880, p. 7, col. 1-2, 15
cm.)
The skunk [mephitis mephitica] should be allowed
to live, on account of its eating insects; it eats dory-
phora decemlineata and larvae of lachnosterna.
G: D. (2305)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. [Hadena confederata. |
(Can. entom., Dec. 1880, v. 12, p. 264.)
This species is found in N. Y., Tex., La., Mass., and
Fla. G: D. (2306)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. New species of N. Am.
moths. (Can. entom., Oct. 1880, v. 12, p.
213-220. )
Describes 15 new species of lepidoptera heterocera,
from the United States. (2307)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. | North American
moths. (Can. entom., 1880, v. 12: Nov.,
p- 242-244; Dec., p. 254-258; 1881, v. 13:
Jan., p. 14-17; Feb., p. 33-35-)
Describes 22 new species; lists of species of onco-
cnemis, homohadena, and tarache, with mea! of cap-
ture of each species and other notes. G: D. (2308)
Grote, A: Radcliffe.
North American zoctutdae.
Sept. 1880, v. 12, p. 184-188.)
Gives the synonymy of 27 species described by H.
K. Morrison. G: D. (2309)
[Lubbock, J:] The communicative ant.
(N. Y. d. tribune, 26 Dec. 1880, p. 9, col.
I, 24cm.)
Extract from a paper by Siv J. Lubbock. <A species
of atta, having found a fly, communicates with other
ants in the nest and they go out together to secure the
fly. G: D. (2310)
On the synonymy of
(Can. entom.,
Fst CHE: 215
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Miss ELEANOR A. ORMEROD has a man-
ual of economic entomology in the press.
TueE Boston TRANScRiIPT for g April 1881
contains an article by Dr. H. A. Hagen, en-
titled, ‘‘ Lawsuits against grubs and grass-
hoppers.”
A LATE number of Siebold and KGlliker’s
Zeitschrift contains an important paper on
the dimorphism of oak gall-flies (cynz¢pidae),
by Dr. H. Adler.
Mr. F. P. PAscoe read a paper on the struc-
ture of Perzipatus novae-zealandiae at the
meeting of the Entomological Society of
London, 2 Feb. 1881.
Ir Is now considered as beyond doubt that
Phylloxera vastatrix exists in Australia; and
Victoria, New South Wales and South Aus-
tralia are to contribute about $100,000 towards
the expense of exterminating it.
Mr. A. Ernst has found Peripatus ed-
wardst quite abundant at Caracas and in a
recent numero of (Vature (v. 23, p- 446-448)
gives a short account of its habits and struc-
ture and of the development of claws, of foot-
jaws and of sexual organs.
A FARMER in South Devon, England, hav-
ing living specimens of the Colorado potato
beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) in his pos-
session and refusing to give them up to the
authorities, was fined £5. The case attracted
the attention of the House of Commons.
THE BELGIAN Entomological Society re-
cently celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary.
Baron de Selys-Longchamps, the first Presi-
dent, to whom the society owes so much of
its success, was unanimously elected Hon-
orary President.—Amer. nat., March 1881, v.
15, p- 562.
Mr. W. W. Hit1, of Albany, N. Y., offers
specimens of lepidoptera, well spread and in
fine condition, from his list of over 500
species of North American and 300 species
of European and other duplicates, in ex-
change for perfect spread examples not in
his collection. Lists exchanged.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
e THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 19 Follen
St., at 7.45 p-m., on the days following :—
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
P2eNov-..° 8-Apr. -
LODE CHRe. ES) May
26 Jan. 1881. Tone 55
Tp be lan
B: PICKMAN Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
27 Oct. 1880. 23 Feb. 1881.
24 Nov. “< 22'Mar, <*'
22 Dees 5: 27 Npis: vic
26 Jan. 1881. 25 May ‘
B: PIcKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S.W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
8 Oct. 1880. 11 Mar. 1881.
12 Nov. ‘ SrA Ia mee
LOL DEG. ie 13 May ‘
14 Jan. 1881. 10 June
ro Bebo.
JAmes H. Ripincs, /eecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
13 Dec. 1880. 13 June 1881.
James H. Ripincs, Rec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 1881. 3 Jan. 1882.
4 Oct. es Wate Ds 15°
Now) te 7 Warr *°
o Dee, * AAT we
G: H. Bow es, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.—Life-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See PSYCHE, Vv. 3, p. 59.
216 FST CHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of fhe
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANNS CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phzenogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the 1st
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
1sth. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
ume. Address remittances to the Editor,
9 Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the ist. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
hg European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
Ito Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
I1p.ti1g X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t I9
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.tI9 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
No. 84 was issued 18 Aug. 1881.
ee —- = eT
. , + |
a - :
Pee TE
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
BDILIED 6,1,
Grorce Dimmock, Caméridge, Mass.; B: PickmMAN Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
ABERT J: Cook, Lansing, Mich.; Citrrorpv.CHaAsE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JosErPpH DuNcAN Putnam, Davenport, Jowa; FRANCIS
HUNTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLAND Haywarp, S: HENsHAW, A. RoBIN, FRANK G:
SCHAUPP, S: HUBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER, W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 86.
JUNE 1881.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS _. : : : == 25S
SomME PSOCINA OF THE iahees Epanaies—se7cy maar Anges Meson : 219-223
PROCEEDINGS OF SocIETIES — Linnean Society of London— Zoological Sutety
of London : ; - : : : : ; : 3 F : Sena
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : ; : - : : - 225-226
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMs — Society WMeetifne — Pri ize ni, Be ir : : : : eee
ADVERTISEMENTS - < : ; : : : : 3 - - : : 4-228
CampBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PustisHep By GEORGE Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $r. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
{Entered as second class mail matter. ]
218 PSTCHE.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
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es
‘| Seg sg) WS Syl ox eh ae
SOME PSOCINA OF THE UNITED STATES.
BY HERMANN AUGUST HAGEN, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(Concluded from p. 210.)
3. Pterostigma-hook. ‘Vhis curious
feature has until now been entirely over-
looked. It is mostly ‘‘ the small black
or dark spot at the basis of the ptero-
stigma” mentioned in the description of
the species. Apparently low magnify-
ing powers have always been used in the
study of Psocus. The subcosta of the
fore wings always goes to the mediana,
except in Amphientomum and related
genera, Perientomum, Syllisis, Calopso-
cus and other exotic forms, where the
subcosta joins the costa. Sometimes the
subcosta ends abruptly, without joining
one of the two adjacent veins. Whether
this vein is analogous to the subcosta,
as McLachlan contends, or whether it is
only a branch of the subcosta similar to
that in Calotermes and other insects, is
still a point of dispute. + I never saw it
accompanied by a trachea, nor, as far
as my observation goes, have I seen
a trachea accompanying the costa from
the base of the wing to the pterostigma.
The mediana is accompanied by a very
strong trachea from the base to the ptero-
stigma. This trachea is not contained
in the vein, but runs very near it, below,
sometimes indeed separated from it a
little, so that two veins seem to be
present here. At the beginning of the
pterostigma the trachea has a spindle-.
shaped, more or less long dilatation, a
tracheal bladder, with visible but more
separated spiral threads. This dilata-
tion lies below a small sac or better a
hernia of the mediana, before it enters
the large sac or blood sinus represented
by the pterostigma. This hernia is not
developed in the wing of the nympha,
but just after transformation it is found,
as well as the pterostigma, crowded with
blood cells. The hernia is found, some-
times very visible, in most of the genera,
except in a few aberrant groups such as
Amphientomum and its relations, Em-
pheria and perhaps others. There the
spindle-shaped tracheal bladder is pres-
ent, but simply follows the end of the
mediana to the costa. Where the her-
nia is present, it lies on the under side
of the wing, where the mediana enters
the costa, and forms together with it the
pterostigma. Probably the stronger cur-
rent in the costa somewhat opposing the
current of the mediana is the reason of
the formation of the hernia, to overcome
the pressure of the current in the mediana.
As everywhere in insects where strong
currents occur, accompanied by strong
tracheae, we find here the tendency to a
more prominent chitinization. There-
fore the hernia shows very different
forms, a ball, a circular or bottle-shaped
inflation or a more or less chitinous and
dark-colored often sharp hook, as in
Oaecilius, Peripsocus and others. In
Psocus (proper) it has mostly the shape
220) PSYCHE.
of a fleshy cone. An interesting feature
of this arrangement is that the trachea
seems in Psocus (proper) to enter the
pterostigma-sac after the spindle-shaped
bladder. We find sometimes that the
end of the trachea does not follow strictly
the lower and the external margin of the
pterostigma, and such occurrences are
marked in the description, the ‘‘ ptero-
stigma somewhat exceeds the vein below
and externally,” whereas it exceeds not
the vein but only the trachea.
4. The lock of the fore-wings.
It is well known that lepidoptera, hy-
menoptera, orthoptera, and phryganina
possess an arrangement on the hind mar-
gin of the fore wings to clasp the front
margin of the hind wings during flight.
Thus both wings work exactly together
as if there was only one wing on each
side. This arrangement — which I call
the lock —is of very different shape and
form, and is nowhere mentioned as
existing in the family of psocina. As
far as my observations go, it is to be
found in every four-winged genus, just
where the anal vein is united to the hind
margin. Descriptions of the species
remark frequently a dark or black spot
in this place, which spot covers the lock.
The parts are here, as they are in the
pterostigma-hook, more strongly chiti-
nous, and as everywhere, in consequence
of stronger action impending upon those
parts, darker colored. The anal] vein is
an exception, compared with other veins,
because it is not accompanied by any
blood vessel; at least I have not been
able to discover one even in the newly
transformed imago.
anal vein has always an aspect different
from all others; it looks clear and as if
Furthermore the -
something present on the other veins
was wanting here. But there is another
remarkable difference. As said before,
all the other veins form a double net of
tracheae, one belonging to the upper
membrane of the wing, the other to the
under membrane ; both exactly covering
one another, and their veins forming a
loop at the hind border of the wing.
Now the anal vein belongs strictly to
the under side of the wing, and, as it
seems, only the branch belonging to the
under membrane is developed, and this
is provided with a spiral thread much
stronger than in the other veins and pas-
sing on each side considerably beyond
the trachea, which has therefore more
or less dentated margins. The anal vein
of the upper membrane can not be entirely
wanting, and I was able to observe that
it forms a very small, perfectly hyaline
vessel without any indication of a spiral
thread, and that the trachea of the under
membrane disembogues as a_ recurrent
vessel in the axillary vein. The anal
vein originates at the base of the wing
from a large trachea passing through the
posterior callus, and connects, beyond
the basal articulation of the wing, with
the trachea of the submediana and with
those of the mediana through a strong
loop. A straight, chitinous rod also
connects the anal vein directly with the
base of the median vein. By this in-
genious arrangement the anal vein can
be compared to a shroud, which strength-
ens the wing and principally the point
where both wings are to be connected
during flight, by bringing them into de-
pendence upon the stronger muscles
which move the principal veins originating
from the anterior callus of the wing.
fe, OS
PSYCHE. 221
It is easily understood why only the anal
vein of the under membrane is strongly
developed. This alone has to work in
keeping the hind wing in place. As the
two membranes of the wing are very
loosely connected one to the other, it is
an apparent advantage that just the
working vein is more strengthened at
the expense of its not-working partner.
The lock becomes even stronger by the
connection of the axillary vein at the same
place on the hind margin. In Ps. veno-
sus the diameter of the anal vein is about
0.176 mm., and the side projection of
the spiral thread about 0.059 mm.
Where the anal vein connects with the
axillary vein, which is more chitinized
at its end, there is a strong yellow chi-
tinous hook, its opening about 0.333 mm.
looking to the tip of the wing. At first
the hook looks as if it was only the pro-
longation of the spiral threads, as it con-
sists of numerous fine threads in near
juxtaposition; its tip is bent, flat and
transversely cut. But a closer examina-
tion shows that the hook originates, with
numerous roots, from the upper margin
of the axillary vein, and one stronger,
straight root from the inferior margin.
A transverse row of four small, horny
teeth in crescent shape is placed just
opposite the opening of the hook on the
end of the axillary vein. It is well
understood that the anterior margin of
the hind wing, caught in the hook,
and assisted by these teeth, will be held
firmly in position. But to facilitate the
catch the margin of the fore wing just
opposite to the hook is bent downward,
and allows the margin of the hind wing
to slide in an easy manner in the hook.
To make things stronger and more
efficient, the point by which the hind
wing is caught in the hook is just where
the interior ramus (Kolbe) of the median
vein originates, and I have reason to
believe that not only the front margin of
the hind wing, but also the median vein,
is placed in the hook. At least several
specimens of Psocus in amber show such
a position.
The lock is about the same in Psocus
nebulosus and related species. Ps. affinis,
in amber, has numerous transverse im-
pressions above the end of the axillary
vein, forming a row of teeth to take hold
of the hind wing. Caecilius and Epi-
psocus possess a hook similar to Psocus,
but more pointed; Amphientomum has
the end of the axillary vein bent up, and
a tubercle on the anal vein. Probably
there will be a difference in the lock of
other psocina.
5. Mouth-parts.
The mouth-parts of Psocus were de-
scribed in a satisfactory manner generally
by Latreille nearly a century ago. The
valuable details given recently, chiefly
concerning the maxilla, have not men-
tioned the most interesting fact, that the
inner lobe (fork, Burgess) slides in the
outer lobe as in a vagina. The fact is
easily ascertained in living specimens,
and, if the preparations are not com-
pressed so much as to separate the parts,
in alcoholic specimens. Latreille says:
‘‘altera (parte mandibulae) externa
membranacea, vaginam constituens cy-
lindrico compressam, obtusam, apice per-
vio.” It should be acknowledged that
the figures published by Latreille are
very faulty, and correspond in no way
with the description. Fabricius has
described the parts ‘‘ maxilla cornea,
222
elongata, linearis, apice bicrenata in
vagina membranacea obtusa latens.”
The description given by Latreille in his
Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum is
even more complete than his previous
one. The ligament of the fork is attached
to the stipes and is its ligament of ar-
ticulation, allowing the fork to be pushed
forwards; the fine membrane attached
to the middle of the fork unites with the
membrane of the fleshy basal part of
the maxilla, permitting the fork to siide
backwards and forwards through the
fleshy part of the maxilla by means
of a cone of muscles, just like the
Ovipositor in microlepidoptera. The
relaxation of those muscles brings the
fork and the ovipositor back, without —
as far as my observations go — any help
from retractor muscles. The tip of the
fork slides in a horny ring of the tip of
the outer lobe, which is easily broken
by preparation or compression. There-
fore the arrangement is similar to the
arrangement in the hemiptera. Never-
theless, I confess that I know no other
insect, in which the inner lobe passes
through the base of the outer one and
is held in position by an apical annulus.
The formation of the latter can be thought
to be produced by lateral teeth growing
out from the outer lobe and _ finally
surrounding the inner lobe. But it is
wonderful that just this most remarkable
feature, described about a century ago,
and easily to be ascertained in living
specimens, has been overlooked by all
following observers.
Genus AMPHIGERONTIA.
Mr. Kolbe has separated four Euro-
pean species from the genus Psocus
PSTCORS.,
to form a new genus Amphigerontia. -
But the genus cannot stand by the
characters assigned to it. The last two
species have the rami venae medianae
interni and submedianae externi connec-
ted in one point,’ the two other species
have it not. The North American species
have those rami either connected in a
point, or not. There are specimens in
which the rami are partly united as-in
Psocus (proper), and other specimens
in which the ramuli venae medianae in-
terni are divergent as in Psocus (proper).
1. Psocus variegatus Latr.
I have before me 24 specimens of both
sexes from Europe, all from Germany.
They live on linden and chestnut; the
female appears sometimes in swarms.
All my specimens show longitudinal
stripes. sometimes black ones, on the
front, the existence of which is denied
by M’Lachlan and Kolbe. The yellow
color of the pterostigma is sometimes
wanting. One male from Gilgenau,
Eastern Prussia, has larger orbicular
eyes than the others, the space between
the eyes being smaller than the diameter
of the eyes. All the other males have
this space larger. The legs are often so
dark, that they might better be called
brown. One specimen with rudimentary,
smoky wings and a rudimentary venation
is not a nympha (the ocelli present), but
belongs to the so-called Lachesilla form.
(M’Lachlan says Lachesis Westw.,
Lachesilla Hagen, but he has overlooked
that Lachesilla is Westwood’s name;
ef. Generic Synopsis, Introduction, p. 47,
158.) I am not able to separate two
males from Berlin Fills, N. Y., and
from Dalton, Georgia, from the Euro-
pean species. The details are given
PSTCHE.
under Psocus moestus.
2. Psocus moestus Hag., Syn. N.
Am. Neur., p. 11, no: 8.—5 specimens,
male and female, Mass., August.
color and pattern as in Psocus variegatus,
but differs as follows :
Vertex strongly spotted with black;
front almost black, with dark longitudi-
nal stripes ; antennae darker, the second
basal joint with a yellow apical ring;
legs brown, lighter rings around the base
of the femur and on the knee; tibia
darker on tip, first tarsal joint yellow.
Wings darker ; pterostigma without yel-
low; all veins and the marginal vein
around the wing with alternate dark and
white dots, both alike in size; a pale
band, parallel to the apical margin but
a little distant, runs later obliquely to
the hind margin, and is finally bent up-
ward ; the part of the membrane encircled
by this band is spotted as the rest but
with paler brown spots; the apical half
of the front margin of the hind wings has
alternating dark and white dots. The
middle cell is as in Psocus quinquangu-
lar, sometimes quadrangular.
The two males mentioned under Pso-
cus variegatus do not possess the alter-
nating dots on the margin, nor on the
veins, nor on the hind wings; the femur
has no pale ring on the knee, the first
tarsal joint is brown; the antennae are
not so dark ; the pterostigma is yellow.
Three other specimens, male and fe-
male, from New England, probably from
the White Mountains, are visibly larger.
They look very different, and I believed
them to be a new species. ‘The wings
are less dark, the pale band and the
encircled part are paler and more strongly
Size,
223
marked, forming three brown festoons on
the tip of the wing ; antennae paler ; legs
as in Psocus moestus, but paler; dis-
coidal cell quadrangular. I believe they
had better be left with Psocus
till other characters are known.
3. Psocus lichenatus Walsh, Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil., 1863, p. 188.
I possess only two types, male and
female, from Rock Island, Ill.
This species is nearly related to Pso-
cus variegatus, but smaller, 3-34 mm. ;
the discoidal cell somewhat quinquangu-
lar. Head yellow, less spotted with
black; front yellow, with black stripes
formed by a series of black dots. An-
tennae shorter than the wings, thicker,
pilose ; basal joints yellow, dark at the
base; the other joints black; but on the
first joints the basal half white, on the
following a white basal ring. Thorax
brown, all junctures yellow. Legs yel-
low; femur and_ tibia spotted with
black ; first joint of tarsus yellow, second
one brown. Front wings brown, with
three pale, not spotted fields : a large one
in the middle, beginning in the upper
angle of the discoidal cell and dilated
triangularly towards the hind margin ; the
two other ones on the tip of the wing,
separated above and below by a brown
band; veins brown; paler yellow elon-
gated spots near the veins, but not
upon them; pterostigma brown, inner
angle black ; three black elongated dots
in the costal space near the pterostigma ;
hind wings hyaline, front margin not
spotted. The species appears in swarms
in fall on sandstone cliffs.
I know of no other North American
species belonging to Amphigerontia.
moestus
224 PSIGHE.
PSY ra.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JUNE 1881.
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
LINNEAN SOCIETY oF LONDON.
3 Fes. 1881.—...A paper was read by
Mr. A. D. Michael, entitled, Observations on
the life history of gamasznae. In this the
author endeavors to decide some of the dis-
puted and knotty points in reference to these
humble parasites; Mr. Mégnin of Versailles
and Dr. Kramer of Schleusingen, both good
authorities on the subject, being at variance
thereon. Mr. Michael, believing that detach-
ed observations on captured specimens may
have produced unreliable results, has himself
bred gamasids, closely followed their changes
and growth, and watched their manners, and
thus has arrived at what he assumes on good
grounds to be important results respecting
their life-history. He states that the remark-
able power of starting each mandible separ-
ately with speed and accuracy of aim far in
advance of the body, the powerful retractile
muscles attached to these mandibles, the
organization of the remainder of the mouth,
the extreme swiftness of the creatures, the
use of the front legs as tactile organs only,
and not for the purpose of locomotion, and
the ample supply of tactile hairs in front only,
seem to fit the animals for a predatory life,
and point to habits similar to those of Chey-
letus and Trombidium, rather than to those
of the true vegetable-feeders, such as the
ortbatidae and ftetronycht. He further con-
cludes: 1, that Mégnin is correct in saying
Gamasus coleoptratorum, and other allied
creatures, with the conspicuously divided
dorsal plates, are not species at all, but are
immature stages of other species; 2, that the
division of the dorsal plate is, in most cases
at all events, a question of degree, and does
not form a sound basis for classification, as
applied by Koch, Kramer and others; 3, that
the dorsal plates do not grow gradually, but
alter in size, shape, or development of the
ecdysis; 4, that Mégnin is right in saying
that the characteristic of the so-called G.
marginatus is simply a provision possessed
by the females of a large number of species;
5, that the extent of the white margin de-
pends upon the extent to which the abdomen
is distended by eggs; 6, that Mégnin is in
error in saying that G. coleoptratorum is the
nymph of G. crassifes. The nymph of
crassifes does not show any divided dorsal
plates which can be seen on the living crea-
ture; 7, that in the species bred there has
not been observed any inert stage before the
transformations or ecdysis; 8, that in the
same species copulation takes place with the
adult female and not with the immature one,
as Mégnin contends, and that it is by the
vulva not the anus.—Zoologischer Anzeiger,
28 Mar. 1881, jahrg. 4, no. 79, p. 167-168.
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
15 Fes. 1881.—... The Rev. O. P, Cam-=
bridge, C. M. Z. S., exhibited and made re-
marks on a hymenopterous parasite, hatched
from larvae found on two spiders, Linyphia
obscura, Blackw. 9 and L. zebrina, Menge @.
The larvae were stated to be apodous, and to
adhere to the abdomen of the spider, which,
when full grown, they fully equalled in size.
Lord Walsingham read a paper on some new
and little known species of North American
tinetdae, amongst which were three new
generic forms.—P. LZ. Sclater, in Zool.
Anzeiger, 7 March 1831, p. 117-118.
ae
PSYCHE.
[2311-2322] 225
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [|], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that 7s noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Coquillett, Daniel W: Description of the
larva of teras fermutana. (Papilio, 19 Feb.
LTOSr; uO 2, V. I, p. 30:) Hi; E, (2311)
Coquillett, Daniel W: On the early stages
of some moths. (Papilio, 15 [20] Jan.
1881, no. I, v. I, p. 6-8.)
Describes larvae of apatela americana, a. lobeliae, a.
falcula, a. superans, arctia virguncula, catocala fra-
tercula, c. amica, mamestra trifoli1, eustrotia carneola,
pyrrhia angulata, tarache erastroides. H: E. (2312)
Edwards, H: Descriptions of two new
species of /éthosidae. (Papilio, 15 [20]
aieprOor, nO. 1, Vv, I, p-_12;)
Describes zola anfracta (California), and crocota
ostenta (Arizona). HT; E. (2313)
Edwards, H: New genera and species of
North American zoctu¢dae. (Papilio, 19
Feb. 1881, no. 2, v. I, p. 19.)
Describes new genera ewros and oribates, and the
following 22 new species and varieties: euros proprius
(Cal.), lygranthoecia walsinghamt? (Oreg.), adonisea
pulchripennis var. languida (Cal.), melicleptria bella-
donna (Utah), m. elaborata (Col.), m. perminuta (Cal.),
ortbates mutrtt (Cal.),0.limbatus (Mazatlan) annaphila
aurantiaca (Cal.), a. pustulata (Ariz.), tarache sedata
(Ariz.), fruva acerba (Cal.), f. accepta $ Q (Fla.),
litocala sexsignata var. deserta (Col., Ariz.), syneda
seposita (Col.;, s. hastingsi var. perpallida (Cal.), s.
adumbrata var. saxea (Cal.), melipotis tenella ¢
(Tex.), synedotda sabulosa (Col.), s. tnepta (Col.), s.
morbosa (Col., etc.), homoptera rubi (Cal.). Re-names
annaphila arvalts, calling it a. salicis, owing to preoc-
cupation of the name arva//s in the allied genus avenus.
HT: £. (2314)
Edwards, H: On two new forms of the
genus pfarnassius. (Papilio, 15 [20] Jan.
1881, no. 1, v. I, p. 2-4.)
Describes parnassius thorn, sp., from Yukon River,
Alaska, and p. hermodur n. var. of ~. smintheus, from
Colorado. Compares /. thor with ~. eversmannt, and
p. hermodur with p. corybas. HT; FE. (23%5)
Edwards, W: H: Capture of déadema bo-
Zina, Linn. in Florida. (Papilio, 19 Feb.
1351, NG..2, V..1, p. 30.)
Notices the capture of d. bo/ina for the first time in
the United States. Mentions also the capture of preris
tlaire, callidryas agarithe, lycaena cassius and 1.
ammon at Indian River, Fla. ~ Hf; E. (2316)
Goodell, Lafayette Washington. On the
larvae of two noctuids. (Papilio, 19 Feb.
LSOL, WOw2 aver, Po Eh.)
Describes the larvae of charadra propingutlinea and
mamestra assimtilis, giving notes of food plants.
HT: E. (2317)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Description of four
new species of moths. (Papilio, 15 [20]
Jan root. nO Dt, Vv. 1. p. 4.)
Describes scepsts edwardsti (Fla.), parasa fraterna
(N. Y.), mamestra sutrina (Col.), catocala dulciola,
(Ohio). H; E. (2318)
Hagen, Hermann August. The Hessian fly
not imported from Europe. (Can. entom.,
Oct. 1880, v. 12, p. 197-207.)
Abstract. (Can. entom., Sept. 1880, v.
{2,, Pal zt)
Considers that the so-called ‘* Hessian fly” [cecido-
myta destructor] in the United States was not imported
from Europe: conclusions are ‘‘1. That it is impossible
that the fly could have been imported by Hessian
troops; 2. That it is very probable that the fly was here
before the [Revolutionary] war; 3. That the fly was
not known to exist in Germany before 1857.”
G: D. (2319)
Hagen, Hermann August. On some insect
deformities. (Mem. Mus. compar. zoology,
v. 2, no. g.) Cambridge, March 1876. t.-p.
cover, 23 p., 1 pl., 30X21, t 21X12.5.
Treats of several perfect insects with larval head, ot
precocious development of the larva of bombyx mort
directly into the imago, and of deformity of the elytra
in strategus (geolrupes) julianus and in prionus cort-
arius. : G: D. (2320)
Entomology for
Harrington, W: Hague.
(Can.
beginners. Some fungi-eaters.
entom., Dec. 1880, v. 12, p. 258-262.)
Notes on megalodacne heros, bolitotherus cornutus,
diaperis hydnt, hoplocephala bicornis, mycetophagus
punctatus, triplax thoracica, penthe pimelia and p.
obliquata ; notes on larvae of some of the species.
G: D. (2321)
Harvey, F. L. Voraciousness of chordezles
popetue Baird. (Amer. nat., Dec. 1880,
v. 14, p. 896.)
Found over 600 insects in the crop of a night hawk
(c. popetue Ss c. virginianus |) ; recommends encourag-
ing this bird as «n insect-destroyer, G: D. (2322)
226 [2323-2337]
Hemmerling, Hermann. Ueber die Haut-
farbe der Insecten. Inaugural-Dissertation
.-. Bonn, 1878. 27 p., 21.5X14, t 16Xo9.
Literature used in preparing the dissertation (19
titles) ; coloration of vertebrates ; structure of the exter-
nal covering of insects; the colors of the external
covering and the different modes by which the coloration
can be produced; special studies on the coloration of
the rhynchophora; colors of other groups of animals,
which are produced by similar skin-secretions.
Ge Dii(2323)
Howard, Leland O. Two new species of
eupelmus, with remarks upon e. (anti-
gaster) mtrabilis, Walsh. (Can. entom.,
Oct. 1880, v. 12, p. 207-210.)
Describes e, reduvit, reared from eggs of reduvius
novenarius, and e. floridanus, parasitic on a tineid
larva from Florida. G: D. (2324)
Insect-destroying fungi.
1881, v. 15, p- 52-53.)
Rev. and abstract of A. Giard’s ‘‘Deux espéces
Wentomophthora nouvelles”... [Rec., 1656].
GD ses20)
(Amer.
(Amer. nat., Jan.
Insect enemies of the rice plant.
nat., Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 148-149.)
Notes on chalepus trachypygus, spalacopsis suffusa
(?), centrinus concinnus, and cecidomyta oryzae, which
injure rice [oryza]. G: D. (2326)
Jewett, H: S. Notes on lepidoptera. (Can.
entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12, p. 228-231.)
Notes on larvae of euchaetes collaris, and e. egle.
Food plants of a few other lepidopterous larvae.
G: D. (2327)
K[atter], F. Ueber die Lebensweise von
silpha opaca. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1
Feb. 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 52.)
Larva and imago eat vegetable matter.
G: D. (2328)
Liegel, Hermann. Uber den Ausstiilpungs-
Apparat von malachius und verwandten
Formen. Inaugural-Dissertation ... Gét-
tingen. Hannover [n. d., ! since 1858].
SU Pak Dilene cl os. Palo oK tO:
Anatomy of the evaginatable appendages of ma/a-
chius and allied genera, based on study of m. aeneus,
anthocomus fasciatus [corr.| and cantharts fusca. The
evaginatable appendages of m. aeneus (figured) are
evaginated by filling with fluid from the body-cavity
and retracted by muscles. G: D.” (2329)
Lintner, Joseph Albert. The ‘‘army worm”
invasion of northern New York. (St. Law-
rence republican... [Ogdensburg, N. Y.],
8 June 1881, v. 51, no. 31, p. [1], col. 7-9,
198 cm. )
Account of the ravages of the “ grass-cutter,” nephe-
lodes violans, in northern N. Y., in May 1881; habits,
ravages and parasites of, and means against the true
‘“‘army-worm,” /excania unipuncta; notice of previous
accounts of the xephelodes. B; P.M. (2330)
PSYCHE. .
List of the butterflies found at Potsdam, N-
Y. (A). (Can. entom., Feb. 1881;.veer3s
p- 40.)
Enumerates 20 species, with brief notes.
G: D. (2331)
Mangerel, Maxime. La chasse aux coléo-
ptéres en automne. (Feuille des jeunes
naturalistes, 1 Nov. 1880, an. II, p. 14-15.)
Recommends collecting coleoptera in autumn by the
umbrella process, on wood piles and dead wood.
G: D. (2332)
Meehan, T: Bees and flowers. (Bull. Tor-
rey bot. club, June 1880, v. 7, p. 66, 10cm.)
Records the perforation of the spurs of aguitlegia
by humble-bees (G0mbus). ; (2333)
Meehan, T: Fertilization of agutlegia.
(Amer. nat., Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 134-135.)
Thinks pollen-hunting insects fertilize aguilegia.
G: D. (2334)
Mik, Josef. Ueber das Prapariren der Dip-
teren. (Verhandl. der k.-k. zool.—bot.
Gesells. in Wien, jahrg. 1880, bd. 30, p.
359-378.)
Separate, Wien, 1880. 20 p. [p. 359-
ar Slag x15. t 17 5<rO.5.
Notice. (Zool. Anzeiger, 13 Dec. 1880,
jahrg. 3, p. 601.)
General! direction how to collect and prepare diptera ;
principal points are, the middle dorsal line must remain
perfect, diptera must not be killed with alcohol, killing
with potassic cyanide [KCN] not recommended, very
small diptera should not be killed when they cannot be
pinned immediately, too much material should not be
collected in the net at one time, hairy diptera (such as
bombylidae) should not be taken in the hand to pin,
lacquered iron needles or lacquered iron wire to be used
for pinning instead of common pins or silver wire
(which contain copper, and are therefore liable to cor-
rode), never use too large pins, use wire for all diptera
under 3 mm. long, never pin in an unpaired part of an
insect, never pin minute diptera in the dorsal side, but
pin them in the mesosternum between the middle and
hind thigh of the left side, diptera should not be glued
upon paper or imbedded in resin, and should not have
their wings spread; hints on labelling diptera, on pin-
ning them in boxes, and on packing them to send;
descriptions of different apparatus convenient in col-
lecting diptera. G: D. (2335)
[Mixture of carbolic acid and olive oil for
mosquito-bites. | (‘‘Southern clinic.”) (New
remedies, Feb. 1879, v-..8,. p. 63),20cmie)
(Psyche advertiser, March 1879, p. 7.)
Germ. tr. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 July
1879, jahrg. 5, p. 176.) G: D. (2336)
Molin, Rafael. Das Leben und die rationelle
Zucht der Honigbiene ... [Rec., 2039].
Rev., by Sauppe, under title ‘‘Von K6In.”
(Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 1 Feb. 1881. jahrg.
17, P- 45-46.)
G: D. (2337)
PSTCHE. 227
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Mr. C. ZEILLER, Post-secretary in Liine-
burg, Hannover, Germany, offers coleoptera
and lepidoptera in exchange for American
species.
Mr. THEODOR STECK, of Bern, Switzer-
land, has been appointed Entomological
Assistant at the Municipal Zoological Mu-
seum of Bern, in place of Mr. Albert Miiller,
who has retired from the position on account
of ill health.—Zool. Anz., 27 June 1881, jahrg.
4, P- 340-
Pror. Dr. J. SPEERSCHNEIDER, Custodian
of the ‘‘ Fiirstliche Schwarzburgsche Nat-
uraliencabinet” in Thiiringen, Germany,
wishes to enter into relations of correspond-
ence with entomologists of North America
and other countries, with a view to exchange
of specimens.
Mr. ALBERT MuLteER, Curator of the Nat-
ural History Museum and Librarian of the
Swiss Entomological Society, of Bern, Swit-
zerland, has collected a large amount of
material supplementary to Hagen’s Brbl/othe-
ca entomologica, a part of which he has
already published. Dr. Hagen himself has
in manuscript the main part of the record
necessary to bring his volumes down to 1868.
Dr. A. S. PACKARD, JR., of Providence,
R.I., wishes to obtain specimens of the eggs
of Oecanthus. ‘‘They are laid in the ter-
minal branches of the raspberry, plum, oak.
grape, and almost any shrubs. The rows of
punctures made by the ovipositors of the fe-
male are quite easily detected, and may be
found during the autumn and winter. Send
twigs by mail.”
N. Nassonow, of Moscow, gives as the
results of his investigations into the anatom-
ical structure and post-embryonal develop-
ment of ants, 1. that the integuments of the
head of the imago appear as new formations,
while those of the thorax and abdomen are
directly derived from the larval stage; 2. that
in the organs of the head and thorax no
destructive processes, but only transforma-
tions, are to be observed. — Zoologischer
Anzeiger, 5 Apr. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 162-163.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
pr Nov. =! 4, ApE ic!
g Dec. 12May ‘
13 Jan. 1882. gajune> =*
TOME Dae
B: PickMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
23 Nov. 22 Mar.
28 Dec. ZOeN Dia Wee
25 Jan. 1882. 24 May ‘*
B: PickKMAN MANN, Secrefary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S.W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on thé
days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
Tiling Konyese ot Listas WO) peti
7D May
13 Jan. 1882. gyune-
toMFeb. .«*
James H. RipincGs, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 1gth and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. RipinGs, Pec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 1881. 3 Jan. 1882.
4 Oct. $e Fates weet
t Nov. “ Fivarccs. °°
6.Dec. ATA rave -«
G: H. Bowtes, ‘Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.—Life-histories of Scle-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See PSYCHE, V. 3, p-.59-
228
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’ S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phanogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. ad ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
‘to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
15th. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
ume. Address remittances to the Editor,
9 Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the 1st. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
FSRGHE.
$@= European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Leipzig, Germany.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JoHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
II p.tig X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HoRN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock, Jan. 1879. 6 p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t 19 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. Ne HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
No. 85 was issued 4 Noy. 1881.
sien
‘~ 24S hs
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
EDIT LE IX iF
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ;
ArsBerT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich. ; Ciirrorp CuasE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JoserpH Duncan Putnam, Davenport, Jowa; Francis
HuNTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: BarRNES, H: Epwarps, RoLAND Haywarp, S: HreNsHaw, A. ROBIN, FRANK G:
ScHaupp, S: HuspsBarp ScuppDER, ROLAND THAXTER, W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp TURNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 87-89.
JuLy—SEpTEMBER, 1881.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS. 2 . : . ; : ; ; , 3 . : - 230
ANATOMY OF THE MOUTH-PARTS AND OF THE SUCTORIAL APPARATUS OF
CuLExX— George Dimmock . : : ; : : : ; : 231-241
THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS HAWworTH. ITs HABITS AND METAMOR-—
pHosis — Helen Selina King : : : 241-243
HABITS OF HYPOPREPIA PACKARDII, GROTE. | Saray Either Murtfeldt : : 243-244
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES — Cambridge Entomological Club . : eas
GossrE’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH Pe
Hubbard Scudder . - : : “ : 3 : - - 245-247
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. Sere ‘ : : : : : : - 248-258
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS — Society Meetings— Prize Essays . . : : : 7) 1259
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : 2 : ‘ : ; : : : ; : 21 260
CamBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PustisHep By GEorGE Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
{Entered as second class mail matter. }
230
PSTCAE,
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Lntomological Club.
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Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR
SALE.
Intending not to keep goods for sale hereafter, I
offer the remainder of my stock as follows :—
Klaeger’s pins, 36 mm. long, nos, 0, I, 2; 39 mm.
long, nos. 1-5, 7; Mueller pins, 36 mm. long, nos. I.
2,8; 39mm. long, nos, 3-7, 9.. /z packages of 500.
All at $1.10 per I000; $5.00 per 5000.
Glass tubes and rubber stoppers at old prices.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22X14 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 27X12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on
other goods extra,
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States
He is especially interested in those made by Lepido-
ptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Corres-
pondence in reference to Gall growths, or other
vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D.C.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, cater-
pillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Dried
specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars,
which should be prepared by inflation. Correspon-
dence is invited with persons engaged in the ee
of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
BACK NUMEROS OF PSYCHE.
Copies of the following numeros of PSYCHE will
be sold separately. Price: 2 copies for 15 cts.; 4
copies for 20 cts. Nos. 2, 4, 5, 8, 12, 14, 20, 21, 25,
26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39-40, 47-48, 51-52, 55-56, 60,
61-62 (no plate), 64, 65-68. Any two of the above
will be exchanged for any one of the following: Nos.
I, 6, 9, 10, 16, 18, 28, 41-42, 43-44, 49-50, 53-54, 58, 63.
No. 32 (index to vol. 1), 30 cts.
[Index to Vol. 2 not yet published.]
Address: EDITORS OF PSYCHE, _
Cambridge, Mass
Pe Sa CRE:
ANATOMY OF THE MOUTH-PARTS AND OF THE SUCTORIAL
APPARATUS OF CULE X.*
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(With Plate I.)
From early times the mosquitoes, Cu-
lew of different species, have attracted
the attention of mankind, and many at-
tempts have been made to settle various
points of their anatomy and life-history.
Of their anatomy nothing is, perhaps, of
more interest than a study of their pro-
boscis. While the importance of the
mouth-parts in the classification of insects
remained undiscovered until Fabricius, in
the last century, made them a basis for
dividing the insects into classes and gen-
era, considering that they furnished ‘* suf-
ficient and constant characters, and far
more natural genera ;”* and their homo-
logical significance remained a mystery
until Savigny,? in 1816, showed that the
mouth-parts of all insects were reducible
to the same general plan as those of
* Extract, with additions and changes, from ‘ The
anatomy of the mouth-parts and of the sucking ap-
paratus of some diptera. Dissertation for the pur-
pose of obtaining the philosophical doctorate at the
Leipzig University, by George Dimmock, of Cam-
bridge, Mass., U.S.A. Boston, A. Williams & Co.,
1881.” t.-p. cover, t.-p., 50 [+10] p., 4 pl., 24.5X 19,
t 12.5 X17.
1 Fabricius, J. C. Systema entomologiae, ... 1775.
Preface.
2 Savigny, J. C. Mémoires sur les animaux sans
vertébres. I. partie, I. fascicule. Mém, I.-II....
1816.
chewing insects, and that these mouth-
parts were the serial homologs of locomo-
tory appendages; yet, previous to the
before-mentioned dates, a number of an-
atomists, attracted, probably, as much by
the minuteness of the objects and the
difficulty of the work as by the popular
interest which the mosquito excites,
sought to complete our knowledge of the
number, position and use of the mouth-
parts of this insect. The earliest of
these anatomists whose work is worthy
of note is Swammerdamm, who studied
Culex in 1668.% ‘The difficulty of the
work which Swammerdamm undertook,
with the crude apparatus at that time at
his command, can be easily comprehen-
ded when we consider that the proboscis
of the female of most species of Culex
has about the diameter of a hair from
the human head, that is, a diameter of
about one tenth of a millimetre; that it
is composed (see pl. 1, fig. 8) for the
most part of the sheath, within which
are six so-called setae, later to be more
fully described ; and that these setae are
of transparent chitin, one of them being
so transparent and delicate that it has of-
3 Swammerdamm, J. Bybel der natuure .. . 1737-
1738. [I have used the German editionof 1752.]
232
ten been overiooked by later naturalists.
Swammerdamm determined correctly the
number of setae in the proboscis of
the female, but he, erroneously, evidently
supposed that the proboscis of the male
had the same number of setae as that of
the female. He erroneously thought
the setae to be capable of protrusion
from the end of the sheath, without flex-
ion of the latter, and that the largest of
the five setae formed an inner sheath for
the other four. He writes (p. 147) in
quaint old style, ‘‘ I consider that these
five setae serve, like so many sharp little
awls, to make the opening in the sweat-
pores of the skin. When this is done
they are drawn back again into the inner
sheath. This then enters (according to
my idea) into the wound with its sharp
cavity, and the mosquito sucks through
it the blood, which ascends alongside of
and between the little setae into the belly
of the mosquito.”
Leeuwenhoek, according to Réaumur,
found only four setae in the sheath of the
proboscis, and considered that the inner
sheath, described by Swammerdamm,
was a channel, and not a closed tube.
Barth,* whose dissertation I have lately
examined, thought the inner sheath was
a closed tube. Réaumur,? in 1738, pub-
lished a long description of the mouth-
parts of Culex, and described with great
accuracy its mode of biting. Réaumur
found only five of the six setae which
the proboscis contains. He favored the
idea that the inner sheath, which Swam-
merdamm had described, was not cylin-
4 Barth, Jj. M. Dissertation de culice ... 1737.
5 Réaumur, R. A. F. Mémoires pour servir a
lhistoire des insectes. ... [Edition 1737-1748, t. 4,
part 2.]
PSTCHE.
drical, but only a channel open on one
side. Réaumur also arrived at the idea
that the maxillary palpi of Culex could,
in some cases, help to: form the sheath
which encloses the setae, but he does not
clearly say that they always do so in the
males.
Since Réaumur’s time but little has
been added to our knowledge of the
mouth-parts of Culex, some writers fol-
lowing the statements of Swammerdamm,
others those of Réaumur, or of Leeu-
wenhoek, in regard to the number of
setae. Among others I will cite Sulzer,®
who says, ‘‘four to five pointed tub-
ules ;’ Fabricius,! who writes, ‘* sheath
exserted, univalvular, flexible, with five
setae ;’’ J6rdens’ describes four setae;
Gravenhorst,® ‘‘ The proboscis long, seti-
form, five-parted;” Meigen’ describes
four setae and figures five; Gerstfeldt,”
‘¢ The sheath is formed of the under lip
alone, and contains ‘six setae;” Pack-
ard," ‘* These six bristle-like organs are
folded together within the hollowed la-
bium;” Claus’ writes, proboscis ‘‘ ex-
tended with four setae ;” Muhr’™ figures
six setae.
6 Sulzer, J.H. Die Kennzeichen der Insekten...
1761.
7 Jordens, J. H. Entomologie und Helminthologie
des menschlichen K6rpers ... 1801.
8 Gravenhorst, J. L. C. Grundziige der systema-
tischen Naturgeschichte ... 1817.
9 Meigen, J. W. Systematische Beschreibung
der bekannten europdischen zweifliigeligen Insekten
. 1818-1838.
to Gerstfeldt, G. Ueber die Mundtheile der sau-
genden Insecten ... 1853.
11 Packard, A. S., Jr. Guide to the study of in-
sects, ... 1869.
12 Claus, C. Grundziige der Zoologie .,. 1876.
13 Muhr,]J. Die Mundtheile der Insekten dar-
gestellt auf 5 Wandtafeln ... 1878.
PST CRE. 2393
The unsettled state of our knowledge
of the anatomy of the mouth-parts of
Culex, as can be seen by the preceding
notes, led me to select this genus of di-
ptera for careful study, with the results
noted in the following pages.
IN THE FEMALE.
The mouth-parts which form the pro-
boscis of the female Culev, as I have
found them by study of C. rufus, C. cili-
atus and C. pipiens, consist of a labrum
(pl. 1, fig. 1, 7), an epipharynx (e), a
hypopharynx (1), two mandibles (m),
and two maxillae (ma), all sheathed,
when in repose, in the labium (/), which
receives them into a groove on its upper
side. Each maxilla has a maxillary pal-
pus (mp), which lies outside the labium ;
the latter has no palpi. The labium and
maxillary palpi are covered with hair and
scales ; the other mouth-parts are naked,
light brown, setiform and transparent ;
they all originate at the anterior basal
portion of the head, and are, with the
exception of the maxillary palpi, of about
equal length, that is, about three to four
times the length of the head. The max-
illary palpi, in the females of Culex
proper, are about the length of the head.
The scaleless mouth-parts are not jointed,
and are the ones which penetrate the skin
in biting. The labrum and epipharynx
are united in their whole length, forming
a piece which is shown in section in fig.
6, d. The other mouth-parts are free to
the base. A pumping organ, trianguloid
‘in cross-section (fig. 10, 6), is formed by
a dilation of the oesophagus behind the
oesophageal nerve-ring. Each of the
above-mentioned parts will be described
more in detail later. In comparative size
and strength the mouth-parts would be
arranged as follows, the largest and
stoutest first: labium, labrum-epiphar-
ynx (the name by which I designate
this compound piece in diptera), hypo-
pharynx, maxillae and mandibles.
The general arrangement of the mouth-
parts, relative to each other, is shown
‘best in fig. 8, which is a figure of a
cross-section through the middle of the
proboscis of a female Culex rufus, while
in repose, with the setae sheathed in the
The labium (/), clothed on the
outer side with its scales and hairs, is
wrapped nearly around the other mouth-
parts. In it lie the two maxillae (mz),
partly enclosing the parts above them,
and thus helping to bind the parts to-
gether; above the maxillae are the two
mandibles (m), and immediately above
the mandibles, in the median line, is the
hypopharynx (/), with a thickened mid-
dle portion. Resting on the hypo-
pharynx is the labrum-epipharynx ; the
epipharynx (¢). is omega-form in sec-
tion, and above it, delicately attached, is
the labrum (/7). The changes in relative
position which the mouth-parts of Culex
undergo as they approach the head can
be best described in the subsequent de-
scription, in detail, of each separate
labium.
part.
The labrum-epipharynx (figs. 1, 5, 6,
7-8; lr and e) of Culex consists of the
thin labrum resting upon and fastened to
the epipharynx ; it tapers gradually from
base to apex. The epipharynx is omega-
form in cross-section, being a channel
rather than a tube, a tube being formed
by the pressing of the hypopharynx
upon its under side. The tube thus
formed is the channel through which the
blood, which Culex sucks, passes into
the pharynx. At its base or proximal
end the epipharynx is supported and
moved by strong muscles having their
insertions on the upper side of its wings
or lateral portions, and upon the upper
side of its tube. These muscles extend
upward and posteriorly, and have their
origin on the inner surface of the cly-
peus. (See figs. 9 and 11.) These
muscles (pm), by their contraction, ele-
vate, and perhaps slightly retract, the
epipharynx and the labrum to which they
are attached. These muscles probably
aid in suction for when the setae are all
stuck firmly in the skin, the contraction
of these muscles would only serve to
raise the base of the epipharynx from
that of the hypopharynx; this action
would tend to produce a vacuum between
the two (see fig. 9), and thus cause the
blood to be drawn up in the tube of the
epipharynx. The probability that these
muscles aid in suction is augmented by
the fact, the explanation of which I have
more fully developed in the part of my
dissertation devoted to a comparison of
the mouth-parts and suctorial apparatus.
in the different families of diptera upon
which I have worked, that the correspon-
ding muscles are devoted to suction in
other flies, which cannot raise their
epipharynx from their other mouth-parts
so freely as is seen in fig. 1, and further,
that in the male Culex, which does not
possess — as does the female — a pump-
PST CIE:
ing apparatus behind the oesophageal
nerve-ring, these muscles are the ones
that must serve for suction. The section
represented in fig. 9 was taken near the
base of the clypeus; a few sections fur-
ther on, posteriorly, the channel for the
passage of food turns upward and then
backward again, passing in its course a
place (fig. 11, v7) where its walls ap-
proximate dorsally and ventrally. This
narrowing of the walls is probably a
valve to prevent the return of fluids to
the mouth during the pumping process.
The pharynx with its surrounding mus-
cles in Culex is the equivalent of what
has been termed the fulcrum in Musea.
Macloskie“ writes of the fulerum, ‘‘ It
seems to be general in diptera ; even the
mosquito possesses it,’? but he does not
further describe it, in other diptera than
Musca.
The tip of the labrum-epipharynx seems
to turn upward (fig. 1, lr-e), although
the opening is upon the ventral surface,
as may be seen in fig. 6, 6, which repre-
sents the ventral view of the tip of this
part. The tip of the labrum-epipharynx
is comparable to a quill-pen with three
tips near each other, the middle one of
these three tips being slightly shorter
than the other two. The two lateral
portions of the epipharynx, as seen in
section, when they near the. tip, lay
themselves closely upon the sides of the
tubular portion, passing upward upon it.
as seen in fig. 5, lr-e; they thus serve to
strengthen the two outer points of the
14 Macloskie, G: The proboscis of the house-fly.
(Amer. naturalist, March 1880, v. 14, p. 153-161, fig.
I-3.)
PSS CHE. 200
tip of the epipharynx, while the labrum
continues to a sharp point at the tip,
and, united with the upper surface of the
epipharynx tube, forms the middle point
of the tip. The channel, or slit, along
the under side of the epipharynx, wideus
toward the tip (fig. 6, 6), leaving thus
an opening for the passage of fluids into
the tube of the epipharynx.
The labrum itself is a thin lanceolate
lamella of chitin, concave along the un-
der side from the basal portion to the
tip, and its concavity rests upon and fits
to the convexity of the tubular part of
the epipharynx, to which it is so lightly
attached that they readily separate by
application of caustic potash. The outer
edges of the labrum roll slightly inward
toward the epipharynx along most of its
length. (See fig. 6, d.) At its base the
labrum sends a chitinous support beneath
the clypeus, where it separates more
from the epipharynx and has its own
muscles, indicating that the labrum has
a degree of motion independent of the
epipharynx, a motion allowed, perhaps,
by the elasticity of the connection be-
tween the labrum and epipharynx. The
muscles of the labrum (fig. 9, pm’) are
inserted upon the upper side of its base
and have their origin on the inner surface
of the roof of the clypeus. These mus-
cles are, at least in the females of Culex
rufus, divided into three portions in their
upper part, as shown in fig. 9.
The hypopharynx of the female of
Cules is a linear, lanceolate, transparent
lamella of chitin, with a longitudinal rod
through the middle, the nature of which
will be discussed later. At its base the
hypopharynx forms the continuation of
the under wall of the pharynx. (See
fig. 11, 4.) The hypopharynx is closely
pressed the side of the
epipharynx, completing the tube nearly
formed by the epipharynx. No muscles
have their insertion on the base of the
hypopharynx. Its tip is simply lanceo-
late (fig. 5, h). In Oulex pipiens and
C. rufus nothing further is visible (with
a magnifying power of five hundred
diameters), in sections of the thicker
middle portion of the hypopharynx, than
a simple rod of chitin ; but, in C. ciliatus,
a North American species of which the
mouth-parts are larger, this rod appeared
to be tubular. Is it a rod or is it a tube?
Menzbier” writes (p. 25) that in di-
ptera ‘* neither the labrum nor the hypo-
pharynx possesses a completed tube, but
only a channel” which leads into the
salivary duct. That Menzbier is incor-
rect in affirming that the hypopharynx
has no complete tube I have clearly
proved in my observations on Bombylius
and Hristalis; but the question still re-
mains unsettled whether Culex has any
passage, either tube or groove, through
the hypopharynx. Réaumur® (tome 4,
part 2, p. 896) discusses the probability
of a poisonous fluid being secreted by
Culex, to cause the blood to flow more
readily when it bites, and since his time
writers have, on the one hand, accepted
this statement, without proving the
presence of such a fluid or of the glands
to secrete it, or they have, on the other
hand, denied the existence of such a
upon under
15 Menzbier, M. A. Ueber das Kopfskelet und
die Mundwerkzeuge der Zweifliigler. (Bull. Soc,
impér. natur. de Moscou, 1880, t. 55, no. 1, p. 8-71,
tab. 2-3.)
2356
fluid, and affirmed, as Leeuwenhoek did,
that the swelling subsequent to the bite
of Culex was due to the irritation pro-
duced by the tearing of the mouth-parts
in the skin, without the aid of a poison-
ous secretion. After having experiment-
ed a large number of times with the
living mosquito, I am convinced that
there is use made of a poisonous saliva ;
for, when biting, if the mosquito fails to
strike blood, which it often does on parts
of the back of my hand, it may have
inserted its proboscis (labium of course
excepted) nearly full length, in from one
to six directions, in the same place, and
withdrawn its proboscis; indeed it may
have inserted its proboscis, as often oc-
curs, in extremely sensitive parts; yet
in such cases, if no blood be drawn, no
more effect is produced upon my skin
than is produced by the prick of a sharp
needle ; a red point appears only to dis-
appear in a few hours. Certainly there
has been as much tearing of tissues in
such a case as the above-mentioned, as
there is when Culex settles on a place
richer in blood, and, with a single pro-
bing, draws its fill. When the insect is
allowed to draw its fill on the back of my
hand, the subsequent swelling lasts from
forty to forty-eight hours, and the amount
of poisonous effect upon me, as proved
by numerous experiments, is in direct
proportion to the length of time which
the Culex has occupied in actually draw-
ing blood. ‘The above-mentioned facts
would indicate a constant outpouring of
some sort of poisonous fluid during the
blood-sucking process, and would neces-
sitate a tube or channel for its conduc-
tion. Now no other channel exists
PSYCHE.
through which saliva could pass from the
base to the tip in the mouth-parts which
Culex inserts in the skin, and this, to-
gether with the position occupied by the
salivary duct in other diptera, leads me
to believe, without as yet being able to
give anatomical proof for it, that the
hypopharynx of Culex contains a duct
that pours out its poisonous saliva.
Having no fresh specimens of Culex
ciliatus, and the extreme minuteness of
the hypopharynx in the species of Culex
available, has precluded my determina-
tion of the actual presence of glands in
connection with this mouth-part.
The mandibles (figs. 1 and 8, m), the
most delicate of the mouth-parts of Cu-
lex, are two very thin linear-lanceolate »
lamellae of transparent chitin, which rest
with their inner edges beneath each half
of the hypopharynx, their outer edges
projecting beyond its outer edge, on
each side. At the base of the proboscis
they appear to have no muscular attach-
ments. They are slightly tapering from
the base to the tip, but are of equal
thickness throughout their breadth; at
the tip they have a slight thickening, in
form of a letter Y, with its opening
turned toward their very delicate, almost
invisible tip. (See fig. 5, m.)
The maxillae (mistaken by Gerstfeldt”
for the mandibles, but correctly figured by
Muhr”® on his diagram as maxillae) are
tapering lamellae of chitin, apparently
serrate at the tips. Each maxilla is
thicker near the inner edge, the thick-
ening being formed by a solid chitinous
shaft, which is fixed longitudinally upon
the upper side. (See fig. 5 and 8, max.)
The bases of the maxillae join the stouter
PSICHE . 237
maxillary palpi just before passing under
the clypeus, and immediately afterwards
they join the labium, and become im-
bedded, with the mandibles, in connec-
tive tissue. (See fig. 9, ma.) Their
continuations in the head are two delicate
chitin-supports, each of which ends in a
strong muscle ; this muscle, the retractor
maxillae (fig. 10, rm), passes backward
and downward through the head, beneath
the infraoesophageal ganglion, and has
its origin in the posterior basal part of
the head. The maxillae probably have
no protractor muscle, their forward mo-
tion being due to the elasticity of the
chitin frame-work of the head. The
shaft of the maxillae is very transparent,
except near the inner side where the
chitin-rod runs ; here it is brownish and
more opaque. Out from the above-
mentioned chitin-rod extends a very del-
icate feathering, or corrugation, of chitin
to the edge of the most transparent por-
tion of each maxilla, as seen upon the
basal portion of fig. 5, ma. The tip of
the maxillae (fig. 5, ma) is very acute,
has none of the before-mentioned chiti-
nous corrugations, but, in their place,
near the outer edge, is a row of papillae,
which have their tips slightly recurved
toward the head, and consequently ap-
pear serrate. These papillae are upon
the upper surface of the maxillae, as
can be readily seen, by preparing the
mouth-parts by lateral pressure, as in
fier. 61s
The maxillary palpi (figs. 1, 2, and
9, mp) are four-jointed in some spe-
cies of Culex, five-jointed in others.
At first sight they appear to be three-
jointed, but more careful examination
serves to show that the apparent basal
joint is made up of two joints, and
oftentimes to reveal a very short, knob-
like joint at the extremity of what ap-
pears to be, at first, the apical joint.
At their base the maxillary palpi join
the maxillae just before the latter pass
beneath the clypeus, and, with the max-
illae, join the other mouth-parts, as
shown, in section, by fig. 9.
The function of the maxillae is, prob-
ably, to draw the other mouth-parts into
the skin, when Culex bites, for if one
watches the maxillary palpi of Culex,
while the setae are entering the skin,
the setae seem to pierce the skin, and
enter it with a slow gliding motion, as if
drawn from below, instead of pressed
from above ; meanwhile, if one observes
carefully, with a lens, the maxillary palpi
can be seen to be in an alternating mo-
tion, as if the maxillae to which they are
attached, pressed, first one then the
other, into the skin, and then pulled the
other parts after them. The muscles,
retractores already de-
seribed, lend weight to this view of the
functions of the barbed maxillae.
The labium (figs. 1, 2, and 3,7), the
largest of the mouth-parts of Culex, and
the only one of them, helping form the
proboscis, which contains muscles, forms
a sheath opening along the upper side,
and receiving in its channel the other
mouth-parts (excepting the maxillary
palpi), as seen in cross-section in fig. 8 ;
it tapers from base to tip, is flexible,
has a delicately annulated structure,
and is clothed with hair and scales. At
its base it unites with the mavxillae,
mandibles, and hypopharynx, and con-
maxillarum,
238
tinues into the under surface of the head.
Throughout its length it contains, on
each side, muscles, which have their
origin in the base of the head and serve
to control the motions of the labium.
(See figs. 8 and 9, mi.) At the sides of
the tip of the labium are attached two
lobiform appendages, the labellae, which
are seen at /b in fig. 8 with the true tip
of the labium proper between them.
These terminal lobes are jointed to the
labium, a little distance behind its tip,
as can be seen in fig. 7, which is a cross-
section of the labium a trifle anterior to
the actual centre of motion of these
joints. The section of that portion of
the labium which extends forward to
form its tip is seen in the middle of the
figure, just below the section of the
maxillae (ma). Outside the section of
each lobe is seen the section of a portion
of the exterior edge of the labium itself,
which here forms a double socket, or
pair of acetabula, into which the heads
of the two labellae are set. Each of the
lobes of the labium, —the labellae, —
is provided with an extensor and flexor
muscle (fig. 7, me, and mf), and is at-
tached to the labium by a true joint.
The labium has for function, for the
most part, the protection of the fine
setae which form the true piercing organ
of Culex. In the females of Culex
proper, the protective sheath is formed
by the labiam alone. When the mos-
quito has found a place which suits its
taste for piercing, it plants its labellae
firmly upon the spot, and a moment
later the labium flexes backward in its
middle, the setae, firmly grouped to-
gether, remain straight and enter the
PSTCOHE.
skin, while the two labellae guide them,
much as a carpenter guides his bit with
his fingers, while boring a piece of plank.
When the setae of Culex have entered
the skin to nearly their full length the
labium is bent double beneath the body
of the insect, the labellae still holding
the base of the setae at the point where
they enter the skin. When the mos-
quito wishes to withdraw the setae it
probably first withdraws the two barbed
maxillae beyond the other setae, that
is, so that their barbs, or papillae, will
be kept out of action by the mandibles
and hypopharynx ; then it readily with-
draws the setae, perhaps aiding their
withdrawal by the muscles of the labium,
for, during the process of extracting the
setae from the skin, while they are slow-
ly sinking back into the groove upon
the upper side of the straightening la-
bium, the mosquito keeps the labellae
pressed firmly upon the skin.
The mouth-parts of Culex, as above
described, are suspended under a cly-
peus, or epistom, which is figured from
the side in fig. 1, ¢; from above in fig.
2, c; in length-section in fig. 11, ¢; and
in cross-section in fig. 9, ¢. This clypeus
is the hood-shaped forward continuation
of the lower part of a A-shaped piece
of chitin which forms the framework of
what may be termed the ‘‘ face” of
Culex; right and left of the upper por-
tion of this framework pass out the an-
tennal nerves, the antennae being sup-
ported by the framework itself.
The pharynx (fig. 11, p), the tubular
continuation of the epipharynx above
and the hypopharynx below, as it passes
backward, beneath the centre of the A-
PSTCSTE. 239
shaped framework, turns somewhat up-
ward, is narrowed to the valve previously
described, then widens slightly again,
and, as oesophagus (fig. 11, 0e) passes
through the oesophageal nerve-ring, in
which it is supported by three delicate
chitinous rods, which lie, one longitudi-
nally on its ventral surface, and two to
the right and left on its dorsal surface.
Just posterior to the oesophageal nerve-
ring, directly above the nerve-commis-
sure which connects the infraoesophageal
ganglion with the first thoracic ganglion,
the oesophagus suddenly expands into
an oesophageal pump, or bulb, the lon-
gitudinal section of which is shown in
fig. 11, 6; the cross-section in fig. 10, b.
This bulb, which is the chief sucking
organ in the female Culex, and which I
have found in no other dipteron, is sup-
ported by three longitudinal chitinous
rods, which are stouter continuations
of the three rods supporting the oeso-
phagus through the nerve-ring. These
rods (fig. 10, 7) have between them
chitin-plates (fig. 10, ¢) which are sus-
pended from the rods by elastic mem-
branes. On the dorsal plate is inserted
a double muscle, or a pair of muscles
(bm), the origin of which is in the dor-
sal part of the chitinous shell of the
head. Each of the lateral plates has
inserted on it a muscle (bm’), the origin
of which is in the chitin of the lower
lateral regions of the head. The origin
of each of these muscles is in the so-
called occipital region of the head, that
is, behind theeyes. By the simultaneous
contraction of these muscles (mand bm’),
the lumen of the oesophageal bulb is
enlarged, and the blood flows into the
bulb from the pharynx, and, upon their
relaxation, the elasticity of the chitinous
walls of the bulb drives the blood, which
cannot return to the pharynx because of
the closing of the valve at v (fig. 11),
into the stomach.
IN THE MALE.
The mouth-parts of the male of Culex
have not been described, as far as I
know, with any degree of accuracy
though, since Swammerdamim’s time, the
males have been distinguished from the
females, by all scientific entomological
writers on the subject, by means of their
feather-like antennae and maxillary palpi.
The proboscis of the male of Culex
pipiens, the only species the male of
which I have studied, is slightly longer
and slenderer than the corresponding
organ in the female. The setae are
fewer in number and less completely
sheathed by the labium than in the fe-
male; they consist of a well-developed
labrum-epipharynx and two slightly de-
veloped maxillae. The mandibles are
absent, and the hypopharynx coalesces
with the labium (fig. 12, 4 and/). The
labium and maxillary palpi are more
densely covered with hair and seales
than they are in the females, and they
contain muscles ; the other mouth-parts,
the setae proper, are naked, chitinous,
and contain no muscles. In comparative
length the mouth-parts may be arranged,
longest first: maxillary palpi, labium
and labrum-epipharynx, maxillae ;—in
comparative size they may be arranged,
largest first: labium, maxillary palpi,
labrum-epipharynx, maxillae. The rel-
ative position of the mouth-parts of. the
male is different from that in the female
(compare fig. 8-9 with 15-15) in that
rudimentary maxillae are
al-
the short,
240
pushed out sidewise to allow the hypo-
pharynx to coalesce with the labium.
In the male the oesophageal pump, or bulb
behind the nerve-ring, fails, and the suck-
ing of fluids must be done by the phar-
ynx alone, as it is done in most diptera.
The labrum-epipharynx is nearly the
same in general form and structure in
the male Culex as it is in the female, it
is a trifle longer and slenderer, but the
same figures (5 l7-e, and 6) will serve
for the tips of both. In section (fig.
12, lr-e), the labrum shows a groove on
its upper surface, which deepens as it
nears the base (fig. 13, Jv-e). The api-
eal four-fifths of the labium contains no
other seta than the labrum-epipharynx,
as seen in fig. 12, which is a section at
about the middle of the proboscis. At
the base of the labrum-epipharynx are
pharyngeal muscles similar to those
found in the female, and with similar
insertions and origins, except that the
median muscle (fig. 15 pm’) is not di-
vided into three parts as in the female
(fig. 9, pm’).
The hypopharynx is, throughout its
whole length, joined to the labium, and
thus necessarily pushes the maxillae,
which would normally lie between it and
the labium, to one side. (See fig. 13,
hand mx.) The hypopharynx shows,
in section (fig. 13-15 h), the same chi-
tinous rod through the middle as in the
females, but I was unable to detect any
channel for saliva through this rod.
The maxillae are very thin lamellae
of transparent chitin, about one-fifth
as long as the labium, and so delicate
as to be easily overlooked. Although
as broad at the base as is the tube of
the epipharynx, they taper regularly
PSTCHE.
from their base to their fine tips.
The maxillary palpi are five-jointed,
very hairy toward the tip, much longer
than they are in the female, and when
at rest their basal portions cover the
labrum-epipharynx and maxillae in the
sheath of the labium.
The labium of the male Culea is simi-
lar in general structure to that of the
female, if one considers it together with
the hypopharynx. It is, however, slen-
derer, more densely covered with scales,
has a shallower groove for the reception
of the labrum-epipharynx, and has a
joint near the middle. The slenderness
of the labium in the male extends itself
to the labellae. (Compare fig. 4, Jb
with fig. 5, /b.) The groove of the
labium of the male increases in shallow-
ness from tip to base; at the middle of
the proboscis (fig. 12) it is so shallow
that it fails to fully protect the labrum-
epipharynx, and at its base (fig. 13) it
is so shallow that the other mouth-parts
rest only on top of the labium. To
make up for this deficiency of protection
by the labium, the maxillary palpi, as
was previously mentioned, cover over
the upper side of the enclosed parts
(see fig. 13), and thus, although free
from the labinm, form a part of the
protective sheath, which, in the female,
is formed by the labium alone. Wheth-
er the joint near the middle of the labium
of the male Culex is true or false I can-
not say, since I have never seen it bent
by the insect itself; its appearance is
that of a true joint. Like the labium
of the female, that of the male has two
longitudinal main tracheal stems (figs.
12-14, tr), and two rows of longitudi-
nal muscles.
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
The following letters always have the same signification :
c, clypeus. m, mandibles.
e, epipharynx. mp, maxillary palpi.
hk, hypopharynx. mx, maxillae.
z, infraoesophageal ganglion. oe, oesophagus.
2, labium. p, pharynx.
76, labellae. pm, pm’, pharyngeal muscles.
Zr, labrum. s, supraoesophageal ganglion.
ly-e, labrum-epipharynx. tr, tracheal stem.
The number of diameters enlargement is indicated against each figure.
Shaded parts of sections are portions filled with connective tissue, nerves, air-spaces,
and other parts, which have no significance in connection with points discussed in
this paper.
Fig. 1. Side view of head of Culex rufus, with extended mouth-parts; @, antennae.
Fig. 2. Same from above with mouth-parts partly cut away.
Fig. 3. Tip of labium of female Cu/ex.
Fig. 4. Same of male Culew.
Fig. 5. Tips of separated setae of mouth-parts of Culex.
Fig. 6. Tip of labrum-epipharynx of Culex, seen from beneath and in section.
Fig. 7. Cross-section through the labellae and tip of labium of female Cudex.
Fig. 8. Cross-section near the middle of the proboscis of female Cu/ex.
Fig. 9. Cross-section through pharyngeal region of the forward part of the head of
female Culex.
Fig. 10. Cross-section through the posterior part of the head of female Czex, to
show the sucking bulb of the oesophagus. 46, lumen of the oesophageal bulb.
bm, bm’, muscles to dilate the bulb. +, chitinous rods which support the oesophageal
bulb. xm, retractor muscles of the maxillae, at the point of origin of their muscles.
z, elastic plates of sides of bulb.
Fig. 11. Longitudinal section of the head of female Culex. 6, oesophageal bulb.
£, point where the clypeus appears nearly cut off from the rest of the head. v, valve
between pharynx and oesophagus.
Fig. 12. Cross-section near the middle of the proboscis of male Culex.
Fig. 13. Cross-section at the base of the proboscis of male Culex.
Fig. 14. Cross-section further into the base of the proboscis of male Culex.
Fig. 15. Cross-section through the pharyngeal region of the head of male Cudex.
Plate ve
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PSYCHE.
Whether the male Culex can bite, or
not, is a question to which I can give
-no decisive answer; but I do not be-
lieve it can. I have often taken male
mosquitoes, with all possible care to
prevent disturbing them, beneath a glass
cover upon my hand, letting them remain
long enough to be as tranquil as they
were when upon the leaves and grass of
the field, but they would neither bite nor
show any desire to do so, nor have I been
able to feed male mosquitoes with water,
saliva or fresh blood, all of which liquids
THY RIDOPTERYX
EPHEMERAEFORMIS
241
the females often drink with avidity.
Upon anatomical grounds I believe
that male mosquitoes take liquid food,
although I have never dissected their
stomachs to see what this food was.
They have mouth-parts and pharynx
developed sufficiently to suck liquids ;
but the absence of barbed maxillae, of
a free hypopharynx, and of an oesopha-
geal bulb, leads one to suppose that they
take a smaller quantity of food than the
females do, and that they do not obtain
it by piercing the skins of animals.
HAWORTH. ITS
HABITS AND METAMORPHOSIS.
BY HELEN SELINA KING, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
Tuts insect, whose range embraces
Europe and Australia, is also found in
certain parts of the United States.
Near Dallas, Texas, hundreds of ce-
dar trees may be seen stript of all foliage
and killed by this insect, with their
branches laden with its cases. Near
Austin, Texas, its favorite food is a
species of wild bramble, Smilax rotun-
difolia Young, but many other trees and
shrubs furnish ready substitutes. Among
these are the scrub-oak, the peach pome-
granate, the Judas tree (Cercis), and
even weeds of certain kinds, while the
variety of cedar found there does not
seem to be molested.
The habits of this insect have already
received the careful attention of ento-
mologists and my object is to fill, as far
as I can, any blanks which may have
occurred in previous observations, by
giving such items as have rewarded my
personal attention to its habits and met-
amorphoses.
The perfect insect is bisexual but is
supposed to be occasionally parthenoge-
netic. Ihave not yet demonstrated this
latter trait. _
The male has short, sub-hyaline wings,
sparsely scaled, of a dull brown color,
and quickly expanding as in hesperians,
which it also resembles in its broad
head and large eyes. The antennae are
deeply pectinate on their basal half, with
minute pectinations on the terminal por-
tion. The abdomen, usually short, show-
ing the tip of the terminal segment is re-
tractile and capable of great extension.
The female is apterous, apodous, and
almost acephalous, the small head, bent
slightly forward, being scarcely distin-
guishable as such but for its relation to
the other members, and its two minute
ocelli. There are no antennae, and no
visible organs of mandueation. This
small head and the gradually enlarging
thoracic segments are acutely carinated
on the median dorsal line, and are en-
242
chitinous membrane of a
burnt-straw-color. There are not even
rudimentary feet, but rather indications
of what would be their normal position.
On the anterior part of the sternum
is a dark movable body, plainly seen be-
neath the skin, corresponding in its
appearance and motions to the heart of
the earth-worm,
The posterior end of this body is
pointed, the anterior rounded. When
the insect is at rest, this body is com-
closed in a
Lumbricus terrestris.
paratively stationary.
From the thorax the body becomes of
a paler color, cylindrical, rounded at
posterior end, and much larger than tho-
racic segments. The abdomen seeins
filled with eggs and fat, visible through
the thin membrane.
The female perfects her last trans-
formation from about the middle of
March to the middle of May. When
first matured from the pupa stage she
seems to have been covered with short
hair of a soft silky texture and straw-
color. This, rubbing off easily with her
motions, falls like down around her,
that on the anterior part of the body
first. As soon as the female is perfected
she projects her head from the lower end
of the case and begins to deposit her
egos. These are cylindrivo-oval, smooth,
white, and glistening, and about twenty
in number. They are imbedded in the
soft hairs from the mother’s body, and
remain thus for weeks before hatching.
When the female has ceased depositing
her eggs her body is an empty, lifeless
shell.
It is probable that the life-cycle em-
braces a period: of two years, as the
PSLCHE:
larvae may be found at all seasons, and
in various stages of growth, well protec-
ted from the heat of summer and cold
of winter by their weather-proof cases.
The eggs mature, according to the sea-
son, in three, six, or eight weeks and
the young larvae are found as_ early
as the latter part of June. Having
eaten their shells they at once proceed
to house-building, usually finding suit-
able materials near at hand, as the
female imago lives and dies in her case,
which is swung to a twig or vine of her
proper food-plant ; but if by chance this
is inaccessible, many other forms of
vegetation will serve their temporary
needs, such as rose-leaves, or the Canna.
When first noticeable, the larva is about
2mm. long. It cuts out circular pieces
from the leaf, about the size of a small
tack-head; this it spins together with
a little silk into a small cone, which it
carries with the apex in the air, the pos-
terior end of its anal segment adhering
to the inner surface of the cone. It
moves about from one part of the leaf
to another, and, unlike the more fully
grown individuals, when falling, sus-
pends itself by a silk thread. It will
even leave its case and afterwards re-
turn to it. When not feeding it spins
its upright tent to the leaf.
When fully grown and presenting its
more permanent features, it is about 40
mm. long with a case much longer. — Its
head and three anterior segments are
brownish, polished, and with ivory vit-
tae and spots. These segments over-
lap anteriorly, and the elastic membrane
between is of a dirty lavender color.
The abdominal rings nearest these, which
PSTCLHE. 243
are sometimes visible, are of a dull
brown, and with no distinctive features.
The silk tubes are quite eonspicuous ;
mouth-parts dark.
The anterior segments are longer
than the others, and the large, strong,
clawed feet seem to spring from the
middle line of the venter, making a
semicircle terminated by the claws.
When the larva is resting in the day
these claws are all bunched up, at the
mouth of the case, or withdrawn within
it, only one remaining attached to the
branch from which it is thus momentarily
suspended.
At night the larva spins a number of
threads from the case around the branch,
and retires within its recesses. Ordina-
rily the mouth of the case, large and
loose, falls together when not expanded
by the larva’s body. For the pupal
change, it spins up the mouth and fixes
it firmly to some stationary object,
usually its food-plant.
If the case of one of these larvae be
cut open, and an empty one be cut and
applied to it, the larva, although pre-
paring to enter the pupa stage, will rouse
itself and unite these into one. The
larvae also use for the construction of
these cases various kinds of leaves,
twigs, and vines. These are put on, one
over the other, like shingles on a house,
and frequently so near together that they
stand out straight and look ruffled.
A larva having been removed from its
case and put in a pill-box, with some
raw cotton and its proper food, soon con-
structed for itself a new case from the
cotton, lined it with silk, made a mouth
for it, and then, crawling to a branch
placed near, suspended itself as usual.
In order to remove it from its natural
case I had only to touch this on one end,
and the larva would continue retreating
until it emerged at the opposite extrem-
ity. After many interesting exploits
this larva disappeared.
HABITS OF HYPOPREPIA PACKARDIT, GROTE.
BY MARY ESTHER MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO.
In 1879 I had the pleasure of tracing
the larval history of the pretty little
Lithosian above named, the imago of
which was described some years ago by
Mr. A. R. Grote in the Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Philadel-
phia, April, 1863, v. 2, p. 31.
Upon my writing to Mr. Grote regard-
ing its immature stages, he informed me
that nothing had been published on the
subject, and that he himself had never
observed the transformations. As I have
seen nothing since that date referring to
this species, I trust that the following
notes may not be altogether without in-
terest to those making a specialty of the
group to which it belongs.
Two larvae were found in dormant
state, 20 Dec., under loose bark of black
oak (Quercus tinctoria Bart.). They
were then about 6 mm. in length, hairy,
and of a mottled light and dark gray
color, the head being similarly clothed
and colored. They bore a strong gen-
244
eral resemblance to the young larvae of
some species of Callimorpha.
Fearing that they might succumb to
the somewhat
the rearing cage, I attached them, for
hibernation, to a branch of the tree,
under a thick muslin cover. They were
not again examined until the middle of
the following March, when, as the season
was early, they were found to have
awakened from their torpor and to be
crawling about over the bits of bark upon
which they had wintered. For more
convenient observation they were again
placed in the insect cage and liberally
supplied with the most advanced buds.
They did not, however, seem to feed
upon the latter, and continued to crawl
about restlessly over the bits of dry bark,
which they covered with a great deal
of fine cob-webby matter. On the Ist
of April both molted and shortly after
this I discovered that they fed upon the
outer surface of the bark itself, or upon
the lichens that covered it. Fresh bark
was provided upon which they began
gnawing with avidity and from this time
growth was quite rapid. A second molt
occurred 15 Aprilandathird 1 May. At
this date they measured 8.3 mm. in
length by 2.5 mm. in diameter. The
form was somewhat flattened and the
width nearly the same throughout. Color
pale cinereous, variegated with fine
curved lines and dots of purple-brown ;
medio-dorsal stripe pale, margined on
each side with a distinct purple line, not
continuous, but composed of very minute
dashes and dots. Venter translucent,
dingy buff. Head and legs colored sim-
unnatural conditions of
PSTCHE:
ilarly to the dorsum, all sparsely clothed
with long, fine, light hairs springing di-
rectly from the surface.
On 7 May both larvae were enclosed
under a veil-like smoke-colored web,
closely appressed to the under side of the
bark. They had shrunken somewhat and
the thoracic segments appeared slightly
flattened and bulging laterally, giving
the insects the appearance of minute
catocalid larvae. By 10 May both had
completed their first transformation.
Pupae, 6.2 mm. in length, oblong, de-
pressed and of a glossy dark brown
color. The imagines appeared on 27
and 28 May and proved to be of different
sexes.
As Mr. Grote’s description of the per-
fect insect is brief I take the liberty of
appending it : —
Imago: ‘Anterior wings entire, silky,
dark steel grey with a yellowish well
defined spot on the costa near the
apex. A band of same color on the
internal margin, well defined and com-
mencing near the internal angle and con-
tinuing to the base of the wing, showing
a spot of the same shade as the ground
color. Posterior wings rose color with
a wide greyish border not extending
quite to the anal angle. Under side of
the wings showing the markings of the
upper. Head rose color. Antennae
darkish. Thorax yellowish. Abdomen
rose color. Expands eleven sixteenths
of an inch [17.5 mm].” In the male the
yellow bands and spots on the anterior
wings are broader than on the female,
and the abdomen of the former termin-
ates in a dense rose colored tuft.
an
BSTCHL: 245
PSYCHE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JULY-SEPT. 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ coptes
should be addressed to Epirors OF PsyCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
PsycHE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made in thety own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
14 JAN. 1881.— 73rd meeting. This being
the seventh annual and the fourth annual
corporate meeting, an election of officers for
the year was held, with the following result:
President, H: Laurens Mark; Secretary and
Treasurer, B: Pickman Mann; Librarian,
Clifford Chase Eaton; Executive Committee,
The President, Secretary and Treasurer, ex
oficiis, and S: Hubbard Scudder, E: Payson
Austin and E: Burgess; E£dztor of Psyche,
B: Pickman Mann.
Mr. W: Trelease, Prof. Selim Hobart Pea-
body, and Mr. J: Sterling Kingsley were
elected members.
The retiring president, E: Burgess, made,
in place of an annual address, some remarks
upon the internal structure of the head of the
cockroach ‘and grasshopper, illustrated by
original drawings, which he had prepared
for the second report of the United States
Entomological commission.
The death of Mr. Edwin C: Prentiss, the
compositor upon the third volume of Psycuer,
who had so faithfully carried on his business
connection with the publication, was an-
nounced. [See Psycue, Oct. 1880 (12 Feb.
1881), v- 3, p- 128. ]
11 Fes. 1881.—74th meeting. The fourth
annual report of the Secretary and Treasurer,
dated as of the January meeting, was read.
Five members have been elected during the
past year. The present number of resident
members is sixteen and that of non-resident
members fifty-nine, an increase of three. Of
107 persons elected members, 5 have died and
27 have retired from various other causes.
Thirteen principal communications have been
presented by five members. The second
volume of PsycHE, except the indices, has
been completed and distributed. The deficit
upon the account of the first volume of
PsycHE is now $76.64, and that upon the
second volume $126.16, with considerable ex-
penses still to be incurred, leaving out of
account the cash advanced toward defraying
the expenses of the second volume by one
of the members of the Club.
Owing to the arrangement made for the
publication of the third volume, the deficit
does not appear upon the Treasurer’s books.
The permanent publication fund amounts
to $173.05.
The report of the Librarian shows the
library to be in good condition, containing
799 publications exclusive of separate volume
numbers. The principal source of accession
has been as usual, by gift from individuals
and societies, the Club having no funds with
which to buy books. <A card catalog of the
works in the library is nearly completed.
(Lo be continued.)
GOSSE’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE BUTTER-
FLIES OF NORTH AMERICA.
GossE, whose popular writings on English
natural history are well known, spent several
years in Canada, a year in Alabama, and
some time in Jamaica. He has recorded his
out-door observations in these places in three
distinct books, all of them now very rare,
and to many scarcely known. That upon
Jamaica covered the birds only; the others
were of a more miscellaneous character and
were entitled ‘‘ The Canadian naturalist; a
series of conversations on the natural history
of Lower Canada” (London, 1840. 12-+372
p-, 12°); and ‘‘ Letters from Alabama, U. St,
chiefly relating to natural history” (London,
1859. 12-+306 p., 16°). His residence in
Canada was fixed at Sherbrooke, a short
246
distance north of the Vermont line, where
he seems to have lived two or three years,
about 1837. In Alabama, to which he went
from Canada, he lived as a teacher on a
plantation at Pleasant Hill, a little south of
Selma, near the centre of the state; and his
letters from here were written to a journal
called the Home friend, and afterwards col-
lected in the volume mentioned. A large
portion of both books is devoted to ento-
mology, and they are full of original obser-
vations. The list given below may be con-
sidered an index to his notes upon the butter-
flies, showing the species discussed, with
references to pages and wood-cuts, and a
brief memorandum of the scope of his ob-
servations. The names are those employed
by him (with his peculiarities of spelling),
and when the species intended is not at once
clear to one familiar with the synonymy of
our butterflies, the correct name is added in
brackets. The references following the letter
C are to the Canadian naturalist, those fol-
lowing A to the Letters from Alabama.
Hipparchia andromacha. C, 246. Fig.
upper surface of imago; habits.— A, 122.
Gamesome habits.—272. Taken 25 Aug.
Hipparchia alope. A, 55. Fig. under
surface of imago. — 203. Descr. imago;
habits.
Hipparchia transmontana | Satyrodes eury-
dice]. C, 247. Appeared about 15 July; de-
scription; flight.
Hipparchia gemma. A, 121. Appeared
about 12 June.
Hipparchia areolata. &,121. Appeared
about 12 June.
Hipparchia sosybius. A, 55. Fig. under
surface of imago; habits; descr. imago. —
272. Seen 25 Aug.
Hipparchia eurythris. A, 55-
surface of imago; habits; descr. imago.
Fig. upper
Hipparchia sp. [alope O?]. A, 203.
Descr. imago; habits.
Danais archippus. C, 262. Fig. under
surface of imago; distribution; flight.—A, 78.
Description.—-185. Description of larva and
pupa.—185-188. Metamorphoses of butterflies
in general; chrysalis 8 days.
Limenitis arthemis. ©, 220. Figs. larva,
its resemblance to arthemits.—272.
PSTCOHEZ,
pupa and under surface of imago.—221. De-
scription of larva on elm; changes. — 226.
Butterfly from pupa about 1 July; description.
—228. Seasons.—248. Sixteen seen togeth-
er 5 July; growing scarce 15 July. — 306.
Seen 4 Sept.
Limenitis ursula. A, 123. Description;
Seen 25
Aug.
Grapta c-aureum [Polygonia interroga-
tionis |. C, 280. Larva on hop; pupa 11
days. — 295. Pupa on grass.—323. Numer-
ous 16 Oct., one that day from pupa.—334.
Seen about 16 Oct.—A, 59. Seen 1 June.—
272 (¢nterrogationis). Seen 25 Aug.
Grapta c-album? [Polygonia comma]. C,
174. Taken about 22 May.—22t. Larva on
nettle.—226. Larva changed to pupa 1 July.
—246. Butterfly appeared about 15 July, after
7 days in pupa.
Grapta progne? [Polygonia faunus?]. C,
96. Taken 15 April.—g7. Brief description.
—278. Reappeared about 16 Aug.
Grapta c-argenteum. C, 249. Larva on
wild gooseberry; descr. of larva and pupa.—
261. Pupa state 13 days.
Grapta sp. C, 84. Some species seen
12 April.—g7. Five species distinguished.—
305. Different species numerous 20 Sept.
Vanessa j-album. C, 96. Seen about 27
April.—g97. Resemblance to English ‘ tor-
toise shells.” — 247. Reappearance about 15
July; seasons.—323. Seen 16 Oct.
Vanessa furcillata. C, 107. Common;
found in Newfoundland; larva on nettle.—
221. Larva on nettle.—226. Larva changed
about 1 July.—248. A curious variety.
Vanessa antiopa. C,96. Seen about 27
April.—g97. Abundance. — 261. Reappeared
about 30 July.—294. J.arva changing 1 Sept.
—305. Numerous 20 Sept.—323. Seen 16
Oct.—334. Numerous about 16 Oct. —356:
Pupa found 25 Dec. on wall of house.
Vanessa atalanta. A, 202. <A greatrarity
here; found in Canada and Newfoundland.
Cynthia huntera. A, 78. Comparison with
C. cardui.—148. Becoming common 1 July.
—272. Taken 25 Aug.
Argynnis vanillae. A, 203. Appeared 12
July; description.—272. Taken 25 Aug.
PSYCHE.
Argynnis columbina. A, 148. Description ;
rare.—272. Taken 25 Aug.
Argynnis cybele. C, 261. Distinguished
from A. aphrodite.
Argynnis aphrodite? C, 228. Common
1 July; description.
Melitaea myrina. C,192. Appeared about
1o June; description; definition of ‘ fritilla-
ries”; seasons: habits. —290. Abundant on
thistles, 1 Sept.
Melitaea phaeton. C, 227. Figs. butterfly ;
taken about 30 June; description.
Melitaea tharos. C, 219. Appeared about
20 June; description. — A, 59. Common.—
272. Taken 25 Aug,
Libythea motya. A, 204. Description.
Thecla mopsus. A, 148. Description;
common.
Thecla hyperict. A, 213 note. Probably
identical with 7%. favonius.
Thecla poeas. A, 52. Fig. upper surface
of butterfly.—171. Description: habits; first
seen 3 July.
Thecla falacer. A, 37. Habits and flight.
Polyommatus lucia. C, 123. Seen 10
May; flight and habits.—150. Female taken
20 May.—247. Does not hibernate.
Polyommatus pseudargiolus. A, 144. De-
scription; pugnacious habits.
Thecla comyntas. A, 272. Taken 25 Aug.
Lycaena phiaeas. OC, 219. Its beauty;
appeared about 20 June.—221. Variety taken
in September; eggs.
Colias eubule. A, 38. Flew to flower in
hand.— 212. Still plentiful on 1 Aug. — 272.
Taken 25 Aug.
Coltas coesonia. A, 53. Description.
Colias philodice. C, 184. Appeared from
25 May to 1 June; seasons; description of
white variety. — 223. Congregates. — 247.
Butterfly does not hibernate.—262. Congre-
gates.—323. Numerous 16 Oct.
Colias diara |Nathalis tole?]. A, 53.
Description.
Xanthidia delia.
peared 1 Aug. — 272.
Aug.
Nanthidia tucunda. A, 212. Common in
May and June, not yet disappeared 1 Aug. ;
description; distinction from X. delza; Bois-
duval’s error about it.
A, 213. Recently ap-
(Colzas.) Taken 25
247
Colias nicippe. A, 53.
—272. Taken 25 Aug.
Pontia oleracea. C, 123.
247. Butterfly does not hibernate.
Papilio philenor. A, 77. Description;
habits.—148. Becoming scarce 1 July. —272.
Taken 25 Aug.
Papilio troilus. A, 78.
rare.—148. Becoming common 1 July.—272.
Taken 25 Aug.
Papilio turnus. C.183. Fig.
face of butterfly; appeared 25 May-1 June;
habits; distribution. — 194. Abundant 10
June; habits.-—195. Reared; imprisoned 2
does not attract ¢.—223. Congregates.—
261. Disappeared about 15 July.—293. Habits
of caterpillar ; food plants. —A, 122 (g/aucus).
Description ; habits. —202 (furnus). Noticed.
Found in gardens.
Seen 10 May.—
Description ;
under sur-
Papilio calchas. A, 169. Description;
becoming common 3 July.—272. Taken 25
Aug.
Papilio thoas. A, 170. Description;
habits.
Papilio ajax. A, 51-53: Figs. larva,
pupa and under surface of imago; descrip-
tion.—148. Nearly all gone 1 July.
Papilio asterius. C, 184. Found in New-
foundland and southern states; not met with
in Canada. A, 78. Numerous: description.
Eudamus tityrus. A, 61. Flight.—85-87.
Caterpillar; nest; cocoon; pupa 13 days;
habits of butterfly.—272. Taken 25 Aug.
Eudamus bathylius. A, 272. Taken 25
Aug.
Thymele brizo. C, 184. Appeared 25
May-1 June; not common; flight.
Flesperia catullus. A, 204. Description.
Flesperia [Hesperia tessellata].
A,272. Taken 25 Aug.
Pamphila paniscus? |Heteropterus man-
dan|. C, 219. One taken about 20 June.
Flesperia phylaeus. A, 204. Description.
Pamphila peckius. C, 193 (Hesperia).
Appeared about 10 June; characteristics of
skippers. — 228 (Pamphila). Abundant 1
July.
orcus?
Pamphila otho? A, 272. Taken 25 Aug.
Pamphila cernes. C,228. Abundant 1
July.
Pamphila sp. A, 272. Taken 25 Aug.
Samuel H. Scudder.
248 [2338-2350]
PSTCHE. ;
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication tis known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omisstons are solicited.
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Behrens, W. Die Bestiiubungsmechanismus
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Shows the adaptation of coboea scandens to fertili-
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W: T. (2348)
Belt, T: Bees and clover. (Nature, 11
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Apropos of the sending of English humble-bees
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invariably pierces the clover flowers for their nectar,
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of this species when visiting other flowers are noted.
Itis suggested that bees could best be shipped in winter,
during the hibernation of the fertilized queens.
W: T. (2349)
Belt, T: The importation of humble bees
into New Zealand. (Science gossip, 1878,
p- 89-90, 18 cm.)
Discusses the behavior of several English species
of bombus when visiting flowers of ¢rifolium pra-
tense and believes that if bees are to be imported for
the sake of securing clover-seed, the proper species is
b. lapidarius, which ‘although it has the longest pro-
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venom.” W: T. (2350)
PP SMIOAEL.
Bennett, Alfred W. Fertilization of the
pansy. (Nature, 19 June 1873, v. 8, p. 143,
5 cm.)
Records observations on viola calcarata, v. elatior
and wv. /actea which he believes to be fertilized by bees;
and on v. tricolor which he believes to be fertilized by
thrips. W; T. (2351)
Bennett, Alfred W. The fertilization of the
wild pansy. (Nature, 15 May 1873, v. 8,
P- 49-50. )
Describes the structure of the flowers of v/ola tri-
color var, arvensis, which he believes adapted to fertili-
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in the flowers. We (2352)
Bennett, Alfred W. Fertilization of ruscus
aculeatus. (Journ. of botany, Jan. 1870,
v. 8, p. 9-10, II cm.)
Inquires as to the mode of fertilization. Believes
that the time of flowering, in’‘midwinter, is against its
fertilization by insects, and cannot see how it can be
anemophilous. Criticizes a statement of M’ Nab, as to the
disposition and time of appearance of the flowers.
(2353)
Bennett. Alfred W. Further observations
on protandry and protogyny. (Journ. of
botany, 1871, v. 9, p. 329-330.)
Notes that some of the species noted in his ‘*Observa-
tions in protandry and protogyny” ... [Rec., 2356] as
synacmic are protandrous, while a few noted before as
protandrous are synacmic. Describes adaptation to
cross-fertilization in one or two species, and adds to
the list of plants observed with respect to protandry or
protogyny. Wis Te 2354)
Bennett, Alfred W.. Note on the structure and
affinities of farnassia palustris, L. (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 19 Nov. 1868, v. 11 [1871],
p- 24-31.)
Includes a description of the flower and of its fertil-
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fellow.” W: T. (2355)
Bennett, Alfred W. Observations in pro-
tandry and protogyny in British plants.
(Journ. of botany, Oct. 1870, v. 8, p. 315-
227.)
Abstract. (Rept. Brit. assoc. advanc.
Sci., 1870, p. III, 4.cm.)
Describes the dichogamy of a number of plants, as
a means of securing their cross-fertilization by insect
agency. The abstract falsifies the text. W: 7. (2356)
Bennett, Alfred W. Remarkable plants, 2.
Some curious orchids. (Nature, 22 Feb.
1877; V- 15, P- 357-359-)
A review of C: Darwin’s “ The various contrivances
by which orchids are fertilized by insects. 2d ed.”
[Rec., 2379]. Treats of the general structure of the
orchid flower, and the pollination of ¢coryanthes ma-
crantha, catasetum saccatum, and mormodes tgnea by
aid of insects. W: T. (2357)
we
[2351-2363] 249
Berkeley, Miles J. Egg fungi. (Intellec-
tual observer, July 1866, v. 9, no. 54, p.
401-406. )
States (p. 402) that the sporiferous mass of the stink-
horn (phallus tmpudicus) is a favorite food of flies.
W: T. (2358)
Bessey, C: Edwin. Sensitive stamens in
portulaca. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1873, v. 7,
Pp- 464-465. )
Shows how the irritability of the stamens in portulaca
grandifiora and p. oleracea aids in cross fertilization.
Records the visit of ‘*a small wild bee” to the former.
W: T. (2359)
Bonnier, Gaston. Les fleurs et les insectes.
(Revue scientifique, 2 Apr. 1881, ser. 3,
V. 27, Pp. 419-425.)
A popular lecture delivered before the ‘* Association
scientifique de France,’’ in which the author discusses
the origin and uses of floral and extrafloral nectar, and
concludes that it is merely water transpired through
tissues charged with sugar, and is in nowise an adap.
tation for securing the pollination of the flowers or the
protection of the plant. W: T, (2360)
Breitenbach. W: Die Bliitheneinrichtung
von arum ternatum Thnbg. (Bot. Zeitung,
24 Oct. 1879, v. 37, c. 687-692. )
Crit. rev., by H. Miiller, entitled ‘“‘Berich-
tung der von W. Breitenbach gegebenen
Erklirung der Bestéubungsvorrichtung von
arum ternatum.” (Bot. Zeitung, 1g Dec.
1879, V- 37, c. 838-839, 35 cm.) [Rec., 2450. ]
Describes the floral arrangement for securing, as he
believes, close fertilization by insect agency.
W: T. (2361)
British association for the advancement
of science — [46th meeting| — Glasgow
meeting, 1876—Section of biology. Pres-
ident’s address. (Rept. British assoc. ad-
vanc. sci., 1876, p. 100-119.) (Nature, 7
Sep. 1876, v. 14, p. 403-412.) (WALLACE,
A. R. Tropical nature, chap. 7, p. 249-
303.)
Rev., by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘ Ueber die
besonderen Beziehungen zwischen Pflanzen
und Insecten, welche sich auf Inseln dar-
bieten.” (Bot. Jahresbericht... Just, 1876,
V. 4, P+ 941-942.)
Address, by Alfred Russel Wallace, on by-paths in
the domain of biology. Discusses, among other things,
the peculiar relations of plants and insects as exhibited
on islands; correlating the peculiarities of island floras
with the character of the insect faunas of the same.
W: T. (2362)
Brittain, T: Another insectivorous plant.
(Science gossip, Mar. 1877, p. 18.)
States that the flowers of apocynum androsaemtfo-
liurni capture flies: and evidently is not aware that the
plant is not insectivorous, and that the capture of small
insects in its flowers has been known for several genera-
tions. Wet Te. (2363)
250 [2364-2573
Cenby,. W: M. Darlingtonia caltfornica,
an insectivorous plant. (Proc. Amer. assoc.
advance. sci., 1874, v. 23, pt. 2, p. 64-72.)
Shows the adaptation in the leaves of the Californian
pitcher plant for the capture of flying insects, and re-
cords the observations of J. G. Lemmon on the insects
captured. W: ZT. (2364)
Caruel, T. Illustrazione di una rudiéacea
del genere myrmecodia. (Nuovo giorn.
bot. ital., July 1872, v. 4, p. 170-76.)
The seedlings of this epiphyte die unless the stem is
pierced by a particular species of ant, but in case this
happens, the stem enlarges to form a gall-like excres-
cence, in which the ants excavate galleries, and establish
themselves, while the plant goes on to complete devel-
opment. Similar relations with ants are indicated for
species of hydnophytum and clerodendrox.
W: T. (2365)
Comes, Orazio. Studiisulla impollinazione
in alcune piante con tavola litografata. Me-
moria per laurea premiata dalla Facolta di
scienzi naturali della R. universita di Na-
poli. Napoli, 1874. t.-p. cover, 25 p., 23
X16, t 16X 10.
Describes the floral structure of about 20 species
of plants, and notes the insects seen to visit their flow-
ers. Notes the perforation of the corolla of salvia and
tropacolum by xylocopa and apis. W: T. (2366)
Criiger. H. A few notes on the fecundation
of orchids, and their morphology. (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Mar. 1864, v. 8, p. 127-
135, pl. 9.)
Describes the adaptations for fertilization in catase
tum, coryanthes and stanhopea, which are visited by
bees (bombus and exglossa?) for the purpose of gnawing
their labella. Cockroaches [6/atta| are also said to be
fond of the same part of the flowers. W: T. (2367)
Darwin, Francis. Bees visiting flowers.
(Nature, 8 Jan. 1874, v. 9, p. 189-190.)
Shows that where flowers grow in masses so many
bees are attracted that a strong competition arises in
the gathering of nectar, in consequence of which the
bees are led to perforate the flowers, that they may ob-
tain their sweets with the least possible expenditure of
time. Records observations of the sort on /athyrus
sylvestris and phaseolus multifiorus, showing that the
perforations in question are made at exactly the proper
point to be of greatest service. W: T. (2368)
Darwin, €: The effects of cross and self-
fertilization in the vegetable kingdom.
N. Y., D. Appleton and Co., 1877. 482 p.,
20X12, t 15X8.5.
‘**Germ. tr., by V. Carus, entitled ‘Die
Wirkungen der Kreuz- und Selbst-befruch-
tung im Pflanzenreich.’ Stuttgart, E.
Koch, 1877.”
“Fr. tr., by E. Heckel. entitled ‘Des ef-
fets de la fécondation croisée et de la fécon-
dation directe dans le regne végétal. Ou-
vrage traduit de l’anglais et annoté avec
l’autorisation de l’auteur.’ Paris, 1877. 15
+496 p.”
Rev., by Hermann Miiller, entitled ‘‘Die
Wirkungen der Kreuzung und Selbstbe-
PST CRs.
fruchtung im Pflanzenreiche.” (Bot. Jahres-
bericht ... Just, 1876, v. 4, p. 936-938.)
Rev., entitled, ‘‘The effects of cross and
self-fertilization in the vegetable kingdom.”
(Journ. of botany, Mar. 1877, v. 15, n.s.,
v. 6, p. 87-92.)
Rev., by Asa Gray, entitled ‘* Notice of
Darwin on the effects of cross- and self-
fertilization in the vegetable kingdom.”
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Feb. 1877, v.
LU3, Si 035) V-013; Pede5-ia eS)
Reyv., by Hermann Muller, entitled ‘‘Dar-
win’s Werk: ‘Ueber die Wirkungen der
Kreuzung und Selbstbefruchtung im Pflanz-
enreich’ und seine Bedeutung ftir unser
Verstiindniss der Blumenwelt.” (Kosmos,
AMES 7 75 v= 15 Paes 7507s)
Notice of Carus’ Germ. tr., under same
title as tr. (Kosmos, Aug. 1877, v- 1, p-
457, 9 cm.)
The author details a very extensive series of experi-
ments in fertilizing flowers with their own pollen and
with that from other flowers either on the same or on
different plants, showing that the offspring from
crosses are more numerous and in every way better
adapted to existence than those resulting from in and
in breeding. Detailed observations on the habits of
flower-visiting insects are given. W: T. (2369)
Darwin, C: ‘Des effets de la fécondation
croisée et de la fécondation directe dans le
regne végétal. Ouvrage traduit de lan-
glais et annoté avec l’autorisation de l’au-
teur par Edouard Heckel. Paris, 1877. 15
+496 p.”
Fr. tr., by E. Heckel, of Darwin’s * The effects of
cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom”
[ Rec., 2369]. W: T. (2370)
Darwin, C: On the existence of two forms,
and on their reciprocal sexual relation, in
several species of the genus d7zzum. (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 5 Feb. 1863, v. 7, p- 69-83,
1 fig.)
Fr. tr. (Annales des sci. nat., Bot., 1863,
ser. 4, V. 19, p- 229-247.)
Describes the heterogony of the flowers, which are
fertilized chiefly by small diptera. W: Te (2371)
Darwin, C: Fertilization of the fumaria-
ceae. (Nature, 16 Apr. 1874, v. 9, p- 460,
g cm.)
Records the behavior of insects about the flowers of
certain fumariaceae, and discusses the change of color
which the flowers of sme species undergo, and its
bearing upon the subject of cross-fertilization.
W: T. (2372)
Darwin, C: On the two forms or dimorphic
condition in the species of AJrémula, and
on their remarkable sexual relations.
(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 21 Nov. 1861, v.
6, p- 77-96.)
Fr. tr. (Annales des sci. nat., Bot., 1863,
ser. 4, v. 19, p. 204-229.)
States that the flowers are visited by humble-bees
[bombus], thrips, etc. W: T. (2373)
Ps PCIE .
Darwin. C: Observations sur l’hétéromor-
phisme des fleurs, et ses conséquences pour
la fécondation. (Annales des sci. nat., Bot.,
1863, ser. 4, V. 19, p. 204-255, pl. 12.)
Fr. tr. of C: Darwin’s “On the two forms or dimor-
phic condition in the species ot primu/a” ... (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 21 Nov. 1861, v. 6, p. 77-96) |Rec., 2373],
“On the three remarkable sexual forms of catasetum
tridentatum...” (op. cit., 3 Apr. 1852, v. 6, p. 151-157)
Rec., 2375], and ‘On the existence of two forms...
in several species of the genus //num” (op. cit., 5 Feb.
1853, v. 7, p. 69-83) [Rec., 2371]. VT (as72)
Darwin, C: On the three remarkable sex-
ual forms of cafasetum tridentatum, an
orchid in the possession of the Linnaean
society. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Apr.
DSG2,) #V2 0,» -L51-157-)
Fr. tr. (Annales des sci. nat., Bot., 1863,
ser. 4, Vv. 19, p. 247-255, pl. 12, figs. A,
Tey UC) ’
Shows that the plants formerly known as catasetum
tridentatum, monachanthus virtdis and myanthus bar-
batus-are respectively the male, female and hermaphro-
dite forms of a single species. The mode of pollina-
tion by insect agency is indicated. Ws i2s (23475)
Darwin, C: On the sexual relations of the
three forms of dythrum salicaria. (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 16 June 1864, v. 8, p. 169-
196. )
The trimorphic flowers of this /ythrum are_cross-
fertilized by hive and humble bees hopes mellifica and
bombus], and by diptera. W: T. (2376)
Darwin, C: On the specific differences
between primula veris, Brit. Fl. (var. off-
cinalis, Linn.), p. vulgarts, Brit. Fl. (var.
acaulis, Linn.), and . elatéor, Jacq.; and
on the hydrid nature of the common oxlip.
With supplementary remarks on naturally
produced hybrids in the genus verbascum.
(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 19 Mar. 1868, v.
10, Pp. 437-454-)
Shows among other things how bees or other insects
may hybridize and deteriorate species of plants. Notes
some of the insect visitors of the flowers studied.
W: TF. (23477
Darwin, C: On the various contrivances
by which British and foreign orchids are
fertilized by insects, and on the good effects
of intercrossing. With illustrations. Lond.,
J: Murray, 1862. 365 p., 18X12, t 13.5X
7-53 34 figs.
“Germ. tr., by H. G. Bronn, entitled
‘Ueber die Einrichtungen zur Befruchtung
britischer und auslaindischer Orchideen
durch Insecten, und uber die giinstigen
Erfolge der Wechselbefruchtung.’ Stutt-
gart, 1862.”
Rev., by A. Gray, entitled ‘‘ Fertilization
of orchids through the agency of insects.”
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, 1862, v. 84, s.
2, V. 34: July, p. 138-144; Nov., p. 420-429.)
[2374-2382 | 251
Rey., by E. F[ournier?], under full Eng-
lish title. (Bull. soc. bot. de France, Aug.
1862, Vv. 9, p- 243-246.)
2d ed., entitled ‘* The various contrivan-
ces by which orchids are fertilized by in-
sects. 2d ed., rev., with il.” N.Y., D.
Appleton & Co., 1877. 300 p., 20X12,
t 15X8.5.
An exhaustive study into the relations between or-
chids and insects. W: T. (2378)
Darwin, C: The various contrivances by
which orchids are fertilized by insects. 2d
ed., rev., withil. N.Y., D. Appleton &
CO, IS77.~4300 Ps, 20K 02, & 5X 6.5.
‘‘Germ. tr., by V. Carus, entitled ‘Die
verschiedenen Einrichtungen, durch welche
Orchideen von Insecten befruchtet werden.
Aus dem Englischen. 2. durchgesehene
Auflage. Mit 38 Holzschnitten.’ Stutt-
gart, E. Koch, 1877. 259 p.”
SHrvteby wd. bHeckells
Rev., by A. W. Bennett, entitled ‘ Re-
markable plants. 2. Some curious orchids.”
(Nature, 22 Feb. 1877, v. 15, p- 357-359-)
Rev., by Hermann Miiller, under Eng-
lish title. (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just,
1877, V- 5, P- 741-742.)
This work is in general the same as the rst ed., ‘On
the various contrivances by which British and foreign
orchids are fertilized’... [Rec., 2378], but is brought
up to date, and includes a list of papers bearing on the
fertilization of orchids which appeared between 1862 and
1876, inclusive. W: T. (2379)
Darwin, C: ‘‘Die verschiedenen Einrich-
tungen, durch welche Orchideen von In-
secten befruchtet werden. Aus dem En-
glischen von V. Carus. 2. durchgesehene
Auflage. Mit 38 Holzschnitten. Stutt-
gart, E: Koch. 1877. 259 p-”
Germ. tr., by Victor Carus, of Darwin’s ‘‘The various
contrivances by which orchids are fertilized by insects.
2d ed.” ... [Rec., 2379] W: T. (2380)
Darwin, C: ‘‘Die Wirkungen der Kreuz-
und Selbst-befruchtung im Pflanzenreich.
Aus dem Englischen von V. Carus. Stutt-
Bonwit och. 1077."
Notice, under full title.
1877, V- I, Pp» 457, 9 cm.)
Germ. tr., by Victor Carus, of Darwin’s ‘‘ The effects
of cross and self fertilization in the vegetable kingdom”’
[Rec., 2369]. W: T. (2381)
(Kosmos, Aug.
Delpino, Federico. Sugli apparecchi della
fecondazione nelle piante antocarpee, fane-
rogame. Summario di osservazioni fatte
negli anni 1865-66. Firenze, 1867. 39 p..
22X13, t 17.5X 10.
Discusses the pollination of flowers of many orders,
and the part which insects take in it. W: T. (2382)
252 [2383-2395]
Delpino, Federico. Altri apparecchi dico-
gamici recentemente osservati. (Nuovo
giorn. bot. ital., 1870, v. 2, p. 51-64.)
Shows the adaptation of a number of flowers to cross-
fertilization by insects. W: T. (2383)
Delpino, Federico. Breve cenno sulle rela-
zioni biologiche e genealogiche delle ma-
rantacee. (Nuovo giorn. bot. ital., Oct.
1869, Vv. I, p- 293-306. )
Includes studies on the adaptation of species to fer-
tilization by insects. W: T. (2384)
Delpino, Federico. Contribuzionialla storia
dello sviluppo del regno vegetale. 1. Smi-
lacee. (Atti della R. universita di Ge-
nova, 1880, v. 4, pt. 1, p- I-gI.)
In discussing the biological relations of the sm7/aceae,
the author gives a full account of extrafloral nectar and
its protective value in different groups of plants (p. 25-
33), Showing that the greater number of plants pro-
ducing it are climbers. This association is not believed
to be fortuitous, but due to the fact that the frequent
contact of climbing plants with their supports brings
them in the way of ants to a large degree, and thus
renders any mutually beneficial adaptations between the
two easy of realization. W: T. (2385)
Delpino, Federico. Dicogamia ed omogamia
nelle piante. (Nuovo giorn. bot. ital., Apr.
1876, v. 8, p. 140-161.)
Discusses cross and self-fertilization, indicating
many adaptations for securing the latter by insects and
in other ways. W: T. (2386)
Delpino, Federico. Difesa della dottrina
dicogamica. (Nuovo giorn. bot. ital., July
1878, v. 10, p. 177-215.)
Caruel having attacked the laws of cross-fertiliza-
tion in flowering plants, as established by the researches
of Darwin, Hildebrand, Miiller, and others, the writer
ives many details supporting the Darwinian belief,
iscussing it in its morphological, physiological and
taxonomical bearings. W: T. (2387)
Delpino, Federico. Rapporti tra insetti e tra
nettariil estranuziali in alcune piante. Es-
tratto dal Bullettino entomologico, anno 6.
Firenze, Murate, 1874. 22 p., 22X15, t 17
X 10.5.
Describes the extrafloral nectar glands in some
twenty or more genera of plants, and their use to the
plant by maintaining a body guard of insects (ants and
wasps) which protect the plant from various enemies.
The author quotes from Ratzeburg and others, to show
the influence these insects may have. W: T. (2388)
Delpino, Federico. Rivista botanica dell’
anno 1879. [Estratto dall’ Annuario scien-
tifico italiano. Anno 16: 1879.] Milano,
Fratelli Treves, 1880. 163 p., 19X13, t 16
XQ.
_ Part 3, Biologia vegetale (p. 30-94). Contains re-
views, with such comments as are suggested by the
writer’s own studies, of 2 papers on insectivorous plants,
and of 15 papers on the fertilization of flowers.
W: T. (2389)
PSYCHE.
Delpino, Federico. Rivista botanica dell’
anno 1880. [Estratto dall’ Annuario sci-
entificoitaliano. Anno 17: 1880.] Milano,
Fratelli Treves, 1881. 100 p., 19X13, t 16
X 9.
Part 3, Biologia vegetale (p. 21-52). Contains re-
views of It papers on the relations between plants
and animals, and the fertilization of flowers, to which
are added original observations by the reviewer.
W: T. (2399)
Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori osservazioni
sulla dicogamia nel regno vegetale. Parte
1a. [Dagli Atti soc. ital. sci. nat. (Mil-
ano), Oct. 1868, v. 11, p. 265-332; Aug.
1869, Vv. I2, p. 21-141, p. 179-233. Seduta
del 28 giugno, 1868.] Milano, Giuseppe
Bernardoni, 1868-1869, 243 p-, 22X16, t
16 X 10.
Reprint of p. 189-223, entitled ‘* Rivista
monographica della famiglia delle marc-
graviaceae.” (Nuovo giorn. bot. ital.,
Oct. 1869, v. I, p. 257-290. )
Dichogamy with this author and Italian writers in
general is synonymous with cross-fertilization, and
not with lack of synchronism in the maturity of the
genitalia of flowers, as with Sprengel and most German
and English writers. In the present paper the various
means of securing crossing, largely by aid of insects,
are discussed, the adaptations of many flowers being
described. W: T. (2391)
Earley, W: Hive bees vs. mechanism.
(Nature, 25 July 1872, v..6, p. 242, 17 cm.)
The writer finds the weight of hive bees [apis mel/i-
fica} insufficient to depress the wings and keel of tha
sweet pea [Zathyrus] which they visit for nectar: hence
these bees do not fertilize the flowers. To obtain pollen
from these flowers the bees crowd the petals in question
down enough to expose the anthers. W: T. (2392)
Engelmann, G: The flower of yacca and
its fertilization. (Bull. Torrey bot. club,
Jaly 1872, v. 3, -p.33,'S cua)
Correction, by G: Engelmann, entitled
‘Note from Dr. Engelmann.” (Bull. Tor-
rey bot. club, Aug. 1872, v. 3, p- 37, 13 cm.)
Describes the arrangement for fertilization, and
states that this is effected by ‘“‘a white moth of the genus
tortrix.’ W: T. (2393)
Engelmann, G: Note from Dr. Engelmann.
(Bull. Torrey bot. club, Aug. 1872, v. 3,
De siecle el. )
Correction of the author’s “The flower of yucca...”
[Rec., 2393]. States that the insect which fertilizes
yucca is “allied to tortrix.” W: T. (2304)
Ernst, A. Fertilization of coboea penduli-
frora. (Nature, 17 June 1880, v. 22, p. 148-
149-)
Shows how the flowers are pollinated by nocturnal
moths. W: T. (2395)
|
SS FT
7
PSLCH?,
Evans, M.S. Notes on some Natal plants.
(Nature, 19 Sept. 1878, v. 18, p. 543, 25
cm. )
Shows how an unidentified rubiaceous plant, a poly-
gonum, and tecoma capense are adapted to cross-fertiliza-
tion: the two former by insects, the last-named by
honeysuckers. W: Z.. (2396)
Evans, M.S. Plant fertilization.
30 Mar. 1876, v. 13, p. 427. 12 cm.)
Reprint. (Field and forest, July 1876, v. 2,
P25-10))) [Rec.; 912. ]
Describes the fertilization by ants of the flowers of
a plant related to coffee. W: T. (2397)
(Nature,
Farrer, T. H. Loftus corniculatus. (Nature,
26 June 1873. v. 8, p. 162, 9 cm.)
Makes some additions to his ‘On the fertilization of
a few common papilionaceous flowers” ee Oct.
1872, v. 6, p. 499) [Rec., 2297] concerning this plant.
Ae tei , W: T. (2308)
Forbes, H:O. The fertilization of orchids.
(Nature, 7 June 1877, v. 16, p. 102..10 cm.)
Notice, by Hermann Muller, entitled ‘*Die
Befruchtung der Orchideen a Cb Ot-
Jahresbericht ... Just, 1877, jahrg. 5, p.
WAZ. 2 CM.)
Noted that in Portugal the orchids — chiefly species
of ophrys—were not fertilized, although there were
numerous insects to be found. W: T. (2399)
Forbes, W. A. Fertilization of orchids.
(Nature,.12 June 1873, v. 8, p. 121, 3 cm.)
Answer, by Hermann Muller, entitled
“‘Probosces capable of sucking the nectar
of anagraecum sesquipedale.” (Nature,
17 July 1873, v. 8. p. 223, 16 cm.)
Inquires if a moth with proboscis long enough to
fertilize anagraecum sesquipedale has ever been found in
Madagascar. W: T. (2400)
Fuckel, Leopold. Ueber die Honigabson-
derung der Nebenblattchen (stipulae) bei
vicia sativa L. (Flora, 21 July 1846, p.
417-418.)
States that his father had earlier noticed that bees
gather nectar from the nodes and not from the flowers
tch. Describes the secreting glands.
of the ve We'T. (aor)
Gentry, T: G: The fertilization of certain
flowers through insect agency. (Amer.
nat.,- May 1875, v. 9, p- 263-267.) [Rec.,
297- | } >
Crit. rev., by T: Meehan, entitled ‘‘Mr.
Gentry’s paper on fertilization through
insect agency.” (Amer. nat., June 1875, v.
9, P- 374-375-) [Rec., 301].
Describes the pollination of cucurbita, wistaria, and
trifolium pratense by insects, and the production of
natural hybrids in the first mentioned genus through
the agency of bees. W: T. (2402)
2396-2409] 253
Gerard, W. R._ Correlation between the
odor of the phalloids and their relative
frequency. (Bulletin Torrey bot. club,
Mar. 1880, v. 7, p. 30-33.)
Traces the frequency of certain species of phalloids
about dwellings to their dissemination by flies which
feed upon the spores; records his own observations and
those of others on the use of the sporiferous mucus as
food by flies, ants and beetles. W: T. (2403)
Gerard, W. R. Spurious fungi. (Bull.
Torrey bot. club, Oct. 1876, v. 6, p. 114, 3
cm.)
States that the objects on leaves of so/idago and aster
described by Schweinitz as fungi under tne name of
rhytisma are the galls of cectdomyia carbonifera O.S.
W: T. (2404)
Goodale, G: Lincoln. Fertilization and
cross-fertilization. (Trans. Mass. horticul-
tural soc., 20 Jan. 1877, p. 23-28.)
A popular lecture on the cross-fertilization of flowers
by insects, and the benefits thereby derived.
W: T. (2405)
Gray, Asa. Arrangement for cross-fertiliza-
tion of the flowers of scrophularia nodosa.
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Aug. 1871, ser.
3: V. 2, p- 150-151, 9 cm.) (Journ. of bot-
anliy, LOy7l, V: 9, Pp: 375-)
Describes the floral structure of scrophularia, and
states that, according to Dr. W: G. Farlow, the flowers
are fertilized by apis mellifica. W: T. (2406)
Gray, Asa. Botanical text book. Part 1.
Structural botany. N.Y. and Chic., Ivison,
Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 1880. 442 p.,
21X14, t 17.5X0.5.
Chapter 6, Section4. Certain adaptations of the flower
to the act of fertilization, p. 215-242. Describes and
figures any flowers, showing their adaptation to fer-
tilization by insects. Appended is a brief list of works
on the subject.
Chapter 3, Section 4, § 3.- Leaves specialized for the
utilization of animal matter. Discusses insectivorous
plants, and gives a few references. W: T. (2407)
Gray, Asa. Botany for young people. Part
2. How plants behave. N. Y. and Chic.,
Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 1875.
46. p-5.26.5 415.5) € 15X12.
Rev., by H. T., under same title. (Journ.
of botany, 1872, v. 10, n. s., v. I, p. 278-279,
I2 cm.)
A popular book, showing ‘“‘how plants employ insects
to work for them” (p. 19-40), and ‘*how certain plants
capture insects”’ (p. 41-46). W: T. (2408)
Gray, Asa.
drewsit.
113, 8 cm.)
Shows that the closed gentian is adapted for cross-
fertilization by humble-bees [bombus] which visit it.
In case of their failure to visit, close fertilization is
effected as previously shown in M. W. Van Denburg’s
“Gentiana andrewsit” (Amer. nat., May 1875, v. 9, p-
310-311). W: (2409)
Fertilization of gentiana an-
(Amer: nat., Feb. 1877, v. 11, p.
254 [2410-2426]
Gray, Asa. Fertilization of orchids through
the agency of insects. (Amer. journ. sci.
and:arts, T6602) Vassdymsee 2s). Vv. 34): july, p-
138-144; Nov., p. 420-420. )
Notice, under same title. (Nat. hist.
rev., Oct. 1863, v. 3, nO. 12, p. 590-591, 7cm.)
Review of C: Darwin’s ‘‘On the various contrivances
by which British and foreign orchids are fertilized”...
[Rec. 2378], with observations on the fertilization of
American species. W: T.. (2410)
Gray, Asa. Flycatching in sa@rracenia.
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Aug. 1873,
ser. 3, v. 6, p. 149-150. }
Correction, by A. Gray, with same title.
(op. cit., Dec. 1873, p. 467-468.)
Mentions the saccharine secretion of the leaves and
its reputed stupefying effect on insects, which are
macerated within the pitchers. Ws I. (2451)
Gray, Asa. Flycatching in sarracenta.
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Dec. 1873, ser.
3, v. 6, p. 467-468.)
Corrects errors in earlier paper of same title (of. c/t.,
Aug. 1873, p. 149-150) [Rec., 2411], and quotes state-
ments of correspondents as to the insectivorous habits
of the plants in question. W: T. (2412)
Gray, Asa. Gentiana andrewstt. (Bull.
Dorey, bot: club, Oct..18775. va On pa 179;
5 cm.)
The flowers of the plant named are cross-fertilized
by dombus. Ws. De (2433)
Gray, Asa. Notice of Darwin on the effects
of cross- and self-fertilization in the vege-
table kingdom. (Amer. journ. sci. and
BES, ses Tov, Venti Selaegy mv als cena —
141.)
Notice, by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘Asa Gray.
Darwin’s Werk uber die Wirkungen der
Kreuz- und Selbst- Befruchtung im Pflanz-
enreiche.” (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just,
1877, V- 5; P- 743, 5 cm.)
A very complete review of C: Darwin’s ‘ The effects
of cross and self fertilization” ... [Rec. 2369], with the
addition of many observations made by the reviewer.
W: T. (2414)
Gray, Asa. Sarracenias as flycatchers.
(Amer. journ. sci. and arts, Apr. 1874,
ser. 3, V- 7, P- 440-442.)
References to early literature on the insectivorous
habits of pitcher plants [sarracenia]. We De) (2415)
Gray, Asa. Sarracenia variolaris. (Amer.
journ. sci. and arts, June 1874, ser. 3, v. 7;
p- 600, 13 cm.)
Quotes a letter from Dr. J. F. Mellichamp, on the
effect of the secretions of this pitcher plant on insects.
W: T. (2416)
Gray, Asa. Structure and fertilization of
certain orchids. (Amer. journ. sci. and
arts, Sept. 1863, ser. 2, v. 36, p. 292-294.)
Describes the adaptations to insect fertilization of
platanthera flava and gymnadenia tridentata, but re-
cords no insects as visiting the flowers.
W: T.
(2417)
PSLCHE.
Hall, I. H. Note on hepatica acutiloba.
(Bull. Torrey bot. club, Mar. 1870, v. 1,
p. II-12, 9 cm.)
States that hive bees [ap/s me/lifica] visitthe flowers
for nectar very early in spring. W: T. (2418)
Hall, I. H. Opuntia ficus-indica, DC.
(Bull. Torrey bot. club, Feb. 1878, v. 6, p.
201-202. )
Found ants and an unknown insect in the unopened
flower buds, attracted by nectar. W: T. (2419)
Hall, J: P. Vegetable fly trap. (Science gos-
sip, 1879, p. 15, 10 cm.)
State that ‘moths, bees, &c.” are captured by the
flowers of the arauja [phystanthus| and may live in
this captivity for two or more days, the effect of the
plant being merely mechanical detention.
W: T. (2420)
Fertilization of corydalis
(Nature, 7 May 1874, v. 10,
Hart, W. E.
claviculata.
D155) Orci.)
Believes the flower slightly proterogynous, and shows
how it might be fertilized by insects —which he has not
seen at work. W: Z.- (2421)
Hart, W. E. Fertilization of vzola tricolor
and wv. cornuta. (Nature, 24 July 1873, v.
8, p- 244-245, 16 cm.)
Believes the flo.vers of vfola trico/or adapted to cross-
fertilization by larger insects than thrips. Has seen
them visited py bombus and preris rapae. V. cornuta
is adapted to fertilization by xoctuidae, though the
flowers are also visited by bees, flies, and buttertlies, in
the daytime. W: T. (2422)
Hart, W.E. Fertilization of the wild pansy.
(Nature, 12 June 1873, v. 8, p. 121, Ig cm.)
Describes the structure of the flowers of v/ola tricolor,
and states that they are visited by bombus muscorum;
corrects a Statement in T. H. Farrer’s ‘‘On the fertili-
zation of a few common papilionaceous flowers” (Na-
ture, 17 Oct. 1872, v. 6, p. 499) [Rec., 2297], as to the
floral structure of Jotus corniculatus. ~W: T. (2423)
Hart, W. E. Polleneaters. (Nature, 2 Jan.
LO7R 5 Va. 75) P-slOLs. Gucma.))
Has often watched flies belonging or allied to the syr-
phidae, while eating pollen of various flowers, “which
they effected by a quick jerking and grinding movement
of the mandibulae.” W: T. (2424)
Hart, W. E. Pollen eaters. (Nature, 30
Jat. 1893,:¥-.7,) Px 242,.6.6me)
Believes that syrphidae in gathering pollen from ¢a-
raxacum and other compositae may ettect fertilization,
but believes their visits injurious to some other flowers.
Inquires if his former use of the word ‘‘mandibulae”
(op. cit., p. 161) is correct. W: T. (2425)
Hart, W. E. Winter fertilization. (Journ.
of botany, 1872, v. Io, n. S., Vv. I, p: 25-26,
II cm.)
Crit.,.rev.,. by..F., B. White; ,enumled
**Winter fertilization by agency of insects.”
( Journ. of botany, 1872, v. 10, n.S., Vv. I, p.
48, 8 cm.)
Notes the self fertilization of geranium robertianum
in November. Believes, however, that insect fertiliza-
tion of certain flowers may occur in winter.
: T. (2426)
y
{
;
|
4
3
}
4
:
PSEBCH EE.
Hayden.
dictamnus.
60, 5 cm.)
Shows that bees fertilize the flowers.
Christopher J.
(Nature, 23 May 1872, v. 6, p.
W: T. (2427)
Henslow,G: Note on the structure of genista
tinctoria, as apparently affording facilities
for the intercrossing of distinct flowers.
(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 16 Apr. 1868, v.
10, p. 468, 15 cm.)
Shows that the flowers are self sterile; but had no
opportunity to observe the insects which fertilize them.
W:; T. (2428)
Henslow. G: Note on the structure of zvdz-
gofera, as apparently offering facilities for
the intercrossing of distinct flowers. With
additional notice of Dr. Hildebrand’s paper
on medicago, tndigofera and cytisus, in the
Botanische Zeitung, March 1866; and a
communication from Mr. Darwin on the
‘common broom, cyfésus scoparius. (Journ.
Linn. soc., Bot., 19 Apr. 1866, v. 9, p. 355-
358.)
Describes the actions of bees while visiting the last-
named species, and shows their probable influence in
crossing the others. W: T. (2429)
Henslow, G: Note on the structure of
medicago sativa, as apparently affording
facilities for the intercrossing of distinct
flowers. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 16 Noy.
1865, V. 9. p- 327-329.)
Only observed apis mel/ifica on the flowers, and these
insects did not have power to set free the staminal tube.
: W: T. (2430)
Hepworth, J. Notes on the rhododendron.
(Science gossip, 1878, p. 177-178.)
Describes the flowers of rhododendron and shows
their adaptation to bees, as pollinating agents, which
have been observed to visit them, WOT. (24am)
Hildebrand, Friedrich, see HENsLow, G:, Note on the
structnre of izdigofera ... [Rec., 2429].
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Befruch-
tung von aristolochia clematitis und einiger
anderer Aristolochiaarten. (Pringsheim’s
Jahrbiicher fiir wiss. Botanik, 1866, v. 5,
P- 343-358; pl. 43-)
Describes the attraction of small flies into the flowers
of artstolochia and their detention there while the flower
changes functionally from pistillate to staminate, when
they are released, pollen-laden, to enter another newly
opened pistillate flower, where they go through the same
performance. W: T. (2432)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Befruch-
tung von asclepias cornuti. (Bot. Zeitung,
30 Nov. 1866, v. 24, p. 376-378.)
Shows how the flowers are fertilized by apzs mellifica
and bombus; notes the occasional capture of the former
by the flowers. W: T. (2433)
Fertilization of
[2427-2439] 255
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Befruch-
tung der Salviaarten mit Hulfe von Insek-
ten. (Pringsheim’s Jahrbiicher fiir wiss.
Botanik, 1865, v. 4, p. 451-478, pl. 33.)
Describes the flowers of 14 species, taken from most
of the large groups into which the genus salvia is
divided. The species studied show a very interesting
gradation between species capable of self-fertilization, or
of close-fertilization by insects, and such as are self-
sterile, and adapted to crossing by insects [and birds].
W: T. (2434)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Bestiiu-
bungsvorrichtungen bei den Fumariaceen.
(Pringsheim’s Jahrbucher ftir wiss. Botan-
ik, 1869, v. 7, p. 423-471, pl. 29-31.)
Describes the structure of the flowers of fumartaceae,
and the pollination of many by insects.
WAT (BAa6)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Die Geschlechter-
Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen und das Ge-
setz der vermiedenen und unvortheilhaften
stetigen Selbstbefruchtung. Mit 62 Figuren
in Holzschnitt. Leipzig, Engelmann, 1867.
g2 p., 24X16, t 18X 10.5.
Rev., by F. Delpino, entitled “Sull’ op-
era "La distribuzione dei sessi nelle piante
e la legge che osta alla perennita della
fecondazione consanguinea’... Note cri-
tiche.” (Atti della soc. ital. di sci. nat.
[Milano], 1867, v. 10, p. 271-303.)
Shows the adaptation of many flowers to cross-fertil-
ization by insect agency. W: T. (2436)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Noth-
wendigkeit der Insektenhiilfe bei der Be-
fruchtung von corydalis cava. (Jahrb.
wiss. Botanik, 1866, v. 5, p. 359-363.)
Shows that although the stigma of a given flower is
well covered with pollen which emits its tubes, no fruit
is produced unless pollen is brought from another flower.
This is effected by bees. W: T. (2437)
Hildebrand. Friedrich. Ueber die Vorrich-
tungen an einigen Bliithen zur Befruchtung
durch Insektenhiilfe. (Bot. Zeitung, 9 Mar.
1866, v. 24, p. 73-78, pl. 4.)
Describes the adaptztion of pedicularts sylvatica,
indigofera, medicago, cytisus, lopezia coronata, schiz-
anthus pinnatus and siphocampylus bicolor to cross-
fertilization by the aid of insects. We Te, (2aa8)
Hubbard, H: Guernsey. Cross fertilization
of aristolochia grandifiora. (Amer. nat.,
May 1877, Vv. 11, p. 303-304.)
A record of observations in Jamaica. Finds this—
like other species of the genus —an admirable fly-trap,
detaining insects which enter the flowers in the first ( @ )
stage of development until after the stigmas have with-
ercd and the stamens matured, when they are allowed
to escape, pollen-laden, to effect the fertilization of
other and younger flowers. W: T. (2439)
256 [2440-2455
Jackson, Jos.. jr. Sarracenia purpurea, L.
(Botan. gazette, July 1881, v. 6, p. 242, 4
cm.) :
Flowers are fertilized through the agency of flies,
‘‘as large as the common house-fly”, which visit them
for pollen. W: T. (2440)
Kitchener, F. E. On cross-fertilization as
aided by sensitive motion in musk and
achimenes. (Journ. of botany, Apr. 1873,
v. II, n. S., V- 2, p. 101-103.) (Amer. nat.,
Aug. 1873, v. 7, p- 478-480. )
Shows the adaptation of these flowers to insect fertili-
zation, but peberds no insect visitors. W: T. (2441)
Kitchener, F. E. Fertilization of the pan-
sy; ground ivy. (Nature, 19 June 1873, v.
8, p- 143, 18 cm.)
Believes viola tricolor to be fertilized by thrips:
notes two forms in the flowers of nepeta glechoma.
W: T. (2442)
Kuntze, Otto. Die Schutzmittel der Pflanz-
en gegen Thiere und Wetterungunst und
die Frage vom salzfreien Urmeer. Studien
iiber Phytophylaxis und Phytogenesis.
(Gratisbeilage zur botanischen Zeitung.)
Leipzig, Arthur Felix, 1877. t-p. cover,
I50 p., 23X15, t I9QX1I.5.-
Rey., by S. M., under full title. (Journ.
of botany, 1878, v. 16, n.s., V. 7, p. 121-123.)
Rev. of the first section (p. I-g1), by
Hermann Miiller, under same title. (Bot.
Jahresbericht ... Just, 1877, v- 5, p- 751-
753-)
Considers among other things, the agency of insects
in pollinating flowers, and in the dissemination of seeds ;
and shows how plants are protected against noxious
insects. W: T. (2443)
Lefroy, E.C. Insects and flowers. (Sci-
ence gossip, 1871, p. 258, 7 cm.)
States that butterflies have a decided preference for
flowers colored similarly to themselves. W: T. (2444)
Lefroy, E.C. Insects and flowers. (Sci-
ence gossip, 1872, p. 21, 7 cm.)
States that butterflies are largely guided in their
cheice of flowers on which to settle, by color, choosing
such as are protective, as when alighting on leaves, etc.
W: T. (2445)
Leggett, W: H. Afocynum. (Bull. Tor-
rey bot. club: 1872, v. 3, p- 46, 49-50, 53-553
1873, V- 4, p- I-2, 23-)
Describes the adaptation of flowers of apocynum to
fertilization by insects, and the capture of such as are
too small to remove the pollen-masses. W: 7. (2446)
Leggett, W: H. Bees puncturing flowers.
(Bull. Torrey bot. club, July 1872, v. 3, p.
33-34, Io cm. )
Notes the perforation of flowers of several species of
dicentra by bombus, which steals their nectar through
the openings thus made. W: T. (2447)
PSYCHE.
Leggett, W: H. Cass‘a. (Bull. Torrey
bot. club, Aug. 1877, v. 6, p. 171, 3 cm.)
States that the flowers are visited by bombus.
W: T. (2448)
Leggett, W: H. [Ctenucha virginica cap-
tured by flowers of afpocynum androsaemi-
folium.| (Bull. Torrey bot. club, July
18743; V.r5, po 32> PRee.-raigae
W: T. (2449)
Miiller, Hermann. Berichtigung der yon
W. Breitenbach gegebenen Erklarung der
Bestiubungseinrichtung von arum terna-
tum. (Bot. Zeitung, 19 Dec. 1879, v. 37,
c. 838-839, 35 cm.)
Crit. rev. of W: Breitenbach’s ‘‘ Die Bliitheneinrich-
tung von arum ternatum” (Bot. Zeitung, 24 Oct. 1879,
V. 37, ¢. 687-692) [Rec., 2361]. _ Shows that the plant is
adapted to cross-fertilization and not to close-fertilization
by insects. W: T. (2450)
Newlyn, G: The development of specially
adaptive appliances in plants. (Science
gossip, 1878, p. 156-158.)
Describes the protandry and structure of the flowers
in schizanthus papilionaceus, and their adaptation to
insects as agents in their cross-fertilization.
W: T. (2451)
Pim, Greenwood. A remarkable garden plant.
(Science gossip, 1878. p. 55-57.)
Describes the adaptation of the flowers of thunbergia
alata to cross-fertilization by insects with long probos-
cides. W: T. (2452)
Plarr, Mary J. Bees and flowers. (Nature,
28 Jan. 1875, v. 11, p. 248-249, 5 cm.)
Notes the perforation of flowers of the snap-dragon
by [humble?] bees [dombus?]. W: T. (2453)
Rathay, E. Ueber nectarabsondernde Tri-
chome einiger Melampyrumarten. Mit 1
Tafel. Aus dem 81. Bande der Sitzb. der
K. Akad. der Wissensch., 1 Abth., Feb.-
Heft, Jahrg. 1880. 23 p., 1 pl., 2416, t
18 X Io.
Abstract, by H. Muller, under same title.
(Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just, 1879, v. 7,
p- 127-128.)
From a study of the extrafloral nectar glands and the
insects which feed on their secretion, the writer is led to
reject the views of Kerner, Belt and Delpino, as to the
use of such organs —at least so far as melampyrum is
concerned. He has no hypothesis of his own to substi-
tute for these rejected. W: T. (2454)
Ricca, Luigi. Alcune osservazioni relative
alla dicogamia nei vegetali, fatte sulle Alpi
di Val Camonica nell’anno 1870. (Atti
della soc. ital. di sci. nat. [Milano]. 18 Dec.
1870, v. 13, p. 254-264.)
Describes the floral structure of a considerable num-
ber of species, and their fertilization by insects.
W: T. (2455)
a eg
i i eee et te |
PSHCITE.
Ricea, Luigi. Contribuzioni alla teoria di-
cogamica. Osservazioni sulla fecondazione
incrociata de’ vegetali alpini e subalpini
fatte nelle Alpi della somma Val Camonica
Vanno 1871. (Atti della soc. ital. di sci.
nat. [Milano], 31 Dec. 1871, v. 14, p. 245-
264.)
Additional observations on the pollination of some of
the plants noted in the author’s ‘* Alcune osservazioni
relative alla dicogamia ...” (op. cit., 18 Dec. 1870, v. 13,
p- 254-254) [Rece., 2455 ],and added observations on others.
W: T. (2456)
Riches, J. T. The arrangements for cross-
fertilization in the delphinium. (Science
gossip, Nov. 1877, p. 248-249.)
Describes the structure of the flowers as an adapta-
tion to fertilization by bees. States that the nectar spur
is perforated by ants and by short-tongued bombus.
W: TT. (2457
Riches, J. T. Fertilization in cypréfedum.
(Science gossip, 1876, p. 125-126.)
Describes the adaptation of the flowers to pollination
by flies, as had previously been done by Delpino,
W: T. (2458)
Riley, C: Valentine. On the oviposition of
the yucca moth. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1873,
v. 7, p- 619-623) [Rec., 1992].
Abstract, by the author, under same title.
(Trans. St. Louis acad. sci., 1873, v. 3, p.
208-210. )
Shows how the flowers are pollinated while pronuba
yuccasella is engaged in piercing the ovary and laying
her eggs. ; W: T. (2459)
Rohrbach, Paul. Ueber den Bltithenbau und
die Befruchtung von efcpogium gmelint.
Mit zwei lithographirten Figurentateln.
Eine von der philosophischen Facultat der
Georg-August-Universitat zu G6ttingen
gekronte Preisschrift. Gottingen, 1866. t.-
p-, 21 p., 1 pl., 26X22, t 20X14.
Describes the structure of the flowers of this orchid,
and their pollination by insects. W: T. (2460)
Rusby, H: H. Cross-fertilization in cereus
phoeniceus. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, Aug.
1881, v- 8, p. 92-93, 16 cm.)
Describes the structure of the flowers, and the actions
of ants and grashoppers which visit them.
W: T. (2461)
Slater, J. W. On insects destroyed by flow-
ers. (Trans. entom. soc. Lond., 2 Apr.
1879, Proc., p. 9-10.)
Notes the noxious effect of the nectar of dahiia, passi-
fora, fritillaria and nerium on insects.
W: T. (2462)
Smith, Sidney Irving. Fertilization of
cypripedium spectabile and fplatanthera
psycodes. (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., 4 Nov.
1863, v. 9, p- 328-329.)
Small flower-beetles visit the first for nectar; the
second is fertilized by sesva and by papilio asterias.
W: T. (2463)
[2456-2470] 257
Sprengel, Christian Konrad, Das entdeckte
Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der
Befruchtung der Blumen. Mit 25 Kupfer-
tafeln. Berlin, bei Friedrich Vieweg dem
aeltern, 1793. 222 p. (double columns),
26.422, P20 C17.
Discusses the fertilization of many genera of flower-
ing plants by insect agency. W: T. (2464)
Spruce, A. Insect fertilization. (Science
gossip, 1872, p. 89, 7 cm.)
Describes the cross-fertilization of mauritia carara
by insects attracted by nectar. W:; T. (2465)
Taylor, J. E. Flowers, their origin, shapes,
perfumes and colors. Il. with 32 col. fig.
by Sowerby, and 161 woodcuts. Bost.,
Roberts BtOss, dovor 347 Wpey LOX tay at
14.5X8.5.
Rey., by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘J. E. Tay-
lor uber Blumen, ihren Ursprung, ihre
_ Gestalten, Gertiche und Farben.” (Kos-
mos [Leipzig]. May 1879, bd. 5, p. 149-
Lie ZOO NSU eEKeG.,) 203i).
A semi-scientific discussion of the development of
flowers as we find them at the present time, and their
different modes of pollination: with chapters on the
dispersion of colored and fleshy fruits, etc., and the
means of protection of plants against injurious animals.
W: T. (2466)
Thomé, O: Wilhelm. Das Gesetz der vermie-
denen Selbstbefruchtung bei den hdheren
Pflanzen. Mitin den Text gedruckten II-
lustrationen. C6ln und Leipzig, Mayer,
TS 7Oditsa ee CONCH. ts-pa;, 40 Pa 2OMTa. t
5X8.
A brief popular résumé of the work of Sprengel,
Darwin, Hildebrand, Delpino and others.
W: T. . (2467)
On certain contrivances
flowers [Rec.,
Todd, James E.
for cross-fertilization in
1709 |.
Extract, entitled ‘‘ Cross fertilization in
lobelia syphilitica.” (Bot. gazette, Feb.
1879, V. 4, p- 124-125, 18 cm.)
Describes the arrangements tending to secure cross-
ing in vrs, martynia, pentstemon, gladiolus and Jobe-
fia by insects. W: T. (2468)
Trelease, W: On the fertilization of cala-
mintha nepeta. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1881, v.
15, P- 11-15, 2 fig.)
Shows how the flowers are adapted to profit by the
visits of hymenoptera, and enumerates insects collected
on them. W: TJ. (2469)
Trelease, W: On the fertilization of exphor-
bia (potnsettia) pulcherrima. (Bull. Tor-
rey bot. club, Sept. 1879, v. 6, p. 344-345.)
Abstract, by H. Muller, entitled ‘‘Ueber
die Befruchtung von exphorbia ( potnset-
tia) pulcherrima.” (Bot. Jahresbericht ...
Just, 1879, v.-7, p. 137-138, 5 cm.)
Describes the adaptation of the flowers to fertilization
by insects. Finds their nectar very attractive to ants in
a greenhouse. W: T. (2470)
258 [2471-2484]
Trelease, W: Flowers and their visitors.
(Cornell review, Feb. 1880, v. 7, p. 194-
196.)
A popular essay on the adaptations of flowers to
cross-fertilization by insects and other animals, with
notes on the habits of the latter. W: T. (2471)
Trelease, W: The foliar nectar glands of
populus. (Bot. gazette, Nov. 1881, v. Grape
284-290, 6 fig.)
Describes the nectar glands at the base of the leaves
of many poplars, discussing their structure and homol-
ogy, and their biological significance. Enumerates the
insects attracted by the secretion of these organs, and
records his observations on their actions while on the
plant. W: T. (2472)
Trelease, W: Jmpatzens fulva, action of
bees toward. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, Feb.
1880, v- 7, Pp. 20-21, 12 cm.)
Describes the behavior of bees while collecting nec-
tar normally, and when taking advantage of perfora-
tions in the corolla. W: T. (2473)
Trelease, W: Insects as unconscious selec-
tors of flowers. (Amer. nat., Apr. 1879, v.
13, Pp. 257-260.)
Abstract of H. Miiller’s **Die Insecten als unbewusste
Blumenziichter” (Kosmos, 1878, v. 3: July, p. 314-3373
Aug., p. 403-426; Sept., p. 476-499). W: T. (2474)
Trelease, W: Nectar, its nature, occur-
rence, and uses. Extracted from the
Report on cotton insects by J. Henry
Comstock, Entomologist to the U. S. De-
partment of agriculture. [ Washington,
1880. ] t.-p. cover, p. 319-343, pl. 3, 23X18,
t 20X11.
Abstract, by H. Miiller, with same title.
(Bot. Zeitung, 29 Oct. 1880, v. 38, c. 748-
749; 24 cm. ) : ‘ bite.
Abstract, by F. Delpino, entitled ‘‘Netta-
rii estranuziali” (p. 23-24), and ‘‘Impolli-
nazione e fecondazione nel cotone e in
altre specie” (p. 41-42). (Rivista botanica,
188o. )
Abstract, by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘Nectar,
was er ist, und einige seiner Verwendung-
en.” (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just, 1879,
V. 7, p. 123-125.)
Considers nectar and nectaries, floral and extrafloral,
and their use in attracting insects and other animals
which cross-fertilize the flowers, serve as a body-guard
for the protection of the plant against injurious animals,
or are captured and digested or macerated for the nutri-
tion of the plant. <A list of papers on the mutual relations
between flowers and insects, etc., is appended.
W: T. (e475)
Trelease, W: Note on the perforation of
flowers. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, June 1881,
v. 8, p. 68-69, 25 cm.)
Records the perforation of the corollas of certain
flowers by bees, ants and wasps, which rob them of
their nectar. W: T. (2476)
PSYCHE.
Trelease, W: Where honey comes from.
(Amer. bee journ., 1880, v. 16: Mar., p.
137-139; Apr., p. 184; May, p. 232-233;
June, p. 271-272; Aug., p. 386-387-)
Brief description of the nectar producing parts—floral
and extrafloral—of several plants; with observations
on the habits of insects when collecting nectar, and on
honey-dew. W: T. (2477)
Treviranus, Ludolph Christ. Ueber Dicho-
gamie nach C. C. Sprengel und Ch. Dar-
win. (Bot. Zeitung, Jan. 1863, v. 21, p.
I-7, 9-16.)
Discusses the cross-fertilization of flowers by insects,
going into details especially in the pap/lionaceae, prim-
ulaceae and orchidaceae. W: T. (2478)
Trimen, Roland. On the fertilization of
disa grandifiora. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot.,
4 June 1863, v. 7, p. 144-147.)
Describes the structure of the flowers, and believes
them to be fertilized by ‘“‘some day-flying hymenopterous
or lepidopterous insect,” which was extremely rare in
its visits where his observations were made (So. Africa).
W: T. (2479)
Trimen, Roland. On the structure of dona-
tea speciosa, with reference to its fertiliza-
tion. (Journ.Linn. soc., Bot., 1 Dec. 1864,
Vv. 9, p- 156-160, pl. 1.)
Describes the adaptation of the flowers to fertilization
by insects, but has never seen the latter at work, his
studies having been made on greenhouse plants.
(2480)
Wade
Unger, Fr. Ueber Zuckerdriisen der Blatter
und einige von den Blattern uberhaupt
ausgehende Zuckerabsonderungen. (Flora,
7 Nov. 1844, p. 703-714.)
Notes on honey dew, p. 710-714. W: T. (2481)
Weale, J. P. Mansel. Notes on some spe-
cles of habenaréa found in South Africa.
(Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Nov. 1870, v. 13,
p- 47-48. )
Shows the adaptation of the flowers to fertilization
by nocturnal insects. W: T. (2482)
Weale, J. P. Mansel. Notes ona species of
disperis found on the Kageberg, South
Africa. (Journ. Linn. soc., Bot., 3 Nov.
1870, Vv. 13, p- 42-45.)
Believes the flowers adapted to fertilization by small
bees or beetles, but has not observed them at work.
W: T. (2483)
Weale, J. P. Mansel. Observations on the
mode in which certain species of ascle-
piadeae are fertilized. (Journ. Linn. soc.,
Bot., 3 Nov. 1870, v. 13, p. 48-58.)
Describes the fertilization by insects of the African
genera gomphocarpus, xyomalobium?, cissus, eucormis,
pachycarpus, periglossum and cordylogyne.
W: T. (2484)
PSITCHEL.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE WELL-KNOWN John
Blackwall died, 11 May 1881, at the age of y2
years. — Zool. Anz., 27 June 1881, jahrg 4, p.
340.
Pror. Dr. ERNST GusTAV ZADDACH,
Director of the Zoological Museum of Ko-
nigsberg, died 5 June 1881, in Konigsberg,
arachnologist
Prussia.
Dr. CHRISTOFFER AURIVILLIUS has been
appointed director of the entomological di-
vision of the royal museum in Stockholm.—
Zool. Anzeiger, 10 Jan. 1881, jahrg. 4, no. 73,
pees
Miss Emiry A. SMITH, state
entomologist of Illinois, was elected a foreign
member of the Entomological society of Lon-
‘don, 1 Sep. 1880.— Extom. mo. mag., Oct.
TSGO; V. 07, p= 120.
assistant
WALTER PHILIP WESTON, a zealous and
extremely able entomologist, died in Putnam,
London, England, 20 Feb. 1881, in his 29th
year.— Zoologischer Anzeiger, 28 March 1881,
jahrg. 4, no. 79, p. 168.
Dr. O. KRANCHER, of the Zoologisches In-
stitut, Leipzig, Germany, wishes to exchange
lepidoptera (including inflated larvae) and
coleoptera of Germany (especially of Saxony)
for those of other lands.
ARTHUR GARDINER BUTLER has been ap-
pointed assistant keeper at the British Mu-
seum, as the succsssor of Frederick Smith,
deceased.—Zoologischer Anzeiger, 25 April
1881, jahrg. 4, no. 81, p. 216.
GABRIEL Kocn, an esteemed entomologist»
well known by numerous works, especially
upon the geographical distribution of lepi-
doptera, died in Frankfort-on-Main, 22 Jan.
1881, in his 74th year. — Zool. Anzeiger, 28
March 1881, jahrg. 4, no. 79, p. 168.
ON THE 25TH of April- 1881, an “ insec-
tarium” was opened in the gardens of the
Zoological Society of London, for the rearing
and exhibition of insects, under the charge of
Mr. W. Watkins, Superintending Entomolo-
gist.— Zool. Anz., 11 July 1881, jahrg. 4, no.
87, p- 362.
259
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
rE Noy: * ieAipre 2
o.Decs 3° m2 Mia. as
13 Jan. 1882. 6) Jfisinres
ROswe Ds sae
B: PickKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
Z22INOVe 22 Nae
Pot DIES bias 2OEAP Ese
25 Jan. 1882. 2A Naive 9°
B: PicKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
EE INO ee L4 cA pti. in**
g Dec. 12 May, **
13 Jan. 1882. Osjune 5
LOU ene a
James H. RipinGs, /eecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. RipinGs, Pec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 1881. 3 Jan. 1882.
ater) 4° ing = ad
RAINOVer Paieate a
6 Dee 9 ££ 4 Apr.
G: H. Bow.es, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.—Life-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See: PSYCHE, Vv. 3, p- 59-
260
PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’ S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phanogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. ad ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The”volume for 1881 is the
1sth. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
Address remittances to the Editor,
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ume,
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the Ist. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume, Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
Sg European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed, after 1 Oct. 1881, to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
30, rue des Carmes,
Paris, France.
LEPIDOPTERA,
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
IIo Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L, LECONTE. “Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
IIp.tI9 X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
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SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
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Address G. M. DIMMOCK,
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NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
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of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
| found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
No. 86 was issued 18 Nov. 1881.
ie LL
¢<
o
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD:
(Continued from page 256.)
The date of publication, here given in brackets [ ], marks the time at which the
work was received by the Editor, unless an earlier date of publication is known to
him. An asterisk * before a title is the Recorder’s certificate of accuracy of quotation.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited. —B: Pr1ckMAN MANN.
Nos. 1249 to 1266 are from Can. Entom., 1877, v. 9.
* 1249, Bailey, James Spencer, M.D. Catocalae taken at
sugar at Center, N. ¥. (Can. entom., 1877, v- 9, p. 215-218.)
List and enumeration of specimens of about 40 species of Catocala taken
each day during July and August, at Center, Albany Co., N. Y. [Dee.
1877.] [Compare Ree., no. 955.]
* 1250. Morris,J:G. What is the function of the forceps
in Forficula? (Can. entom., 1877, v. 9, p. 218-219.)
The forceps serve to lift the elytra, before flight. [Dec., 1877.]
* (251. Hoy, P. R. Erebus zenobia. (Can. entom.,
1877, v. 9, p. 219.)
Male and female taken 6-15 Sept., at Racine, Wise. ; southern character
of the fauna at Racine. [Dec., 1877.] [Author’s name wrongly given as
P. A. Hoy. ]
aun UKAPESEKKY MOTH (KUDEMIS BOTRANA, S.V.)— Mary Esther Murtfeldt
I ROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES sors Cambri idge Entomo ogical Chr b > Entomological
= ] > 1 >
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2485-26 5
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS
ADVERTISEMENTS
Society Meetings— Prize Essays .
CAMBI : Mass AS :
y 2IpGE. Mass.. U.S. A.: PusLisHED By GEORGE DIMMOCK.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1.
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MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15
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276
277-279
280-289
290-291
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260 PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
ume. Address remittances to the Editor,
9 Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the Ist. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
So _ European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
tis ’ oO -~ —M&.1. =O82 es
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
No. 86 was issued 18 Nov. 1881.
i samen ein ais isneees haat
Perey fortk
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. |
A
EDITED BY a
GrorGE Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass. ;
AvsBert J: Cook, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHasE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; JosEpH Duncan Putnam, Davenport, lowa; FRANCIS
HunTINGton Snow. Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes. H: Epwarps, RoLaAND Haywarpb,. S: HENSHAW, A. ROBIN, FRANK G:
ScHAuPpp. S: HusBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER, W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp TuRNER. JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 90-92.
OcTroBER—DECEMBER. IS81.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS ‘ ‘ 3 ; : ; ; ; S202
FRAGMENTS OF THE COARSER ANATOMY OF ioreaee AL iehoerath. “Syme
Hubbard Scudder . . : : : : 263-275
NEPTICULA PTELIACELLA, N. SP. — Beta Tousey kamen: : ae 3:
THE GRAPEBERRY MoTH (EUDEMIS BOTRANA, S. V.) — Mary aay Murtfeldt 276
PROCEEDINGS OF SocieTIEs — Cambridge Entomological Club — Entomological
Society of London . - : : 3 : : : : : 277-279
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2485-— aa : 5 : 2 ‘ ‘ ; : 280-289
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PSYCHE.
FRAGMENTS OF THE COARSER ANATOMY OF DIURNAL
LEPIDOPTERA.
1. THE LARVA OF DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY SAMUEL H. SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
So very little is known of the points in
which different lepidoptera agree or dis-
agree in their internal anatomy, that,
although very fragmentary, I venture
to publish the following accounts of dis-
sections of caterpillars and chrysalids of
butterflies, made about ten years ago,
more in the hope of calling attention to
the need of work of this kind than of di-
rectly contributing to any general state-
ments deducible from the observations.
The literature of the subject is exceed-
ingly scanty. Swammerdam in_ his
Biblia naturae (1757) gives illustrations
and descriptions of the internal anatomy of
the larva of Aglais urticae ; Herold in his
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmet-
terlinge (1815) gives admirably full de-
taiis of the anatomy of both larva and
pupa of ‘** Pieris brassicae”; Newport
gives a section on the Development of
the nervous column of ‘* Vanessa urti-
cae” in the Philosophical transactions
for 1854 (repeated in Todd’s encyclo-
paedia, art. Insecta): and on _ the
Transformations of the tracheae in the
same insect in the Philosophical trans-
actions for 1836 (also repeated as
above); Brandt also figures the meta-
morphoses of the nervous system of
the same species in the Horae societatis
entomologicae rossicae for 1879, v. 15,
pl. 14; and in my recent volume on but-
terflies, quoted below, I have given a
brief account of the anatomy of larvae
of butterflies in general and of the
changes the organs undergo in passing
through the pupal condition. So far as
I am aware, these are all the notices
that have been published of the internal
anatomy of the earlier stages, and, as
will be seen, they cover a very narrow
field, treating, with the exception of my
little book, of only two species.
My studies were mostly confined to
half a dozen insects, which will be sep-
arately treated, commencing with the
highest, the account of which will also be
fullest.
A good illustration of the general dis-
position of the organs of the caterpillar
of Danais plexippus, drawn on a side
view by Mr. Edward Burgess, will be
found in my recently published book on
butterflies,* fig. 78, and this may be
*Butterflies: their structure, changes and life histo-
ries, with special reference to American forms. ...
New York. Henry Holt & Co., 1881.89
264
readily used in connection with the fol-
lowing description.
Muscular system. The head is mostly
filled with conical muscular bundles, at-
tached by their bases to the upper and
lateral portions of the posterior two-thirds,
and to some extent to the upper portion of
the anterior third of the vault of the head ;
the apices of these conical masses con-
verge toward the middle longitudinal line
of each hemisphere, and then pass
downward, terminating, in the lower half
of the head, in a white, glistening, tendi-
nous cord fully a millimetre long, lying just
behind the optic nerve and reaching down
into the mandibles, which they serve to
close. The extensors of the mandibles
are attached behind and below the eye-
specks, and pass directly to the outer
base of the mandibles, which they enter
by means of a tendon attached to the in-
terior wall of the same. ‘The retractors
of the labrum are slight, flat, muscular
ribbons, attached at one extremity along
the whole of its upper interior edge
and at the other to the facial triangle ;
the labrum is drawn inwards by a double
muscle, which starts above from its at-
tachment along each side of the median
suture above the facial triangle, and
passes freely downwards, the muscles of
the two sides confluent and together 0.38
mm. broad, diminishing in breadth down-
ward, and terminating in a single tendon
attached to the middle of the labrum.
A band or ribbon, made up of simple,
longitudinal, parallel muscular fibres, col-
lected into two contiguous strips, the
inner the narrower, runs from one end of
the body to the other, near the skin, be-
tween the spiracles and the ventral line
PST CHB;
of the body ; each is made up of a series
of bands, one to each segment, extending
across its entire length, and they are
permeated by minute tracheal vessels
running mainly at right angles to the di-
rection of the fibres; from the anterior
end of the inner strip of each segment, a
slender muscular strap runs obliquely to
the middle of the ventral line of the seg-
ment. Above the spiracles, on each
side, are three muscular ribbons, the
lowermost lying nearer the integument
than the others, its lower edge touching
the base of the tracheae. Beneath all
these longittidinal bands, as seen from
within, 7. e., lying nearer the integument,
and at the anterior edge of each segment,
a narrow transverse belt encircles the
whole body, passing at the stigmatal line
over the longitudinal tracheal vessel
which unites two contiguous spiracles,
and strapping it to the integument.
The flexor muscles of the true legs
originate in the body just beneath the
origin of the outer of the two longitu-
dinal muscular ribbons of the ventral
surface of the body, and extend to the
opposite wall of the segment. ‘The
muscles of the prolegs consist of flat
bands forming a muscular coating to the
walls of the legs, passing in a direct
line downward, narrowing as they go;
they do not cross each other, nor pass
to opposite sides of the legs, but are en-
tirely simple.
Passing now to the muscles attached to
the internal organs, we find the coating
of the stomach, which is a mere film,
overlaid by delicate parallel strips of
muscular fibres crossing diagonally in
opposite directions ; besides these there
PRICHE.
are longitudinal muscles arranged in sets.
each set separated from its neighbors
by an interval of about one millimetre,
and composed of four slender bands,
traversing the entire length of the stom-
ach; those next the dorsal and ventral
lines are more prominent than the others
and on the anterior are larger than on
the posterior half; the sets on the dorsal
line are united into a double band at
the anterior extremity and pass to the
oesophagus, where they are more widely
separated; the oesophagus is provided
also with other longitudinal muscles, and
to a less extent with transverse encir-
cling bands. The small intestine is
covered with both transverse and _ longi-
tudinal bands of thick white and glisten-
ing muscular tissue ; at its anterior end
especially, where the alimentary canal
is greatly constricted, it is covered thick-
ly with short longitudinal muscles, whose
hinder extremities dovetail into other
longer sets; besides these, there arise
from the middle of the posterior end
of the intestine a number of parallel
bands of muscular fibre, which embrace
it diagonally, passing around to the
ventral surface of its anterior extremity ;
starting just in front of the posterior
insertion of these, and interlacing with
them at right angles, is another shorter
set of parallel muscles, whose other
extremities are attached to the body-
wall; still further, a set of four indepen-
dent parallel muscular bands passes he-
neath and supports the posterior end of
the small intestine, reaching horizontally
from the middle of one side of the eighth
abdominal segment to the opposite. The
colon is furnished simply with longitu-
265
dinal and transverse muscular bands,
heavier than those on the stomach-wall.
Digestive system. The oesophagus is
a simple, straight, equal tube 1.5 mm.
long, terminating posteriorly in a lar-
ger portion swollen in the middle and
better provided with muscular bands,
3.9 mm. long and 1.75 mm. broad —a
sort of crop, which extends part way
into the second thoracic segment. The
stomach extends from the middle of the
second thoracic to the middle of the
seventh abdominal segment and of coursé
varies in size according to the amount
of food the creature has swallowed;
usually it is about 4 mm. in diameter ;
the proper wall of the stomach seems to
be the merest film, traversed by mus-
cular fibres, which, by lines not deeply
impressed, divide the surface into narrow,
rounded, transverse, parallel lobes, reach-
ing from the middle of the upper and
under surfaces to the middle of each side,
and which alone prevent the perfectly
free and direct posterior motion of the
contents. The stomach itself, however,
may be wholiy withdrawn, without rup-
ture, from this investing muscular tissue.
At the middle of the seventh abdominal
segment, the alimentary canal suddenly
tapers, and the small intestine commen-
ces, extending half-way to the end of
the body and consisting of a straight
cylindrical tube 2.25 mm. in diameter,
surrounded by thick walls of muscular
tissue, the longitudinal bands of which
mold the interior walls into very promi-
nent longitudinal ridges. The colon is
a simple straight tube of the same size as
the intestine but capable of considerable
expansion, and with a smooth inner
266
surface.
The salivary glands are a pair of long
straight, flat ribbons, arising from each
side of the anterior extremity of the
and extending backward
along the alimentary canal; they are
4.75 mm. long, tapering slightly and
regularly to a bluntly rounded tip, being
0.54 mm. broad near the base and 0.14
mm. broad close to the tip; they resem-
ble flattened, braided cords, being com-
pressed along the median line, while
each side is regularly and deeply excised
at frequent intervals, producing bead-
like lateral prominences.
The malpighian vessels originate as
slender tubes, one on each side of the
middle of the anterior half of the intes-
tine; the tube gradually enlarges, and
at a distance of 2 mm. from the origin
subdivides into three branches (the un-
der branch originating just before the
other two), which are strongly waved or
crenulated cords, and are, throughout,
nearly or quite as large as the tube at
its very origin; the under branch passes
forward in a tortuous course, above the
nervous cord, along and in contact with
the under outer surface of the stomach,
as far as the middle of the first abdom-
oesophagus
inal segment, where it bends upon itself
and returns in a similar manner, a
little higher up, to the point from which
it started; the two other branches,
which are a little smaller than the first,
extend forward and then backward in
a similar manner, one passing along the
upper outer portion of the stomach as
far as the second abdominal segment,
and then returning, the other along the
side of the stomach to the middle of the
PSPC HE.
first abdominal segment ; all three branch-
es pass outside the tracheal tubes which
invest the stomach, and when each has
returned to the point from which it
started, the extremities of the three
threads are collected with those of the
opposite side, in a single intricate and
convoluted mass enveloping the intes-
tine, and covering also the whole surface
of the colon with their more delicate
terminal threads. When the posterior
part of the alimentary canal is pressed,
whitish particles can be seen to move in
an irregular manner within the malpi-
ghian vessels.
Respiratory System. The tracheae of
the first abdominal segment are larger
and branch more extensively than those
of any other segment, their ramifications
extending to the anterior extremity of
the stomach; while those of the third
thoracic segment are small and compar-
atively inconspicuous and are connected
with those of the first abdominal seg-
ment by only a small longitudinal canal ;
the first thoracic segment bears, however,
an extensive bunch of tracheae, which is
connected with that of the first abdomin-
al segment by a long longitudinal canal,
as large as many of the main branches
of these two segments.
The anterior branch of this bunch in
the first thoracic segment supplies the
head; it passes upward on each side
along the hinder edge of the head,
until it meets that of the opposite
side, when the two join so strongly that
considerable force is required to part
them; and the only mark of separation
is a pale line on the dusky surface. As
soon as they meet they bend toward the
PSYCHE, 267
head, separate again and run side by side
beneath the muscular mass which occu-
pies most of the head, over the double
cephalic ganglion and curve over toward
the labrum. Before these two opposite
branches first unite they emit from their
anterior surface similar parallel branches,
which also run beneath the muscular
mass toward the anterior and lower part
of the head; some curve upward and
embrace the muscular mass from below ;
half way between the spiracle and the
top of the head, this arching branch
emits from its posterior surface a slender
offshoot, which, together with another
branch, coming almost direct from the
spiracle, passes toward the tracheae of
the opposite side, unites at the median
line with a similar set from the opposite
tracheae, and then terminates.
Circulatory system. The dorsal ves-
sel is a straight tube, lying along the
middle of the back, next the integument,
and seems to be composed of an exces-
sively delicate, whitish, pellucid film,
is searcely 0.5 mm. in diameter, uni-
form throughout, and terminates at
the very end of the body in a_ well
rounded tip.
Nervous system. Viewed from above,
the cephalic ganglia consist of a pair of
short, obovate, nearly globular lobes,
closely joined by their inner edges ; they
are situated in the very middle of the
head, just above the commencement of the
alimentary canal, and on a level, above,
with the top of the frontal triangle.
From the lower anterior outer angle of
each lobe, the optic nerve, large at base,
but gradually tapering beyond, passes
downward, forward, and outward, in a
straight course toward the ocelli; as
it reaches them it expands
broad field comprising the ocelli,— black
conical masses, their apices plunged
in the nervous tissue forming the field.
Just behind the origin of the optic nerve
another independent nerve arises, ex-
tending to the upper portion of the ten-
dinous cord which terminates the great
muscular mass of the head and moves
the mandibles. A little further removed
from the optic nerve, and on the lower
anterior edge of each lobe, a little within
the middle, another slender nerve arises,
which runs in a straight course to the
base of the antennae.
From the lower outer edge of each
cephalic lobe a nervous cord passes down-
wardand a little backward, the two em-
bracing the oesophagus, and then con-
verges until they unite in the suboesopha-
geal ganglion, ahorizontal lenticular disk,
situated at the base of the head just
above its hinder edge; just beneath the
oesophagus these embracing cords are
united by a cross thread; this sub-
oesophageal ganglion throws out lateral
nerves, directed forward and outward,
and is strapped in its place by transverse
muscles, one just in front and another
just behind it, which originate together
on the floor of the body; and the hinder
of which is strengthened on each side by
a secondary muscle, which runs back-
ward beside the cord for a short distance,
divaricating slightly.
The ganglia of the body-segments are
situated in or near, generally a little in
advance of, the middle of each segment,
as far as the seventh abdominal segment,
where there is a pair, in close proximity,
into a
268
one behind the other, and with these the
nervous cord terminates. All the gan-
glionic disks are connected by a pair of
ribbons, generally lying in such close
proximity as to appear to be single and
straight, but anteriorly they are separa-
ted somewhat widely.
In leaving the suboesophageal gan-
glion, the nervous ribbons run nearly
parallel, or only slightly curved outward,
to the first body-ganglion. Starting
again close together at the middle of the
posterior border of the first ganglion
they diverge in straight lines, but very
gradually, for fully two-thirds the distance
to the second ganglion (which is twice
as far removed from the first as the first
is from the suboesophageal ganglion),
where they are nearly twice as far apart
as the width of the first ganglion, and
then converge more rapidly and enter
the second ganglion at its outer anterior
border. The distance from the second
to the third ganglion is effected in a
similar manner, the distance from the
second ganglion to the point of greatest
divergence being about equal to the dis-
tance between the first and second gang-
lia. The fourth ganglion is but little
removed from the third, being in fact
nearer to it than the latter is to the point
of greatest divergence of the ribbons in
advance of it; between these two gan-
glia the ribbon is straight, slightly longer
than broad, broader than at any point
posteriorly, and its separation into two
cords is not readily seen. Behind this
the ganglia are nearly equidistant (up to
those of the seventh abdominal segment)
and connected by a straight double rib-
bon, scarcely broader than either one of
PST CWE.
the cords between the second and third:
ganglia, and which is seen to be double.
only by the slight divergence of the
cords in advance of each ganglion, as
they enter it. The last ganglion is
situated in the seventh abdominal seg-
ment, just posterior to the tenth ganglion ;
indeed the two appear almost to coalesce
at their adjoining edges; the eleventh is:
slightly the larger of the two. From
the second abdominal segment backward,
the nervous cord does not come in direct
contact with the alimentary canal, but
considerable fatty tissue is interposed
between them; in advance of this, how-
ever, the reverse is the case, the fatty
tissue appearing as. if strapped in its
place between the nervous cord and
the integument by the branches of the
former.
From each side of each abdominal
ganglion two lateral nerves are emitted,
the anterior at right angles, the posterior
in a slightly posterior: direction, and at
their bases the two are connected by a
delicate film. In the thoracic segments
a. similar rule holds, but inthe first
ganglion only the anterior lateral. nerve.
is present, and it is directed forward ; the
third ganglion on the other hand fol-
lows the rule of the abdominal ganglia,
while in the second, the nerves are con-
fluent at their origin, directed at right
angles outward, and almost immediately
diverge at right angles to each other, one
forward, the other backward. In addi-
tion to the lateral nerves, the terminal
ganglion is furnished with two pairs of
longer and _ stouter posterior nerves,
reaching into the hinder segments, the
outer cords trending somewhat outward. -
PSTCHL.
Silk vessels. These, which have their
outlet upon the labium, consist first of
a delicate thread running along the sides
of the alimentary canal in a tortuous
manner to the middle of the second
thoracic segment; here, at the lower
portion of the sides of the stomach, they
thicken rapidly and form the second
portion, a slender tube of uniform size,
running in a straight course beside and
close to the stomach as far as the middle
of the third abdominal segment.; here it
doubles upon itself and returns to the
middle of the preceding segment, again
repeating the curve in a reverse direction
for half the distance, and then passes
upward to the upper surface of the stom-
ach and continues in a tortuous course,
still hugging the alimentary canal, as
far as the sixth abdominal segment,
where it terminates in a very slender
straight thread, by which it is connected
with the sides of the intestine. The
length of the basal thread is 12 mm.,
covering a distance of 4 mm.; the
length of the thickened portion during
its course on the under surface of the
stomach is 18 mm.; during its tortuous
course above, 35 mm. ; its normal thick-
ness, 0.8 mm., is attained within a dis-
tance of 2 mm. from the point. of. thick-
ening.
Male generative organs. The testes
are situated in the middle of the dorsum
of the fifth abdominal segment directly
above and upon the stomach; they are
269
soft, plump, kidney-shaped, compound
organs, 2.5 mm. long, of a bluish-purple
color, covered by an exceedingly thin
' whitish investment, concealing the color
of the interior as by a pale bloom. In
a longitudinal row along the middle of
the inner side of each half, there are four
minute roundish spots of a deeper color,
each communicating with a separate
chamber within, separated from the
others by a thin partition wall; the
middle pair of chambers is smaller than
the outer one, and they are all filled with
a grayish granular matter. From the
anterior extremity of each testis runs a
short white thread, not half so long as
the testis, and thickened in the middle
and at the end. Just behind the hind-
most spot of each side, a delicate pellu-
cid thread arises, which passes poste-
riorly and a little downward until oppo-
site the spiracle of the sixth abdominal
segment; here it plunges downward
toward it, and passing through the mass
of tracheae to those of the seventh seg-
ment, sweeps around toward the medio-
ventral line of the body, and, passing
through an independent muscular bundle
scarcely larger than itself, which stretches
transversely across the body at. this
point, enters a whitish sac about 0.75
mm. long, situated just beneath the ter-
mination of the intestine; the threads
are about 13.5 mm. long and 0.03 mm.
in diameter.
2.. THE PUPA OF DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, OF NORTH AMERICA.
All the dissections were made of
specimens either seven or nine days in
chrysalis.
Digestive system. The oesophagus is
a mere thread-like vessel 0.10—0.15
mm. in diameter, and runs straight to
the stomach. The ‘‘jabot,” or reservoir
above the anterior end of the stomach
270 PSTCHE.
is shaped in the 7-days’ chrysalis much
as in the pupa of Hamadryas io, to be
deseribed further on, and is about 5.25
mm. long, scarcely 1 mm. broad, cylin-
drical, and at tip bluntly and regularly
rounded; in the 9-days’ pupa it is flat-
tened, increasing regularly and con-
siderably in size, and at the tip slightly
and roundly invaginate ; it reaches to the
third abdominal segment, being 4.6 mm.
long, and its greatest breadth 2.5 mm.
Next the opening to the ‘‘jabot,” the
intestinal canal expands to a sort of
crop, of an oval shape, scarcely longer
than broad, and about 1 mm. long; this
opens directly into the stomach, a
cylindrical tube, tapering in front, about
8 mm. long, suddenly contracted at its
posterior end. The intestine in a 7-
days’ chrysalis is a rather large, cylin-
drical tube, fully 6.5 mm. long, and 3
mm. broad, slightly tortuous, especially
anteriorly; in the 9-days’ chrysalis,
however, considerable change has been
effected, for the intestine is now 9 mm.
long, and only 0.25 mm. in diameter,
a little larger at the two extremities,
but otherwise equal and much more
tortuous; at first it is directed upward,
forward and slightly to one side for a
short distance, then it doubles upon
itself; crosses. to the opposite side, and
moves upward in a tortuous manner to
the colon, which it enters a little behind
and to the left of its anterior extremity.
The colon in the 7-days’ chrysalis is a
broadly oval, flattened sac, 1.5 mm.
long, and 1.25 mm. broad; in the 9-
days’ chrysalis it is 3.5 mm. long, and
only 1.6 mm. broad, and gradually
passes into the broad rectum, which
seems only a continuation of it.
In the middle of the thorax the sali-
vary glands form exceedingly fine,
crinkled threads, which here collect in a
longitudinally disposed mass on each
side of and touching the oesophagus ;
this mass extends over a distance of 2.5
mm. and the thread finally ends in a
bulbous enlargement about 0.2 mm. in
diameter.
The malpighian vessels begin to branch
at a distance from their origin scarcely
greater than their diameter, and the
second division occurs at even a less
distance beyond the first; one of the
latter branches extends along the su-
perior lateral walls of the stomach, as
far as the middle of its anterior half
(perhaps farther, later in life) and then
returns; the other branch of the outer
set passes along the inferior lateral walls
of the stomach; they are all very
delicate, measuring but 0.04 mm. in
diameter, and after their return are
strongly convoluted, enwrapping the
intestine but not the colon. |
Respiratory system. The branchial
tubes in the posterior part of the body
are small, but from the third abdominal
segment forward they commence to
enlarge ; this is especially noticeable in
the longitudinal canals, which are largest
in the first abdominal segments, 0.8 mm.
in diameter, and are again reduced in
size in the thorax, where they are from
0.20 to 0.35 mm. in diameter.
Circulatory system. The dorsal ves-
sel is firmly attached to the integument
between the fourth and sixth abdominal
segments, which is not the case anteri-
orly; on all the abdominal segments,
behind the first, it expands laterally at
the posterior limits of the segment, so
= ere
SIGE. 271
as to be at least 0.5 mm. in diameter ;
on the first segment it broadens slightly,
and in front of the expansion commences
to diminish gradually and slightly in
size, so that when it enters the thorax
(from the abdomen) it becomes reduced
to a diameter of only 0.20—0.25 mm.
As soon as it enters the thorax it be-
gins to plunge downward, until the
constriction of the metathorax is passed,
or during a course of about 38 mm. It
then increases gradually in size again
to about 0.45 mm., but instead of run-
ing directly to the head it passes in an
oblique Girection upward between the
muscles of each side of the body, and
when it has nearly traversed the thorax
doubles upon its course, passing beneath
the portion already mentioned, and then
turns back again beneath its former
course toward the head; the trebled
portion extends over an area fully 5 mm.
long, and no such marked mesothoracic
enlargement as oceurs in the imago was
noticed ; when it enters the head it has
become reduced to a slender thread about
as large as the oesophagus. The whole
dorsal vessel from the head to the fourth
abdominal segment (behind which it
becomes much reduced and obscure) is
30 mm. long, when extended.
Nervous system. In the 7-days’ .
chrysalis a great nervous mass is seen
a little in advance of the middle of the
thorax, a little larger than that of
Hamadryus; the lateral nerves from it
appear to be double at their origin, and
to be inclined forward ; behind this gan-
glion the cord is very slender, and at a
distance of 4.5 mm. from the extremity
of the ganglion emits a pair of slender
but very distinct nerves, which are
directed backward but divaricate con-
siderably ; there is no ganglionic en-
largement at their origin. At a distance
of a millimetre and a half behind this,
where the cord enters the abdomen, it
becomes and thereafter continues stouter,
being enclosed in a nebulous wrapping,
described by Dufour in the abdomen of
the imago of other lepidoptera as a
fibro-muscular, white membrane. At a
further distance of 2.75 mm. we come
to an exceedingly slight ganglioniform
swelling, having no lateral nerves spring-
ing from it; probably this is what
Dufour refers to as a white, fibrous,
ellipsoidal capsule embracing the cord
at this point. The last two ganglia are
1.25 mm. apart, measuring from their
posterior extremities.
In front of the thoracic ganglion the
cord is stout, 0.15 mm. in diameter ;
from the ganglion to where it divides
around the oesophagus is 1.5 mm., and
the forks are about 0.5 mm. long.
In a 9-days’ chrysalis the cord has not
yet attained its complete development,
as is readily seen by its sinuous course
between the thoracic enlargement and
the lateral nerves, which diverge from
the cord before the abdomen is reached,
where, in a distance of 3.5 mm., the
cord is 4.5 mm. long, making three
sinuous curves in reaching this point;
these nerves pass not to the legs but to
the inflated longitudinal branchial can-
als ; they originate 1.7 mm. in advance
of the abdominal line, and 2.8 mm.
behind the thoracic mass.
The nervous cord apparently enlarges
as it reaches the abdomen, being envel-
oped in a thin film in which the lateral
nervesrun. The first abdominal ganglion
272
emits an anterior lateral nerve, and at
three-fifths the distance to the second ab-
dominal ganglion another set appears, as
well as still another pair just in front
of the second ganglion, at only the dis-
tance of the breadth of the ganglion
from it; an anterior lateral nerve is
also thrown off from each side of the
second ganglion, which is 3 mm. distant
from the first, and another pair on the
cord midway between the second and
third ganglia which are 1.9 mm. apart;
a similar anterior nerve to the third
ganglion forks when it has passed
a ganglion’s breadth away. The last
ganglion is 1.3 mm. distant from the
third (measured from their centres) and
emits several nerves; from the outer
edges of the posterior border a pair of
stout nerves run parallel to each other ;
from just behind the middle of the sides
another pair arises, and nearer them
than the posterior pair still another—
all running backward; from the outer
edges of the anterior border runs another
pair, which forks almost at origin, one
branch passing somewhat forward, the
other somewhat backward.
Female generative organs. The basal
stems of the ovarian tubes in the 7-days’
chrysalis are 1.25 mm. long and 0.25
mm. broad; they suddenly diminish in
size beyond this to about half this diam-
eter, and then, in a distance of 4 mm.,
course forward and backward three times.
The portion of the ovarian tubes be-
tween the oviduct and their own divi-
sion is 2 mm. long and about twice the
diameter of the divided tubes. Just
beneath the anterior extremity of the
colon, the oviduct expands into a broadly
oval sac, scarcely longer than broad,
PSYCHE.
about 0.65 mm. long, into which opens
a canal 1.25 mm. long, which expands
into a subreniform vessel, the sperma-
theca, 0.8 mm. long and about 0.5 mm.
broad, terminating at its interior, an-
terior extremity in a slender curving
tube about 0.12 mm. in diameter.
In the 9-days’ (perhaps overlooked in
the 7-days’) chrysalis, the tips of the
ovarian tubes are united into a single
mass for a distance of 2 mm. and extend
beyond the reduplicated portion, which
extends over 6 mm. distance; the basal
stems of these tubes before their union
are 0.4 mm. in diameter and 2 mm.
long, uniting on each side of and rather
above the extremity of the stomach to
form a single tube, also 2 mm. long and
no stouter than its branches.
As the anterior extremity of the
stomach is overlaid by the reservoir, so
the posterior end is covered by the
copulatory pouch, somewhat vase-shaped
in the anterior portion, the extremity
of which is inflated, largest in the mid-
dle and tapering in both directions ; it is
0.25 mm. long, 1.8 mm. broad in the mid-
dle, 1.7 mm. at the anterior extremity
and 1.25 mm. at the constriction; the
anterior extremity reaches nearly to
the alimentary reservoir, and is pretty
strongly constricted before its inflation ;
just before its hinder extremity, which
lies beneath the colon, it emits superi-
orly a tube, which, after some contor-
tions, curves forward upon the alimentary
reservoir for about 1.5 mm. and then
expands into the subreniform, flattened,
backwardly directed spermatheca, which
lies upon the right side and terminates
in a large tube a little longer than itself,
opening into the oviduct. Into the
td eee eee Td ee ie
PSYCHE. 273
oviduct also opens on the opposite side
a much smaller similar canal, conducting
to a slight pyriform enlargement (the
unpaired accessory gland), bearing at
its tip a delicate thread. Immediately
after this the oviduct is fed from above,
and just below the commencement of
the rectum, by a pair of vermiform,
widely divaricating, heavy tubes (the
paired accessory glands), each more than
a millimetre long, and continuing as a
tortuous thread, entering the tube at the
middle of its anterior border. The
vagina is a stout tube 0.75 mm. in
diameter, 1.75 mm. long. At the ex-
tremity of the body, lying against the
integument and between the opening of
the vagina and the oviduct, is a-trans-
verse reniform vessel, attached broadly
by its base to the inferior wall of the
oviduct at its very extremity; its left
tip (and perhaps also its right—but this
was ruptured in the specimen in which
the other was seen) terminating in two
little threads. I do not find notice of
any such organ in a cursory examination
of some of the writings of our principal
entomotomists, unless the following pas-
sage from Siebold’s Anatomy of the
invertebrata (Amer. ed., p. 453) refers
to the same: **Some Lepidoptera have,
moreover, two smaller ramose glands,
situated near the orifice of the vagina,
which secrete, perhaps, an odorous sub-
stance that excites the copulatory act.”
A foot note specifies, ‘‘Melitaea, Argyn-
nis, Zygaena, &c.”
3. THE LARVA OF POLYGONIA C-ALBUM, OF EUROPE.
Digestive system. The stomach is
more muscular than usual, being banded
with longitudinal and transverse muscles
made up of approximated fibres much
larger than ordinary, one pair along the
dorsal line larger than the others: it is
9 mm. long, while the intestine and rest
of the alimentary canal posterior to it
measures 3 mm., being longer than usual ;
the whole canal is 16.5 mm. long. The
salivary glands are long and slender,
thread-like tubes, at least 3.5 mm.
long, imperceptibly tapering, and ex-
tending along the sides of the body in
a slightly tortuous course to the middle
of the third thoracic segment, where
they appear to be closely connected
with some of the tracheal tubes at the
base of the latero-dorsal spines. The
malpighian vessels take their rise from
a pretty large, irregular, subpyriform
sac, slightly longer than broad, having
a very slender neck-like attachment at
the very base of the intestine ; the lateral
threads reach the front of the fourth
abdominal segment; the superior and
inferior threads nearly as far.
Nervous system. Each of the lobes
of the cephalic ganglion appears to be
globular, 0.4 mm. in diameter, perhaps
shortest in transverse diameter. The
lateral nerves arise from the cord in
front of their respective ganglia by a
distance greater than the diameter of
the ganglion, and between the origin of
the lateral nerves and the ganglia, the
nervous cord is seen to be double. The
distances apart of the body-ganglia are
as follows, measured from centre to
eentre : 1-2, 1.2 mm.; 2-3, 1.2 mm.;
274 PSY CHS.
3-4, 1.25 mm.; 4-5, 0.5 mm.; 5-6, 1.5
mm. ; 8-9, 2 mm.
Silk vessels. They agree in appear-
ance with those of Hamadryas and reach
the middle of the sixth abdominal seg-
ment, where they are attached.
Male generative organs. ‘Testes pink-
ish red, the median line much deepest
in color, longitudinally oval, nearly four
times as long as broad, filled with a whit-
ish granular matter, and situated in the
middle of the fifth abdominal segment.
4, THE LARVA OF AGLAIS URTICAE, OF EUROPE.
Observations on the changes in the
nervous system of this species, in pass-
ing from the larval to the pupal state
and during the continuance of the latter,
as also some statements regarding the
structure of the tracheae, will be found
in Newport’s papers. See also other
papers referred to in the introduction.
Digestive system. The under branch
of the malpighian vessels passes along
the under outer surface of the stomach
as far as the hinder part of the second
abdominal segment; the branch which
extends along the upper outer wall of
the stomach appears to extend as far
only as the middle of the fourth abdom-
inal segment.
Nervous system. The last two ab-
dominal ganglia are so closely united
as to conceal their point of union, as in
Euphoeades troilus; and in other re-
spects they closely resemble that species.
Glandular system. The silk-vessels
are of uniform size throughout, and they
therefore do not present that distinction
into two parts, a vessel and a couduct-
ing tube, which holds in Danais.
Male generative organs. The anterior
thread of the testis is fully half as long
as the testis itself, measuring one milli-
metre in length, while in Hamadryas no
thread was found.
5. THE PUPA OF AGLAIS URTICAE, OF EUROPE.
Muscular system. The mesothorax is
almost entirely given up to muscular
bundles, the principal portion of which,
for the movement of the future wings,
is divisible into two sets. One of these
sets is restricted to the lower part of
the sides of the thorax, and its fibres
are directed from the base of the wings
toward the middle of the lower surface,
those of the opposite sides inclining
toward each other at a little more than
aright angle. In the V-shaped space
between them, and including all the
upper domed part of the mesothorax,
is the other set, running longitudinally
in five superimposed layers.
Digestive system. The tortuous in-
testine is 9.5 mm. long.
Male generative organs. ‘The testis
is extensively clasped by the tracheal
vessels of the fifth abdominal segment.
It looks as if made up of layers of fibrous
material, more distinguishable because al-
ternately darker and lighter ; the anterior
thread is one millimetre long, or fully
halfas long as the diameter of the testis.
The testis is perfectly crammed with
spermatozoa. These appear to be
PSYCHE.
coarsely striated throughout most of
their mass and to be of two sorts. In
one sort the length is 0.7 mm. and the
breadth 0.03 mm.; the anterior ex-
tremity is rounded, commencing sud-
denly yet slightly to diminish in size at
about 0.03 mm. from the end; while the
slightly covered posterior extremity
tapers gradually and regularly for a
Die
distance of about.0.06 mm. to a blunt
point. The other sort are shorter, club-
like filaments, 0.145 mm. long, slightly
curved. with a transparent
0.045 mm. long, and about 0.01 mm.
in diameter, beyond which they rapidly
expand to a club-like scale, sometimes
0.05 mm. broad.
peduncle
6. THE LARVA OF HAMADRYAS I0, OF EUROPE.
Muscular system. From the anterior
end of the inner strip of longitudinal
body-muscles attached to the under sur-
face of each segment, a slender ribbon
of muscular fibres runs obliquely to the
posterior end of the same segment and
is attached at the ventral line. Just
above the spiracles on each side there
appear at first to be only two slightly
separated muscular bands, the third,
that lying next the tracheae, being very
inconspicuous. The investing muscles
of the stomach are thicker than in Danis
and arranged in a manner resembling
those of Euphoeades.
Digestive system. At the middle of
the seventh abdominal segment the ali-
mentary canal suddenly contracts as in
Danais, but immediately afterwards
expands into a pyloric vessel and then
again contracts; the stomach, when
empty, is fusiform, and bears interiorly
seven or eight longitudinal ridges ; the in-
testine and colon together form less than
one-fourth of the whole intestinal canal.
The salivary glands are beaded, cir-
cular, scarcely tapering tubes, 4.5 mm.
long, straight, and following the sides
of the oesophagus at the base.
The malpighian vessels originate in a
reniform sac, one millimetre long, which
sends off a branch at right angles, a very
short distance beyond its tip, and ata
millimetre’s distance further divides into
two equal branches. The under branch
passes forward in a tortuous course
over the same track as in Danais,
reaching a little way beyond the ganglion
of the fifth abdominal segment.
Circulatory system. The dorsal vessel
is free and very slender (about the size
of the nervous cord) as far as the mid-
dle of the third abdominal segment, where
it is attached above to the integument,
and then suddenly expands to a much
larger size, which it retains for some
distance, and finally, in the seventh and
eighth segments, expands again to a
fusiform reservoir and then tapers to its
extremity ; in the head and first thoracic
segment it is bordered by lobes of fatty
matter composed of an amorphous mass
of granulated material, differing from the
alae of the dorsal vessel posteriorly, in
that in the latter these granulations are
mingled with and form part of cords of
tissue running at right or nearly right
angles to the dorsal vessel; the dorsai
vessel is very elastic and flexible, and
when one side is pulled, even pretty
forcibly, the other remains in place.
( To be continued.)
PST CHE:
NEPTICULA PTELIAEELLA, N. sp.
BY VACTOR TOUSEY CHAMBERS, COVINGTON, KY.
In a recent numero of PsycHE (v. 3,
p. 137-147) I gave an account of the
larval history of this species, the moth
not then being known. Since then I
have succeeded in rearing many speci-
mens from larvae taken in Aug. 1880: all
of the moths making their appearance
on the same day, 28 May: and although
PsycHE does not publish mere descrip-
tions of new species generally, yet as the
larval history of this species so recently
appeared in its pages, it is probably best
to supplement it by a brief description of
the imago.
The moth has an expanse of wings of
about 4 mm., and is of a rich deep violet
brown, strongly marked with silver, its
coloration recalling that of Antispila
ampelopsiella, Cham. The tuft covers
the face nearly down to the trophi, and
the eye-caps are scarcely as large as
usual in this genus; the scales are not
very coarse nor would I describe them
as fine. (There is great difference in
this respect between different species of
this genus.) The head is dark brown;
eye-caps white ; antennal stalk yellowish,
stained with silvery fuscous above ; the
palpi are silvery fuscous, but, like the
legs, in many lights they appear sordid
yellowish. The legs and tarsi are brown
on their anterior surfaces and _ silvery
fuscous on their hinder surface. Ab-
domen slate color with a silvery lustre.
Thorax, a small spot on the base of the
interior margin of the forewings, a rather
wide fascia just before the middle of the
wings, and a costal and opposite interior
spot before the cilia, all like polished
silver on a ground color of deep violet
brown; the cilia white. In some speci-
mens the legs show little of the brownish
color, but this I think is due to denuda-
tion. Many of our species described
as Nepticula belong to the allied genus
Trifurcula, but this species is, I think,
properly referable to Nepticula.
THE GRAPEBERRY MOTH (ZUDEMIS BOTRANA, S. V.).
BY MARY ESTHER MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO.
This pretty little tortricid is very
abundant this year in the environs of
St. Louis, and its larvae cause all —or
nearly all—of the so-called rot that has
appeared in our vineyards this season.
It may not be generally known that
the spring brood of larvae feed on the
tender shoots of the common ironweed
(Vernonia noveboracensis) which they
web together for their better protection.
When mature they desert these retreats
and cut little flaps from the larger leaves,
which, folded over and fastened at the
edges, protect them during the pupa
stage.
Prof. Fernald informs me that this
species has also been bred from larvae
webbing the leaves of the Tulip-tree
(Liriodendron) and of Amorpha, but in*
this locality I have only found the larva
in the grape and on the Vernonia.
PSTCHE.
PSYCHE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., OCT.-DEC. 1881.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to Epitors oF PsyYCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
PsycuHeE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
(Continued from p. 245.)
11 Fes. 1881.—74th meeting (continued).
Mr. W: Trelease described his observations
of the manner in which a male and female
Cicada approached each other. The male
remained stationary until the female, attrac-
ted by his stridulation, flew to him and
alighted in a position facing him. The male
then walked past the female until the two
were back to back. Mr. S: H. Scudder said
that prior to the copulation of the sexes of
Argynnits atlantis, the male follows the fe-
male half way in her rear, so that the bodies
of the two overlap side by side. The female,
in moving, makes a quick start forward for
a few steps; then the male does the same.
Mr. Trelease recorded the capture of Az-
thidium cognatum in Maryland, near the
Potomac River. This species had not hith-
erto been observed north of Georgia. He
then gave an account of his observations on
the number of times in succession that Vespa
maculata can give a poisonous sting. He
hired a negro boy to allow himself to be
stung at ten cents a sting. Taking the wasp
between his fingers, Mr. T. pressed her first
upon the back of the boy’s left hand, then upon
the right arm, then upon the lower lobe of the
right ear, and then upon the left ear. In
277
each case the wasp inflicted a poisonous sting
so that the wound became swollen; and as
the powers of neither the wasp or the boy
seemed to diminish as rapidly as the contents
of the experimenter’s purse, the experiment
was discontinued. In Mr. T.’s opinion the
sting is not stiff enough to pierce the skin of
the inside of the finger tip, so that the wasp
may be picked up with impunity. Mr. G:
M. Dimmock said he had observed in a sim-
ilar case that a second puncture with a wasp’s
sting did not cause so much swelling as the
first. Mr. Trelease said that the sting of
Stizus was not nearly so severe as that of a
bee.
Mr. S: H. Scudder exhibited a cast of the
first paleozoic insect ever found. This was
found at Coalbrookdale, Eng., about 1833,
and was described by Audouin as Corydalis
brongniartit. It wasstudied anew by Swinton,
who called it Grydlacris.
11 Mar. 1881.—7s5th meeting. Prof. J: H:
Comstock exhibited drawings and photc-
graphs of drawings intended to be used in
illustration of the forthcoming report of the
Entomologist of the U. 5S. Department of
agriculture, upon the insects injurious to the
orange, and particularly upon the cocczdae.
He also gave an account of the work of his
division, and the plans and principles on
which he carried it on.
Mr. S: H. Scudder exhibited a copy of a
recent work by Dr. Jousset de Bellesme on
the functions of the balancer or haltere in
diptera, and gave some account of the con-
tents of the work. He also exhibited a proof
sheet of one of the plates in the forthcoming
numero of Edwards’ Butterflies of North
America, illustrating the varieties of Satyrus
alope, and communicated the request, in
behalf of Mr. Edwards, that any person hav-
ing remarkable varieties of this species would
send specimens immediately to Mr. Edwards,
so that he might figure them. The next
plate to which Mr. E. will devote his atten-
tion is that of Satyrus nephele.
Mr. Scudder spoke of his experiences in
finding museum pests (Azthrenus varius) in
old boxes which had not been used for many
years, and had been cleaned frequently. This
called out mentions of similar experiences
from Dr. H. A. Hagen and others. Mr. B:
P. Mann said that he had no apprehension
of being unable to free any intested collection
from pests. It is necessary, however, to de-
vote frequent attention to the collections.
8 Apr. 1881. — 76th meeting. Mr. S: H.
Scudder exhibited proofs of nearly twenty
plates of engravings of fossil insects, pre-
pared for one of the forthcoming volumes
of Hayden’s Geological and geographical
survey of the territories. Nearly all the
original drawings were made by Mr. J. H.
Blake, and the lithographing was all done
in Sinclair’s establishment at Philadelphia.
All but the first ten plates represented fossils
from Florissant. Mr. Scudder stated some
of the preliminary conclusions, in regard to
the venation of the wings, to which he had
arrived, as a result of his study of fossil
insects.
13 May 1881.—77th meeting. Mr. S: H.
Scudder exhibited plates containing figures
of fossil species of Termes, and remarked
upon the structural features of the species.
A communication was read, from the
Middlesex Institute, of Malden, Mass., an-
nouncing the formation and organization of
the Institute. Mr. E: P. Austin gave notice
of an expedition which he was about to make
in Arizona and adjacent regions, primarily
on business, but collaterally with attention
to the insects to be found.
Mr. S: H. Scudder called attention to a
paper on the Westphalian species of Doxacia,
in the Jahresbericht der zoologischen Section
des westfialischen Provinzial-Vereins fur
Wissenschaft and Kunst, for 1875.
14 Oct. 1881.—78th meeting. Mr. W: Tre-
lease was elected acting secretary for the re-
mainder of the year, in the absence of Mr.
B: P. Mann. :
Mr. S: H. Scudder spoke of a series of
articles by himself, which was to be pub-
lished in PsycHeE, on the anatomy of the im-
mature stages of butterflies, mentioning some
particulars of larval structure which confirm
the growing belief, drawn from the study of
PSY OQHE:
the imago, that the swallow-tails [ papilio-
nidae| should be placed near the bottom of
the scale in classification, near the skippers
[hesperidae}|, instead of at the head, where
Linnaeus placed them. Remarks by Dr. E:
L. Mark led to a discussion of several struc-
tural peculiarities of lepidoptera, especially of
organs found by Mr. Scudder near the anus
of the female pupa of Dazazs, and not men-
tioned by Mr. E: Burgess in his Anatomy
of Danazs archipfpus; these organs recall the
odoriferous organs mentioned by Burnett in
his translation of Siebold’s Comparative
anatomy, as occurring in Argyznzs and other
genera.
A question by Mr. F: Gardiner, jr., led to
remarks by Dr. E: L. Mark on the defensive
organs of Brachinus and other insects.
Dr. E: L. Mark spoke of the value of the
larvae of Corethra for demonstrations of the
anatomy of insects, owing to their great
transparency. An incidental advantage men-
tioned is the existence of a very extensive
literature upon the subject.
Mr. S: H. Scudder read a letter from Prof.
J: H: Comstock concerning an aquatic lepi-
dopterous larva, belonging to the genus
Arzama. This larva has been found in New
York and in Florida; it lives in the petiole
of the pond-lily [Mymphaea odorata], and is
able to remain under the water for a half-hour
or longer.
Mr. W: Trelease showed an undescribed
Chionaspis, found on Sfartina stricta, at
Wood’s Holl, Mass. These insects were said
to thrive on plants partly submerged in salt
water at every high tide, and when collected
were wet with salt spray! The coccid had
been referred to Prof. J: H: Comstock.
Mr. S: H. Scudder showed larvae of Scéa-
ra, which had been sent from Natick, Mass.,
by Mr. W: Edwards. They unite in some
way and form a compact body twelve to fifteen
decimeters long, and as large as a man’s
thumb. They move slowly in a snake-like
manner. When an attempt is made to lift
the chain it breaks, but it reunites if the ends
are placed together.
SY GAE. 279
Mr. S: H. Scudder showed two larvae of
Apatura from Florida, calling attention to
their relative position in hibernation, and
remarking on their habits.
11 Nov. 1881.— 79th meeting. Mr. W:
Trelease showed a specimen of ant-architec-
ture from Wood’s Holl, Mass. A small
colony of Crematogaster lineolata Say, §%,
had built a tube of crumbled wood about a
twig of Andromeda ligustrina, at a height of
twelve or fifteen decimetres from the ground,
enclosing a colony of larval aphides, which
they defended pugnaciously. The branch
being transferred to a room the ants mani-
fested no disposition to leave their charge,
occasionally going down, for a drink, to the
water in which the twig was kept. They
were kept for about two weeks, when all were
transferred to alcohol.
Mr. W: Trelease also showed specimens
of the white-grub (Lachuosterna guercina),
from Madison, Wisc., infested with immature
Torrubia, and remarked on the great destruc-
tiveness of the grubs about Madison during
the past season.
Mr. S: H. Scudder showed a number of
carboniferous fossils, among them an imma-
ture specimen of the largest fossil myriapod
known, a myriapod provided with gills and
showing clearly the aquatic adaptation of
some of the group at that time, a greatly
elongated cockroach, too imperfect for satis-
factory study, and a gigantic arachnid re-
sembling Chelzfer.
Mr. S: H. Scudder exhibited also a plate
of figures of fossil spiders from the tertiary
beds of Florissant, Col., and stated the gen-
eral results he had arrived at from their
study. The number of species was greater
than in all the stratified tertiary beds of Eu-
rope together, and they showed a general
affinity to those now living in the southern
United States—a 7etragnatha and a Nephila
were present, besides several species of two
new genera, one of efetridae, the other an
abnormal form of a@ftédae. with four instead
of two large eyes. The eferridae included
nearly half of the total number of species.
There was indication of somewhat interest-
ing relations with the amber fauna of Europe.
g Dec. 1881. — 80th meeting. Dr. H. A.
Hagen read a paper on amber fAsoczva from
Prussia. No fossil Psocus, save those from
amber, are known. After stating the general
results of his study, Dr. Hagen concluded
that the amber forms gave reason to believe
that before the tertiary times a great develop-
ment of genera and species had occurred,
but the ancestral forms had not been pre-
served. In the present imperfect state of
our knowledge of both fossil and living rep-
resentatives of the group, it did not seem
wise to attempt to trace their evolution.
Remarks were made by Dr. Hagen and Mr.
S: H. Scudder, on the causes which influence
the imprisonment of insects in amber, and
on the reasons for the absence of such groups
as odonata and lepidoptera.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
2 JuNE 1880.—... Mr. Finzi exhibited (on
behalf of Mr. Lowrey) an example of arcftza
fuliginosa, in which one antenna was congen-
itally absent. The president [Sir J: Lubbock]
stated that he had occasionally bred ants with
only one antenna, and one example with no
antennae, this latter being helpless when out
of the nest. — The president exhibited an
Australian ant, allied to camponotus, remark-
able for having its abdomen enormously dis-
tended (resembling that of a gravid queen
termite), so that it was little else than an
animated honey-bag. In this it was analo-
gous to another (American) species forming
the genus myrmecocystus of Wesmael.—En-
tom. mo. mag., July 1880, v. 17, p. 48.
6 Oct. 1880.—... Mr. A. H. Swinton read
two papers on the effects of food in producing
variability in lepidoptera, more especially
with regard to vanessa urticae and arctia
caja. —Entom. mo. mag., Dec. 1880, v. 17,
p- 167.
2 Mar. 1881.—... Mr. [E. A.] Fitch read
a detailed report from the ‘* Western daily
mercury’ on the discovery of living Colorado-
beetles in possession of a man near Plymouth.
with editorial leaders on the legal proceedings
taken against that individual. :
280 [2485-2498]
PS TCH.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and socteties are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets { |, marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Aldrich, C: Value of the house wren as
#n insect destroyer. (Amer. nat.. April
1881, v. 15, p. 318-319.)
The house tren [troglodytes aedon| should be en-
couraged to build its nest about our houses.
G: D. (2485)
American association for the advance-
ment of science — Extomological club —
[ Boston (Mass.) meeting (1880)]. Annu-
al meeting. (Can. entom., Sept. 1880,
Vv. 12, p. 161-174.)
Contains S: H. Scudder’s ‘‘ Problems in entomology”
[Rec., 218i] and abstracts of other addresses.
GoD.
[ Ants, Notes on.] (Free religious index, 10
March 1881, v. 12, p. 440, col. 3, 10 cm.)
Notes from J: Lubbeck on means of communication
and other habits of ants. G: D. (2487)
Aquatic sphinx larva (An). (Amer. nat.,
Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 151.) (Separate (Gen-
eral notes; entomology], froni Amer. nat.
Feb. 1881, p. 151.)
Brief abstract of H. A. Hagen’s “On an aquatic
(2486)
sphinx larva” (Psyche, Sept. 1880, v. 3, p. 113) [Rec.
2502]. G: D. (2488)
[Bees on gerardia pedicularia. | (Bull.
Torrey botanical club, Nov. 1880, v. 7, p.
TL.)
Statement, on authority of the club, that bombzs, in
gathering nectar from flowers of gerardia pedicularia,
never enter the mouth of the corolla, but perforate the
corolla at its base. W: T. (2489)
Bell, James Thompson. How to destroy
cabinet pests. (Can. entom., July [Aug. ]
1877, v. 9, p. 139-140.) [Rec., 1205].
Reprint. (Ann. rept. entom. soc. On-
tario, for 1877, 1877, p. 18.)
Successful use of a mixture of potassic cyanide
(KCN) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4). [The hydrocyanic
acid vapor generated by this mixture is a very danger-
ous poison, and should never be used except by an
experienced chemist. | G: D. (2490)
Bennett, Alfred W. Fertilization of the
bee orchis [ophrys apifera|. (Nature, 20
July 1871, v. 4, p. 222-223, 6 cm.)
Confirms Darwin’s observations on the self-fertiliza-
tion of the flowers, which had not been visited by in-
sects. W: T. (2491)
[Blatta orientalis.] (Journ. applied sci.,
June 1881, v. 12, p. 92, 3 cm.)
Increased use in pharmacy. G: D. (2492)
[Bombyx quercicus.] (Journ. applied sci.,
May 1881, v. 12, p. 76, 5 cm.)
Notes the discovery of this silkworm in Nevada.
G: D. (2493)
Bottner, Hermann. Der Bienenfreund. Ein
einfacher leicht verstandlicher Unterricht
in der Bienenzucht. Durch 92 in den Text
gedruckte Abbildungen erlautert. 2te ver-
besserte Auflage. Halle a. d. S., Otto Hen-
del, 1880. t.-p. cover, 8+-384 p., 22X15, t
7 10.2. pap., 4 Wie
A general illustrated work on apiculture.
G: D. (2494)
Bug as an element in food (The). (Spring-
field [Mass.] d. republican, 21 Feb. 1879,
p- 4, col. 3-4, 35 cm.)
Editorial notice of E. R. Leland’s “Mites, ticks, and
other acari’”’ (Popular sci. mo., Feb. 1879, v. 14, p. 502-
$13) [Rec., 2521], with quotations, to which are added
further notes in regard to mites in brown sugar.
G: D. (2495)
Bunker, Robert. Hints on _ collecting,
breeding and preserving insects. (Trans.
‘ Rochester soc. nat. sci., no. 1.) Rochester,
N.Y., Sept. 1880. 12 p.,23X15, 017-5 X 10.1.
Describes briefly the habits of different genera of
butterflies, the construction of collecting-nets, methods
of attracting insects by ‘‘ sugar” and otherwise, of rear-
ing insects from collected eggs and larvae, and of kill-
ing, pinning and preserving them; remarks on giants,
dwarfs and detormities. [Defective article, containing
many typographical errors. | B: P.M. (2496)
Caspary, Robert. Ueber die Nektarien der
Stipulae von sambucus racemosus und nigra,
(Bot. Zeitung, 29 Sept. 1848, v. 6, c. 681-
687.)
The nectar of these glands is gathered by ants.
W: T. (2497)
Cassino, S: Edson. The naturalists’ direc-
tory. =>. 1877) [Ree irs9)|:
Rey. (Entom. Nachrichten. 15 April 1878,
jahrg. 4, p. 111.) G: D. (2498)
PSYCHE.
Cassino, S: Edson, ed. The naturalists’
directory for 1880. Containing the names.
addresses, special departments of study,
etc., of the naturalists, chemists, physi-
cists. astronomers, etc., etc.
the scientific societies, of scientific periodi-
cals, and the titles of scientific books pub-
lished in America, from July 1, 1879, to
Oct. 1, 1880. Boston, Cassino, 1880. t.-p.
Saver, topo - 152-1 p., 20x14, t 14.2
X8.5. pap., $t.0o.
Rev. (Amer. bookseller, 1 Jan. 1881, v.
EO. Lae)
Crit. Tey-, by J: 5S. Kiingsiey |"
nat., Jan. 1881, v. 15, p. 42-43.)
Addresses of persons, with specialties mentioned,
unenumerated, arranged by states; 555 persons said to
make entomology a specialty; 5 entomological societies
mentioned. Advertisements; no index.
B:P.M. (2499)
Darwin, C:, see HeNsLow, G:, Note on the structure
of indigofera... [Rec., 2429].
Gosse, Philip H: The Canadian naturalist.
A series of conversations on the natural
history of Lower Canada. Lond.. 1840.
12+ 372 p., 22X12, t 14.5 X 8. il.
Contains very many original observations on insects,
scattered through the volume. For an index to the
notes on butterflies, see PSYCHE, Vv. 3, Pp. 245-247.
S: A. S. (2500)
(Amer.
Gosse, Philip H: Letters from Alabama
(U.S.), chiefly relating to natural history.
Wond:, 1659. 12-300 p., 17 X10:5, t 13.5%
Regn. Ue
Contains very many original observations on insects,
scattered through the volume. For an index to the
notes on butterflies, see PSYCHE, V. 3, Pp. 245-247-
No LIES C10) 0)
Hagen, Hermann August. On an aquatic
sphinx larva. (Psyche, Sep. [15 Dec. ]
1880, v. 3, p- 113.)
Abstract, entitled ‘‘An aquatic sphinx
larva. (CAmer. nat.) Feb: “188r, v.15, p:
151.) (Separate [General notes ; entomol-
ogy], from Amer. nat. Feb. 1881, p. 151.)
Aquatic habits of larva of an undescribed species of
ery melee feeding on floating leaves of nymphaea;
ist of the 6 described American species of philampelus.
B: Py M, (2502)
Hagen. Hermann August. Beitrag zur
Kenntnis des T'racheensystems der Libel-
len-Larven. (Zool. A..zeiger, 5 April 1880,
jahrg. 3. p. 157-161.)
Crit. rev. of a part of J. A. Palmén’s “Zur Morpho-
logie des Tracheensystems” .. . [Rec., 2588].
G: D._ (2503)
Insect locomotion.
1881, v. 5, p- 325-)
Notice of G. Carlet’s studies upon locomotion of
insects and spiders. G: D. (2504)
(Amer. nat., April
Also a list of
[2499-2512] 281
Johnson, James Smith. On hyphantria tex-
tor. (Can. entom., Jan. 1881, v. 13, p. 18.)
Biological notes. G: D. (2505)
Keferstein, Adolf. Betrachtungen iiber die
Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetter-
linge und deren Variation. Erfurt, Carl
Villaret, 1880. t.-p. cover, 116 p., 21X14.5,
t 17X 10.5.
Rey., by F. Katter. (Entom. Nachrichten,
1 July 1880, jahrg. 6, Lit. Rev., p. 54.)
A collection of peculiarities of the eggs, larvae,
pupae and imagos of lepidoptera, with citations of the
authorities on which many of the statements rest.
G; D, (2506)
Kellicott, D: Simons. The larva of cafo-
cala unijuga. (Can. entom., Feb. 1881, v.
13, P- 38-39-)
Description of larva of c. wutjuga found on populus
candicans. G: D. (2507)
Kellicott, D: Simons. Observations on
several species of aeger¢adae inhabiting the
vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y. (Can. entom.,
Jan. 1881, v. 13, p. 3-8.)
Biological notes on aegeria tricincta, a. pint (new
species), a. pictipes, a. acerni, a. pyrt, a. tipuliformis,
a. exitiosa and trochilium denudatum. G:D. (2508)
The naturalists’
(Amer. nat., Jan. 1881,
K[ingsley], J: Sterling.
directory for 188o.
V. 15, p. 42-43.)
Crit. rev. of S: E. Cassino’s ‘‘The naturalists’ direc-
tory for 1880”... [Rec., 2499]. The review is not en-
tomological. G. D. (2509)
Kirkpatrick, J. Honey bees killed by
pollen. (Amer. nat., Apr. 1869, v- 3, p.-
109, 6 cm. )
States that hive bees encumbered with pollen masses
of asclepias are ejected from the hive by the other
workers, aud allowed to starve; also records the death
of small flies and moths that are caught by the glands
but are too small to remove the pol//inta. W: T. (251c)
{Krancher, L.] Hdéchst erfreuliche Nach-
richten. (Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 1 Jan.
1881, jahrg. 17, p. 3-4.)
Quotes letter (dated, Cypress, 13 Dec. 1880) from
Frank Benton in regard to his (Benton’s) proposed trip
to India and the East Indian islands to study the varie-
ties of bees in those regions, and, if the races are found
good, to import them into America. Remarks of the
editor (L. Krancher) of the Deutsch. Bienenfr. upon
the subject. G: D. (2511)
Krancher, Oskar. Der Bau der Stigmen bei
den Insecten. (Zool. Anzeiger, 29 Nov.
1880, jahrg. 3, p. 584-588. )
Notice. (Amer. nat., April 1881, v. 15,
p- 320.)
Different forms of stigmata classified, their location,
tracheal valves and their structure; stigmata of no
great morphological value, but show adaptation to en-
vironment. G: D. (2512)
282 [2513-2527]
Lancelevée, T Une chasse interessante.
(Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1 Nov.
1880, an. II, p- 13.)
Fleeces of wool from Australia contain large numbers
of insects in good condition for collections.
G: D. (2513)
Latzel Robert. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der
Geophiliden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1 Nov.
1880, jahrg. 3, p- 546-547.)
Notes on himantartum and notiphilus; describes a
new genus, zotiphilodes based on notiphilus maximt-
Ziant from Mexico. G: D. (2514)
LeConte, J: Lawrence. On lightning bugs.
(Can. entom., Sept. 1880, v. 12, p. 174-184.)
Considerations upon those /ampyridae and lampyrid
larvae which emit light; their classification, the nature,
causes, and uses of their light. G: D.. (2515)
Leggett, W: H._ Fertilization of rhenza
virginica, L. (Bull. Torrey bot. club,
Sept. 1881, v. 8, p. 102-104, 2 fig.)
Describes the structure of the flower, and its fertiliza-
tion by éombus. Also notes the behavior of bombus
while collecting pollen on cassia marilandica.
W: T. (2516)
Leggett, W: H. Grasshoppers. (Bull. Tor-
rey bot. club, Oct. 1874, v..5, p. 41, 7 cm.)
[Rec., 145 d.]
Records these insects as resorting to the flowers of
hemerocallis fulva, L., for shelter at night, their occa-
sional inability to escape after the flowers have closed
about them, and their consequent death.
We Te (2507)
Leggett, W: H. Honey bee killed by as-
clepias pollen. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1869, v.
3; p- 388-389, 12 cm.)
Notes the manner in which numbers of pollen masses
are removed by a bee, which finally becomes so loaded
as to be unable to escape from the last flower visited.
States also that hive bees on a given visit to hyacinths
confine themselves to flowers of a given color.
W; T. (2518)
Leggett, W: H. Imitation. (Bull. Torrey
bot. club, Nov. 1870, v. 1, p. 43, 3 cm.)
Describes the capture of a wasp by a yellow spider
that lay concealed among the flower-heads of a solidago.
Wake (2519)
Leggett, W: H. Imitation. (Bull. Torrey
botyelub, Awe; 1877 <V.2.2,,0s.32..4 Cm.)
States that the central purple flower of daucus carota
serves as a screen for one or more pee colored
small spiders. Wi F.. (2520)
Leland, E.R. Mites, ticks and other acari.
(Popular sci. mo., Feb. 1879, v. 14, p.
502-513.)
Notice, entitled ‘‘ The bug as an element
in food.” (Springfield [Mass.] d. repub-
lican, 21 Feb. 1879, p. 4, col. 3-4, 35 cm.)
Presence of insects in food. G: Wy (ager)
PS CHE.
Lendenfeld, R. Ueber den Flug der Libel-
len. Vorliufige Mittheilung. (Zool. An-
zeiger, to Jan. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 23-24.)
How /rbellulidae fly. G: D. (2522)
[Leucania unipuncta.|] (Springfield [ Mass. ]
d. republican, 1880: 8 June, p. 8, col. 2, 5
cm.; 11 June, p. 6, col..5. 1 Ci. Saieemes
p. 5, col..3, 4 ¢m.5 52 June, ps 5 cOneoaam
cm.; 14 June, p. §, col. 4-5, 8 cm.; 17 June,
p- 6, col..6, 1 cm.3 18) June, prey Goran
Pca; 19) Une, p: ay) col. 1, 5 Chin, 20 june.
p...6, col.) 1,,.3° cm. 3, 22) June, pageeoleeas
Sema; 22) June p05 ‘col, 5, Ieand) 2 em. Gr24.
June, p. 4, col. 4, 1 cm.; 24 June, p. 6, Col
Greil) 25). mes i col. 5: tnGit gees
June, p. 5, col. 3, 1 cm.; 26 Junespn G6, veer
5, 1 cm.; 28 June, p. 6, col.’5-6, Grcmmemes
June, p. 6, col. 6, 1 cm.; 29 June, p- 6, col.
6, 4 cm.; 30 June, p. 6, Col. 5aaecmeee
July, p. 6. col. 5, 1 cm.; 7 July, p. 6; col. 5;
1cm.; 8 July, p. 6, col. 2, 2 cmap jaly,
p- 6, col, 6, 1 cm.7°24 Joly; paieeeha,
i cm..;' 3 Sept; p-)3, coli2).1 ema
Items which note the appearance of the od
worm’ in parts of Nova Scotia, Me., N. H., Vt
Mass., Conn., N. Y., N. J., and.Pa.; and notes. upon
their devastations. G2 D. (2523)
Lichtenstein, Jules and Valery Mayet.
Etude sur le gribouri ou é€crivain de la viene,
cryptocephalus vitis Geoftroy, aujourd’hui
genre adoxus Kirby. Montpellier, 1879.
12 p., 22X14, t 16Xo9.
Rey. (Entom. Nachrichten, 15 Oct.
1879, jahrg. 5, p- 271.)
Figures and describes larva and pupa of adoxus
vitis; habits and remedies. G: D. (2524)
Lichtenstein, Jules. Manuel d’entomologie
a Vusage des horticulteurs du midi de la
France. Extrait des Annales de la société
dhorticulture et d’histoire naturelle d He-
rault. Montpellier, 1872. t.-p. cover, 83
Dee BNA 6,. t 16.5 eo:
A brief general work onentomology. G: D. (2525)
Lockwood, 3S:
beetle, oaleruca xanthomelaena.
nat., March 1881, v. 15, p. 242-244.)
(Amer.
Notes on 2. vanthomelaena and its ravages on elm
[wlmus| in N. J.; its mode of hybernation in houses.
G: D. (2526)
[Locusts as sources of chemicals.] (Psyche
advertiser, Mar.—Apr. [Sept.] 1878, p. 8.)
Formic acid and an oil, calopten, can be made from
caloptenus. Same statements are made under title
‘“Nutzen aus Heuschrecken” (Entom. Nachrichten,
1 Nov. 1878, jahrg. 4, p. 287). ; GED. (2527)
Notes on the elm-tree leaf- -
~~.
ASTCHE.
Lubbock, Sir J: On British wild flowers
considered in relation to insects. With
numerous illustrations. Lond.. Macmillan
and Co., 1875. 186 p., 18X12, t15X8.5:
130 fig.
*“Germ. tr., by A. Passow, entitled ‘Blu-
men und Insecten in ihrer Wechselbezie-
hung dargestellt. Nach der 2e Auflage.’
Berl., Borntrager, 1877. 8vo.”
Rev., by J. B., under full title. (Journ.
of botany, 1875, v- 13, n-S., V- 4, p- I57-)
Rey. of Germ. tr., by [Ernst] K[rause ].
(Kosmos. June 1877, v. 1, p. 275, 18 cm.)
In this popular book —one of the “Nature series” —
the author summarizes the studies of Sprengel, Miiller,
Darwin, Hildebrand and others on the mutual relations
between flowers and insects, considering more especially
the British flora. W: T. (2528)
Lubbock, S77 J: Common wild flowers con-
sidered in relation to insects. Address
delivered at the Belfast meeting of the Brit-
ish association for the advancement of sci-
ence, Aug. 1874. (Nature, 1874, v. Io:
17 Sept., p. 402-406; 24 Sept., p. 422-426.)
Describes, with the use of numerous figures, the
mutual adaptations between flowers and insects, and the
benefit resulting to both from the relations which are
maintained between them, W: T. (2520)
Ludwig, Fritz. Die Befruchtung der Pflan-
zen durch Hilfe der Insekten und die
Theorie Darwin’s von der Entstehung der
Arten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Bielefeld.
Velhagen & Klasing, 1867. t.-p. cover, 35
p., 22X14, t 16.5X9.5.
The author shows that some flowers are adapted for
constant crossing, others for occasional crossing, others
for constant self-fertilization. He argues that variability
and cross-fertilization are strong arguments against the
Darwinian theory of the origin of species, which he
believes cannot ie explained in the present state of our
knowledge. WERT A580)
MacLeod, Jules. Contribution a l’étude du
role des insectes dans la pollinisation des
fleurs hétérostyles, Arzmuda elatior. (Bull.
de l’acad. roy. de Belgique, July 1880, s. 2,
Vv. 50, p- 27-33.) ae
Abstract, with same title. (Bibliotheque
universelle; Archives des sci... Oct. 1880.
V. 4, p- 422-423.)
An undetermined species of bombus, while inserting
its tongue into the flowers of primu/a elatior for nectar,
transfers pollen from the long stamens to the long pistil,
and from the short stamens to the short pistil, effecting
legitimate unions of both sorts. B. muscorum, on the
pO hand, bites through the corolla at the level of the
short stamens, and, introducing her head through the
opening thus made, obtains the nectar, but in doing so
merely transfers pollen from the short stamens to the
short pistils, the pistils of the long-styled flowers re-
maining unfertilized. Wea (2535)
[2528-2539] 283
McGann, T. Bees and flowers.
gossip, Feb. 1877, p. 44, 3 cm.)
States that bombus gathered nectar from aconitum
and from fuchsia until September, when they were
superseded by apis mellifica, which also gather nectar
from tritoma. W: T. (2532)
(Science
Marshall, W. C. Fertilization by moths.
(Nature, 12 Sept. 1872, v. 6, p. 393, 3cm.)
Records the capture “on an island of less than six
acres [2.4 Ha.], in the middle of Derwentwater, of
20 specimens of the common ‘shark’ moth (cacullia
umbratica) ; of these, seven had the pollinia of the but-
terfly orchis (habenaria chlorantha) sticking to their
eyes.”’ No plants of this orchid growing on the island,
the moths must have carried the pollinia from places
at least a half-mile [0.8 Km.] from that where they were
taken. [hile GGT)
Mayet, Valéry, see LICHTENSTEIN, Jules and Valéry
Mayet, Etude sur le gribouri.. . [Rec., 2524].
Michels, H. Beschreibung des Nerven-
systems von oryctes ... [Rec., 1979].
Rev. and abstract, entitled, ‘‘Change in
the nervous system of beetles during meta-
morphosis.” (Amer. nat., Jan. 1881, v. 15,
p- 58-59.) G: D. (2534)
Minot, C: Sedgwick. A sketch of compar-
ative entomology. (Amer. nat., Dec. 1880.
v. 14, p. 871-880, fig. 20-28.)
Change from larva to pupa, and from pupa to butter-
fly is really gradual, though apparently sudden; figures
transverse section of a gastric coecum of caloptenus
spretus illustrating use of longitudinal folds to increase
the surface: insect tracheae derived from ectoderm.
G: D. (2535)
Moggridge, J..Traherne. The fertilization
of fumariaceae. (Nature. 7 May 1874. v.
TOP> 5515) €mi:.)
Describes the fertilization of fumaria capreolata var.
pallidifiora by a mason-bee [osmia]. Also notes the
visits of ap7s to reseda phyteuma. Witte (2536)
Monks, Sarah P. Curious habit of a dragon-
fly. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 141.)
Larva of aeschna throws water for defence as well
as for propulsion. G: D. (2537)
Morris, G. K. A_ new leaf-cutting ant.
(Amer. nat., Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 100-102.)
Description of the nest of an ant (? a¢ta.)
G: D. (2538)
Muhr, Josef. Die Mundtheile der Insecten
dargestellt auf 5 Wandtafeln. Prag, H.
Dominicus, 1879. t.-p., 1 p. expl. of pl.,
5 pl., incover. 63X44, t 38X53. M. 7.32.
Figures, on a large scale, the mouth-parts of gry/lus
campestris, carabus intricatus, apis mellifica, pieris
brassicae, pyrrhocoris aptera and culex - Accor-
ding to Zool. Anzeiger, 29 Dec. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 657,
this is the edition of 1878, with new tote
G: D. (2539)
284 [2540-2552]
Mubhr, Joseph. Die Mundtheile der Ortho-
ptera, ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anato-
mie. (4ter Jahresbericht tiber das deutsche
Staats-Realgymnasium in Prag . 1875-
1876, p. 1-16, pl. 1-2.)
General remarks upon mouth-parts of insects;
special treatment of the mouth-parts of forficulina,
blattina, mantodea and phasmodea; figures whole or
parts of the mouth-parts of forficula minor, pertplaneta
ortentalts, blatta germanica and mantis religiosa.
G: D. (2540)
Miiller, Fritz. Ueber die Befruchtung der
martha (posoguerta?) fragrans. (Bot.
Zeitung, 27 Apr. 1866, v. 24, c. 129-133, pl.
O:78))
Crit. rev., by C: Wright, entitled ‘‘Cross
fertilization.” (Amer. nat., Oct. 1868, v.
2, P- 437-440-)
Describes the structure of this Brazilian plant, and
its very remarkable adaptations to cross-fertilization
by insects. A note in of. c7t.,8 Mar. 1867, v. 25,¢. 80,
makes a slight correction to this article. Wy: 7. (2541)
Miiller, Fritz. Befruchtungsversuche an
cip6 alho, dégnonia. (Bot. Zeitung, 25
Sept. 1868, v. 26, c. 625-629. )
States that pollination is effected by bugs, beetles, and
humble-bees. The greater part of the paper consists in
an account of experiments which demonstrate the self-
impotence of the pollen of the species in question.
Wei Z.
Miiller, Fritz. Habits of ants, &c.
17 Feb. 1876, v. 13; p- 305, 16cm.)
States that cecropia trees in Brazil are protected
from leaf-cutting ants by other ants that are attracted
to the plant by outgrowths, rich in protoplasm, at the
bases of the leaf-stalks. Living in the hollow stems,
this protecting army is thus kept constantly on the
tree. Describes the manner of pupation of a chalcid
parasite of this ant. W; T. (2543)
Miiller, Fritz. Uber die von den Tricho-
pterenlarven der Provinz Santa Catharina
verfertigten Gehiuse. [Aus den] Archivos
de musev national, vol. III, p. 99-134, p.
209-214. Rio de Janeiro, 1880. _Aus dem
Portugiesischen iibersetzt von dem Bruder
des Verfassers, Dr. Hermann Miiller, in
Lippstadt. (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1880,
bd. 35, p- 47-87, pl. 4-5.)
Describes and figures the larval-cases of a large
number of larvae of trichoptera; with numerous bio-
logical notes. G: D. (2544)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 3. On the coexistence of two
forms of flowers in the. same species or
genus: a more conspicuous one adapted to
cross fertilization by insects, and a less
conspicuous one adapted to self fertiliza-
tion. (Nature, 25 Sept. 1873, v. 8, p. 433-
435-)
Describes the two sorts of flowers in /ysimachia vul-
aris, euphrasia officinalis and rhinanthus crista-galli,
indicating the insects which fertilize the larger flowers.
W: T. (2545)
(2542)
(Nature,
PSYCHE.
Miller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 4. On the two forms of flower
of viola tricolor, and on their different
mode of fertilization. (Nature, 20 Noy.
1873, V- 9. Pp. 44-46. ) :
Describes large and small flowered forms, the former
fertilized by insects, the latter occasionally visited by
insects but adapted to regular self-fertilization, The
flowers are figured in eight wood-cuts. Lists of the
insects taken on them are given. W; T. (2546)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 5. More conspicuous flowers
adapted to cross-fertilization and less con-
spicuous ones adapted to self-fertilization,
occurring in different species of the same
genus. (Nature, 1 Jan. 1874, v. 9, p. 164-
166. )
Compares some species of malva, epilobium and
polygonum, which illustrate the subject in question.
W: T. (2547)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 6. Different modes of self-fer-
tilization where visits of insects are wanting.
(Nature, 18 June 1874, v. 10, p. 129-130.)
Discusses the fertilization of myosurus minima and
myosotis versicolor; noting the insects which sometimes
fertilize them, and showing how self-fertilization is se-
cured in default of their visits. W: T. (2548)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 7. Butterflies the most frequent
visitors of alpine flowers. (Nature, 12 Noy.
1874, V. II, p- 32-33-)
Shows the relative proportion of apidae, lepidoptera
and other insects taken upon flowers at high altitudes.
W: T. (2549)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 8. Alpine species adapted to
cross-fertilization by butterflies, while the
most nearly allied species which inhabit
the plain or lower mountain region are
adapted to cross-fertilization by bees. (Na-
ture, 10 Dec. 1874, v. II, p- I10-£12.)
Contrasts alpine and lowland species of daphne, pri-
mula and rhinanthus, showing the changes which the
flowers of the alpine species have undergone to adapt
them to the lepidoptera which are their most frequent
visitors, W: T. (2550)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. g. Alpine orchids adapted to
cross-fertilization by butterflies. (Nature,
am Dec. 1874, V., lisope 260-5 7m)
Shows that while only 12-15 per cent. of the Westpha-
lian lowland or hill orchids are adapted to fertilization
by butterflies, these insects are the chief fertilizers of
alpine species, 60-80 per cent. of which show special
modifications by which they are enabled to profit by the
visits of butterflies. W: T. (2551)
Miller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 10. Léleum martagon. (Na-
ture, 20 May 1875, v. 12. p. 50-51, 35 cm.)
Shows that the flowers are adapted to fertilization by
diurnal lepidoptera, and shows how this is effected by
macroglossa stellatarum inthe Vosges. W: T. (2552)
= ii lea i
PSYCHE.
Miller. Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 11. Adaptation of flowers to
lepidoptera: Hlesperis trist/s. (Nature, 8
July 1875. v. 12, p. 190-191.)
Shows the flowers of this plant to be suited to fer-
tilization by nocturnal moths, and records those taken
upon it. W: T. (2553)
Miller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 12. Further observations on
alpine flowers. (Nature, 13 Jan. 1876, v.
12, Pp. 210-212.)
Remarks further on the plants considered in no. 11
of this series of papers [Rec., 2553], and in addition
discusses the adaptation of rhinanthus alpinus to fer-
tilization by butterflies, and of rh. alectorolophus by
bombus and butterflies. W: T. (2554)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 13. Additional alpine flowers
adapted to cross-fertilization by lepidoptera.
(Nature, 10 Feb. 1876, v. 13, p. 289-292.)
Shows the adaptation of vfola calcarata and Tilium
bulbiferum to fertilization by butterflies, and notes their
visitors, contrasting them with wv. tricolor and 7. marta-
gon. W: T. (2555)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 14. Flowers fertilized by the
wings of butterflies. (Nature, 22 June
1876, v. 14, p. 173-175, 4 fig.)
Shows that the flowers of a Brazilian hedychium are
cross-fertilized in the manner indicated; records their
visitors, from the observations of Fritz Miiller.
W;: T. (2556)
Miiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 15. Alpine species of gentian.
(Nature, 8 Feb. 1877, v. 15, p. 317-319.)
Shows that ofalpine gentians one has nectar accessible
to insects of all orders, some are adapted to fertilization
by dombus, while many are adapted to lepidoptera.
Wests (2557)
tiller, Hermann. Fertilization of flowers
by insects. 16. Alpine species of gentiana
adapted to lepidoptera. (Nature, 29 Mar.
1877, V- 15. P- 473-475-)
Discusses the fertilization of several species, enu-
merating their visitors. Traces the probable descent
of German and Swiss gentians, by aid of a sort of an-
cestral tree, W; T. (2558)
Miiller, Hermann. On tthe fertilization of
flowers by insects and on the reciprocal
adaptations of both. [1.] (Nature. 3 July
1873. v. 8, p. 186-189.)
Shows how afis and bombus obtain the nectar of
flowers. Figures the mouth-parts of af/s and of three
species of bombus. ‘This and the succeeding articles
bearing the same title are taken in large part from the
author’s ‘*Die Befruchtung der Blumen .. .”* [Rec., 2045].
W: T. (2559)
Miiller, Hermann. On the fertilization of
flowers by insects and on the reciprocal
adaptations of both. 2. In what manner
the hive- and humble-bees obtain the honey
of the flowers. (Nature, to July 1873, v. 8,
p- 205-206. )
Shows how bees obtain -nectar properly and by
violence. W: T. (2560)
[2553-2571 | 285
Miiller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers :
literature of 1873.] (Bot. Jahresbericht
..- Just, [1874], v. 1, p: 360-378.)
As editor of this department of the annual named,
Dr. Miiller reviews 17 books and papers relating to
pollination. W: T. (2561)
Miiller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers:
literature of 1874.] (Bot. Jahresbericht
... Just, [1876], v. 2, p. 880-903.)
Reviews 18 books and papers relating to the pollina-
tion of flowers. Vs T& (2562)
Miller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers :
literature of 1875.] (Bot. Jahresbericht
..+ Just, [1877], v. 3. p- 903-909. )
Reviews 14 books and papers on the fertilization of
Howers. W: T. (2563)
Miller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers :
literature of 1876.] (Bot. Jahresbericht
.., Just, [1878], v. 4, p. 935-948.)
Notices 34 books and articles concerning the fertiliza-
tion of flowers, and the general relations between flowers
and animals. W: T. (2564)
Miiller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers:
literature of 1877. ] (Bot. Jahresbericht
-- + Just, [1879]. v. 5, P- 732-755-)
Reviews 45 papers on the mutual relations between
flowers and insects, etc. W: T. (2565)
Miiller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers :
literature of 1878. ] (Bot. Jahresbericht
..- Just, [1880-1881], v. 6, p. 303-329.)
Notices 47 papers on the pollination of flowers, etc.
W: T. (2566)
Miiller, Hermann. [Fertilization of flowers:
literature of 1879-1880. ] (Bot. Jahresbericht
=.» Just, [it88e]} vi 7; p.'92=150.)
Notices 128 publications on the pollination of flowers,
ete: W: T. (2567)
Miller, Hermann. Fertilization of the fw-
martaceae. (Nature, 16 April 1874, v. 9.
p- 460-461, 23 cm.)
Discusses the changing color of certain flowers, and
especially of fumitory, in its bearing upon their fertili-
zation. W: T. (2568)
Miiller, Hermann. The fertilization of fw-
martaceae. (Nature, 7 May 1874, v. 10, p.
yy otbe Cite)
Discusses the change in color which the flowers of a
fumitory undergo, in its bearings on their insect fer-
tilization. W: T. (2569)
Miller, Hermann. Ground ivy. (Nature,
26 June 1873. v. 8, p. 161-162, 11 cm.)
Shows how gyno-dioicism may have been acquired
in flowers through natural selection. Records the insect
visitors of thymus serpyll/um and nepeta glechoma.
W: T. (2570)
Miiller, Hermann. Die Insecten als unbe-
wusste Blumenziichter [ Rec., 1642].
Abstract, by W: Trelease, entitled ‘In-
sects as unconscious selectors of flowers.”
(Amer. nat., Apr. 1879, v. 13, p. 257-260. )
WEST... (2571)
286 [2572-2583]
Miiller, Hermann. Nectar, its nature, oc-
currence and uses. (Bot. Zeitung, 29 Oct.
1880, v. 38, c. 748-749, 24 cm.)
Abstract of paper by W: Trelease, with same title,
in J. H. Comstock’s ‘Report on cotton insects.” [See
Rec., 2475.] W: TZ. (2572)
Miiller, Hermann. Probosces capapie of suck-
ing the nectar of angraecum sesquifedale.
(Nature, 17 July 1873, v. 8, p. 223, 16cm.)
Describes and figures the proboscis of a Brazilian
sphinx 0.25 metre long;—as an indirect answer to W.
A. Forbes’ ‘‘Fertilization of orchids” (Nature, 12 June
1873, v. 8, p. 121) [Rec., 2400]. Ws Do (2373)
Miiller, Hermann. Saxifraga umbrosa
adorned with brilliant colors by the selec-
tion of syrpkidae. (Nature, 8 July 1880,
Vv. 22, p. 21g.)
Reprint. (Botanical gazette, Sept. 1880,
V. 5) P- 93-94, II cm.)
Reprint, with comments. (Bull. Torrey
bot. club, Sept. 1880, v. 7, p. 99-100, 15 cm.)
Attributes the beautiful variegation of these flowers
to the unconscious selection of certain syrphus flies
which serve as agents for their cross-fertilization.
W: T. (2574)
Miiller, Hermann. Die Wechselbeziehung-
en zwischen den Blumen und den ihre
Kreuzung vermittelnden Insekten. (Aus
**Encyclopadie der Naturwissenschaften.
Abtheil. 1, Theil 1, ‘Schenk’s Handbuch
der Botanik.’”) Breslau, Trewendt, 1879.
RID ps5 25 WG. 5, tien M2 3) seutio:
Abstract, by W: Trelease, entitled ‘‘The
mutual relations between flowers and the
insects which serve to cross them.” (Amer.
nat., July 1879, v. 13, p- 451-452.)
Abstract, by F. Delpino,under title ‘‘Rap-
portitra fiori e pronubi.” (Rivista bot., 1879,
P- 50-53-)
Abstract, by author, under same title. (Bot.
Jahresbericht ... Just, 1879. v. 7, p. 97-99.)
A popularly written exposition of the mutual relations
between flowers and animals, especially insects.
We TD. (2575)
Miller, Hermann. Weitere Beobachtungen
uber Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insek-
ten. 1. (Verhandl. des naturhist. Ver-
eins der preuss. Rheinl. und Westfalens,
1878, jahrg. 35, folge 4, jahrg. 5, p. 279-
3228, pl. 6.)
Separate, with same title. Berlin, R.
Friedlander & Sohn, 1879. t.-p., 59 p-, 22
A 14, (07-5 269-56atuplky 222627.
Ital. tr. of greater portion, with comments,
by F. Delpino, entitled ‘‘Altre osservazioni
intorno a piante zoidiofile.” (Rivista bot..
1879, P- 53-61-)
Additional observations on the pollination of plants
studied in the author’s ‘‘Die Befruchtung der Blumen’’
| Rec., 2045], with the addition of a few not mentioned
in that work. Records the visits of many insects.
WT. (2576)
PSICHE.
Miiller, Hermann. Weitere Beobachtungen
iiber Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insek-
ten. 2. Mit zwei Tafeln. [Separat aus Ver-
handl. d. naturhist. Vereins d. preuss.
Rheinl. u. Westfalens, jahrg. 36.] Berlin,
R. Friedlander & Sohn, 1880. t.-p. cover,
t.-p., p.197-268; pl. 2-3, 22X14, t 17X9.3.
pam., M. 2.50.
Notice, by Sickmann. (Entom. Nachrich-
ten, 1880, jahrg. 6:'1 Apr., Lit. Rey. op:
36; 15 May, Lit. Rev., p. 43.)
Additions to the author’s ‘Die Befruchtung der
Blumen durch Insekten”’ ,. . [Rec., 2045.] __
G: D. (2577)
Mundt. A. H. Notes upon climatic influ-
ences on samia gloveri of Utah and s.
ceanoth? of California. (Can. entom.,
Feb. 1881, v. 13, p- 35-37-)
Effect of differences of temperature and moisture on
the larvae and pupae of the above-mentioned species.
G: D. (2578)
N., N. Besitzt die cyprische Biene entschied-
ene Vorziige? (Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 15
June 1880, jahrg. 16, p. 181.)
Answer and crit. rev.. by J. Stahala,
entitled ‘* Der Entscheidungskampf wegen
der Leistungsfahigheit der cyprischen Bie-
ne. (Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 15 Jan. 1881,
jahrg. 17, p. 23-28.)
Objections to Cyprian bees. G: D. (2579)
Note on nutgalls. (New remedies, Feb.
1881, v. 10, p. 53, II cm.)
Statistical and other notes on cynips quercus-folit
and its galls on guercus tnfectoria, from Karl Scher-
zers “Smyrna” :.. ; G: D. (2580)
Olivier, Ernest. Lachrysomeéle des pommes
de terre, doryphora decemlineata, meurs,
histoire, moyens de destruction. 2éme édi-
tion. Besancon, 1878. t.-p. cover, 35 p., I
pl., 19X12, t13X7.-7.
Rev. (Nouv. et faits divers de l’Abeille,
1878, no. 18, p. 70.)
D. decemlineata, its classification, nomenclature,
history of its spread in America and introduction into
Europe, description and figures of its various stages,
means to use against it, and its natural enemies.
G: D. (2581)
Osborn, Herbert. Food habits of saperda
cretata. (Amer. nat., March 1881, v. 15,
Pp. 244.)
Mode of egg-laying, and way in which the larva feeds
on apple trees. G: D. (2582)
Overrated ant (The). From Mark Twain’s
new book ‘‘A tramp abroad.” (Springfield
[Mass.] d. republican, 26 May 188o. p. 8,
Col. oy 25 Cie)
Humorous account of the labors of ants.
G: Ds (2583)
BST CAT.
Bibliography
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Preliminary notice of a proposed bibliography of
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Packard, Alpheus Spring, 77. Cefonia inda.
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C. inda injures corn [zea mays] in Massachusetts.
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Packard, Alpheus Spring. jr. Eggs of the
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ger, 5 April 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 157-161.)
Treats of the tracheal system, of tracheal gills, of
the formation of stigma in the ephemeridae, perlidae,
libellulidae, trichoptera and stalfs, and in certain
species of diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera and coleo-
ptera; general considerations upon closed tracheal
systems and the formation of stigmata in them; the
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Plant-feeding habits of predaceous beetles.
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Zabrus gibbus, megilla maculata, coccinella novem-
notata, brachyacantha ursina, hippodamia convergens,
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galerita, loxopeza, calathus, anisodactylus, amara, cra-
tacanthus, evarthrus, pterostichus, chlaentus and bra-
dycellus, have been found to eat vegetable food.
Compiled from papers of F. M. Webster, S. A. Forbes,
W : Trelease, W. A. Buckhout and others.
G: D. (2589)
Protection against flies and mosquitoes (A).
(Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 26 July
1880, p. 2, col. 6, 6 cm.)
A correspondent (in Mature) recommends a weak
decoction of quassia chips to keep flies and mosquitoes
from the face, and to keep insects out of beds.
G: D. (2590)
Puton. A. Meeurs des Aster. (Feuille des
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[2584-2597] 287
Raabe,—. Die Ueberwinterung der Bienen.
(Deutsch. Bienenfreund, 1881, jahrg. 17:
I Feb., p. 34-40; 15 Feb., p. 51-57, 1 fig.)
How to keep bees healthy through the winter.
G: D. (2592)
Raulin,—. Du sommeil de la chrysalide
chez diverses espéces de bombyx. Lyon,
1879. t.-p. cover, 2 t.-p., p. 11-18, 26X17,
t 17.5 X 10.4.
Paper read before the Société d’agriculture, histoire
naturelle et arts utiles de Lyon, on 29 Nov. 1878. The
author concludes from experiments made upon the
chrysalids of bombyx cynthia, with electricity and by
subjecting the chrysa.ids to various degrees of cold,
that “there is a great analogy between the physiolog-
ical phenomena of the life of the chrysalids and of that
of the eggs of bombyx; the sleep and the reawakenin
of the chrysalids resemble very much the sleep and
reawakening of the eggs. In this sense one can say that
the chrysalis is to the butterfly as the egg is to the
larva.”’ G: D. (25093)
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Reichenau, Wilhelm. Zur Kenntniss der
Feinde schadlicher Krautraupen. (Entom.
Nachrichten, 1 Feb. 1881, jahrg. 7, p.
50-51.)
Proportion which the number of chrysalids of pzeris
rapae and p. brassicae bear to the number of their
parasites (¢chneumon and pteromalus puparum).
G: D. (2594)
Reilly, Robert B. Let the cockroach giggle!
Song and chorus. J/lustr. words and
music. New York, 1881. 5 p., 4°.
The chorus reads:
Then let the cockroach giggle in his corner on the floor,
And the red ant in the closet laugh away;
While the old daddy-long-legs in the centre parts his
hair,
From childhood’s home I never long can stray.
S: #7, 3S. (2505)
Riley, C: Valentine. The Colorado beetle,
with suggestions for its repression and
methods of destruction. Lond., G: Rout-
ledge & Sons, 1877. 123[-+adv.] p. [incl.
t pl.], 17 X10.5, t 13X 7.5.
Doryphora decemlineata; its past history, its native
home, rate and mode of its invasion, causes which limit
its spread, how it has affected the price of potatoes, the
modifications it has undergone, its natural history, its
poisonous qualities, its food plants, its natural enemies,
remedies, use of Paris green, alarm about the insect
abroad, nomenclature, the bogus Colorado potato-beetle
(d. juncta). G: D. (2506)
[Riley, C: Valentine.] Hybernation of the
cotton-worm moth: ease with which mis-
takes are made. (Amer. nat., March 1881.
V. 15, P- 244-245, 3 fig.) (Separate [Gen-
eral notes; entomology], from Amer. nat..
Mar. 1881, p. 244-245, 3 fig.)
Quotes letter from I. A. Wimbish, in which the
writer has sent a specimen of /eucania unipuncta
supposing it to be aletia argillacea. How to recognize
aletia. Figures ovipositor and eggs of /. unipuncta
and imagos of both species. G: D. (2597)
288 [2598-2613]
Riley, C: Valentine. Insectivorous plants.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1874, v. 8, p. 684-687)
[Rec., 285].
Reprint, with figure, and same title.
(Science gossip, 1874, p. 272-275, fig.)
Is in the main a résumé of the author’s ‘On the in-
sects more particularly associated with sarracenia vartio-
laris..2°? (Proc. Amer. assoc. advance, sci., 1874, v. 23, pt.
2, p. 18-25) [Rec., 576; see also Rec., 143c]. Treats of
the insects captured by sarracenia, and of those which
enter and leave the pitchers at will. W: T. (2508)
Riley, C: Valentine. Insectivorous plants.
(Science gossip, 1874, p. 272-275, fig.)
Reprint of Riley’s ‘‘Insectivorous plants” (Amer,
nat., Nov. 1874, v. 8, p. 684-687) [Rec., 285, 2508], with
the addition of one or more figures. W: T. (2599)
Riley, C: Valentine. Larval habits of bee-
flies, dombylitdae. (Amer. nat., Feb. 1881,
Vv. 15, p-. 143-145, fig. 1-3-) (Separate
[General notes; entomology], from Amer.
nat. Feb. 1881, p. 143-145, fig. 1-3.)
Habits of systoechus and trifodites as parasites on
locusts’ eggs, and notice of T. A. Chapman’s “On the
economy... of bombylius’? (Entom. m. mag., Feb.
1878), which records bombylius major as a parasite of
andrena labialis. Figures larva, pupa and imago of
systoechus oreas. G: D. (2600)
Rothrock, J.T. The fertilization of flowering
plants. (Amer. nat., Apr. 1867, v. I, p.
64-72.)
Describes some of the contrivances by which flowers
profit by the visits of insects. Does not mention any
insect visits on his own authority. W: 1: (2601)
Rudow, Eine Missbildung von musca
domestica. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 March
1881, jahrg. 7, p- 84.)
A fly with three wings and three halteres.
G: D. (2602)
Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge
(Ueber den). (Entom. Nachrichten, 1875,
jahrg. 1: 1 May, p. 69-75; 15 May, p. 77-
78.)
Abstract of A. Weismann’s ‘Studien zur Descen-
denz-Theorie. 1. ...[Rec., 2617]. G: D. (2603)
Saunders, W:, ed., see CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST
(The).
Saunders, W: Annual address of the pres-
ident of the entomological society of
Ontario. (Can. entom., Oct. 1880, v. 12,
p- 189-197.)
Devoted to economic entomology; deais with insec-
tivorous birds, and insects which are parasitic on injur-
ious insects; the species on which notes are chiefly
given are pierts rapae, its parasite (pleromalus pupa-
rum), attacus luna, bruchus pist, the plum_ weevil [con-
otrachelus nenuphar|, monohammus confusor, m. scu-
tellatus, epicauta pensylvanica, the oyster-shell bark-
louse [mytilaspis pomicorticis| found on currant
[ribes], clisiocampa sylvatica and macrodactylus sub-
spinosus. See W : Saunders’ ‘‘Correction” (Can. en-
tom., Dec. 1880, v, 12, p. 262-263) [Rec., 2605].
G: D. (2604)
PSTCHE,.
Saunders, W: Correction. (Can. entom.,
Dec. 1880, v. 12, p. 262-263.)
Corrects a statement in regard to epicauta pensylva-
ica in his ‘*Annual address of the president of the ento-
mological society of Ontario’’ (of. crt., Oct. 1830, v. 12,
p. 189-197) [Rec., 2604]. G; D. (2605)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners.
(Can. entom., Jan. 1881, v. 13, p- 1-2)
Treats of euryomia inda and thyreus abbotit.
G: D. (2506)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners.
On two mites. (Can. entom.. Nov. 1880,
Vieat2, Dp. 237-2300)
Notes on ¢tetranychus telarius and ah Se stro,
GaaD.
(2607)
Schilde, Johannes. Gegen pseudodoxische
Transmutationslehren, ein entomolog.
Nachweis irriger Studien zur Descendenz-
theorie. Leipzig, Otto Wigand, 1879. t.-p.
cover, 4-+154 [-+-2] p., 2305, gn anes
pam., M. 2.50.
Crit. rev., by F. Katter. (Entom. Nach-
richten, 15 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 5, p. 301-302. )
Reply to Katter’s crit. rev., by Schilde
[with note by Katter]. (Entom. Nach-
richten, 1 Jan. 1880, jahrg. 6, Lit. Rev.,
p- 6-8.)
Crit. rev. of A. Weismann’s ‘* Studien zur Descen-
denz-Theorie. 1. ... [Rec., 2617]. G: D. 2608)
Schwarz, Eugene Amandus. Biological
note on euplectrus comstockiz. Howard.
(Amer. nat., Jan. 1881. v. 15, p. 61-63.)
(Separate [General notes; entomology],
from Amer, nat., Jan. 1881, p. 61-63.)
Separate, [Phil., 1881]. p. 61-63, t 17.7
X 11.2.
Habits of e. comstockiz, which is parasitic on larvg
of aletia argillacea, G: D. (2609 )
Silkworm raising in Russia. (Journ. ap-
plied sci., March 1881, v. 12, p. 43, 7 em)
Statistical. G: D. (2510).
Spaulding, Justin. The bee’s tongue. and
glands connected with it. (Amer. nat.,
Feb. 1881, v. 15, p. 113-119, 5 fig.)
Figures and describes a gland in the head and thorax
of apis mellifica, and the mouth parts of the same
insect. G: DL» (2am)
[Spider-bite.] (New England homestead,
3 July 1880, p. 3, col. 6, 1 cm.)
Records a fatal spider-bite. G: D. (2612)
Trelease. W: The fertilization of alpine
flowers. (Bull. Torrey bot. club. Feb. 188r.
v. 8, p. 13-14.) i
Review of Hf. Miiller’s ** Alpenblumen. . .” [Rec.,
175} W: T. (2613)
Ww
‘a
PSYCHE.
Trelease, W: The mutual relations between
flowers and the insects which serve to cross
them. (Amer. nat., July 1879, v. 13, p-
451-452.)
Abstract of H: Miiller’s ‘‘Die Wechselbeziehungen
zwischen den Blumen und den ihre Kreuzung vermitteln-
den Insekten [Rec., 2575]. W: T. (2614)
Trelease, W: Plant-feeding ground-beetles.
(Amer. entom., Oct. 1880, v. 3, n. S., Vv. I,
Pe 25i, 9 Ci.)
Finds large numbers of the carabid, harpalus caligt-
nosus, feeding on the green fruit of ambrosia artemtsiae-
folia. We: @; (2615)
Weale, J. P. Mansel. Some observations on
the fertilization of disa macrantha. (Journ.
inn. Soc, bot., 23 Nov. 1870, v.13; p-
45-47-)
Believes the flowers adapted to fertilization by diurnal
and nocturnal insects, but has not proved this by direct
observation. W: T. (2616)
Weismann, August. Studien zur Descend-
enz-Theorie. 1. Ueber den Saison-Dimor-
phismus der Schmetterlinge. Mit 2 Farb-
endrucktafeln. [Separat aus Annali del
Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova,
1874, v. 6.] Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1875.
te-p- cover, 4-|-95 p-, 2. col. pl., 26X17, t 18
X10. pam., M. 4.
Abstract, entitled, ‘‘ Ueber den Saison-
Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge.” (En-
tom. Nachrichten. 1875, jahrg. 1: 1 May,
p- 69-75; 15 May, p. 77-78.)
Notice. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Apr.
1877, jahrg. 3. p. 59.)
Crit. rev. (J. Schilde’s ‘‘Gegen pseudo-
doxische Transmutationslehren”... [Rec.
2608 J.)
Engl. tr., by R. Meldola, with prefatory
notice by C: Darwin, entitled ‘‘Studies in
Efestheoryeot descent, Part x. On the
seasonal dimorphism of butterflies.” With
original communications by W: H: Ed-
wards. Lond., Sampson Low, 1880. 8vo.,
with 2 col. pl. 8 sh.—[ Record compiled
from notices in Naturae novitates, March
1880, p. 51; Amer. nat., June 1880, v. 14,
p- 468; and Zool. Anzeiger. 23 Aug. 1880,
jahrg. 3, p. 410. |
Discusses the meaning, origin, and causes of seasonal
dimorphism, and the relation of seasonal dimorphism
to climatic varieties and to alternation of generation.
The plates illustrate forms of vanessa /evana, pterts
napt, papilio ajax, lycaena agestis, polyommatus phlaeas
and pararga egeria. G: D. (2617)
What the birds eat. (Springfield [Mass.] d.
republican, 13 Aug. 1880, p. 3, col. 1,25 cm.)
Abstract of a paper read at a meeting of the Ontario
agricultural commission by ‘* William E. Saunders, the
well-known Canadian ornithologist.’?> Abstract consists
mostly of notes on the kinds of insects eaten by differ-
ent birds. G: D. (2618)
[2614-2625 ] 289
White, F. Buchanan. Winter fertilization
by agency of insects. (Journ. of botany,
TS 72 0v LOw HS V. Ly pe 40, 6. CUl.)
Criticises certain statements in W. E. Hart’s ‘Winter
fertilization” (Journ. of botany, 1872, v.10, n.S., v. 1,
p. 25-25) [Rec., 2425], in regard to the abundance of
insects on flowers in winter. W: T. (2619)
Wilson, A. Stephen. On the association of
an inconspicuous corolla with proterogy-
nous dichogamy in insect-fertilized flowers.
(Rept. British assoc. advance. sci., 1878, p.
564-567.)
Shows that the inconspicuous proterogynous flowers
of scrophularia are tertilized by wasps, which visit
them for their nectar, From numerous observations
he concludes that as a rule these insects begin with the
uppermost flower, and work downward, instead of
starting with the lowest and working upward as bees do,
Since a part of their food consists of living prey, likely
to elude them in many cases, the writer believes their
powers of perception to be more acute than those of
bees; hence they should find flowers so inconspicuous
as to be overlooked by bees, and as the latter, from their
order of visiting the flowers, would effect close fertiliza-
tion within a given plant in the case of proterogynous
species, instead of crossing the flowers of different plants,
he concludes that it is advantageous to many proterogy-
nous plants to have inconspicuous flowers, which would
be found only by the wasps upon which they rely for
their pollination. W: JT. (2620)
Wilson, A. Stephen. Some mechanical ar-
rangements subserving cross-fertilization of
plants by insects. (Rept. British assoc.
advance. sci., 1878, p. 568, 5 cm.)
Shows the use of floral peculiarities of vinca, pingut-
cula and digitalis. Does not record any insect visits.
W: T. (2621)
Wright, C: Cross fertilization.
nat., Oct. 1868, v. 2, p- 437-440.)
Describes structure of flowers of posoguerta, by which
cross-fertilization by the aid of insects with long pro-
boscis is secured and close-fertilization prevented. Crit-
icises Fritz Miiller’s studies in his ‘‘Ueber die Befrucht-
ung der martha ( posoqueria?) fragrans” (Bot. Zeitung,
27 Apr. 1866, v. 24, c. 129-133) [ Rec., 2541], on a Brazilian
species of posogueria. W: T. (2622)
(Amer.
Yeoman, D. S. [Cork linings for insect
cases.] (Bull. Brooklyn entom. soc., 1878-
1676; Lvs 1; (p- 8; 2, 245.325 ‘40, 51, 60,68,
76, 84, 92.)
Advertisement. BeP iM (2623)
Young, H. W. Fertilization of gerardia
flava, L. (Bulletin Torrey bot. club,
Sept. 1873, v-.4, p>» 41,5 cm.)
Describes the actions. of a hive-bee [apis mellifica|
while collecting pollen. V: T. (2624)
Zoological notes. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1880,
Vv. 14, P- 739-740-)
Includes statement by W.S. Ball, that swarms ot
apis mellifica destroyed nearly half his grapes; notices
of descriptions of the stridulating organs of arachnida,
and of descriptions, by Keyserling, of new species of
arachnida from the U.S. and from S, A.
B: PM, (2625)
290 PSYGAK.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Dr. C. V. RILEY was reappointed Ento-
mologist of the United States Department of
Agriculture, 6 July 1881, and entered upon
his duties 1 Aug. 1881.
CapTAIN HOLDEN, who has recently re-
moved to Cincinnati from Marietta, Ohio,
has been an enthusiastic collector of spiders
ever since his college days. In the pursuit of
this fancy he has collected nearly 25,000 spec-
imens, embracing 4000 species, from all parts
of the world. They are arranged in glass
bottles, with labels giving name, collector
and locality. California furnished 5000 spec-
imens, and New England as many more.
One species is represented by 108 specimens,
from all parts of the United States, showing
how much effect environment has in modify-
ing form. The collection is supplemented by
a full and complete catalogue of the literature
of the subject, comprising about 70,000 refer-
ences on 10,000 cards. This valuable contri-
bution to the study of this little-known branch
of natural history he hopes to complete and
publish at an early day.-— Bost. d. advert., 3
Aug. 1881, v. 138, no. 27, p. 4.
Mr. J. W. FREESE, of Cambridge, Mass.,
communicates to us the following : —
I thinking to drive away a large harvest-
man (Phalangium) by pressing the extremity
of one of its legs gently with the edge of my
pocket-knife, it, to my surprise, instead of
running away, placed the injured part in its
mouth and began to moisten it with a fluid
secretion, behaving much as a child does with
a wounded finger. I repeated the pressure
on three or four different legs, and afterward
experimented with another spider. always
with the same result.
At another time I drove one of these spiders
from place to place by gently touching it.
Finally it took a position on a horizontal
leaf, its long legs projecting beyond the edge
of the leaf. I touched these extremities as
before. whereupon it began to move its body
rapidly up and down, seemingly thinking
thus to frighten away its supposed enemy.
Hasits oF dombylius. The December
number of the ‘‘American entomologist”
gives further details about the preying of the
larva of bombylius on locust-eggs. The
species of the fly was ascertained by breeding,
nearly at the same time, by Mr. Lemmon in
California, and by the able editor of the
American entomologist, Mr. C. V. Riley.
Two gencra were obtained by Mr. Riley:
systoechus, a genus also represented in Eu-
rope, and occurring principally in dry plains;
and ¢rzodites (O. S., Western dipt.) ; belong-
ing to the group domatina. It must be borne
in mind, however, that the larvae of bomby-
Zius (in the narrower sense) live in the cells
of different bees (axdrena, colletes, halictus),
as has been ascertained by the direct obser-
vations of MacLeay (Ann. nat. hist., 1838),
Morelet (Bull. soc. entom. France, 1845, p.
xxiv), Schmidt Goebel (Stettiner ent. Zeit.,
1876, p. 392), and T. A. Chapman (Entom.
mo. mag., 1878, v. 14, p. 196). What re-
mains to be ascertained now, are the early
stages of those larvae, which, as Mr. Riley
very acutely remarks (/. c. p. 282), very prob-
ably are ‘‘much more active than in the later
stages and of a somewhat different structure.”
This results from the fact that the fly per-
forms the act of oviposition in the open air,
that is, some distance from the underground
nest of the bee; this act was closely observed
by Dr. Chapman; but we have also earlier
observations, the earliest being that of Gil-
bert White (Nat. hist. of Selborne): ‘‘The
female (he says) seems to lay its eggs as it
poises on its wings, by striking its tail on the
ground and against the grass that stands in
its way, in a quick manner, for several times
together.” A similar observation was made
by Frauenteld on the oviposition of lomatia
(Verh. Z.-B. Ges., 1864, p. 688). The state-
ments of Zetterstedt (Ins. Lapp.. p. 520) and
Zeller (Isis, 1840, p. 25.) on the oviposition
of anthrax differ in the tact that both ob-
servers saw the fly ¢wsert the end of the
abdomen in the soil.—C: R. OsTEN SACKEN
in Entom. mo. mag., Feb. 1881, vy. 17, p.
206-207.
—e— ee
——---
gale ft De fae 291
A NEW entomological society, without
definite place of meeting, is proposed in
France.
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL periodical. the HW7e-
ner entomologische Zeitung, will be com-
menced in January 1882 at Vienna, Austria.
Its price will be eight marks a year.
Mr. B: PICKMAN MANN was appointed As-
sistant Entomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, 23 July 1881, and
entered upon his duties 1 Sept. 1881.
W. W. Fow Ler states, in the Extom. mo.
mag., June 1881, v. 18, p. 18-19, that a speci-
men of rhagium inguisttor, on which he
experimented, supported by the clinch of its
jaws a suspended weight 547 times the weight
of itself.
Mr. AuGustus R. GrRoTe has sold his
fine collection of North American lepidoptera.
for five thousand dollars, the British Museum
of London, Eng., being the purchaser. Thus,
by the neglect of home institutions to secure
this collection, replete with typical specimens,
it has been lost permanently to the country
where it belonged.
A WELL-KNOWN resident in Quebec is
about to establish an apiary in the city on a
very extensive scale. He has sent to Ceylon
to obtain a special species of bee recently dis-
covered in that island by Mr. Benton, the
American apiarist. It is stated that Mr.
Jones, of Beeton, Ontario, sold 37,000 Ibs.
{16,783 Kilos.] of honey from his apiary du-
ring last year.— Colonies and India, 10 Dec.
1881, p. 4.
THE FOLLOWING paragraph was crowded
out of Dr. H. A. Hagen’s article on psocina,
on p. 220 of the current volume of PsYCHE :—
I am not prepared to give any satisfactory
explanation of the use of the pterostigma-
hook. It seems doubtless that it will serve
for some purpose, but I think not for copula-
tory purposes, as it occurs in both sexes. It
seems to be more developed in the genera
which jump easily, and perhaps it may serve
as a point of support for the intended motion
of jumping. The pterostigma is apparently
a blood sinus, serving as regulator of the
blood circulation.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 1o Mar. 1882.
11 Nov. 14 Apr.
9 Dec. 12 May
13 Jan. 1882. g June
to Pebs -5
B: PrIcKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
23 Nov. 22 Mar.
28 Dec. 26 Apr.
25 Jan. 1882. 24 May
B: PIcKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
5S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
11 Nov. 14. Apr.
oDecr es 12 May
13 Jan. 1882. g June
10,Feb.. *
James H. RipinGs, /eecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. RipinoGs, Pec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 188r. 3 Jan. 1882.
4 Oct. 7 Feb.
t Nov. 4 Mar.
6 Dec. ACA DES eS
G: H. Bowes, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.—Lite-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
GAIT. (SCC SY CHE .Var 3,0 P 2059:
292 PS¥CHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phanogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America,
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new angl desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
asth. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY,
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
ume. Address remittances to the Editor,
g Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the 1st. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
$<" European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed, after 1 Oct. 1881, to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
30, rue des Carmes,
Paris, France.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
tro Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’?S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Noy. 1878.
IIp.tiIg X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2, THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879.
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
| cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. ‘Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t I9 X 12.5.
Address G. M. DIMMOCK,
679 State Street,
Springfield, Mass.
Price 50 cents.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
| making a study of the North American forms. Those
| found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
No. 87-89 was issued 7 March, 1882.
6 p.t 19
%
—s
Poe Clik
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
ADITED BY
G: Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Washington, D. C.;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich. ; CLiirrorp CuasE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis Huntincton Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLtanp HAywarp. S: HENSHAW, H: ALBERT ROBIN,
Frank G: ScHaupp, S: HuBBARD ScuUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER,
W: TRELEASE, H: WARD TURNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 93.
JANUARY 1882. of
ms)
ye NG ke se
CONTENTS: ss
ADVERTISEMENTS. - . : : - 294
FRAGMENTS OF THE Pee caine. OF eran: Ee
Hubbard Scudder . : ‘ 5 : 295-298
XYLOCOPA PERFORATING A COROLLA a OTe eich Mom : : 6208
DEFENSIVE MIMICRY IN Soa -eaalmalimasaiage © Dimmock : : : : Pmt 209
Loan LIBRARIES : : : ; : : : : : <9 300
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL aces no. mee cbse - - : : 2 : : : 301-302
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMs— Society Meetings— Prize Essays . : z ; ; 2 Mi 20F
ADVERTISEMENTS. : : - : : : : ; : - : ; = 3304:
CamBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PusLtisHED By GErorGE Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. ]
294
PSYCHE, Orean of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
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PSTCHE.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR
SALE.
Intending not to keep goods for sale hereafter, I
offer the remainder of my stock as follows :—
Minute bent-wire pins, for Micros, these pins so
constructed as to be mounted conveniently on ordi-
nary entomological pins; 50 cts. per 100. [Wo more
ordinary entomological pins for sale.|
Glass tubes and rubber stoppers at old prices.
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B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States
He is especially interested in those made by Lefzdo-
ptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Corres-
pondence in reference to Gall growths, or other
vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D. C.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, cater-
pillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Dried
specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars,
which should be prepared by inflation. Correspon-
dence is invited with persons engaged in the study
of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
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to Ye EB.
FRAGMENTS OF THE COARSER ANATOMY OF DIURNAL
LEPIDOPTERA.
BY SAMUEL H.
SCUDDER,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
6. THE LARVA OF HAMADRYAS IO, OF EUROPE.
(Continued from p. 275.)
Nervous system. The cephalic lobes
are vertically subpyriform, the apex
downward. The third and fourth body-
ganglia are almost as near each other
as the third is to the origin of the nerves
‘which spring from the cord in advance
‘
of the third ganglion, and the two rib-
bons which connect them are a very little
parted.
Glandular system. Each of the silk-
vessels is formed of an initial thread,
0.05 mm. in diameter, which is about
one-seventh of the entire length, and a
cylindrical tube, of four times the size of
the thread; this terminates abruptly in
a pointed tip, from which a delicate
thread trails, and this thread is attached
to the under part of the sides of the front
of the intestine ; the whole has a slightly
wavy course, running at first near its
mate on the under side of the body, as
far as the second abdominal segment ;
then, turning abruptly and a little upward
to above the middle of the body, it con-
tinues its former direction.
Male generative organs. ‘The testes
are situated in the middle of the dorsum
of the fifth abdominal segment, as in
Danais; they have only a slight rosy
tinge across the middle, are 1.5 mm.
long by half that width, and are subreni-
form in shape.
Female The
ovaries in the female are situated in the
same place as the testes in the male,
and consist of a pair of long obovate sacs,
2mm. long and about 0.5 mm. broad,
bluntly rounded at each end, vertically
disposed, approximated, but with the
lower end curved outward; they are
white, and each consists of a bundle of
similar tubes.
Rudiments of wings. Fach of the
wing-pads in the full-grown larva is
formed of a_ pellucid, compressed,
rounded, nearly hemispherical sac, fully
2 mm. long and a little longer than
broad, abundantly permeated by white
branching threads which do not seem to
extend into the very base of the wing-
pads; they are situated, base downward
and convexity outward, just above and
scarcely in advance of the base of the
tracheae of the third thoracic segment,
and at a corresponding position on the
second segment ; the membrane is slightly
opaque and granulated ; the permeating
vessels are composed of bunches of
numerous, minute and perfectly equal
threads, varying in length and in num-
ber; they appear to be hollow and are
0.0025 mm. in diameter. A figure will
be found in my work on _ Butterflies,
already cited, p. 95.
generative organs.
296
PSTOCRE.
7. THE PUPA OF HAMADRYAS IO, OF EUROPE.
system. In general the
abdomen seem to be
Muscular
muscles of the
situated much as in the larva, but are-
more compact and almost or altogether
longitudinal, the oblique muscles dis-
appearing. Those of the under
face of the abdomen consist, on each
side of the body, of a ribbon, one milli-
metre broad, composed of two contiguous
strips, the outer slightly the broader,
running next the integument through the
entire length of the abdomen, the inner
edge at one millimetre’s distance from
the nervous cord.
Digestive system. ‘The oesophagus is
a slender, thread-like tube, less than 0.1
mm. in diameter; as it enters the abdo-
men it is at once directed upward and
suddenly expands into a small bulbous
muscular crop, the upper part of which
opens into the reservoir, a subfusiform
blind sac, broadly rounded at tip, 1.5
mm. in breadth and 5 mm. long, reach-
ing the extremity of the fourth abdom-
inal segment; immediately on the apical
contraction of the crop, the stomach
arises; this is at once many times
broader than the crop, and remains
nearly of this size. to the tip of the fourth
abdominal segment (or where the reser-
voir ends) ; from this point on it is only
half its former diameter and extends as
a straight tube to the middle of the fifth
abdominal segment. On each side, at
the base, the stomach bears some rounded
lobes, nearly as large as the crop, and
besides these, arranged in a row down
each side of the median line, it is pro-
fusely covered with small pea-like
sur-
pockets. The intestine is tortuous, of
considerable length, 0.15-0.18 mm. in
diameter, and ends in the colon, a blad-
der-like sac, pyriform in shape and
about 0.8 mm. long, containing a whitish
substance: this opens into the rectum,
a broad and straight tube, 1.5 mm. long
and 0.25 mm. broad.
The salivary glands are composed of
threads about 85 mm. long, and of a uni-
form size throughout; they first run
straight beside the slender oesophagus,
until near the middle of the mesothorax,
when they become very strongly crinkled,
forming by their convolutions a fusiform
mass, 3.25 mm. long and 0.5 mm. broad,
continuing in the same course to the
middle of the metathorax.
The malpighian vessels arise at the ex-
tremity of the smaller part of the stomach,
without the intervention of any basal
sac, three branches arising together
at the a very short distance from the
base of their common stem and parting
from it at right angles.
Respiratory system. The tracheae
seem to be much as in the larva, only
greatly reduced in size, very deli-
cate, not at all opaque, and not divided
into two sorts; the lateral longitudinal
canal of the abdomen appears to be
larger than any of the other vessels.
Circulatory system. The dorsal vessel
is a slender, equal canal, terminating
abruptly behind at the tip of the fourth
abdominal segment, lying next the in-
tegument of the future imago and about
0.15 mm. in diameter in the abdomen ;
as it enters the thorax from behind it
Paper fe 297
plunges downward to just above the
oesophagus in advance of the crop, then
passes rapidly upward again to the in-
tegument, which it follows to the middle
of the mesothorax, diminished to half its
former size, so as to appear a mere thread,
and then, casting free again. passes for-
ward as in the larva, reaching the
oesophagus again in the prothorax, where
it appears to be attached to something,
which was not made out; beyond this
point it was not traced.
Nervous system. Between the cephalic
and thoracic ganglia the nervous cord
is moderately broad, flattened and
double ; the thoracic ganglion is situated
in the front part of the mesothorax ; it
is oval and evidently composed of two un-
equal, anterior and posterior, elements,
for slightly in front of the middle it is
pierced by a vertical passage of consid-
erable size, and the portion in front of
it has a slight, independent tumidity ;
the whole is a little more than 1.5 mm.
long and less than half as broad, taper-
ing posteriorly; from near the middle
it emits lateral nerves, which pass toward
the wings, and just before the hinder
end a rather prominent nerve, which
runs backward, parallel to the main cord
and nearly as large as it, half way to the
abdomen, evidently feeding the legs;
besides these there is another similar
pair, also running backward but divari-
eating a little, which originates from the
widest part of the posterior portion.
The cord itself is rather slender, and
runs without enlarging until it reaches
the abdomen, when it appears gradually
to thicken and form a pseudoganglion
of an elongate, fusiform shape, nearly 1.5
mm. long and terminating just before
the first abdominal ganglion; this ap-
pearance, however, is produced by the
fact that throughout the abdomen the
cord is overlaid by an investment mainly
pellucid, but not pellucid enough to
allow the true cord to be seen, except-
ing from beneath; this investment does
not cover the ganglia to an equal extent,
but only as a film; so that the abdom-
inal development of the nervous system
is an exceedingly delicate cord, expand-
ing at four different points into lenticu-
lar, disk-like ganglia of a small size, but
many times exceeding the cord in
diameter, the whole enwrapped in a
semi-pellucid investment which makes
it appear .of nearly uniform diameter,
excepting in front of the first true ab-
dominal ganglion, where the investment
becomes swollen and less pellucid, re-
sembling a greatly elongated ganglion.
The abdominal ganglia are 2.25 mm.
apart ; the first, which is scarcely broader
than the cord, and noticeable mainly by its
whitish color, is situated near the end of
the second segment; the second at the
beginning of the fourth; the third at the
beginning of the fifth, and the last in the
middle of the sixth segment; the last is
larger than the others and emits four
delicate posterior nerves; each of the
abdominal ganglia is also provided with
lateral nerves, similar to, but more deli-
cate than, those of the larva.
In Newport’s observations on the
changes in the nervous cord of Aglais
urticae,* he shows a more considerable
change between forty-eight and fifty-
eight hours than perhaps between any
others of the stages he has drawn and
*Phil. trans., 1834, p. 412-416, pl. 15-16.
298
described, which are successively (after
the pupal state is assumed) 1, 13, 18,
24,36,48,and 58 hours. According to his
account the second and third (original)
ganglia at this period ‘‘approach and
coalesce, and the double ganglion thus
formed is only separated from the larger
thoracic mass, composed of the fourth
and fifth ganglia, and part of the sixth,
by very short but much enlarged cords.”
As the figures given by him do not in
themselves show how this amalgamation
of the second and third ganglia is
effected, I examined the nervous cord of
the present species, Hamadryas io, 48,
51 and 55 hours after pupation, with the
following results: The pupa of 48
hour’s age differs from that of Aglais
urticae only in the separation of the
fourth ganglion from the united fifth and
sixth ; very short and broad ribbons con-
nected them, but they were unmistak-
ably separated by half the width of the
fourth ganglion; while the third and
fourth ganglia were separated by about
the diameter of the latter ganglion. At
51 hours the condition was more as
PSFCIE.
represented by Newport at 48 hours in
A. urticae, the fourth, fifth and sixth
ganglia being completely amalgamated
into a single long ovate mass, while the
third, though clearly distinct from the
mass behind it, was separated from it
by only less than half its own diameter,
very short, stout ribbons uniting the
two; it was also of the same size as at
48 hours, and the second ganglion, in-
stead of travelling toward the third, as
Newport asserts, retained very nearly
or quite its own place, but was reduced
in size, being gradually absorbed in
place by the cord. This absorption was
entirely effected at 55 hours, as also was
the complete amalgamation of the third
ganglion with the mass behind it. The
second ganglion then is not amalgamated
with the third, buf disappears in place—
a point quite in keeping with the lessen-
ing importance, but continued integrity,
of the prothorax generally.
Male generative organs. The testes
form a globular mass 1.5 mm. in diam-
eter.
(Lo be continued on p. 307.)
XYLOCOPA PERFORATING A COROLLA-TUBE.
BY B: PICKMAN MANN, WASHINGTON, D.C.
In October 1881 I noticed a Xylocopa
perforating the corolla-tube of a salver-
shaped flower, somewhat resembling that
of a Petunia. The bee alighted on the
five-lobed spreading top of the flower,
which, as the flowers grew, was situated
almost perpendicularly to the horizon,
and immediately crawled over the edge,
between the lobes, so as to reach the
outside of the tube, which was somewhat
fluted. Applying its sharp and wedge-
shaped maxillae to the grooved surface
of the tube, it split this open, three or
four millimetres from the base, and con-
tinued the split to the base, where the
nectar was situated. It then sucked out
the nectar quickly, and proceeded to
another flower, upon which the opera-
tion was repeated.
PSYCHE.
DEFENSIVE
BY GEORGE
Waite in Switzerland, in September
1880, I noticed a peculiar kind of defen-
sive mimicry on the part of an undeter-
mined species of phalangidae, which I
have nowhere seen recorded. In ap-
proaching a rocky ledge on the road be-
tween St. Gingolph and Novel, near the
south side of Lake Geneva, my attention
was attracted by what I at first supposed
to be a large number of small webs with
large spiders in them, but which I found,
on nearing the ledge, to be a great num-
ber of phalangidae, or ‘*harvest-men.”
On coming near the place where they
were, each of them began a rather rapid
dorso-ventral motion of the body, swing-
ing it backward and forward on their
legs. As the rock on which they rested
was nearly perpendicular, and their eight
outspread, long, and slender legs rested
on the projections of the irregular rocky
surface, allowing their bodies to swing
in the cavities between these projections,
each of them resembled very closely,
viewed from a short distance, a small
geometric web containing a spider, for,
as I have often observed, some species
of spiders, when disturbed, swing their
web rapidly back and forth, while cling-
ing at its centre. The motion of the
body, in the species of phalangidae that
I observed, was of an impulsive, jerking
nature, like the motion of the spiders
just mentioned, when similarly disturbed.
At each sudden movement of my hand
a large part of the phalangidae, with
which the rock was dotted to the num-
ber of thousands. would recommence
the motion described above, but none of
MIMICRY IN
DIMMOCK,
299
PHALANGIDAEZ.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
them ran away until they were touched,
seeming to trust in the efficacy of their
mode of imitative defense.
Can it be that the spiders which cause
the before-mentioned swinging of their
web when disturbed are more ill-tasting
than phalangidae themselves,* and that
the phalangidae, by imitation, avoid be-
ing eaten by birds? Or is it, on the
contrary, the spiders which, for their
own protection, imitate the phalangidae ?
That the motion described above origina-
ted with the spider and later served the
phalangidae for protection seems to me
more probable, for the spider has, to all
appearances, another and a more natural
purpose in shaking his web. Asa sai-
lor on deck shakes and yanks his ropes
to see if they are firmly fastened and
free from encumbrances, so the spider
shakes his web from his central resting
place to determine if each fastening is
in proper order, or if an insect has tan-
led itself in any part of hisweb. The
phalangidae would easily deceive birds by
this motion, which, otherwise, for them,
seems to have no explainable purpose.
Although I had often seen single spec-
imens of phalangidae going though the
same motions on horizontal surfaces,
even while they. were walking, it was
left to this great multitude of specimens,
hanging on a jagged ledge, to suggest.
by actually deceiving me at first sight,
the probable object of this strange mo-
tion. Paris, France, 3 Dec. 1881.
* Many species of phalangidae pour out a secretion
when disturbed, which is sufficiently disagreeable, in
smell and taste, to us; but, as tastes and distastes in
man and birds do not always agree, this secretion may
not be a protection from the attacks of certain birds.
300
PSY @ELE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JAN. 1882.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
PsyYCHE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
LOAN LIBRARIES.
THE need which every student feels of ac-
cess to books of reference can so seldom be
met by the purchase of a complete library,
that the student is obliged either to forego the
use of many needed books or to obtain such
as loans from their possessors.
While great liberality is usually shown by
book-owners in granting loans to deserving
applicants, the lack of general information
as to who are the owners of particular books
prevents the student from being able to re-
quest their loan, and delicacy forbids a fre-
quent repetition of such requests.
Access to a loan library organized for the
supply of books of the character indicated
would undoubtedly be welcomed by a large
number of students, who would willingly
pay a small fee for the use of the books.
Such a library, however, would fail of its
usefulness if it could not afford to grant the
loan of its books for a small fee, and it could
not, at any rate, depend upon fees for its
support.
Its first requisite, the obtaining of the
books, would necessitate some sort of expen-
diture, or the codperation of authors in the
presentation of their individual works.
PST CWE.
Another requisite, the preparation and
publication of a catalog of the books to be
loaned, would also entail expense, for while
the preparation of the catalog might be se-
cured by gratuitous labor, the same would
not be the case with its publication.
A last requisite and one the most difficult
to fulfil, the care of the sending and receiv-
ing of books loaned, would involve an ex-
penditure of time and labor for which the re-
ceipt of the slight fee charged for loans would
be a quite inadequate compensation.
So far as these three requisites were ful_
filled, the establishment of such a loan
library as is contemplated would bea success ;
without this fulfilment, the desired end seems
unattainable. The entomologists of this
country have it in their power to decide how
far such a plan of a library shall be carried
out.
The Cambridge Entomological Club de-
cided in February 1875, in connection with
its other bibliographical undertakings, to
offer the loan of books from its library gen-
erally to all the members of the Club and
subscribers to Psycueg, the distribution and
return of the books to be effected through
the mails. For this purpose it secured, by
gratuitous labor, the preparation of a catalog
of its possessions, which, however, from lack
of funds, it has been unable to publish: the
same circumstance obliged it to rely entirely
upon donations and exchanges for the in-
crease of its library. Generous donations,
principally of so-called ‘‘ separates,” and
numerous exchanges for PsyCHE have been
received, and the few contributions of money
to the Permanent Publication Fund have
tended to enrich the library, so far as they
have rendered possible the continued publi-
cation of PSYCHE. upon which the receipt of
exchanges depends. The want of a catalog,
the inability to purchase the numerous need-
ed works which will not be presented, and
the lack of means to employ assistance in
the distribution and recovery of loans, have
hindered the realization of the full benefits
which may result from this undertaking.
B: P. M.
PSYCHE .
[2626-2635] 301
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon a
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that ts noticed.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name, as: A: Augustus; B: Ben-
jamin; C: Charles;
D: David; E: Edward; F: Frederic;
G: George; H: Henry;
I: Isaac; F: Fohn; K: Karl; L: Louis; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Peter; R:
Richard; S: Samuel; T: Thomas; W: William.
note, are those of the recorder.
The initials at the end of each record, or
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Applegarth. J: Manna and honey-dew.
(Broce Cale acad® sci.,\3 Mar. 18735 v.15; .p-
42-43.) [Rec., 540 a. ]
Both manna and honey-dew appear in the fall, the
former rarely, the latter regularly. Honey-bees [apzs
mellifica| collect both, which they store in separate cells.
Neither are supposed to be caused by insects.
W: T. (2626)
B.,J. On British wild flowers considered in
relation to insects. (Journ. of bot., 1875,
VeeLoMaS-nve 4, Pp. 157.)
Rey. of J: Lubbock’s work of same title [Rec., 2528].
W: T. (2627)
Balfour, T: Alexander Goldie. Account of
some experiments on déonaea musctpula,
Venus’ fly-trap. (Trans. bot. soc., Edin-
burgh, to June, 8 July 1875, v. 12, p. 334-
369-)
Record of a series of experiments on the carnivorous
habits of the species mentioned. Believes that the
secreting glands of d/onaea and drosera serve by their
color, etc., to attract prey (p. 351). Notes the behavior
of released insects (p. 342). States, on the authority of
Prof. Dewar, that the acid of the secretion is formic
acid. W: T. (2628)
Bennett, Alfred W. The influence of insect-
agency on the distribution of plants.
(Journ. of botany, 1872, v. I0, n.s., v. 1,
P- 334°335-)
Calls attention to the field for observation afforded
by the relative distribution of plants and insects, and
translates a portion of F. Hildebrand’s ‘‘Ueber die
Wechselbezichungen in, der Verbreitung von Pflanz-
en und Thieren” (Bot. Zeitung, Nov. 1869, v. 27, c. 792-
794, 809-813) [Rec., 2647], as showing the work being
done on the continent, in this direction.
W; T. (2629)
Brenchley, T. A. A. Bees as fertilizing a-
gents. (Gard. chronicle, 31 Jan. 1880, n.
Sosvrels prey TAQ .2 51cm)
States that bees are profitably employed in early
houses for effecting pollination in the peach,
W: T. (2630)
Brown, Robert. Notes on some recent re-
searches regarding dichogamy and other
allied subjects. (Trans. bot. soc., Edin-
burgh, Apr. 1873. v. II, p. 497-499-)
An account of a few of the more interesting hitherto
published observations. Mentions the fertilization of
clerodendron thomsonae by insects, that of yucca by pro-
nuba yuccasella; denies that bees ever perforate flow-
ers unless too large to enter them; and remarks on
anemophilous flowers, and on terminology.
(2631)
Weel.
Burton, F. M. Insects and artificial flowers.
(Nature, 27 Dec. 1877, v. 17, p- 162-163,
I2 cm.)
States that macroglossa stellatarum has been seen to
try to obtain nectar from artificial flowers on a lady’s
bonnet. Describes the strange actions of a sphinx atro-
pos flying in the smoke of a steamer. W: T. (2632)
Cook, Albert J:, see PacKarp, A. S.,7r., Moths en-
trapped by an asclepiad plant ... [Rec., 1671].
Darwin, C:, see PacKarD, A. S., jv., Moths entrapped
by an asclepiad plant ... [Rec., 1671].
Darwin, C: Fertilizationof vincas. (Gard.
chronicle, 15 June 1861, p. 552, II cm.)
Describes the structure of the flower of v. major, and
shows how it might be fertilized by moths. Insects are
said never to visit the flowers in England. «
(2633)
W: T.
Darwin, C: Nectar-secreting organs of
plants. (Gard. chronicle, 21 July 1855, p.
487, 10 cm.)
Records the visits of af7s to the stipular glands of
vicia sativa, in sunshine. W: T. (2634)
Darwin, C: On the two forms or dimorphic
condition in the species of przmula
fiRecs 2373)]- ; : ;
Notice [by D. Oliver?], entitled ‘‘On di-
morphism in prémula.” (Nat. hist. rev.,
Jan. 1862, v. I. no. 5, p. 118, 8 cm.)
Rey. [by D. Oliver?], under title of ar-
ticle. - (Nat. hist. rev., July 1862, v. 1, no.
7> P- 235-243.) WS Boy (2035)
302 [2636-2647]
Darwin, C: Onthe various contrivances by
which British and foreign orchids are fer-
tilized ... [Rec., 2378].
Rev. [by D. Oliver?], under full title.
(Nat. hist. rev., Oct. 1862, v. 1, no. 8, p.
371-376.) W: T. (2636)
Delpino, Federico. Alcuni appunti di geo-
grafia botanica a proposito delle tabelle
fitogeografiche del Prof. Hoffmann. /[Es-
tratto dal fasc. 3° del Bollettino della societa
geografica italiana]. Firenze, Sept. 1869.
45 p-, 22X14, t 16X9.5.
Abstract, by F. Hildebrand, entitled
‘Ueber die Wechselbeziehungen in der
Verbreitung von Pflanzen und Thieren.”
(Bot. Zeitung, 1869, v. 27: 19 Nov., c. 792-
794; 26 Nov., c. 809-813. }
Engl. tr. of a portion of abstract, by A.
W. Bennett, entitled ‘‘ The influence of
insect agency on the distribution of plants.”
(Journ. of botany, 1872, v. 19, N.S8., Vv.
I, P- 334-335-)
Shows, among other things, that certain plants are
so dependent upon certain insects and other animals for
pollination that their distribution is necessarily limited
by that of the insects in question. The presence of
some such specialized plants in high latitudes is made
use of as a reason for believing the occurrence of their
particular groups of insects. W: T. (2637)
Delpino, Federico. Sull’ opera ‘‘La distri-
buzione dei sessi nelle piante e la legge che
osta alla perennita della fecondazione con-
sanguinea”... Note critiche. (Atti della
soc. ital. di sci. nat. [Milano]. 1867, v. 10,
Pp: 271-303-)
Separate, Milano, 1867. 34 p., 22X15,
t 16X10.
Rey. of F. Hildebrand’s ‘‘ Die Geschlechter-Ver-
. theilung bei den Pflanzen” ... [Rec., 2436].
W: T. (2638)
Delpino, Federico. Relazione sull’ appa-
recchio della fecondazione nelle asclepiadee,
aggiuntevi alcune considerazioni sulle cause
finali e sulla teoria di Carlo Darwin intorno
all’ origine delle specie. [Estratto dalla
Gazzetta medica di Torino, 1865. Torino,
1865.] 24 p., 22X13, t 15-5X8.5.
The influence of insects is noted, and a partial litera-
ture of the subject given, beside details of the floral
structure of physianthus, periploca, gomphocarpa, etc.
W: T. (2639)
Delpino, Federico. Rivista botanica dell’
anno 1878 [Estratto dall’ Annuario scien-
tifico italiano. Anno 15: 1878.] Milano,
Fratelli Treves, 1879. 148 p., 19X13, t
16X9.
Part 3, Biologia vegetale (p. 18-36). Reviews 4 papers
on insectivorous plants; the papers of Francis Darwin
and Ferd. Cohn on protoplasinic [?] protrusions from
the leaf hairs of d#fsacus and the annulus of amantta,
etc. (possibly connected with the absorption of organic
matter) ; ate four papers and a large number of notes
on the fertilization of plants, in part through the agency
of insects. W: T. (2640)
PSTCRE
Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori osservazioni
sulla dicogamia ... Parte 1a [Rec., 2391].
Germ. tr. of greater part, by F. Hilde-
brand, entitled ‘*F. Delpino’s Weitere Beo-
bachtungen iiber die Dichogamie im Pflanz-
enreich, mit Zusitzen und Illustrationen.”
(Bot. Zeitung, 1870: 16 Sept., c. 585-594;
23 Sept., c. 601-609; 30 Sept., c. 617-625;
7 Oct., c. 633-641; 14 Oct., c. 649-659; 21
Oct., c. 665-675, pl. 10.) W: T. (2641)
Delpino, Federico. Ulteriori osservazioni
sulla dicogamia nel regno vegetale. Parte
2a. Fascicolo 2a. [Dagli Atti soc. ital. sci.
nat. (Milano), 1874, v. 16: Jan., p. 151-160;
July, p. 161-349; 1875, v.17: Jan., p. 266-
336; Mar., p. 337-407. Seduta del 28 Di-
cembre 1873.| Milano, Giuseppe Bernar-
doni, 1870 [corrected in copies distributed
by the author to 1873-1874]. 351 p., 22X16,
t 16X 10.
Treats of zoidiophilous flowers, or those adapted to
pollination by aid of animals; discussing the odors,
colors, pollen and nectar of flowers as means of attract-
ing to them insects and other animals, and showing how
the latter effect cross-fertilization between the flowers.
W: T. (2642)
Duchartre, P. Floraison et fécondation de
Vagave potatorum, Zuccar. (Bull. soc.
bot. de France, 27 Dec. 1861, v. 8, p. 629-
630. )
Fertilization effected by flies. W: T. (2643)
Engelmann, G: Notes on the genus ywacca.
(Trans. acad. sci. St. Louis, 1873, v. 3, p-
17-54-)
States (p. 28) that the flowers are pollinated by aid of
pronuba yuccasella. W: T. (2644)
Ernst, A. Jottings from a botanical note
book. (Journ. of botany, 1870, v. 8, p.
372-376.)
Fertilization ot cattleya mossiae (p. 372). A species
of euglossa was found to bear the pollinia on the upper
part of the thorax. W: T. (2645)
Grieve, P: Bees as fertilizing agents.
(Gard. chronicle, 15 Feb. 1879, n.s., v- II,
p- 204, 26 cm.)
Does not believe in the introduction of bees into
peach houses, as fertilization is well secured without
their aid. W: T. (2646)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Ueber die Wechsel-
beziehungen in der Verbreitung von Pflanz-
enund Thieren. (Bot. Zeitung, 1869, v. 27:
tg Nov., c. 792-794; 26 Nov., c. 809-813.)
Partial Engl. tr., by A. W. Bennett, en-
titled ‘‘The influence of insect-agency on
the distribution of plants.” (Journ. of
botany, 1872, v. 10, n.S., v. I, p- 334-335-)
Abstract of F, Delpino’s “‘Alcuni appunti di geogra-
fia botanica ... [Rec., 0079], showing among other
things how the distribution of certain plants may be
limited by that of the insects and other animals upon
which they depend for their pollination.
W: T. (2647)
PSKGHL,,
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Dr. JouN LAWRENCE LECONTE has been
elected one of the eight honorary members
of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesell-
schaft, of Berlin.
CounT GEORGES VANDALIN MNESZECH,
the possessor of the largest private collection
of coleoptera in the world and one extremely
rich in superb specimens, died at Paris, 17
Noy. 1881, aged 58.
M. ConsTANT VAN DEN BRANDEN, 69
rue de la Madeleine, Brussels, will publish,
commencing in 1882, a Revue coléoptérolo-
gique, in which all new coleoptera will be
published.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL conferences of the
Société royale linnéenne de Bruxelles, for
the winter period of 1881-1882, will take
place 15 Jan. and 12 Feb. 1882, and will be
conducted by Monsieur A. Preudhomme de
Borre.
Ir any American entomologist will send
Mr. G. H. Verrall, Sussex Lodge, Newmarket,
Cambridgeshire, England, one hundred or
more species of North American axthomyidae,
named or unnamed, Mr. Verrall will return
a similar number of carefully named Euro-
pean species.
In THE General German Patent Exhibi-
tion, at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dr. Lucas
von Heyden of Bockenheim, author of ‘‘Die
Kafer von Nassau und Frankfurt” (1877), ex-
hibits four boxes of injurious and one box of
beneficial insects, and three boxes of cymip7-
dae with their galls. Carl Gustav Scheffer,
Postsekretir at Bockenheim, exhibits six
boxes of lepidoptera. Both the above-men-
tioned exhibitors receive silver medals. G.
W. Winter, of the firm of Werner and Win-
ter, lithographers in Frankfort, receives a
bronze medal for the exhibition of their finely
executed plates of oak-galls and gall-wasps,
(Plates 10-12 of vol. 35 of the Zeitschrift fiir
wissenchaftliche Zoologie). C. Becker,
teacher in Jiiterbog, exhibits his adhesive
preparation, which he terms ‘‘Brumala Leim,”
used for catching noxious insects.
303
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
iieNov.-** netoegenes | WG
co} DIO a t2), May. .£*
13 Jan. 1882. oyune <<
TOWEDS
B: PickMAN MANN, Secretary.
TAE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
232 Nov. ** 22) Marie °
26Dec: *: 2O-Apie ae <<
25 Jan. 1882. 24May ‘“
B: PIckKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days tollowing :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
Titel one rea) WeNoses | 04
6) LD eeu 120 Nia
13 Jan. 1882. Sane. ss
TOPE Ds
James H. RivinGs, /eecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :— _
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. RuipinGs, fec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 188r1. 3 Jan. 1882.
4 Oct. % Foablebe |:
LON seni Tia ae
erbecny AgN Tian ti
G: H. Bow.es, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Oct. 1882.—Life-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongtlus pergra-
ctlzs. See PSYCHE, V. 3, Pp: 59-
304
PSYCHE:
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 1oth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phaznogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America»
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 35 cts.; 3 for $1.00; 13
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
15th. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
Published monthly. Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
Address remittances to the Editor,
g Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
ume,
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the Ist. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
Sg European exchanges and communica-
tions will receive more immediate attention
by being addressed, after 1 Oct. 1881, to
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
30, rue des Carmes,
Paris, France.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
I1o Clapham Road, London, S. W.,
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JoHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878.
Ilp.tig X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-
slips, $1.25.
No. 2, THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
cents.
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t I9 X 12.5. Price 50 cents.
Address G. M. DIMMOCK,
679 State Street,
Springfield, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies. c
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infésting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
tained.
No. go-92 was issued 7 Apr. 1882.
¢. >a Geis
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
HOLT ED ae
G: Drmmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Washington, D. C.;
AvsBert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich. ; CLiirrorp Cuase Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis Huntincron Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLanp Haywarp. S: HENSHAW, H: ALBERT ROBIN,
Frank G: Scuaurp, S: HuBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER,
W: TrRELEASE, H: Warp TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 94. ie
FEBRUARY 1882. ds. pie rae s
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS ; : ; : ‘ ‘ ? , : = 300
FRAGMENTS OF THE COARSER ANATOMY OF DIURNAL sie ni Sa abe
Hubbard Scudder . 2 5 : 3 : : 307-309
CoLor OF THE LIGHT EMITTED BY esters! see aa) Ward Turner ; By phet0))
UNusSUAL CARE OF ANTS FOR APHIDES— William Trelease ‘ 4 z A 310-311
JosepH DuNCAN PUTNAM 4 : al grgiz
NECROLOGY FOR 1879, 1880 AND rex" Hibliopeaphical Remade no. iabaB-2696 - 313-314
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMs — Society Meetings— Prize Essays . : : : : PerL 215
ADVERTISEMENTS .. ; - : ‘ : : : . - : : : Fu vests
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PusLisHeED By GEORGE DIMMOCcK.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. ]
306
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PSYCHE:
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR
SALE.
Intending not to keep goods for sale hereafter, I
offer the remainder of my stock as follows :—
Minute bent-wire pins, for Micros, these pins so
constructed as to be mounted conveniently on ordi-
nary entomological pins; so cts. per 100. [/Vo more
ordinary entomological pins for sale.|
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22X14 mm., 35 cts.
per 1000; 27X12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States.
He is especially interested in those made by Lepzdo-
ptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Corres-
pondence in reference to Gall growths, or other
vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D. C.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, cater-
pillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Dried
specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars,
which should be prepared by inflation. Correspon-
dence is invited with persons engaged in the study
of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
BACK NUMEROS OF PSYCHE.
Copies of the following numeros of PSYCHE wil]
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I, 6, 9, Io, 16, 18, 28, 41-42, 43-44, 49-50, 53-54, 58, 63.
Also, nos. 69, 70, 73, 74, 77; 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86,
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Address: EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
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ee Ce
FRAGMENTS OF THE
COARSER ANATOMY
OF DIURNAL
LEPIDOPTERA.
BY SAMUEL H.
SCUDDER,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(Continued from p. 298.)
8. THE LARVA OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI, OF EUROPE.
The ventral mus-
cular band on each side of the median
line is treble, each division of about the
same width as the others.
~ Digestive system. The oesophagus
enters the stomach with no marked crop,
the canal only enlarging slightly to 0.2
mm. diameter just in advance of the
stomach, at the end of the second
thoracic segment ; the stomach is shorter
than usual, occupying only one-half the
length of the entire canal and ending
abruptly at the end of the fourth abdom-
inal segment. It is furnished with
longitudinal and transverse muscular
fibres, the bands along the middle of the
dorsum several in number and
distinct than the others. The colon is
much slenderer than usual, and about as
long as the intestine.
The salivary glands are large, broadly
tortuous tubes, their extremities attached
near the middle of the thorax to the dor-
sal vessel.
The malpighian vessels originate in a
long and slender, slightly tapering, sub-
cylindrical sac, 0.65 mm. long, lying
along the side of the intestine, but at-
tached only by the broader end ; the basal
tube arises from the opposite extremity,
and branches at a distance from the base
of the tube of less than half the length
Muscular system.
more
of the sac; the lateral branches are not
very closely approximated to the stom-
ach, somewhat irregularly directed, and
run as far as the front of the abdomen ;
the inferior branches extend about the
same distance.
Circulatory system. The dorsal vessel
is a comparatively large and equal tube,
running distinctly as far as the end of
the third abdominal segment; at the
point where the salivary glands are
attached to it, it becomes suddenly,
though only slightly, enlarged, and grad-
ually tapers beyond to nearly its former
size.
Nervous system. The cephalic lobes
are entirely distinct from each other, but
in juxtaposition ; each is nearly globular,
but a little ovate, about 0.28 mm. long,
and as high as broad. The suboesoph-
ageal and thoracic ganglia are as broad
as long and of nearly the breadth of
one of the cephalic lobes, but in the
abdomen the ganglia grow slenderer in
passing backward, so that at last they
are hardly broader than the cord, and
scarcely to be distinguished from it by
anything more than their greater opac-
ity and depth. The fourth and fifth
body-ganglia are scarcely nearer together
than the first and second, the fourth lying
midway between the third and the sixth ;
308
the third and fourth are slightly more
than one millimetre apart, and separated
by a slightly greater distance than any
two of the abdominal ganglia; the angle
of the cords between the third and fourth
body-segments is much nearer the latter
than in Danais; the last two ganglia are
so closely united as to appear as one
long ganglion, and they are not quite so
far removed from the tenth ganglion as
that is from the ninth. In at least the
abdominal segments, the lateral nerves
are thrown off from the cord at a dis-
tance from the ganglia equal to the
width of the cord.
Glandular system. The silk vessels
pass as slender, broadly curving, but
not tortuous, thread-like tubes beside the
intestinal canal for some distance, when
they curve inward so as to meet beneath
the stomach and run side by side, ex-
panding rapidly and greatly to a cylin-
drical tube 0.3 mm. in diameter in the
front half, about half that in the pos-
terior portion as far as the middle of
the second abdominal segment; here
each diminishes rapidly in size, sud-
denly turns back upon itself and then,
again resuming its former direction, ends
in a delicate thread.
PSTCHE.
Female generative organs. 'The ova-
ries, situated in the hinder half of the
fifth abdominal segment, are 0.4 mm.
long, oblong ovate in shape, and of a
white color.
Rudiments of wings. The wing-pads
of the mature larva are nearly circular,
flattened disks, a little more than a mil-
limetre in diameter, directed backward,
those of opposite sides turned a little
toward each other, the metathoracic
overlapping the nearer edge of the
mesothoracic, and originating upon the
dorsum, so near the median line that ~
the inner edges of those on one side
meet the corresponding parts of those
on the other, resembling in their disposi-
tion the appearance of the wings in the
pupae of ephemeridae, and having the
very opposite position to that which they
will finally assume in their own pupal stage.
What is still more to be remarked is that
they originate very far from the tracheal
trunks, and I did not see that tracheal
tubes of any sort passed to them. ‘Tra-
ces only of vessels can be seen in their
interior, but no such definite arrangement
of branching tubes as was noticed in
Hamadryas ; these did not seem to run
to the base of the wing-pad.
9. LARVA OF EURYMUS PHILODICE, OF N. AMERICA.
Muscular system. <A set of nearly
parallel, but slightly converging bands
runs from beneath the insertion of the
longitudinal ventral muscular ribbons to
the ventral line, terminating at the mid-
dle of the anterior half of the succeed-
ing segment. As to the dorsal muscles,
the three longitudinal strips found on
each side of the dorsal line are not con-
tinuous from segment to segment; the
inner band of each segment broadens
posteriorly to cover the base of the inner
two of the succeeding segment; the
middle band is continuous with the outer
of the succeeding segment, and the
outer stops altogether at the end of the
segment; so that each line of muscles
is oblique and extends over three seg-
Fi Det Le
ments, inner on middle
on the next, and outer on the third;
being one,
but a portion of the inner remains inner
throughout.
Digestive system.
are 4 mm. long, flat and simple, bent
abruptly outward beyond the middle,
tapering slightly and regularly to a
bluntly rounded tip.
The malpighian vessels originate in
The salivary glands
“ @D
an oval gland or sac, 0.45 mm. long and
0.2 mm. broad, a short distance beyond
which the under branch is thrown off and
immediately afterward the two others.
The under branch
a straight and not a tortuous course, and
is proportionally about as long as in
Danais; the upper branch extends for-
ward for a distance of 3.75 mm.; the
lateral to the point where the silk vessels
bend, 7 mm. from its origin.
Nervous system. The cephalic lobes
are globular. The cords connecting the
second and third body-ganglia run to-
gether for nearly one-quarter the distance
from the second backward, then diverge
considerably, and again converging, enter
the third ganglion ata perceptible distance
apart; nearly the same is repeated be-
tween the first and second ganglia, but
passes forward in
309
they diverge nearly from their origin ;
between the first body-ganglion and the
suboesophageal ganglion the cords are par-
allel, but separate, and a little parted in
the middle. The third ganglion lies in the
middle of its segment, the fourth at the
anterior edge of its segment, and only
0.75 mm. from the third ; the fifth in the
middle of the anterior half of its seg-
ment; the eleventh ganglion is consider-
ably longer than broad, and the pair of
posterior, backwardly directed, diverging
nerves is larger than any of the others,
and may be looked upon as the continua-
tion of the connecting cords between the
other ganglia.
Glandular system. The basal thread
of the silk vessels is straight and not
tortuous; the basal half of the stouter
vessel is flattened; it extends backward
as far as the third abdominal segment
and then turns abruptly, with a slight
forward curve, to the upper side of the
body, where it continues in a straight
line as far, apparently, as the end of the
sixth abdominal segment. The length
of the initial thread or duct is 3.25 mm. ;
of the portion of the ribbon or vessel upon
the under surface 4 mm.; of that upon
the upper surface 5.25 mm.
(To be continued on p. 319-)
COLOR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED BY INSECTS.
BY HENRY WARD TURNER, ITHACA, N.Y.
Some specimens of Pyrophorus nocti-
lucus Linn., from the West Indies, that
were brought to the Academy of natural
sciences, at Philadelphia, gave out a very
bright-green light from the two dorsal
prothoracic spots, and also from the
ventral surface near the base of the ab-
domen. Gosse (Ann. and mag. nat.
hist., 1848, s. 2, v. 1, p. 200) says they
give out a rich yellow-green light when
flying and a green light when in captivity.
Photuris pensylvanica gives out (some-
times at least) a very decided green light,
and Photinus pyralis a yellow light from
the ventral surface of the two or three
last segments of the abdomen.
510
PSTCHE.
UNUSUAL CARE OF ANTS FOR APHIDES.
BY WILLIAM TRELEASE,
Wuite collecting leaf-fungi on dAn-
dromeda ligustrina, in asphagnum swamp
at Wood’s Holl, Mass., in the early part
of September 1881, my attention was
attracted by a small, rough mass, appar-
ently of dried sphagnum, surrounding
one of the twigs, at a distance of about
a metre and a half above the ground.
Curious to know how it had reached that
unusual place, and what it really was,
I went to it, and on closer examination
found it to béa shelter erected by a col-
ony of about a dozen worker ants over
a numerous herd of small wingless brown
aphides, which feed on the sap of this
plant.
The twig on which the nest was
placed had a diameter of about 3 mm.,
branched once at the top, and again
at about 8 mm. from the bottom of
the nest; between these branchlets a
single leaf was given off. The nest
was 3 cm. long, 1.3 em. broad at the
largest part, near the middle, tapering
somewhat toward each end, where it
was quite abruptly rounded off, run-
ning down the stem in a thin, solid layer
for a very short distance. The wall,
which had an average thickness of about
0.5 mm., also ran out in the same way,
where the branchlets passed through.
These decurrent portions formed the only
support of the structure, which thus
enclosed a capacious chamber surround-
ing the twig. On the inner surface, so
far as seen, the wall was carefully
smoothed off; the outer surface was
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
quite irregular and rough. <A small
round opening existed at each end.
That at the top was 3 mm. in diameter ;
the lower one was very minute, having
a diameter of less than 1 mm. As I
have said, the nest at first sight appeared
to consist of dry bog-moss; a micro-
scopic examination, however, showed
the material to be chiefly small fragments
of wood —evidently obtained from an
old log lying at the foot of the shrub—
with small quantities of the leaf-frag-
ments of mosses and phaenogams. the
whole apparently glued together by the
saliva of the ants.
At first, neither ants nor aphides were
visible, but on jarring the plant slightly,
I saw the head of an ant protruded from
the larger entrance, the antennae of
another appearing simultaneously at the
smailer. With the point of a penknife
I now enlarged the latter opening, upon
which several ants rushed out furiously,
and two or three swarmed upon my fin-
ger which was in contact with the twig,
trying to bite and sting it. The ant at
the upper opening also came out, fol-
lowed by one or two others, but these
apparently failed to locate the distur-
bance, and soon reéntered the nest, as
did those from below which had not
touched my finger. Those upon my fin-
ger were not allowed to return to the
nest, and the excitement was of short
duration. Through the enlarged opening,
which was from time to time curiously
examined by some of the ants, I could
PSTCHE. dll
see the aphides, crowded quite closely,
receiving the caresses of their protec-
tors, and, as usual, rewarding them with
an abundance of honey-dew.
Thinking to watch them a little more,
I removed the branch bearing the colony
to my room, and placed it in a vase of
water which was kept standing in a shal-
low dish filled with water. While I was
carrying them home, the ants at first
seemed considerably disturbed by the
motion, and quite frequently came out
singly or in groups of two or three, ran
about, exploring the leaves and smaller
twigs, and then commonly returned to the
nest and reentered it as if satisfied. Oc-
casionally one reached my hand and then
showed the same fury manifested on the
first disturbance, but care was taken to
prevent the return of these, and the
others soon ceased to notice the unusual
motion. After they were safely placed
in my room, tle cessation of the motion
produced much the same excitement as
its commencement; but, like the first,
this did not last long. For a short time
the ants seemed restless in their new
quarters, and scouts occasionally ex-
plored the twigs and leaves, sometimes
going on the vase and as far as to the
water in which it stood; but so far as
could be seen, these were all content to
return. Rarely one would go to the
water as if to drink, and then return to
the nest; and I am positive that some
individuals never left the nest. In this
way I kept them for about two weeks,
in which time the leaves had partially
dried, and, their food being less abun-
dant, some of the aphides left the shel-
ter and moved to better parts of the
branch, but they still obtained enough
food to produce a considerable quantity
of honey-dew, and were followed by
some of the ants, whose attentions were
constant. Once in a while I would find
one of the ants or aphides drowned in
the water below, but it always appeared
that it had fallen from the branch, and
had not been drowned in attempting to
leave the colony. Finally the remainder
were put in alcohol. The ants proved
to be workers of Crematogaster lineolata
Say; not having winged individuals, I
did not attempt to identify the aphides.
Both, with the nest, have been placed in
the biological collection of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,
Mass.
The architecture of ants, in a number
of forms, is matter of every-day obser-
vation, their nests and covered ways
often being seen. That they frequently __
take their wards, the aphides and coccids#@@
into their nests is sufficiently well known, =
whether these nests are in hollow plants
(Cecropia), beneath stones, or in the
ground ; but this is the first case that has
come under my observation in which a
species has erected a shelter over aphides
in a place not commonly chosen for its
nesting. In structure and composition,
the nest I have described is not unlike
those formed by the same species upon
fallen logs and in similar situations.
Here, however, from their entire be-
havior, I am led to believe that they had
taken up their residence at a considerable
distance from the ground, and, obtaining
food and drink from their herd, remained
constantly upon the plant, seldom leaving
the immediate vicinity of the nest.
PSY Ce.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., FEB. 1882.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to EDITORS OF PsyCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
PsycHeE must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for
the statements made tn thety own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see
advertising columns.
JOSEPH DUNCAN PUTNAM.
Born 18 Oct. 1855, in Jacksonville, Illinois.
Died 10 Dec. 1881, in Davenport, Iowa.
Mr. Putnam became well known, during
the few years of his life, for the extent and
thoroughness of his work. In his early life
he was brought in contact with persons of
scientific tastes, whom he accompanied in
many of their rambles and travels. As hap-
pens with many other rising naturalists, his
ardor manifested itself at first in making
collections in many directions, gradually
becoming concentrated, until it culminated
in the choice of entomology as a special
study. He was the eldest child, and was
educated at home till he attained the age of
ten years; he then attended the public
schools of Davenport until seventeen. He
was one of the earliest members of the Da-
venport academy of natural sciences, which
was founded when he was but twelve years
old. Perhaps to no other single mind did
the academy become so much indebted as to
him. He labored indefatigably for it, losing
sight of his own interests in his zeal. He
was elected recording secretary, 28 April
1871, before he had reached the age of 16,
PSYCHE:
and retained this office until January 1875,
when ill-health forced him to resign. He
became a member of the publishing com-
mittee in November 1875, and chairman of
the same in January 1877. Meanwhile, in
the spring of 1876, he began the publication
of the proceedings of the academy, which
he carried into their third volume before his
death. In November 1876 he was elected
corresponding secretary, and during the fol-
lowing years conducted a regular correspon-
dence with nearly five hundred scientific
societies of different countries, acquiring for
this purpose some acquaintance with several
foreign languages. At the time of his death
he had been for nearly a year the president
of the academy, continuing to act as corres-
ponding secretary in the absence of that
officer, and attending, at the same time, to
the professional duties, in connection with
his father’s business as a lawyer, by which
he earned a livelihood. For the better per-
formance of his duties as author, editor and
publisher, he made himself proficient in the
arts of printing, wood-engraving, and etching
on copper. During the last two years he
devoted his spare time to a study of the
galeodidae, and, during a visit to the east, in
1880, made full abstracts of over 185 writings,
leaving but five works on the subject, of
which he knew, of which neither an edition
nor translation was seen. The bibliography
will be published, as he intended, in PsycHE.
From the age of 18 until the time of his
death at 26, he struggled against the inroads
of consumption of the lungs, with a deter-
mination and courage which could not fail
to inspire admiration. I first met him, some
years ago, upon one of his visits to scientific
institutions in Massachusetts, when he could
not walk more than one or two blocks in the
city without resting to recover his nearly ex-
hausted breath. After his death, his left lung
was found to be completely solidified.
He was a careful and accurate original ob-
server, and, it is needless to say, in view of
the work he accomplished, a diligent one.
He was exceedingly modest, and never spoke
in praise of himself or his work. SB: P. MM.
PSYCHE.
[2648-2662] 313
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and socteties are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon a
published.
The date of publication, given tn brackets [ |, marks the time at which the
work was recetved, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that 7s noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
ADDITIONAL TO REC., 1501-1518, 1555 AND
2125-2142.
Boisduval, Jean Baptiste Alphonse Deé-
chauffoir. [Biog. sketch.] (Annuaire
entom. ... Fauvel, 1880, p. 118-119.)
OBERTHUR. C: Notice nécrologique sur
le docteur Boisduval. (Annal. soc. entom.
France, 1880, s. 5, v- 10, trim. 2, p. 129-138.)
[See Rec., 2127.] G: D. (2648)
Chapuis, Félicien. [Biog. sketch.] (An-
nuaire entom.... Fauvel, 1880, p. 119-120.)
[See Rec., 1503. ] G: D. (2649)
Chenu, Jean C: [Biog. note.] (Amer. nat.,
Feb. 1880, v. 14, p. 151.)
[ See Rec., 1505 and 2129. | G: D. (2650)
Pritsch, K: [Biog. note.] (Entom. Nach-
richten, 15 Jan. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 18.)
[ See Rec., 2132.] G: D. (2651)
Goureau, Claude C: [Biog. sketch.] (An-
nuaire entom. ... Fauvel, 1880, p: 120-121.)
See Rec., 2133.] G: D. (2652)
Mocquerys, Simon. [Biog. sketch.] (An-
nuaire entom.... Fauvel, 1880, p. 121-122)
Coleopterist ; BE in aio yes: France, in 1792; d. in
Rouen, France, 12 Feb. 1879. G: Bb (2653)
NECROLOGY FOR 18380.
ADDITIONAL TO REC., 2143-2168.
DE Saulcy, L: Félix Joseph Caignart.
[Biog. notices.] (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 July
1881, jahrg. 4, p. 364.) (Entom. Nach-
richten, 1 Aug. 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 232.)
REICHE, L: Notice biographique sur
Félix de Saulcy. (Annal. soc. entom.
France, s. 5, v. 10, trim. 4, p. 413-416.)
Coleopterist; d. 4 Nov. 1880, in Paris. G: D. (2654)
Smith, G: Dole. [Biog. sketch.] (Psyche,
April [18 Aug. ] 1881, v. 3. p. Ig9.
[Biog. notices. | (Zool. Anzeiger, 17 Oct.
1881, jahrg. 4,p. 532.) (Naturae novitates,
Nov. 1881, no. 22, p. 183.)
Coleopterist; b. 4 Sept. 1833, in Biddeford, Me.; d.
6 July 1880, in Cambridge, Mass. [See Rec., 2164. ]
G: (2655
NECROLOGY FOR 1881.
Blackwall, J: [Biog. notices.] (Entom.
Nachrichten, 15 June 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 188.)
(Zool. Anzeiger, 27 June 1881, jahrg. 4, p.
340.) (Naturae novitates, June 1881, no.
EVD Ose CAMer. NalsseNe TOOL) Ve D5,
p- 684.) (Psyche, July-Sept. 1881 [March
LOOZ Ven 45) Ps 259: |
Arachnologist; b. in 1790; d. 11 May 1881, in
Llanrwst, Wales. G: D. (2656)
Blackburn, J: Bickerton. [Biog. notice. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 27 Dec. 1881, jahrg. 4, p.
676. )
Lepidopterist; b. in 1845, in Liverpool, Sm are d.
29 Oct. 1881, in Wandsworth, Bngland: G: D. (2657)
DE Chaudoir, Maximilian. [Biog. notices. ]
(Naturae novitates, June 1881, no. 11, p.
95-) (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 July 1881, jahrg.
4, p- 364.) (Entom. m. mag., July 1881,
v. 18, p- 43-45-)
Coleopterist; b. near Kiew, Russia, in 1818; d. 6
May 1881, in Ameélie-les-Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales,
France. G: D. (2658)
End, Gottfried. [Biog. notice, by E. W.
Zollner.] (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 15
Dec. 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 382.)
Apiculturist; b. in 1829, in Vielau, near Zwickau,
Saxony; d. 10 Aug. 1881, in Strehlen, near Dresden,
Saxony. G: D. (2659)
Garneys, W: [Biog. notice.] (Zool. Anzei-
ger, 27 Dec. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 676.)
Practising ea entomologist, and conchologist
in Repton. England; b. in 1831, in Benes 5 hie 2
d. 21 Oct. 1881, in Repton. 2660)
Giebel, Christoph Gottfried Andreas. [Biog.
notices.] (Naturae novitates, Nov. 1881,
no. 23, p- 192.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 27 Dec.
1881, jahrg. 4, p. 676.) (Entom. Nachricht-
en, I Jan. 1882, jahrg. 8, p. 16.)
Prof. of zoology in Halle a. S.; b. in Quedlinburg,
Prussia, 13 Sept. 1820; d. in Halle, Prussia, 14 Nov.
1881. G: D. (2661)
Hind, Robert. [Biog. notice.] (Zool. An-
zeiger, 11 April 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 192.)
Lepidopterist; d. 11 Mareh 1881, in York, England.
G: D. (2662)
314 [2663-2676]
Kawall, Johann Heinrich Carl.
tices. ] (Naturae novitates, May 1881,
no. 9, p. 79.) (oolmAnvzeiger, 12 Dec.
1881, jahrg. 4, p. 652.)
Pastor in Pussen, Curland, and entomological writer
especially on the hymenoptera of Curland; d. in Pussen,
29 Jan. 1881, aged 82 years. G: D. (2663)
Kloss, Moritz. [Biog. notice, by E. W.
Zollner.) (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 15
Dec. 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 382.)
Prof. Dr. Kloss, apiculturist and teacher in Dresden;
b. 18 March 1818, in Crumpa, near Merseburg, Prussia;
d. 1 Sept. 1881, in Dresden, Saxony. A detailed biogra-
phy is given in the Sachischen Schulzeitung, 16 Oct.
1881. G: D. (2664)
Koch, Gabriel. [Biog. notices.] (Entom.
Nachrichten, 15 March 1881, jahrg. 7, p.
[ Biog. no-
too.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 28 March 1881,
jahrg. 4, p. 168.) (Amer. nat., May 1881,
Veolhsp- © 422: (Psyche, July-Sept. 1881
[March 1882], v. 3, p. 259.)
Entomological writer, especially on the geographical
distribution of lepidoptera; d. 22 Jan. 1881, in Frankfort-
on-the-Main, in his 74th year. G: D. (2665)
Putnam, Joseph Duncan. ([Biog. sketch,
etc.] (Davenport [Iowa] w. gazette, 14
Dec. 1881, y- 41, noy2005, p- [3]; col: 3, 5
cm; ‘Col. 53/71 em.)
[Biog. sketch, by H: Edwards. ]
pilio, Dec. 1881, v. 1, p. 223-224.
[Biog. sketch, by B: Pickman Mann. ]
(Psyche, Feb. [May] 1882, v. 3, p. 312.)
[Biog. notices. | (Naturae novitates,
Feb. 1882, jahrg. 2, no. 3, p. 31.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 20 March 1882, jahrg. 5, p. 148.)
Entomologist, and President of the Davenport acad-
emy of natural sciences; b. 18 Oct. 1855, in Jackson-
ville, Ill.; d. 10 Dec. 1881; in Davenport, lowa.
G: D. (2666)
Rolleston. G: [Biog. notices.] (Zool. An-
zeiger, 27 June 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 340.)
(Naturae novitates, July 1881, no. 13, p.
17z.) (Amer. nati, “Aug. 1881, v- 15, p-
684.)
Professor of physiology in Oxford, England; d. 16
(Pa-
June 1881, at Oxford, aged 51 years, G: D. (2667)
Rosenhauer, Wilhelm Gottlieb. [Biog.
notice.] (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Aug.
1881, jahrg. 7, p. 231-232.)
Professor of zoology in Erlangen, Bavaria; b. 11
Sept. 1813; d. 13 June 1881, in Erlangen. G: D. (2668)
DE Rougemont, Philipp. [Biog. notice. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 25 July 1881, jahrg. 4, p.
388.) (Amer. nat., Oct. 1881, v. 15, p. 844.)
Professor of natural history and comparative anato-
my in Neufchatel, Switzerland; d. 27 May 1881.
G: D. (2669)
Schmid, Andreas. [Biog. notice.] (Zool.
Anzeiger, 17 Oct. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 532.)
Founder and editor of the Brenenzettung; teacher in
Eichstadt, Bavaria; d. 2 May 1881, in Eichstadt.
G: D. (2670)
PSYCHE.
Wahnes, Wilhelm. ([Biog. sketch, by E.
Walther. } (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 1
Novy. 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 335-336.)
Apiculturist; b. 10 Aug. 1826; d. 25 June 1881, in
Weimar, Prussia. G: D. (2671)
Weston, Walter Philip. [Biog. notices. ]
(Zool. Anzeiger, 28 March 1881, jahrg. 4,
p- 168.) (Entomologist, April 1881, v. 14,
p.- 96.) (Psyche, July-Sept. 1851 [March
1882], v. 3, p- 259.)
Entomologist; d. 20 Feb. 1881, in Putnam, London,
England, in his 29th year. G: D. (2672)
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Arcangeli, G. Osservazioni sulla fioritura
del dracunculus vulgaris Schott. (Nuovo
giorn. bot. ital., 2 Jan. 1879, v. II, p-
24-41.)
Crit. rev., by H. Miiller, entitled ‘* Beo-
bachtungen tiber dracunculus.” (Bot.
Jahresbericht ... Just, 1879, v. 7, p-
137, 7 cm.)
Dracunculus vulgaris is fertilized by beetles, chiefly
saprinus, dermestes and oxytelus. D. crinitus is be-
lieved to be close-fertilized by diptera. The pollina-
tion of ca//a is largely effected by beetles (oxytherea).
W: ZT.
(2673)
Bennett, Alfred W. Recent observations
on the fertilization of plants. (Pop. sci-
rev., Oct. 1873, v. 12, p. 337-347, pl. 102.)
Considers the pollination of a considerable number
of flowers from different groups; and the pollen-gather-
ing parts of certain bees and flies. W: T. (2674):
Bonnier, Gaston and C: Flahault. Obser-
vations sur les modifications des végétaux
suivant les conditions physiques du milieu.
(Annales .des sci. nat., Bot., 1878 [Feb.
1879], ser. 6, Vv. 7, P- 93-125.)
Abstract, by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘Beo-
bachtungen iiber die Abanderungen der
Pflanzen nach den physischen Bedingungen
der Umgebung.” (Bot. Jahresbericht...
Just. 1879, v. 7, p. 108, 14 cm.)
As a result of the greater quantity of nectar in high
latitudes and altitudes, flowers are more abundantly
visited by hymenoptera in Scandinavia and the Alps
than in France or Germany at lower altitudes. Honey-
dew is more abundant in Scandinavia than in France,
and is eagerly gathered by hymenoptera (p. 110). The
authors do not believe that the greater intensity of color
in alpine and sub-arctic flowers is connected with the
greater rarity of insects (p. 114), but attribute it solely
to the greater quantity of luminous rays received in
summer in high altitudes and latitudes (p. 118).
W: T. (2675)
Croom, H. B. Observations on the genus
sarracenia; with an account of a new spe-
cies. (Annals lyceum nat. hist. N.Y., 5
Sept. 1836 [1848], v. 4, p. 95-104.)
Notes the insect-catching property of the species,
and refers to earlier papers cn the same subject.
-W: T. (2676)
136-
PSTOCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE POSSIBILITY and frequent occurrence
of retardation of development in eggs of
insects by exposure to cold has been applied,
as an invention, to retarding the development
of the eggs from which silkworms are to be
hatched. While such an application of the
principle may be of great service in belated
seasons or years unpropitious to the rearing
of worms, its inventor can hardly claim much
originality.
THE SECRETARY of the Smithsonian insti-
tution and director of the U. S. national
museum, announces that Dr. C: V. Riley has
deposited in that museum his private collec-
tion, comprising about 30,000 species and
more than 150,000 specimens of all orders of
insects, and has been appointed honorary
curator of insects. This collection is in
admirable condition, with the determined
species duly labeled and classified, but is
chiefly valuable for the large amount of
material in it, illustrating the life-histories,
habits, and economy of species, 3000 of which
are represented in one or all of the prepara-
tory states, either in liquid, in separate
boxes, or blown and mounted dry with the
imagines. Fifteen blank books are filled with
notes and descriptions of these species, most
of them yet unpublished. Though several
special collections surpass this in a single
order, few, if any, general collections of North
American insects equal it, and perhaps none
from the biological point of view.
The director hopes, in time, with so good
a beginning, to bring together a truly na-
tional exposition of the insect fauna of the
country, and for this purpose asks his cor-
respondents especially for specimens of in-
sects in their adolescent states in connection
with their mature forms, whenever possible,
together with all material exemplifying the
transformations, architecture, and economy
of species, and also invites persons engaged
in descriptive entomology to deposit in the
museum types or duplicates of their described
species.
315
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
11 Nov. ‘ rival JAB) nee
obec > izMay ‘‘
13 Jan. 1882. Ome s
TOvMe Dem
B: PIcKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
22 NOVen 22) Nar. ic
RO OCC: sane Z6eXpr. | “
25 Jan. 1882. 24. May **
B: PicKMAN MAnn, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
TE INOY=s 4a 14gA pre, 4°
(0) Dives. 6 1yMay ‘*
13 Jan. 1882. @fune-**
TOMBeD. 5 c.
James H. RIpINGs, /tecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
12 Dec: 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. Ripincs, fec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal.
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 1881. 3 Jan. 1882.
AOck, >" Tapieb. “<<
TANGY: 8. °° vaNlar:. *é
00) CC appre. <
G: H. Bow.es, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Dvu_E 15 Oct. 1882.—Life-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See PSYCHE, V. 3, p- 59-
316
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 1oth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANN’S CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phaznogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3824 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 30 cts.; 4 for $1.00; 15
for $3.00; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
Pror. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
1sth. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G. Schaupp.
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CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS. : : é ; : : : : : : : # 1035S
FRAGMENTS OF THE COARSER ANATOMY OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA — Samuel
FHlubbard Scudder . : : : : : : ; ; E A 319-321
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF HESPERIA ETHLIUS CRAM., AS OBSERVED IN THE
LIVING ANIMAL--ffelen Selina King : ; 322-324
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN THE LARVA OF HyDROPHILUS — Chives Dihonsek 324-326
THE DOMESTICATION OF PAPILIO THOAS aera ies. IN DuTCHESS COUNTY.
N.Y.— William Buck Dwight : : : : : ; : 247
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES — Cambridge Bigtonalocneal Club , : : 1 328
ALTERNATE GENERATION IN CYNIPIDAE—Leland O. Howard . : : ; 328-329
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2677-2748 : ‘ ‘ é : , : ; 330-334
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMs — Society Meetings — Prize Essays . : : - : SS WBE
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : ; ; 7 : : - : - : : eo
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i
(ecto i Wi OO es 1 Se
FRAGMENTS OF THE
COARSER ANATOMY OF
DIURNAL
LEPIDOPTERA.
BY SAMUEL H.
SCUDDER, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(Concluded from p. 309.).
10. THE LARVA OF HEUPHOEADES TROILUS, OF NORTH AMERICA.
\
Muscular system. The longitudinal
system of muscles, which we have usually
found to be made up on the dorsal and
ventral surfaces of each half of the body
of double or treble bands, is here com-
posed both above and below of one broad
ribbon on each side.
ones is made up of about fifteen, of the
upper of about twenty-five, closely con-
tiguous but independent cords similar to
Each of the lower
one another in every respect.
The investing muscular walls of the
stomach are thicker than usual and al-
most entirely composed of transverse,
parallel, fibres, with a few
hardly noticeable longitudinal threads,
muscular
and a dorsal ribbon of a dozen or more
parallel threads besides a similar ventral
band.
Digestive system. 'Vhe stomach is 6.5
mm. in diameter: at its extremity an
investing band of strong muscles enwraps
the canal, contracting its diameter to
1.75 mm.. while the intestine is 3 mm.
broad; the intestine and colon are very
short (together 7.5 mm. long) compared
with the stomach. and so also is the
oesophagus.
The malpighian vessels originate in a
very slender thread. 1.1 mm, long, which
then expands into a vermiform, subfusi-
form, swollen gland, 1.45 mm. long and
0.45 mm. broad, contracted slightly be-
fore the bluntly rounded apex ; the lower
branch is thrown off from its tip, and
immediately afterward the other two;
they are very slight and very short as
compared with Danais or Eurymus; the
upper branch extends as far as the pos-
terior margin of the fourth abdominal
segment.
The nervous cords
are closely united, but can be seen to be
distinct. throughout their whole length.
The distance between the first and sec-
ond body-ganglia is 2.56 mm.; between
the second and third 3.25 mm. The
cords at each side of the third are paral-
lel for a very short distance and then
diverge.
Nervous system.
The fourth ganglion is 1.75
min. distant from the third, and is situa-
ted near the middle of its segment, while
the others, as a general thing, are near
The
tenth and eleventh ganglia are completely
united; together they are no broader
than, but twice as long as, the ninth
ganglion ; from the posterior border, four
long, equal and equally divergent nerves
are thrown off. two on one side and two
the anterior edge of the segments.
320 PSTCIHE,
on the other, and these seem to be the in other species from the cord itself just
only nerves emitted.
There are two sets of lateral nerves
to each ganglion ; the posterior originates
at the posterior outer side and is di-
rected outward avd somewhat backward ;
it forks very shortly beyond its origin,
sometimes, in the anterior part of the
body, at the very origin; the anterior
set consists of two parallel nerves, which
start. the the
outer side, the posterior from near the
anterior from anterior
middle of the outer margin, and extend
outward at right angles to the cord; the
anterior of these parallel nerves is some-
times connected, just beyond its base,
with the cord just in advance of the
ganglia; at least it is so in the seventh
abdominal segment where the nerves are
somewhat modified; this anterior nerve
may be the same as that which originates
in advance of the ganglia.
The initial duct of
runs to the middle of
beyoud
Glandular system.
the silk vessels
the first
which it expands to a vessel 0.65 mm.
abdominal segment,
broad, which runs straight along the
ventral surface to the front part of the
third abdominal segment, turns abruptly
back to the origin of the thicker portion.
then bends at right angles and runs in a
vermiform course upward along the first
and second abdominal segments and ter-
The whole of
the thicker part of the vessel is 21 mm.
minates upon the back.
long.
The testes
are situated at the posterior part of the
Male generative organs.
dorsum of the fifth abdominal segment.
are plump. obovate. well rounded, 1.1
mm. long and 0.85 mm. broad.
ll. THE LARVA OF EPARGYREUS TITYRUS, OF NORTH AMERICA,
Digestive system. As in Euphoeades
troilus the stomach is very large as com-
pared with the rest of the alimentary
canal; it measures 19.5 mm. in length.
while the crop measures 3.5 and the in-
testine and colon together 5 mm.; the
oesophagus proper is exceedingly short.
The salivary glands are slender, crinkled
ribbons of uniform diameter (0.14 mm.)
and 5 mm. long, reaching to the front of
the stomach, where the extremity is at-
tached by a very slender, pellucid, sus-
pensory thread to tissue connected with
the dorsal vessel.
The malpighian vessels originate in a
slender, thread-like tube, smaller than
the duct of the silk vessels. from the
constriction at the extremity of the stom-
ach; it extends forward along the hinder
extremity of the stomach for 1.6 mm.
and then sends off the inferior branch,
which passes along the stomach nearly
to the middle of the third abdominal
segment and there turns upon its course.
The main stem continues for 1.25 mm.
further before dividing, a feature in which
this insect is entirely different from all
the others described, and its two forks
pass forward as usual along the sides of
the stomach, the upper to the middle or
slightly in advance of the middle, the
lower (or middle of the three branches)
eh an nek
ES HEELS, 321
to the front of the third abdominal seg-
ment, and then abruptly retrace their
course. They are exceedingly delicate,
being only 0.045 mm. in width, and are
ribbons rather than cords; in their deli-
acy and slight development, but not at
all in the characteristics of their origin,
they agree with Euphoeades troilus.
Nervous system. ‘The first body-gang-
lion is separated from the suboesoph-
ageal ganglion by a narrow space, not
length of the
former, which is somewhat longer than
The fourth body, or the first
more than one-third the
broad.
abdominal ganglion is separated from the
one in front by less than the diameter of
the latter, and is situated wholly within.
but at the hinder border of, the third
thoracic segment; the other ganglia,
even the third thoracic, are situated in
the middle of their respective segments ;
the last two ganglia are completely amal-
gamated, forming a single, subfusiform;
oval mass more than twice as long as
broad, slightly broader than and nearly
twice as long as the ninth ganglion. ‘The
cords between the ganglia are quite dis-
tinct from each other in front of each
ganglion for one-third or one-fourth the
distance to the ganglion next in advance ;
in front of this they are attingent and
apparently consolidated, although it can
be seen that the ribbon is composed of
two elements. The lateral nerves con-
sist of a single thread issuing from the
anterior outer angle of the ganglion,
directed laterally and a little forward ;
and a pair, issuing separately, but in
close proximity. from the posterior outer
angle, and directed laterally and some-
what posteriorly ; these last are aiso very
slightly divergent.
Silk vessels.
a long thread-like tube or duet, 0.9 min.
These consist, first. of
in diameter, having a slightly tortuous
course through the thoracic segments ;
and second, of a larger vessel, a mere
enlargement of the tube, which commen-
ces to expand as it enters the abdominal
region, and continues of the same diam-
eter, 0.5 mm., as far as the beginning of
the fifth abdominal segment, then turns
abruptly back upon itself, outside its
former course, as far as the front of the
second abdominal segment; again turns
back with equal abruptness, outside or
ubove its previous course, and, dimin-
ished to nearly one-half its former diam-
eter, extends nearly to the middle of the
third abdominal segment; it then turns
upward at right angles along the walls
of the stomach to the middle of the sides
of the same, or a little higher, and again
resumes its general backward direction ;
on this it extends, with a slightly wavy
course, as far as the end of the stomach,
when it turns downward and inward again
and soon terminates ina blunt tip, its ex-
tremity scarcely slenderer than its width
when it is freed from the coils on the
sides of the stomach. The coiled or re-
versed portion covers a distance of 5.75
mm. “The initial duct is 9.5 mm. long,
the stouter part of the vessel 12 mm.
long, and the slender terminal portion
11.5 mm. long.
The testes
consist of a pair of quadrilobed, elon-
Mule reproductive organs.
gated, subrenifurm organs, terminating
anteriorly in a little thread less than half
as long as themselves; and are situated
scarcely. behind the middle of the fifth
abdominal segment.
| End. |
322
PSPCHE:
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF HESPERIA ETHLIUS CRAM., AS
OBSERVED IN
BY HELEN SELINA KING,
THE
LIVING ANIMAL.
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS.
| With editorial annotations. |
Tue larva of Hesperia ethlius may be
found on the Canna or Indian-shot plant.
This larva being somewhat diaphanous,
and thus affording facilities for an ex-
amination of its internal organization,
I have made of it a careful study.
The egg, when first laid on a leaf, is
pinkish, smooth, biscuit-shaped, and
with a central depression on its upper,
convex side. As it matures it grows
white. The larva emerges in six days,
and eats up the upper third of its shell.
which is detached like a lid, leaving a
cup still adhering to the plant. At this
time it is 1.6 mm. long, dull whitish ;
head very large, black, glossy, and bi-
lobed. ‘True feet
In a few hours it sheds its skin.
Having eaten asmall portion of the leaf,
and thus prepared a section of it for its
use, the larva folds this over and confines
it to its place with a few stitches of silk,
enlarging this temporary retreat, or
folding a new section, as it grows, and
just before the pupal -change lining it
with silk. It feeds from this tubular
case, just along its edges, retreating
within when alarmed. It forcibly ejects
all excrement from the upper, free end,
together with all exuviae, so that, al-
though it evidently sheds its skin several
times, these cast skins cannot be found.
The larva increases more rapidly in
size at its early stages than later, and
doubles its length in 24 hours. It is
cylindrical, flattened on the venter and
and anal tip black.
presents rather a large upper surface.
At this time a transverse band is seen
on dorsum of the 11th segment, Gon-
necting the posterior pair of stigmata
which are faintly visible. Under a mi-
croscope of 75 diameters may also be
seen the dorsal vessel lying over and
contiguous to the alimentary canal, and
a pair of small bodies between these and
the pleura, situated in the 9th segment,
on each side [testes in @, ovaries in Q }.
With its further development the body
becomes more opaque, from the presence
When
it is 6 mm. long the small organs in the
9th segment are well defined, being four-
chambered, with the divisions suboyal.,
the extreme ones terminating sometimes
[in the 9] in an acute point, the ante-
rior one longest. These are
about the size round of a broom-straw
of food in the alimentary canal.
vessels
and about twice as long as wide; of a
pale yellow, and opaque.
Lying over the alimentary canal, and
seemingly formed of a fold of it, are
the two longitudinal tubular bodics, a
little flattened, which are interrupted but
not obliterated at the intersection of the
segments | dorsal vessel, with its valves].
This tubular fold seems to recede from
and approach the median line, each time
apparently opening and closing on the
posterior half of its length for the ad-
mission of fluid. ‘There is a vermicular
motion throughout these parts. but no fluid
canactually be seen flowing through them.
PSTCHE.
The larva transforms in ten days and
is, when fully grown, 44 mm. long. As
it approaches maturity the four-cham-
bered vessels [ovaries] become cylindri-
eal, and twice their original length, and
with points on the lower sides from the
constricted parts. The fuller develop-
ment of the alimentary canal and the
longitudinal tubular fold [dorsal vessel]
causes these smaller vessels [ovaries ]
to recede more from the dorsal median
line and approach nearer to the pleura
in the comparatively free space occupied
only by the. ramifications of the tra-
cheae. Here they seem to be balanced
upon and permeated by fine tracheae
from the spiracle of the 9th segment, and
move synchronously with the general
impulse received through the series of
spiracles on the pleura but begun in the
pair on the 11th segment. This pair
of spiracles, connected by a short trans-
verse band or spiracular tube, gives rise
to two sets of tracheae: one penetrating
no farther than into the subcutaneous
enveloping membrane, ramifies there,
giving no, signs of activity; the other
responds to, if it does not originate,
every impulse of the larva.
Each of the spiracles has a similar
double set of tracheae acting in the
same way. ‘The air tubes of the passive
set just referred to, are inclined a little
backward, transversely, at their free
ends. while those of the active set, ram-
ifying within the inner parts of the body,
tend forward. A part of them, meeting
on the middle of the venter, arch over a
small, misty, suboval dot [nervous gan-
glion} which has a faint sympathetic
movement with the tracheae touching it.
»~yy?
323"
One of these misty, white bodies is
situated on each segment, beginning,
from behind, at the 10th, where it seems
to be a double, oval dot, and is presuma-
bly composed of the ganglion of the
11th and 10th.
to this are single.
The next four anterior
The fifth and fourth
are near each other and nearer the 3rd
segment, showing a forward tendency.
Each of the three thoracic segments has
its separate ganglion, equidistant from
each other, and nearer together than the
series posterior to them. Each of these
ganglionic nuclei is situated in the ante-
rior angle of a triangle of white filaments
whose base line is almost straight across
the segment.
On the dorsum and ending on the ven-
ter are long tubes (malpighian vessels)
one on each side, first traceable near the
10th spiracle, with which they are con-
nected by a bent tubular line. Follow-
ing a direct course forward from this as
far as the 6th, these tubes recurve and
return to the 9th. going forward once
more at an acute angle and losing them-
selves in the 5th, but becoming again
visible just below the third segment.
These tubes are of the same size and ap-
pearance as the tracheae, with which they
come in frequent contact. At the pos-
terior end of the third segment, are the
blunt ends of a pair of tubes [silk ves-
sels]. These faintly traced
almost to their position on the head as
the spinnerets.
At times when the larva is undisturbed,
there seems to be an almost total suspen-
sion of motion in the spiracles and in all
the parts affected by them. With the en-
trance of air into the system of spiracles
may be
324 PSOE.
there is a regular pulsating movement in
the dorsal vessel, and in the small four-
chambered bodies in the 9th segment
[ovaries]. The entrance of air into the
posterior pair of spiracles seems to give
the initial impulse which travels so rap-
idly along the series and its ramifications
that almost immediately the head of the
insect begins to move from side to side
as if affected by the same influences
which affected the other parts. This oc-
curs when the leafy covering of the lar-
ya is cut open and light and air admitted.
The first conscious effort of the larva
when its sheath [nest] is opened is di-
rected toward the elaboration of silk
fluid with which to enclose itself once
more within its case. With this purpose
it eats rapidly and the silk fluid is seen
at the same time accumulating in and
near the thoracic segments. The larva
uses its short, black, front pair of feet to
unite the threads which it spins back
and forth, forming a cord of 40 to 75
threads, as may suit its purposes.
The pupa exhibits no specially inter-
esting features. It is pale green, with
faint traces of the outer set of tracheae
still visible ; broad at anterior end, with
a sharp black spine from its extremity,
by which it is attached to a mass of fine
white silk. Body cylindrical, tapering
A loose girdle of silk pas-
ses around its body, and its entire length
rests against a delicate iayer of white
silk. If disturbed it moves with great
rapidity. It transforms in ten days.
The motions of the imago of this hespe-
at anal end.
perian are very rapid.
I have not sufficient data to make this
an exhaustive monograph, but other stu-
dents may have added what I have omit-
ted. If not. we may leave to time and
diligence the further discovery of such
facts as are yet unknown.
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN THE.LARVA OF HYDROPHILUS.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK,
EXAMINATION Of living larvae of Hy-
drophilus under the microscope, the past
summer, revealed the
blood in their antennac and trophi, which
is so distinctly visible and so curious in
its directions as to be worthy of notice.
The blood of the larva of Hydrophilus,
after leaving the anterior extremity of
the dorsal vessel or heart and entering
the head, divides itself into two lateral
branches, one of which descends on
each side of the oesophagus, the two
branches reuniting beneath the oesoph-
agus, a little anterior to their division
on its upper side, to form a median
circulation of
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
stream. Between the point where the
streams separate and reunite, each
stream gives off three branches, all of
which flow in the same direction as the
middle stream formed by the reunion
of the two lateral streams, that is, tow-
ard the anterior part of the head. The
median stream formed by the reunion of
the two lateral streams, which is, of
course, more ventral in position than the
six other streams, enters the middle of
the labium, and passes along the dorsal
half of that organ until it nearly reaches
the bases of the labial palpi. Here the
stream turns back laterally and ventrally,
SS
Lz
PSKCHE:. 305
so that the returning stream is along the
ventral half and in both lateral portions
of the labium. Each of the two streams
of blood next toward the dorsum, from
the one which supplies the labium enters
the outer side of a maxilla, flows along
the outer side nearly to the distal end of
the basal joint of the maxilla, and _ re-
turns along the inner side of the joint
to the head. The two streams next in
order, as the dorsal side of the head is
approached, are those that supply blood
to the mandibles. Each of these streams
enters the mandible on its inner side,
flows nearly to its tip, and returns on
its outer side. Dorsally from the streams
supplying the mandibles are the streams
that flow into the antennae, which, in
the larvae of Hydrophilus are used as
trophi. Each stream enters its antenna
on the inner side, flows to the distal end
of the basal joint, and returns on the
outer side of that joint to the head.
After their return to the head, the cur-
rents of blood from the antennae and
trophi are lost among the muscles of the
head.
I have attempted, in fig. 5, by arrows.
to give a more readily comprehensible
idea of the direction and extent of the
above-mentioned streams of blood, than
can be given by mere description. To
complete the figure one should imagine
a stream of blood toward the head, be-
neath the arrow in the middle of the
labium: that is, with the head in the
position indicated in the figure, the mi-
croscope can be focused first on a stream
flowing outward in the labium, and then,
with the fine adjustment, the tube of
the microscope can be lowered until a
return stream toward the head is brought
into focus. I have not attempted to in-
dicate, on the sketch, the currents of
blood’ in the head, as they would too
reatly complicate the figure. |
Oo
ton)
Fic. 5.—Dorsal view of head of young larva of Hy-
drophilus 2piceus, Direction of blood-currents in the
appendages indicated by arrows. Dotted lines indicate
partitions between blood-currents. @, antenna; #7, man-
dible; mx, maxilla; 7, labium. Magnified 20 diameters -
The currents of blood are not, of
course, confined in cylindrical arteries
and veins, as they are in the vertebrates,
and, consequently, I have used the terms
streams and currents of blood. These
streams .of blood occupy nearly the
whole interior cavity of the appendages
in the larvae of Hydrophilus, the outward
and return currents being separated by
partitions, of apparently a porous nature,
which are represented in the figure by
dotted lines. partitions, like
those described by C. G. Carus! in the
abdominal appendages of the larvae of
These
1 Carus, C. G. Entdeckung eines einfachen vom Her-
zen aus beschleunigten Blutkreislautes in den Larven
netzfliiglicher Insecten. Leipzig, 1827.
326 PSTKCHE.
Agrion puella, are very delicate, and
extend, in the antennae, mandibles and
maxillae, from the upper to the lower
chitinous walls. In no case have I ob-
served corpuscles of blood pass through
these porous partitions, but they may_
not be impervious to the fluid portion
of the blood.
currents of blood and to cause it to cir-
They serve to guide the
culate in the appendages. It is not
necessary for these porous partitions to
extend into the apical joints of each ap-
pendage, the blood which fills these
joints not needing rapid changing. Ca-
rus notes that, in the larva of Ephemera
vulgaris, the blood has a distinct outward
and return current in the basal joint of
each antenna. This is the case, as will
be seen by the figure, in the antennae
of the larva of Hydrophilus, where the
partition between the two streams ends
just posterior to the distal end of the
basal joint of each antenna.
Verloren? notes that, in the antennae
of the larvae of Ephemera diptera he had
never been able to observe the circula-
tion of the nutrient fluid, except in the
first joint, where the current enters on
the inner side and returns on the outer
side. The direction and extent of
the currents of blood in the antennae
are the same in the larva of Ephemera
diptera as in that of Hydrophilus, but,
as the literature at my command fails to
give the necessary data in regard to the
currents of blood in the antennae of
other insects, and I have not been able
to obtain specimens suitable for further
observation, it is unsafe to predict that
2 Verloren, M.C. Mémoire en résponse ala question
suivante: Eclaircir par des observations nouvelles le
phénoméne de la circulation dans les insectes .. . 1844.
the currents of blood in the antennae of
insects generally follow a similar course.
It will be seen, at first glance, on the
figure, that, with one exception, all the
streams of blood have their outward
course on the inner side of each appen-
dage; the exception is in the maxillae,
where the outward course of the blood
is on the outer side. It would be inter-
esting to know if, in other insect larvae,
the streams of blood entered the max-
illae on the outer and returned on the
inner side.
As the circulation in the appendages
of the head’ of the larvae of Hydrophilus
has no capillaries, the progress of the
blood is so little checked that one can
count the pulsations of the heart as well
in the returning currents as in the out-
going ones.
For the purpose of detailed study of
the circulation of the blood, not only in
the antennae and trophi but in all parts
of the body, the young larvae of Hydro-
philus offer special advantages, on ac-
count of their transparency. which is so
great that their blood-corpuscles can be
readily seen, under the microscope,
without using extremely high powers.
The egg-cases of Hydrophilus can be
collected in summer,® and the larvae
easily reared in a small aquarium. If a
suitable aquarium be chosen, and placed
beneath any kind of a fly-trap, in such
a way that the flies captured will fall,
living, into the water, a healthy brood of
larvae of Aydrophiius can be fed with
a minimum of attention.
3 See paper by W. H. Garman, entitled, “The egg-
case and larva of Hydrophilus triangularis Say.”
(Amer. naturalist, Aug. 1881, v. 15, p. 660-663, fig. 1-3.)
Paris. France, 16 Dec. 1881.
oe
—— |) 2
PSTCHE .
es)
bo
~I
THE DOMESTICATION OF PAPILIO THOAS (CRESPHONTES) IN
BDOrCHESS COUNTY, N.Y:
BY WILLIAM BUCK DWIGHT, POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.
Dr. E. L. Beadle, of Poughkeepsie,
N. Y., noticed, on 8 Sept. 1880, some
curious caterpillars feeding on a bush of
Dictamnus fraxinella in his front lawn.
The next day he sent several of these to
me, and soon after imprisoned some
more in a box at his house. Recogniz-
ing them as papilios, but not being able
to determine the species from the larva,
I tended them until they assumed the
chrysalis state the third week in Sep-
tember. Four of them developed into
butterflies during the last week in Feb-
ruary 1881, and the first and second
weeks in March; one more expanded
early in April, about which time some in
Dr. Beadle’s box also assumed the ima-
go state. Ihad no difficulty in recog-
nizing them at once as good specimens
of Papilio thoas, whose proper home is
on the orange tree in the southern
states. I have since compared them
with typical specimens, and find no es-
sential difference. Dr. Beadle suggested,
what seems to me very probable, that
the eggs of these lepidoptera might have
been brought here in the southern moss
(in which orange leaves are very likely
to be entangled) which is :packed about
the Florida oranges landed here.
On 30 March 1881, I announced the
above facts in a paper read. before the
Poughkeepsie society of natural science.
Attention having been thus called to the
subject, this butterfly was found in sey-
eral private collections here, its true char-
acter not having before been recognized.
As the spring opened, Mr. James M.
De Garmo, of Rhinebeck, N. Y., set the
boys in the academy of which he is the
principal, on the lookout for these but-
terflies, and they-found quite.a number
before long. As the autumn came in
they found them to be by no means rare.
I had at first supposed that this insect
was only partially domesticated, living
solely in the cultivated grounds around
our mansions, —on the Dictamnus frax-
inella, and on the hot-house orange trees.
Later in the season their frequency led
me to suspect that they were more thor-
oughly established. On 17 Sept. 1881,
while making geological explorations in
the woods four or five miles south of
Poughkeepsie, I found quite a number
of larvae of Papilio thoas feeding on the
wild ‘‘ thorn bush,” Zanthoaylum amer-
icanum, which, like the Dictamnus fraa-
inella, is © member (with the orange) of
the rutaceae, and has orange-scented
leaves. These were on different bushes
about a mile apart. Subsequently I also
found some chrysalids of the same, sus-
pended for the winter under the stones
of farm walls.
It is thus established that this south-
ern papilio, which has already been re-
ported in Canada, and six or seven of
our northern States, is thoroughly domes-
ticated in this part of New York state,
finding an abundance of its orange-
flavored food in our woods, and weather-
ing our winters in safety.
VASSAR COLLEGE, It FEB. 1882.
326 PSTKCHE:
Agrion puella, ave very delicate, and
extend, in the antennae, mandibles and
maxillae, from the upper to the lower
chitinous walls. In no case have I ob-
seryed corpuscles of blood pass through
these porous partitions, but they may
not be impervious to the fluid portion
of the blood.
currents of blood and to cause it to cir-
culate in the appendages. It is not
They serve to guide the
necessary for these porous partitions to
extend into the apical joints of each ap-
pendage, the blood which fills these
joints not needing rapid changing. Ca-
rus notes that, in the larva of Ephemera
vulgaris, the blood has a distinct outward
and return current in the basal joint of
each antenna. This is the case, as will
be seen by the figure, in the antennae
of the larva of Hydrophilus, where the
partition between the two streams ends
just posterior to the distal end of the
basal joint of each antenna.
Verloren? notes that, in the antennae
of the larvae of Ephemera diptera he had
never been able to observe the circula-
tion of the nutrient fluid, except in the
first joint, where the current enters on
the inner side and returns on the outer
side. The direction and extent of
the currents of blood in the antennae
are the same in the larva of Ephemera
diptera as in that of Hydrophilus, but,
as the literature at my command fails to
give the necessary data in regard to the
currents of blood in the antennae of
other insects, and I have not been able
to obtain specimens suitable for further
observation, it is unsafe to predict that
2 Verloren, M.C. Mémoire en résponse a la question
suivante: Eclaircir par des observations nouvelles le
phénoméne de la circulation dans les insectes ... 1844.
the currents of blood in the antennae of
insects generally follow a similar course.
It will be seen, at first glance, on the
figure, that, with one exception, all the
streams of blood have their outward
course on the inner side of each appen-
dage; the exception is in the maxillae,
where the outward course of the blood
is on the outer side. It would be inter-
esting to know if, in other insect larvae,
the streams of blood entered the max-
illae on the outer and returned on the
inner side.
As the circulation in the appendages
of the head’ of the larvae of Hydrophilus
has no capillaries, the progress of the
blood is so little checked that one can
count the pulsations of the heart as well
in the returning currents as in the out-
going ones.
For the purpose of detailed study of
the circulation of the blood, not only in
the antennae and trophi but in all parts
of the body, the young larvae of Hydro-
philus offer special advantages, on ac-
count of their transparency, which is so
great that their blood-corpuscles can be
under the microscope,
without using extremely high powers.
The egg-cases of Hydrophilus can be
collected in summer,® and the larvae
easily reared in a small aquarium. If a
suitable aquarium be chosen, and placed
beneath any kind of a fly-trap, in such
a way .that the flies captured will fall,
living, into the water, a healthy brood of
larvae of Aydrophiius can be fed with
a minimum of attention.
readily seen,
3 See paper by W. H. Garman, entitled, “The egg-
case and larva of Hydrophilus triangularis Say.”
(Amer. naturalist, Aug. 1881, v. 15, p- 660-663, fig. 1-3.)
Paris. France, 16 Dec. 1881.
‘
———
ye
PS TCSTE.
THE DOMESTICATION OF
PAPILIO
ess)
bo
~I
THOAS (CRESPHONTES) IN
DUCHESS, COUNTY, N.Y.
BY WILLIAM BUCK DWIGHT, POUGHKEEPSIE, N. Y.
Dr. E. L. Beadle, of Poughkeepsie,
N. Y., noticed, on 8 Sept. 1880, some
curious caterpillars feeding on a bush of
Dictamnus fraxinella in his front lawn.
The next day he sent several of these to
me, and soon after imprisoned some
more in a box at his house. Recogniz-
ing them as papilios, but not being able
to determine the species from the larva,
I tended them until they assumed the
chrysalis state the third week in Sep-
tember. Four of them developed into
butterflies during the last week in Feb-
ruary 1881, and the first and second
weeks in March; one more expanded
early in April, about which time some in
Dr. Beadle’s box also assumed the ima-
go state. Ihad no difficulty in recog-
nizing them at once as good specimens
of Papilio thoas, whose proper home is
on the orange tree in the southern
states. I have since compared them
with typical specimens, and find no es-
sential difference. Dr. Beadle suggested,
what seems to me very probable, that
the eggs of these lepidoptera might have
been brought here in the southern moss
(in which orange leaves are very likely
to be entangled) which is :packed about
the Florida oranges landed here.
On 30 March 1881, I announced the
above facts in a paper read before the
Poughkeepsie society of natural science.
Attention having been thus called to the
subject, this butterfly was found in sey-
eral private collections here, its true char-
acter not having before been recognized.
As the spring opened, Mr. James M.
De Garmo, of Rhinebeck, N. Y., set the
boys in the academy of which he is the
principal, on the lookout for these but-
terflies, and they-found quite.a number
before long. As the autumn came in
they found them to be by no means rare.
I had at first supposed that this insect
was only partially domesticated, living
solely in the cultivated grounds around
our mansions, —on the Dictamnus frax-
inella, and on the hot-house orange trees.
Later in the season their frequency led
me to suspect that they were more thor-
oughly established. On 17 Sept. 1881,
while making geological explorations in
the woods four or five miles south of
Poughkeepsie, I found quite a number
of larvae of Papilio thoas feeding on the
wild ‘* thorn bush,” Zanthoxylum amer-
icanum, which, like the Dictamnus fraa-
inella, is a member (with the orange) of
the rutaceae, and has orange-scented
leaves. These were on different bushes
about a mile apart. Subsequently I also
found some chrysalids of the same, sus-
pended for the winter under the stones
of farm walls.
It is thus established that this south-
ern papilio, which has already been re-
ported in Canada, and six or seven of
our northern States, is thoroughly domes-
ticated in this part of New York state,
finding an abundance of its orange-
flavored food in our woods, and weather-
ing our winters in safety.
VASSAR COLLEGE, It FEB. 1882.
330 [2677-2686 |
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon a
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets | |, marks the time at which the
work was recetved, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Cheeseman, T. F. Fertilization of g/osso-
stigma. (Nature, 27 Dec. 1877, v. 17, p-
163-164, 15 cm.)
Notice, by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘Befruch-
tung von lossostigma.” (Bot. Jahresbe-
TICHt s\n USt, 19770 vers. p. 1740, 21M.)
Shows how cross-fertilization is aided by sensitive
motion of the stigma, W: T. (2677)
Darwin, C: Bees and fertilization of kid-
ney beans. (Gard. chronicle, 24 Oct. 1857,
p- 725, 28 cm.)
Shows how bees [af7s mel/ifica] act while collecting
nectar, and believes that ‘‘if every bee in Britain were
destroyed, we should not again see a pod on our kidney
beans.” Records the perforation of the flowers for
their pollen by bombus and the subsequent use of the
perforations by apis. HW: ZT. (2678)
Darwin, C: Notes on the fertilization of
orchids. (Ann. and mag. nat. hist., Sept.
1869, ser. 4, V- 4, Pp- 141-159.)
A résumé of the literature on the pollination of or-
chids, since 1862, with original observations by the au-
thor; prepared for insertion in the Fr. tr. of his “On
the various contrivances by which British and foreign
orchids are fertilized by insects ...”’ [Rec., 2378]. The
article includes numerous observations on the actions of
insects while visiting the flowers in question.
W:; T. (2679)
Flahault, C:, see BoNNIER, G. and C: FLAHAULT.
Observations sur les modifications des végétaux ...
[Rec., 2675].
Gray, Asa. [Fertilization of flowers by in-
sect agency.] (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil.,
6 June 1876, v. 28, p. 110-112.)
Crit. rev. of T: Meehan’s remarks under same title
(op. cit., p. 108-110) [Rec., 2692]. W: T. (2680)
Hunt, J. Gibbons. Sensitive organs in sta-
pelia. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 27 Aug.
1878, v. 30, p. 292-293, 27 cm.; 1 fig.)
Abstract, entitled ‘‘Sensitive organs in
the flowers of asclepiads.” (Pop. sci. rev.,
Jan. 1879, v. 18, n.s., v. 3, p- 89, 6 cm.)
Abstract. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, Dec.
1879, v. 6, p. 280, 12 cm.)
Crit. rev., by H. Miiller, entitled ‘‘Reiz-
bare Organe bei stafelza.” (Bot. Jahresbe-
richt ../ Just, 1879, v- 7, p. 139-140, 2 cm.)
The stench of the flowers of s. astervas attracts many
flies, which feed on the floral nectar. When the pro-
boscis of a fly comes in contact with one of the so-called
staminal glands it is seized by the latter, which is com-
pared to a “steel trap.”’ If too small to remove the
pollen-masses, the fly remains in the trap.
W: T. (2681)
Leidy, Joseph. Flies as a means of com-
municating contagious diseases. (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil., 21 Nov. 1871, y. 23,
p- 297, 6 cm.)
States that flies feed on the sporiferous mucus of
phallus impudicus, and believes them instrumental in
spreading hospital gangrene, etc. W: T. (2682)
Lichtenstein, Jules. Les cynipides. ire
partie. Introduction. La génération al-
ternante chez les cynipides par le Dr. H.
Adler, de Schleswig, traduit et annoté par
J. Lichtenstein. Suivi de la classification
des cynipides d’apres le Dr. G. Mayr, de
Vienne. Montpellier, Coulet, 1881. 141
* P-3pl., 25X17. ;
Notice, by L. O. Howard, entitled ‘‘Al-
ternate generation in cyxipfidae. (Psyche,
Mar.-Apr. [June] 1881, v. 3, p. 328-329. )
French translation of H. Adler's ‘‘Ueber den Genera,
tions—wechsel der Eichen-Gallwespen” (Zeits. fiir wiss.
Zool., 1 Feb. 1881, bd. 35, p 151-246, pl. 10-12), with reprint
of the plates, and with an historical introduction by the
translator, a biographical notice of Dr. Adler, and a
list, classified after Mayr, of the described cynipidae
of the world. LL. O. Hl. (2683)
Macbride, James. On the power of sarra-
cenia adunca to entrap insects .... (Trans.
Linn. soc., 19 Dec. 1815, [1818] eyes
48-52.)
Describes the capture of flies by the leaves, to which
they are drawn by nectar. Spiders and ‘‘asmall species
of phalaena’’ are able to enter and leave the pitchers at
will. Inthe mass of putrid insects were always found
one or two maggots, which were the offspring of a
viviparous fly. From certain insect remains occasion-
ally found, the author suspects that alarge zepa may use
the pitchers as storehouses for captured prey. [Hagen,
Bibl, entom., v. 1, p. 509, gives the date 1857].
°: ZT. (2684)
Martindale, I: C. On the distribution of
plants. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 18
Sept. 1877, v. 29, p-. 285-286. )
Includes a notice of a phallus, which attracts large
numbers of flies. W: T. (2685)
Meehan, T: On the agency of insects in
obstructing evolution. (Proc. acad. nat.
sci. Phil., 1872, \vi'24, 1p. 235-2372)
Describes a number of floral forms in //nzaria vul-
garis. These are prevented from parce them-
selves as races by being intercrosse ie the agen-
cy of bombus. 2 Do \(@686)
PSPCIZE,.
Meehan, IT: Boring of corollas from the
outside by honey-bees. (Proc. acad. nat.
sci. Phil., 15 Jan. 1878, v. 30, p. 10-11.)
Crit. rev.. by H. Muller, entitled :‘Die
Honigbiene Blumenkronen von aussen an-
bohrend.” (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just.
1879, v- 7, p- 148. 5 cm.)
States that sa/via splendens is perforated for its nec-
tar by apts mellifica. States objections to the belief that
the flowers in question are pollinated by insects.
W: T.. (2687)
Meehan. T: Cross-fertilization in campa-
nula. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 18 July
1876, v. 28. p. 142-143, 10 cm.)
States that flowers of campanula and cichorium do
not require insect aid in their pollination, although the
latter are visited by pollen-eating insects.
Wes 2 (2583)
Meehan. T: The drosera as an insect catch-
Pree (eroc,.acad. nat. sci, Phil.,. 20 July
1875. v.. 27, p- 330.) (Ann. and mag. nat.
hist., Mar. 1876, ser. 4, v. 17. p. 258-259.)
Notes the capture of insects by drosera filiformis, d°
longifolia and d. rotundifolia, and discusses the benefit
derived therefrom. W: T. (2689)
Meehan, T: Fertilization in beans. (Proc.
Heseeenat. scl. Phil., 3 Oct. 1876, v.28: p.
193-194, I2 cm.)
States that although freely visited by bees [ap/s?|,
varieties of phaseo/us do not intermingle.
W: T. (2690)
Meehan, T: Fertilization of flowers by insect
agency. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 6
June 1876, v. 28, p. 108-110.)
Crit. rev.. by Asa Gray, under same title.
(a7. Gtr-, Pp. LIO-112. )
Believes that scrophularia cantina, leucanthemum,
trifolium pratense and staphylea are self-fertilized.
though admitting that they are visited by insects.
W: 7. (2591)
Meehan, T: Fertilization of fpedécularts
canadensts. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil..
Serine Jo73, Vv. 25, p. 257.6 cm.) ..( Ann.
and mag. nat. hist., Dec. 1873. ser. 4, v. 12,
P- 497-)
Self-fertilization is said to be impossible, and no in-
sects were seen to enter the flowers, which, nevertheless,
fruited abundantly. A bombus perforates the flowers
for their nectar. WPA (2592)
Meehan, T: Fertilization of yucca. (Proc.
geads Mat ssci. Phil... 2 Dec. 1873) v.'25; ps
414, 4 cm.)
States that, in Pennsylvania, yucca is pollinated by
pronuba yuccasella, every year, In the Rocky Moun-
tains, in 1871, y. angustifolia was found seeding abun-
dantly, while in 1873 it did not fruit at all: itis suggested
that in that region pronuvba may be replaced by some
periodical insect. . W: T. (2693)
[2687-2701] 331
Meehan, T. [On the flowers of asparagus. |
(Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil.. 4 June 1872, v.
24, P- 138-139. )
The plants of a. officinalis are said to be dioecious.
Various insects, including apts mellifica, visit the stam-
inate flowers for pollen. None visit the pistillate flow-
‘ers. Pollination seemed wholly accomplished by the
wind. W: T. (2694)
Meehan, T: Insectivorous — sarracenias.
(Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 15 June 1875,
V. 27, p. 269, 8 cm.)
Comments on J. H. Mellichamp’s ‘‘Notes on sarra-
centa variolaris (Proc. Amer. assoc. advance. sci., 1875,
V. 23, pt. 2, p. 113-133) [Rec., 579]. W: T. (2695)
Meehan, T: [Insects and flowers ] (Proc.
acad. nat. sci. Phil.. 2 Aug. 1870, v. 22, p.
go, 6 cm.)
States that sa/vifa and petunia are perforated for their
nectar, by bees: but pollination is effected by nocturnal
moths. Describes two sorts of male flowers in custanea
vesca, only one of which probably aids in fertilization.
W: T. (2696)
Meehan, T: Note on phallus foetidus.
@Proc: acadsnat.-sci- Phill.73 Octi*1876; y-
28, p- 194-195, 7 cm.)
‘Meat flies’? abounded on this fungus. The same
insects are said to visit and oviposit in the flowers of
stapelta vartegata. W: T. (2697)
Meehan, T: Poisonous character of the flow-
ers of w7startia sinensis. (Proc. acad. nat.
sci. Phil., 2 June 1874, v. 26, p. 84, 4 cm.)
Notes tae popular belief that the flowers of the plant
named are destructive to bees. States that the flowers
were continually visited by the honey bee [apts me//1-
fica|, and others, without, so far as he could see, any
fata! results following. W: T. (2698)
Miiller, Fritz. In Blumen gefangene Schwar-
mer. (Kosmos, 1878, v. 3, p. 178-179.)
Discusses the pollination of Asiatic species of hedy-
chium, as cultivated in Brazil. One species has so
narrow a tube that it frequently captures, by their pro-
boscides, such moths as macrosila rustica and m, an-
taeus. W: T. (2699)
Muller, Hermann, see PacKarRD, A. S., jr., Moths en-
trapped by an asclepiad plant [Rec., 1671].
Miiller. Hermann. Alpenblumen... [Rec.,
2175. |
Rev.. by Francis Darwin, entitled *+Ai-
pine flowers.” (Nature, to Feb., 1881,
V- 23. P- 333-335:)
’ Rev., by W: Trelease, entitled *‘Dr. Her-
mann Muller’s Alpenblumen.” (Psyche.
Feb: [July] 1881, 'v- 3, p- 175225 cm.)
: P.M. (2700)
Miiller, ifermann. Anwendung der Dar-
winschen Lehre auf Bienen. (Verhandl.
naturh. Vereins der preuss. Rheinl. und
Westfalens, 1872, jahrg. 29. folge 3, jahrg.
9. p- 1-96, pl. 1-2.)
Discusses the evolution of the various groups of bees»
as explained by their habits; especial y that of providing
their young with honey and pollen gathered from flowers.
W: T. (2701)
332 [2702-2717]
Miller, Hermann. Befruchtung von gdos-
sostigma. (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just,
1677, V- 5; P-.746; 2 cm.)
Notice of T, F. Cheeseman’s ‘‘Fertilization of @/os-
sostigma (Nature, 27 Dec. 1877, v. 17, p. 163-164) [Rec.,
2577]. W: T. (2702)
Miiller, Hermann. Beobachtungen an west-
falischen Orchideen. (Verhandl. des natur-
hist. Vereins der preuss. Rheinl. und
Westfalens, 1868, jahrg. 25, s. 3. jahrg. 5,
p- 1-62, pl. 1-2.)
Describes the fertilization of alg Ast calceolus,
epipactis viridifiora, e. microphylla, platanthera bifo-
lia, p. chlorantha and p. solstitialis, noting a consider-
able number of their insect visitors. A number of ex-
periments, in fertilizing orchids with their own pollen
and with that of other species, are recorded.
W: T. (2703)
Miller, Hermann. Ueber die Bluthenformen
von salvia pratensis L., und die Bedeutung
der weiblichen Stécke. (Bot. Zeitung.
29 Oct. 1880, v. 38, c. 749-750, 21 cm.)
Crit. rev. of H. Potoniés’ paper of same title (Sitz-
ungsber. Ges. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 15 June 1880:
no. 6, p. 85-92) [Rec., 2720]. W: T. (2704)
Miller, Hermann. Die Honigbiene Blu-
menkrone von aussen anbohrend.
Jahresbericht
5 cm.)
Crit. rev. of T. Meehan’s ‘Boring of corollas from
the outside by honey-bees (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 15
Jan. 1878, v. 30, p. 10-11) [Rec., 2687]. 3
(Bot.
- + §MSE, 1079, V. 7, p. 148,
W: T. (2705)
Miller, Hermann. Nectar, was er ist, und
einige seiner Verwendungen. (Bot. Jahres-
bericht ... Just, 1879, v..7, p. 123-125.)
Abstract of W: Trelease’s “‘Nectar, its nature, oc-
currence, and uses... [Rec., 2475]. W: T. (2706)
Miller, Hermann. Reizbare Organe bei
stapelia. (Bot. Jahresbericht ... Just, 1879.
Vv. 7, p- 139-140, 2 cm.)
Crit. rev. of J. G. Hunt’s ‘Sensitive organs in sfa-
pelia (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 27 Aug. 1878, v. 30, p.
292-293) [Rec., 2681]. W: T. (2707)
Miiller, Hermann. Weitere Beobachtungen
iiber Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insek-
ten. 2. (Verhandl. des naturhist. Vereins
der preuss. Rheinl. and Westfalens, 1879.
Jahrg. 36, s. 4, jahrg. 6, p. 198-267,
pl. 2-3.)
Ital. tr., with comments, by F. Delpino,
entitled ‘‘Nuove osservazione sovra piante
entomofile.” (Rivista bot., 1880, p. 27-39. )
Records additional insect visitors to a large number
ot flowers, and shows the mode of fertilization in a
number not previously studied. [See Rec., 2597-]
W: T. (2708)
PSYCHE:
Myers, A. T. Fertilization of the pansy.
(Nature, 10 July 1873, v. 8, p. 202, 7 cm.)
Describes the fertilization of viola tricolor by ‘a
small fly.” W: T. (2709)
Nectar, its nature, occurrence and uses.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1880. v. 14, p. 803.)
Rev. of W: Trelease’s work of same title [Rec.,
2475]. G: D. (2710)
Ogle, W: The fertilization of certain plants,
didynamia. (Pop. sci. rev., Jan. 1870, v.
9; P- 45-56, pl. 56.)
Shows how insects aid in the pollination of species
of pedicularis, melampyrum,
digitalis, stachys, brunella, scrophularia, Fhe an-
tirrhinum, thymus and origanum. Ws T.. (2711)
Ogle, W: The fertilization of sa/véa and of
some other flowers. (Pop. sci. rev.. July
1869, v. 8, p. 261-274, pl. 48-49.)
Shows how pollination is effected by insect agency in
salvia, malvaceae, lopezia and delphinium.
W; T. (2732)
Ogle, W: The fertilization of various flow-
ers by insects. .. . (Pop. sci. rev., Apr. 1870,
Vv. 9, p. 160-172, pl. 59.)
Considers the intercrossing of flowers in certain
composttae, ertcaceae, legumtnosae and fumariaceae.
Wi: 7. (2713)
[?Oliver., Daniel.] On dimorphism in frz-
mula. (Nat. hist. rev., Jan. 1862, v. 1, no.
Sap. LLS,.e1em.)
Notice of C: Darwin’s ‘On the two forms, or di-
morphic condition, in the species of primula. ... [Rec.,
23731: W: Do Aa)
[?Oliver, Daniel.] On the two forms, or
dimorphic conditions, in the species of pri-
mula, and on their remarkable sexual re-
lations.... (Nat. hist. rev., July 1862, v. 1,
no. 7, Pp. 235-243-)
Rey. of C: Darwin’s paper of same title (Journ, Linn.
soc., Bot., 21 Nov. 1861, v. 6, p. 77-96) [Rec., 2373].
Ws DT. ~(a715)
[?Oliver, Daniel.] On the various contri-
vances by which British and foreign orchids
are fertilized by insects. .. .(Nat. hist. rev.,
Oct. 1862, v. 1, no. 8, p. 371-376.)
Rev. of C: Darwin’s book of same title [Rec., 2378].
W: T. (2716)
Patterson, Alexander. Bees poisoned by
the foxglove, digitalis purpurea. (Gard.
chronicle, 31 July 1880, n. s., v. 14, p. 148,
6 cm.)
‘‘After they had fed for some time on the flowers of
the foxglove they became stupid, and after leaving the
foxglove they went into the flowers of the canterbury
bell, and, as a rule, died shortly after.”
W: T. (2717)
rhinanthus, teucrium, —
>
Patton, W: Hampton. The fertilization of
the tulip. (Amer. entom., June 1880, v.
BeetaGe Vhs wPs.145,. 25 cm.) (Gard=.chron-
icle, 17 July 1880, n.s., v. 14, p- 76-)
Notice. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14,
p- 669. )
Does not find nectar in the flowers of tu/ipa gesne-
riana, which are visited for pollen by species of ha/ictus.
W: T. (2718)
Peck, C: H. The black spruce. Read be-
fore the Albany institute, May 4, 1875.
[Albany, 1875?] 21 p., 22X14, t 16X7.5.
Records the attacks, on abjes nigra, of a species of
adelges (p. 13), of hylurgus rufipennis and of apate ru-
Jipennts (p. 16-21). W: T. (2719)
Potonié. H: Ueber die Bltithenformen von
salvia pratensts, L., und die Bedeutung
der weiblichen Stécke. (Sitzungsber. Ges.
naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 15 June 188o. no.
6, p. 85-92, 3 fig.)
Crit. rev., by H. Miiller. with same title.
(Bot. Zeitung. 29 Oct. 1880, v. 38. c. 749-
750, 21 cm. )
Notes the gynedioicism of this and two other species
of sa/via; states his views concerning their value in
securing ercss-fertilization by aid of insects.
W: T. (2720)
Riley, C: Valentine. {Capture of moths by
physianthus albens.| (Trans. acad. sci. St.
Hous, 5 Dec. 1873.. v- 3, Proc., p. 115,
8 cm.)
Records the capture of a number of noctuidae and
of sphingidae, especially deilephila lineata. Nerium
oleander and oenothera grandifiora are said to capture
sphinx moths in Europe. W: T. (2721)
Riley. C: Valentine. Descriptions and nat”
ural history of two insects which brave the
dangers of sarracenia variolaris. (Trans.
acad. sci. St. Louis, 1873. v. 3. p. 235-240,
2 fig.)
The insects are vanthoptera semicrocea Guen., and
sarcophaga sarraceniae n. sp. We T. (2722)
Riley, C: Valentine. Supplementary notes
on pronuba yuccasella. (Trans. acad. sci.
St. Louis, 1873. v. 3. p. 178-180. 1 fig.)
Describes the pupa and pupation, and discusses the
range of the insect. W: T. (2723)
(Gard.
We Igy pto2:,
Rust, J. Bees in the peach house.
chronicle, 7 Feb. 1880, n.s..
8 cm.)
Bees are profitably kept in forcing houses for peach,
etc., to effect the pollination of the flowers.
W: T. (2724)
Ryder, J: A. Honey glands on catalpa
leaves. (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 10 June
1879, v. 31, p. 161, 8 cm.)
Describes the secreting organs. Their nectar is at-
tractive to ants. W: T, (2725)
aso @ OS ¢ Ie
[2718-2733] 333
Savi, Pietro. Osservazioni sugli organi
sessuali del genere stafelia. (Memorie
della r. accad. delle sci. di Torino, 18 Jan.
1835, v- 38, p. 189-208, 1 pl.)
_A comparative study of the flowers. Pollination is
effected by flies which visit the flowers and even oviposit
in them. W: JT. (2726)
Sensitive organs in the flowers of asclepiads.
ME Op Sela Tey) an). L7G. Va los) MaSe—n eo
p- 89, 6 cm.)
_ Abstract of J. G. Hunt’s “Sensitive organs in stape-
lia’? (Proc. acad. nat. sci. Phil., 27 Aug. 1878, v. 30, p.
292-293) | Rec., 2681 ]. W: T. (2727)
Sheppard, J. Bees and fruit blossoms.
(Gard. chronicle, 29 Mar. 187g. n.s., v. II,
p- 408, 14 cm.)
States that bees in forcing houses are injurious by
collecting pollen needed for fertilization.
W:; T. (2728)
Smith, James E: An introduction to physi-
ological and systematical botany. 3d ed.
Lond., Longman [etc.], 1814. 407 p., 22.5
POI Tei Aisa 2 ate mtypies Wes)
Shows (p. 256-258) how insects aid in the pollination
of ficus and of artstolochia clematitis,and remarks on
their floral activity. Considers (p. 148-151) the insecti-
vorous habits of sarracenta, nepenthes, dionaea and dro-
sera. Discusses (p. 263-265) galls due to insects.
W: T. - (2729)
[Spider-bite.] (Springfield [Mass.] d. re-
publican, 26 Aug. 1880, p. 6, col. 5, I cm.)
An accident insurance company pays a man ten
dollars a week because of injuries from a spider’s bite.
7: D. (2730)
Stahala, Johannes. Der Entscheidungs-
kampf wegen der Leistungsfahigkeit der
cyprischen Biene. (Deutsch. Bienenfreund.
15 Jan. 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 23-28.)
Defends the raising of Cyprian bees against the ob-
jections in N. N’s ‘‘Besitzt die cyprische Biene ent-
schiedene Vorziige?” (of. c7t., 15 June Pye igo 16,
p. 181) [Rec., 2579]. G: D. (2731)
Stecker, Anton. Ueber die Rtickbildung
von Sehorganen beiden Arachniden. (Mor-
phologisches Jahrbuch . Gegenbaur.,
1878, v- 4, p- 279-287, pl. 16.)
In some specimens of chernes cimicotdes the eye-spct
is wanting and the optic nerves are rudimentary. This
is attributed to retrograde development. Other points
discussed. LEW ed ot G27 32)
Strecker, Herman.
species of /zmenzfis.
1881, Vv. 13, p. 29-30.)
Limenitts eros, Edw. (Can. entom., Dec. 1880, v. 12, p.
246-251) [Rec., 2292] was previously described by H.
Strecker (Butterflies and moths of North America
[Rec., 996], p. 143) as /. misippus var. a floridensts;
reasons why the author still regards it to be a variety of
/. misippus. GeeDs (2733)
On a lately described
(Can. entom., Feb.
334 [2734-2748]
Thomas, Cyrus. Notes on orthoptera. (Can. .
entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12, p. 221-224.)
Notes on oedipoda obliterata (new species), 0. caro-
lina, anabrus haldemanti, cratypedes putnam and hip-
piscus Iineatus. G: D. (2734)
Thomson. G: M. The flowering plants of
New Zealand, and their relation to the
insect fauna. (Trans. bot. soc., Edinburgh,
8 July 1880, v. 14, p- 91-105.)
The author does not entirely agree with the statements
in A. R. Wallace’s ‘Geographical distribution of ani-
mals” as to the exceptional rarity of fragrant and nec-
tariferous flowers and of flower-frequenting insects in
New Zealand. He states that there are 18 butterflies,
many hundred species of moths—all rich in individuals
—1300 coleoptera, 10 bees and ‘‘many other families [of
hymenoptera] fairly-well represented,’ many flower-
visiting heteroptera, and go-95 diptera. Neuroptera, or-
t hoptera and homoptera are omitted, as not bearing on the
subject. Of 262 species belonging to 132 genera of plants
—not including the lower endogens—139 have conspicu-
ous flowers, nectar was found in 99, and 64 were noted
as fragrant. 110 are absolutely incapable of self-fertiliz-
ation, 63 of these being entomophilous; of the remain-
ing 152, 96 are more or less dependent on insects, 8 are
fertilized by birds. From his observations, the writer
seems inclined to believe that most diptera are attracted
to flowers chiefly by smell, while most coleoptera, lepi-
doptera and hymenoptera are attracted by sight.
W: T. (2735)
(** Scientific
Dec. 1880.
Tincture of insect powder.
american.) (New remedies,
V. 9; p- 375, 3 cm.)
Tincture of Persian insect powder [pyrethrum] rec-
ommended to be used withan atomizer to killflies and
other insects. G: D. (2736)
Trelease, W: Action of bees toward zmfa-
tiens fulva. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, Feb.
1880, v. 7; p- 20-21, II cm.)
Notes the behavior of a hive bee [apis mellifica|
while visiting flowers whose nectaries had not been
perforated previously by some other insect, and while
visiting perforated flowers. W: T. (2737)
Trelease. W: Dr. Hermann Miiller’s Al-
penblumen. (Psyche, Feb. [ July] 1881.
Vide Powys; 25 cme)
Rey. of H. Miiller’s “*Alpenblumen, ihre Befruchtung
durch Insekten, und ihre Anpassungen an dieselben”
[Rec., 2175 ]- W? Tie (2988)
Trelease. W: The fertilization of salvia
splendens by birds. (Amer. nat., April
1881, v- 15, p- 265-269, I fig.)
Describes the mode of fertilization of some species
of salvia by insects. G: D. (2739)
Trelease, W: The fertilization of scrophu-
laria. (Bull. Torrey bot. club, Dec. 1881,
v. 8, p. 133-140, 4 figs. )
Shows how crossing is effected by insects, chiefly
wasps. Appended is a list of papers in which the
pollination of scrophularta is discussed. W: T. (2740)
PSC:
Trelease, W: Nectar, its nature, occurrence
and uses [Rec., 2475].
Notice. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14,
p- 669. )
Rev., with full title.
1880, v.
(Amer. nat., Nov.
14, p. 803.) G: D. (2741)
Treviranus, Ludolph Christian. Nachtrag-
liche Bemerkungen iiber die Befruchtung
einiger Orchideen. (Bot. Zeitung, 7 Aug.
1863, v. 21, p. 241-243.)
Rey., entitled ‘*Dimorphic flowers.”
(Nat. hist. rev.. Apr. 1864. v. 4, no. 14, p.
243-248. )
Considers the floral structure of several species of
ophrys, orchis and Ghee as adapted to self-fertiliza-
tion, or to crossing by aid of insects. W: T. (2742)
[United States entomological commis-
sion, Notice of the work of the.] (Spring.
field [Mass.] d. republican, 8 Oct. 1880, p-
4. cole 4,3 cm.) G: D. (2743)
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Bees killed by
tritoma. (Nature, 15 Nov. 1877. v. 17, p-
2555 Cit.)
States that hive bees [apis mel/ifica| become wedged
in the flowers of this plant, while after nectar, and are
unable to escape. W: T° tages)
Wazx in Chili. (Journ. applied sci., April
LOL, V- 125 Pp: ssh) em)
Statistics of bees and their wax-production in Chili-
G: D. (2745)
Webster. Francis M. Cecropia cocoons
punctured by the hairy woodpecker. (A-
mer. nat., March 1881, v. 15, p. 241-242.)
(Separate [General notes; entomology],
from Amer. nat., Mar. 1881, p. 241-242.)
Cocoons of attacus cecropia are picked open and the
pupa eaten by frcus villosus. G; D. (2746)
Wilson. Alexander Stephen. Observatigns
and experiments on ergot. (Trans. bot.
soc. Edinburgh. 7 Dec. 1875, v. 12, p. 418-
434, pl. 5-)
States (p. 428-429) that the drops of ‘thoney-dew”
containing the sphacelra-spores are attractive to about six
species of diftera. House-flies died after drinking the
fluid. W: T. (2747)
White, F. Buchanan. The influence of in-
sect agency in the distribution of plants.
(Journ. of botany. Jan. 1873. v. 11, n. S.. v.
2,.p: I1-13.)
Discusses the influence of sphinx convolvuli in the
pollination of convolvulus sepium; and of. dianthoecia
in that of s‘lene and /ychnis, upon the green seeds of
which the larvae feed. " Believes insects to be the agents
in the production of hybrids in carduus. Notes some
of the flowers more especially frequented by me/igethes.
Considers the value of the thoracic crest of many noc-
turnal moths, in retaining pollen of the flowers they
visit and cross-fertilize. W: -T. (748)
,
4
:
,
{
PST GCHE: 339
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THe UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL
COMMISSION has issued twelve circulars of
inquiry, seven bulletins, and two reports.
Bulletins nos. t and 2. on the Rocky Moun-
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j Sages
9
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. |
Y DOS AG By ai Oe ote a
G: Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickmMAN Mann, Washington, D. C. ;
ABert J: Cook, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp Cuasrt Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis HuntTincron Snow, Lawrence. Kansas;
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, RoLAND Haywarp. S: HrnsHAw, H: ALBERT ROBIN,
FRANK G: ScHaupp, S: HusBarD ScuppER, ROLAND THAXTER,
W: TRELEASE, IL: WARD TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 97.
May 1882.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS - : : . : : : 338
j Musca DOMESTICA LINN. VERSUS VESPA OCCIDENTALIS CRESSON — Fraunc?s
Huntington Snow : : : : : i 5 f : ; 339
ASYMMETRY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE LARVA oF HARPYIA—Ayna
: Katherina Dimmock . : ; . : ; : : ; ‘ 340-341
Notre oN CATOGENUS RUFUS — George Dimmock : : : ; : ; 341-342
: Note ON DEILEPHILA LINEATA FABR. — Henry Webster Parker ; - . 342
CORRESPONDENCE — Letter from Baron C. R. Osten Sacken, on Ants and
: : Aphides — Xylocopa and Megachile cutting Flowers . : : Bos'2aa
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2749-2800 ¢ : : : : : “ : 344-346
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS — Society Meetings— Prize Essays . ; ; 3 j er waar
ADVERTISEMENTS ’ : ; : ; . , 3 ; ‘ 5 : : +) 348
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| Silce o O8 OO oe Oe Se
MUSCA DOMESTICA LINN. VERSUS VESPA OCCIDENTALIS
CRESSON.
>
>
BY FRANCIS HUNTINGTON
During the collecting expeditions of
his summer vacations the writer has had
frequent occasions to note the mislead-
ing nature of the vernacular name of the
It at first a
matter of surprise to find that wherever
our camp was made— whether on the
broad plains of western Kansas, many
miles from the abode.
or in some secluded canon of the Rocky
mountains but rarely visited by hunters
and.tourists —the locality was already
occupied in full force by this insect so
commonly supposed to be exclusively
found in and around the permanent
dwellings of the human race. In such
uninhabited localities the tents would be
pitched but a few hours before they
would become disagreeably filled with
flies, all of which, with the exception of
common liouse-fly. was
nearest human
Ee Lhe
an occasional Stomoxys, were unmistak-
ably Musca domestica Linn.
While camping in Sauta Fé cation, N.
Mexico, in August, 1880, this plague of
flies seemed about to be unusually for-
midable. On the very first night the
lower surfaces of the roofs and ridge-
poles of the tents were fairly blackened
by the immense multitudes of dipterous
pests. The next morning it was ob-
served, somewhat to the alarm of the
women and children of the party, that
large numbers of so-called yellow-jackets
SNOW, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
(Vespa occidentalis Cr.) were entering
the tents.
posed that the object of the new comers
was to forage for sugar and other camp
supplies. But before night it was
noticed that the numbers of flies in the
tents had been perceptibly reduced, and
on the second morning it was discovered
that the wasps were intent on the ac-
ceptable task of removing our trouble-
For some time it was sup-
some guests. There were generally as
many as forty or fifty wasps in each
tent at once, and each wasp was ob-
served on leaving the tent to be carrying
out the body of a fly, not for burial nor
as food for its captors, but for storage
in the nests of the wasps and undoubt-
edly as food for their young. Each
captured fly, before removal from the
tents, was deprived of its wings and
legs, and on several mornings we were
awakened from our slumbers by these
severed dropping upon our
faces. The wasps were unremitting in
their labors from daylight to dusk, and
in four or five days the flies had ceased
to be troublesome by their numbers, the
wasps having gained upon them so as to
dispose of them almost as rapidly as
they entered the tents. Occasionally a
specimen of Vespa maculata Linn. was
observed cooperating with V. occidentalis
Cr. in the removal of the flies.
members
340 FS TCE:
ASYMMETRY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE LARVA OF
HARP YIA,
BY ANNA KATHERINA DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
NoruineG has been published in regard
to asymmetry of the nervous system of
arthropoda, as far as I have been able
to ascertain.
In dissecting a number of the larvae
of Harpyia (Bombyx) vinula, I found
that the nervous system, instead of ex-
tending in a direct line in the ventral
region of the larva, as is common in in-
sect larvae, curved outward laterally
between the first and second thoracic
ganglia, as seen between c and d in figure
6. This curving, which was toward
the left in six larvae examined, is to
avoid interference with the duct from a
sac, or gland, which opens out between
the first and second thoracic ganglia.
This gland, represented in the figure by
a dotted line, secretes a liquid, said to
contain salicylic acid, which the larva
ejects, as a means of defense, when dis-
turbed. The duct of this gland opens
by a transverse cleft, figured by Miiller,’
on the ventral side of the first segment
posterior to the head. Further details
in regard to this gland are unnecessary
as a good description of it has been
given already by Rengger.?
In. the earlier stages of the larvae of
Harpyia, the nervous system turns con-
siderably out of the direct line, in order
to allow the duct of the gland to pass,
1 O. F. Miiller. _ Pile-Larven med dobbelt Hale, og
dens Phalaene .. . Kjobenhavn, 1772, pl. 2, fig. 3, d.
2 J. R. Rengger. Physiologische Untersuchungen
iiber die thierische Haushaltung der Insecten. Tiibing-
en, 1817, Pp. 35-36-
as can be seen in figure 6, which repre-
sents the condition in a_half-grown
larva; but, in the full-grown or nearly
full-grown larvae, the nervous systein is
nearly straight, altho it is still distinctly
unsymmetrical. This lessening of
asymmetry, as the larva grows, is due
zt
oe
ee
¢
7
‘
’
'
1
'
=
la) an)
'
Ss \ ® i
‘
z
.
*,
aw
=
Fig. 6.—View of anterior portion of central nervous
system of larva of Harpyta vinula as seen from above:
a, supraoesophageal ganglion; 6, infraoesophageal
ganglion; c,d, and e, thoracic ganglia; f, first abdominal
ganglion. Dotted line represents gland mentioned in
text. Enlarged 6 times.
to the duct being somewhat smaller in
larger larvae, in proportion to the size
of the larva, thus allowing the nervous
system to settle back, more or less, into
its normal position.
The commissures connecting the first
and second thoracie ganglia (¢ and d)
are united three-fourths of their entire
ee ee
eee ee
BSI CHE . BAI
length, separating at the posterior fourth
to admit the passage of muscles which
are described later.
missures are slightly enlarged posterior
to the first thoracic ganglion (c).
The united com-
The muscles which cross each other
between the commissures connecting the
first and second and second and third
thoracic ganglia are generally found in
lepidopterous larvae, and serve to hold
the second and third thoracie ganglia in
the median line. The mode in which
these muscles cross each other and inter-
lace the commissures, as seen in the fig-
ure, is the same between the second and
third as between the first and second
thoracic ganglia. This mode of inter-
Jacing of the muscles and commissures
is exactly the same in the larva of Sphinx
ocellata as it is in that of Harpyia.
The kind of asymmetry existing in
the nervous system of the larva of Har-
oe 1 RON
pyia has been found, as far as I know,
in no other arthropod, but, upon sugges-
tion of Professor Leuckart, of Leipzig,
in whose laboratory I was studying when
I discovered the asymmetry in the ner-
vous system of the larva of Harpyia, I
Hirudo the
blood-leech, the nervous system of which
examined medicinalis,
has an analogous asymmetry. The gen-
ital organs are in such a position, in
Hirudo, as to necessitate the pushing
of the nervous system slightly to one
side, near their outlet.
Of four specimens of Hirudo exam-
ined, two had the nervous system to the
right and two to the left of the genital
organs ; but of six specimens of Harpyia
dissected, all had the commissure be-
tween the first and second thoracic gan-
elia deflected toward the left.
Parts, France, 3 Dec. 1881.
CATOGENUS RUFUS.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
Ix the winter of 1878-1879 I received,
from Suffield, Conn., a lot of nearly
full-grown larvae of Elaphidion parallel-
wm in twigs of Carya alba.
these larvae, in a portion of a twig split
in two parts which were carefully and
tightly held together by a rubber band,
was reserved upon my writing-table for
the purpose of taking notes on its trans-
formations. This larva pupated in the
early part of March, and was then in
an apparently healthy corglition.
A short time after the larva of Ela-
phidion had pupated, a small white larva
One of
made its appearance in the cavity of the
wood, in which the pupa was confined.
As the pupa seemed in no way injured
I could not determine whether or not the
larva had hatched from an egg within the
pupa. was shown at the
o8th meeting of the Cambridge entomo-
logical club. It was then very small and
had the appearance of being lepidopte-
rous. Supposing it to be €he larva of
some kind of museum pest that had, in
a mysterious way, gained access to the
pupa, I took no description or figure of
it. It grew slowly, devouring the pupa
This larva
342 PSYCHE.
of the Elaphidion, until about 20 May,
when it pupated, having eaten all but a
few shreds of the pupa of the Elaphidion.
The new pupa, which is represented in
Fig. 7.—Pupa of Catogenus rufus. a, ventral view.
6, dorsal view.
fig. 7, was that of a coleopteron, and
from it emerged, about 1 July, Catogenus
rufus.
The pupa of Elaphidion was 15.5 mm.
long, and the pupa of Catogenus was 10
mm. long. The pupa of the latter
weighed about one-fifth as much as that
of the former; therefore there must have
been a remarkable economy in the diges-
tive processes of the larva of Catogenus
to enable it to utilize, in the manufacture
of new tissues, one-fifth of the material
which it devoured. No such power of
economical assimilation can, of course,
be found in the case of herbivorous lar-
vae, nor have I been able to find any
such case recorded for carnivorous lar-
vae. It is surely not the case with the
different species of larvae infesting col-
lections, for often a single larva of
Anthrenus will devour dried specimens
many times as heavy as the Anthrenus
it is to produce.
Paris, France, 21 Dec. 1881.
NOTE ON DEILEPHILA LINE ATA,» FABR.
BY HENRY WEBSTER PARKER, GRINNELL, IOWA.
Last summer (1880), Deilephila lin-
eata, Fabr. was the most conspicuously
common moth in the vicinity of Grin-
nell, Iowa, especially during the month
of August. At all hours of the day,
one or more might be seen hovering
over nearly every flower of the innumer-
able weeds, mostly thistles and Helian-
thus, by the roadsides. In places, the
moths might be estimated by the hun-
dreds. At Amherst, Mass. I captured
this species, repeatedly, at twilight of
the evening. Harris speaks of it as
a morning sphinx. Does he mean early
morning only? Where it is comparatively
scarce, is it mostly crepuscular, and,
where common, does it gain courage,
and is it even obliged to seek its food
at all hours of the day, the supply of
food being small in proportion to the
number of moths?
——
os
.
.
PSWIGLELE: . 343
PSY OPER.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., MAY 1882.
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CORRESPONDENCE.
Baron C. R. Osten Sacken, ina letter dat-
ed at Heidelburg, 9 June 1882, calls attention
to observations which he made many years
ago, during his residence in Washington.
D. C., and which are similar to those record-
ed by Mr. W: Trelease in the February nu-
mero of PsycHE, in an article entitled ‘‘Un-
usual care of ants for aphides.”
Baron Osten Sacken has _ obligingly
furnished the following translation of a short
article on the subject. which he published in
the Sfettiner Entomologische Zettung, in
1862 (p. 127-128).
ANTS AND APHIDES.
Huber made the observation that certain
ants erect a kind of shelter for the aphides
which they use as milch cows, fastening it
to the twig or stem upon which these plant-
suckers are living. I do not remember the
details of his observations, and have no copy
of his work within reach. As far as I know,
the observation has not been repeated since;
at least when Kirby and Spence speak of it.
it is evidently on Huber’s authority. I hope.
for this reason, that two similar observations,
which I made in the United States. may be of
some scientific interest.
On a horizontal twig of a juniper (F. wer-
gintana). about five feet from the ground, I
observed a colony of a species of Lachnus.
A small reddish ant with a brown abdomen
was diligently working at a_tube-shaped
structure of a soft, grayish brown, felt-like
material, enclosing the twig in a kind of
sheath. The material probably consisted of
short fibres of liber closely packed together ;
it had a pitchy smell, burnt well, the smoke
having the same smell, but stronger. The
structure was about an inch long and one-
third of an inch in diameter.
The second case observed by me was near
the Berkeley Springs, in Virginia. A black ant
had built a globular structure of a sandy ma-
terial, of about an inch and a half in diameter,
around the stem of an Asclefzas, which was
closely packed with aphides. Although the
sand was sufficiently mixed with clay to have
the necessary consistence, and although sev-
eral leaf-stalks served as supports, the struc-
ture was so brittle that I did not succeed in
bringing it home.
XYLOCOPA AND MEGACHILE CUTTING
FLOWERS.
Miss Mary Esther Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood,
Mo., writes, 22 June 1882, ‘‘I have repeated-
ly verified your observations on ‘Xylocopa
perforating a corolla tube’ in no. 93.
This great bee is a serious nuisance in our
flower garden. It is especially destructive to
the delicate blossoms of Plumbago capensis.
which are salver-shaped with long, slender
tube:. Ihave seen a single insect slit up, in
the manner you describe, as many as fifty
blossoms in about ten minutes, very soon
ruining the appearance of the plant. It also
splits the tubes of the blossoms of the honey-
suckles in the same way.
We are also much annoyed by the depreda-
tions of a Megachile which seems to have a
very refined color-sense, cutting the lining
for its cells from our choicest and most
delicately tinted flowers, being very partial
to pink, lavender and pale blues and purples,
while it seldom or never touches scarlet or
vellow. Plumbagos and pink geraniums are
sometimes almost destroyed by it.”
344 [2749-2764 ]
PSYCHE:
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets | |, marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
“Buffalo enat” of the Mississippi valley
(The). (Sci. amer., 20 May 1882, v. 46, p.
309, col. 3, 5 cm.)
Notes on a species of s#mu/ium and means to use
against it. G: D. (2749)
Crow (The). (Sci. amer.. 8 April 1882, v.
46, p. 216, col. 2, 10 cm.)
Defends corvus americanus because of its insectivo-
rous habits. Gi D. 2750)
Delpino, Federico. Nettarii estranuziali.
(Rivista botanica, 1880, p. 23-24.)
Abstract of W: Trelease’s ‘‘Nectar, its nature, occur-
rence and uses” ... [Rec., 2475]. W: T.. (2751)
Des Vaulx, J: E. Plaisirs et profits “de
Véleveur d’abeilles. Deuxiéme édition.
Lille et Paris, J. Lefort, 1877. t.-p. cover,
180 p. | 18 X12, t 1255X 7-4. pap. 1 fr. 50 Cc:
Popular general work on apiculture. G; D. (2752)
Dilar in North America.
1881, v. 15, p. 822.)
Note on di/ar americanus GiD:
(Amer. nat., Oct.
(2753)
Do bees injure grapes? (Sci. amer., 25 Feb.
1882, v- 46, p. 121, col 3, 4 cm.)
Bees, it is decided, do not puncture the skin of
grapes. G: D. (2754)
Domestic silk growing. (Sci. amer.. 11 Feb.
1882, v. 46, p. 84, col. 2-3, 42 cm.)
Notice of the first exhibition of the Women’s Silk
Culture Association, in Philadelphia; statistics on silk
culture. G: D. (2755)
Double hybrid worm-proof cotton. (Sci.
amer., 7 Jan. 1882, v. 46, p. 6, col. 3. 5 cm.)
Notice of a variety of cotton plant said to resist the
attacks of worms. G: D. (2756)
Bdwards. W: H: Habits of butterflies.
(Amer, nat., Feb. 1882, v. 16, p. 122-123.)
On use of odor of heliconta charttonta and on the
broods of argynnis myrina. Paper read at the Cincin-
nati (1881) meeting of the Amer. assoc, advance. sci.
G: D. (2757)
Emmett, Jane. Bees. (Gard.. chronicle, 7
Nov. 1857, p. 757, 9 cm.)
Records the perforation of calyx and corolla of ‘the
common red salvia” [s.splendens ? | , by bombus; and notes
the curious behavior of apis mellifica when given spurs
ot the double columbine [agutlegia). W: T. (2758)
Ernst. A. Fertilization of coboea pendult-
flora [Rec., 2395 ]-
Notice. (Amer. nat., Sept. 1880, v. 14,
p- 669. )
Crit. rev. of notice, by A. Ernst, in his
‘The lac insect” (Amer. nat.. Mar. 1881,
Vers; p. 235) [Recs 2700). G: D. (2759)
Ernst, A. The lac insect. (Amer. nat.,
March 1881, v. 15, p- 235-)
Additions to J. M. Stillman’s ‘‘On the origin of the
lac” (Amer. nat., Nov. 1880, v. 14, p. 782-787) [Rec.,
2792], and crit. rev, of the notice of author’s “Pertiliza-
tion of coboea pendulifiora” (Nature, 17 June 1880, v.
22, p. 148-149) [Rec., 2395]. G: D. (2760)
Farrer, T. H. On the manner of fertiliza-
tion of the scarlet runner and blue /Jodelza.
(Ann. and mag. nat. hist.. Oct. 1868, ser.
A. Ve 2, Pp. 255-2035 2a.)
Shows the adaptation of the flowers of phaseo/us and
Jobelia to crossing by insect agency, and notes the be-
havior of insects while visiting them. Observations
on the floral structure of campanula and jasfone are
added. W: T, (2761)
Fuller, Andrew S., see BASKET WORM (The)... {Rec.,
2220].
Gibson, W: Hamilton. Among our foot-
prints. (Harper’s new mo. mag., Dec. 1881,
v. 64, p. 65-82. 16 fig.)
A popular article on natural history. The habits of
a number of insects are described. The pollination of
asclepias by apis mellifica and bombus, and the occa-
sional death of both insects from the encumbrance of.
too many pollinia, are noted. A very good account of
the cross-fertilization of habenaria psycodes by sesta is
given, W: T. ..(2762)
Gray, Asa, see PACKARD, A.S.,jr., Moths entrapped
by an asclepiad plant ... [Rec., 1671].
‘Griffith, H. G. Carr.ivorous habits of mz-
crocentrus retinervis.
1882, v. 16, p. 408.)
M. retinervis eat megilla maculata,
(Amer. nat., May
G: D. (2763)
He‘merl, Anton. Ueber die Beziehungen
zwischen Blumen und Insecten. (Wiener
illustrirte Garten-Zeitung, 1881, jahrg. 6:
Jan., p. 1-3; Feb., p. 49-54-)
Discusses the relative value of cross- and self-fertili-
zation in plants, and shows how the former is secured
by aid of insects: in /i/ium martagon by macroglossa
stellatarum, in salvia pratensis and (inarta vulgaris by
bombus. W: T. (2764)
eS. TY” COM
Poerewys.
Hercules beetle (The). (Sci. amer., 4 March
M352, V. 40, Pp. I35; col. 1, 23 ci: )
Notes on habits of, and figure of scarabaeus hercules.
From La nature. G: D. (2765)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. Experimente zur
Dichogamie und zum Dimorphismus. (Bot.
Zeitung, 1865, v. 23: 6 Jan., p. 1-6; 13 Jan.
Pp. 13-155 27 Jan. p. 36, 3 cm.) :
Describes the structure of the flowers of geranium
pratense, digitalis purpurea and pulmonarta officinalis,
noting the behavior of insects when visiting them, and
giving the results of experiments on their artificial fer-
tilization. W: T. (2766)
Hildebrand, Friedrich. F. Delpino’s Wei-
tere Beobachtungen iiber die Dichogamie
im Pflanzenreich, mit Zusitzen und Illus-
trationen. (Bot. Zeitung, 1870: 16 Sept.,
Cc. 585-594; 23 Sept., c. 601-609; 30 Sept.,
G. 617-625; 7 Oct., c. 633-641; 14 Oct., c.
649-659; 21 Oct., c. 665-675, pl. 10.)
Translation of the greater part of F. Delpino’s ‘* Ul-
teriori osservazioni sulla dicogamia ... Parte 1a [Rec.,
2391], with comments. The article is illustrated by a
lithographic plate of 30 good figures by the translator. .
W: T. (2767)
Hoffmann, H. Zur Kenntniss der Garten-
bohnen. (Bot. Zeitung, 1874, v. 32: I
May, c. 273-283; 8 May, c. 289-302, pl. 5.)
Experiments on the variation induced in phaseolus
multifiorus and ph. vulgaris by crossing showed that
both species are self-fertile, the latter to a greater degree
than the former. Experiments in artificial crossing of
varieties gave chiefly negative results, from which the
writer concludes that crossing is impossible, or at least
very doubtful. Reference is made to the literature on
insect-fertilization of the species of phaseolus (c. 295-
296). W: T. (2768)
Howard, Leland O. Strange habits of med-
apodius femoratus Fab. (Amer. nat., July
1882, v..16, p. 597-598.)
M. femoratus hangs up the empty skins of larvae
of leucania unipuncta, from which it has sucked the
juices, on the crotches of the stems of may-weed
[maruta cotula). G: D. (2769)
How to get rid of water bugs. (Sci. amer.,
1 April 1882, v. 46, p. 193, col. 3, 3 cm.)
Recommends equal parts of powdered borax and
sugar for water bugs [ectobta germanica].
G: D. (2770)
Kabsch, W. Anatomische und physiolo-
gische Beobachtungen iiber die Reizbarkeit
der Geschlechtsorgane. (Bot. Zeitung,
ian, V.-19: 25 Jan., p-'25-293,1 Feb., p.
33-37 pl. I.)
Considers the irritable organs of a number of genera.
In the cynareae protandry necessitates the aid of insects
or other agents in fertilization. Ws De C27)
Kidder, J. H. Note on the first insect from
Wrangell Island. (Amer. nat., May 1882,
v. 16, p. 408-409. )
An undescribed species of erigone and a_ larva,
doubtfully lepidopterous, from Wrangell !sland.
G: D. (2772)
[| 2765-2780 | 345
Lac. (Sci. amer., 8 April 1882, v. 46, p. 217,
col. 1-3, 83 cm.)
General notes on lac; its source (coccus lacca), qual-
ities, chemical constitution, mode of preparation,
technical uses, employment as medicine. G; D. (2773)
Locusts in Angora. (‘‘London [Engl.] tel-
egraph”...) (Sci. amer., 20 May 1882, v.
46, p. 310-311, 22 cm.)
Notes on means attempted to destroy the locusts in
Angora, Asia Minor, G: D. (2774)
Locust probabilities for 1882. (Amer. nat.,
Feb. 1882, v. 16, p. 153-
Notes on the locusts of the western United States,
from letter by Lawrence Bruner. GD. (2775)
Lubbock, J: ‘‘Blumen und Insecten in ihrer
Wechselbeziehung dargestellt. Nach der
2e Auflage. Berl., Borntriger, 1877. 8vo.”
Rev., by [Ernst] K[rause]. (Kosmos,
June 1877, v. 1, p. 275, 18 cm.)
Germ. tr., by A. Passow, of Lubbock’s ‘On British
wild flowers considered in relation to insects”... [Rec.,
2528]. W: T. (2776)
Mégnin, P. Les parasites et les maladies
parasitaires chez l’homme, les animaux
domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec
lesquels ils peuvent étre en contact. In-
sectes, arachnides, crustacés. Avec 65 fig-
ures dans le texte et un atlas de 26 planches
dessinées par l’auteur. Texte, Paris, G.
Masson, 1880. t.-p. cover, [6+] 478 p.
23X14, t17Xg.5. il. Pap., with atlas, 20 fr.
Atlases = )f-p-COVer,, (4. p.l|,, 26 ple, each
with p. of explanations. 23X15.
Crit. rev. (Bericht... der Entom., 1879,
P- 7, 64-65, 69.)
General work on the arthropoda parasitic on man and
domestic animals: p. 6-51, diptera; p. 52-56, hemiptera;
P- 57-71, aphaniptera and coleoptera, including here the
pulicidae, and platypsyllidae; p. 72-104, “epizoiques,” in-
cluding the pediculidae and mallophaga; p. 105-439, aca-
rina: p. 440-456, crustacea; p. 457-459, addenda, errata,
etc. ; p. 460-478, alphabetic and systematic index. Diseas-
es caused by parasites, and remedies for them; general
notes accompany the descriptions of the parasites. All
the figures in the atlas are of acarina. G: Dy (2777)
Miller, W: Bees as fertilizing agents. (Gard.
chronicle, 1 Feb. 1879, n.s., v. 11, p. 138-
139-)
States that bees are profitably introduced into peach
houses to effect pollination of the flowers.
W: T. (24778)
Mimicry in fungi. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1882,
V= 10).p> 42%)
From Grevillea. Fungi not rarely imitate vegetable,
animal, or excrementitious substances, either as regards
external appearance or as regards odor, soas to attract
insects. G: D. (2779)
Moore, S. Le M. Notes on Mascarene or-
chidology. (Journ. of botany, 1876, v. 14,
n.S., V. 5, p. 289-292, pl. 181.)
Shows the methods for ensuring cross-fertilization in
ps genie and its allies, in Jistrostachys pescatoriana,
and in cynorchis. The visits of insects are not men-
tioned. W: T. (24780)
346 [2781-2800]
Miiller. Hermann. The fertilization of al-
pine flowers. (Nature, 22 Jan. 1880, v. 21,
py 275,015 cm.)
A tabulated statement of the visits of insects to
flowers in the lowlands, at amoderate elevation, and
above the timber line. W: T. (2781)
New insects to agriculture. (Amer. nat.,
Feb. 1882, v. 16, p. 151-152.)
Abstract of paper read by C. V. Riley at the Cincin-
nati (1881) meeting of the Amer. assoc, advanc. sci.
General considerations on the appearance of insects in-
jurious to agriculture, but previously unknown in an
injurious capacity. G: D. (2782)
Oviposition of Arodoxus decipiens (On the).
(Amer. nat., Jan. 1882, v. 16, p. 62-63.)
Abstract of a paper read by C. V. Riley at the Cin-
cinnati meeting of the Amer. assoc. advanc. sci. in 1881.
G; D. (2783)
Peixotto. F.C. Howsilkis reeled in France.
(Sci. amer., 10 June 1882, v. 46, p. 369-361,
58 cm.)
Describes silk-reeling in France. G: D. (2784)
Profits of silk culture (The). (Sci. amer.,
4 March 1882, v. 46, p. 128, col. 2-3, 17 cm.)
[Rec., 2788].
G: D.~ (2785)
Riley, C: Valentine. Silk culture in the
United States. (Sci. amer., 1 April 1882,
v. 46, p. 193, col. 1-2, 73.cm.)
General notes on silk culture applicable to the United
States. G: D. (2786)
Crit. rev. of ‘Silk raising at the south”
Riley. C: Valentine. © Successful manage-
ment of the insects most destructive to the
orange. (Sci. amer., 27 May 1882, v. 46,
p- 335-336, 171 cm., § fig.)
Treats of the coccidae injurious to the orange, and of
the insecticides used against them, especially of kero-
sene used in an emulsion with water. Figures stages
of mytilaspis pomicorticis, m, gloverti and m. citricola.
G: D. (2787)
Silk raising at the south. (Sci. amer., 11
Feb. 1882, v. 46, p. 88,-col. 1-2, 41 cm.)
Crit. rev. entitled ‘‘Profits of silk cult-
ure.” (Sci. amer., 4 March 1882, v. 46, p.
128, col. 2-3, 17 cm.)
From Louisville [Ky.] courier journal. Amount
of care required in rearing silk-worms in the southern
United States. G: D. (2788)
Six cents a piece for wasps. (Sci. amer., 18
March 1882. v. 46, p. 167, col. 2, 7 cm.)
On account of the destruction of fruit by wasps an
English fruit-grower offers 3 d. each for queen wasps.
Number of wasps in a nest. GD (2750)
Some curious bugs. (Sci. amer., 6 May
1882, v. 46, p. 279, col. 1-2, 49 cm., fig.)
General popular notes on hemiptera; figures a large
Indian be/ostoma. From La nature. G: D. (2790)
PS VCH:
Sprang. G: The fertilization of the trumpet-
creeper. (Bot. gazette, Dec. 1881, v. 6, p.
302-303, II cm.)
Shows how cross-fertilization is effected by hamming-
birds. Notes the perforation of calyx and corolla by a
“black ant,” which feeds upon the nectar.
W: T. (2791)
Stillman, J]: M. On the origin of the lac.
(Amer. nat., Nov. 1880, v. 14, p. 782-787.)
Contrary to the statement of several cyclopedias, lac
is aproduct elaborated by coccus, and not an exudation
from the tree on which it lives; reasons for this view
drawn from c. /acca and from an analogous insect which
produces Arizona lac. See also A. Ernst’s ‘‘The lac
insect’? (Amer. nat., Mar. 1881, v. 15, p- 235) [Rec., 2760}.
, DD. . (2792)
Taylor, J. E. The geological antiquity of
flowers and insects. (Pop. sci. rev., Jan.
1670; V- 17; MS-5 Ve 2s Pe SO-525)
Traces the cotemporaneous evolution of flowers and
insects, W: T. (2793)
Threatening pest (A). (Sci. amer., 22
April 1882, v. 46, p. 248, col. 2, 7 cm.)
An insect, known as the Australian bug, does much
damage to trees near Cape Town, South Africa.
GD
Trelease, W: On the fertilization of ca/a-
mintha nepeta. (Amer. nat., Jan. 1881, v.
15, p- II-15, 2 fig.)
List of some of the insects aiding to fertilize c. mepe-
ta. G: D. (2795)
Trelease, W: The fertilization of alpine
flowers. (Bulletin Torrey bot. club, Feb.
1881, v. 8, p. 13-14, 25 cm.)
Review of H. Miiller’s ‘‘Alpenblumen, ihre Befrucht-
Wife [EeC., 2175) - W: T. * (2795)
Wild bee hunting. (‘‘N. Y. observer.”)
(Springfield [Mass. ] d. republican, 26 Oct.
1880, p. 3, col. 1-2, 15 cm.)
How wild bees are traced to their home.
G: Ds 12797)
Women’s silk culture association. | (Sci.
amer., 29 April 1882, v. 46, p. 258, col. 1,
5 cm.)
Brief notes on silk raised in America. G: D. (2798)
Wood, W. Martin. New variety of silk
moth. (Sci. amer., 8 April 1882, v. 46, p.
Brecol.)3, To em) :
Notes on a hybrid of saturnta yama-mai and the
Tusser moth [antheraea paphia). G: D. (2799)
Young, C. A. How spiders fly. (‘‘Boston
journ. chem.”...) (Sci. amer., 21° jam
1882, v. 46, p. 42, col. 2-3, 30 cm.)
Regards the “action of the sun’s rays on the thread
itself and its surrounding envelope of air’ as the main
cause of the buoyancy of the web which supports float-
ing, or so-called flying, spiders. G: D. (2800)
(2794)
—- a" ©
i
q
PASIGILE:. BAT
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
WE ARE sorry to note the discontinuance
of the Scvence advocate, which has been pub-
lished at Atco, N. J.
Pror. K. L. Bramson. of Ekaterinoslav,
Russia, sent to the CAMBRIDGE ENTO-
MOLOGICAL CLUuB, a list of duplicate coleo-
ptera, hymenoptera, diptera and lepidoptera,
has
which he offers in exchange for North Amer-
Members of the Club re-
siding at a distance may see the list by send-
ican lepidoptera.
ing prepayment of postage to the Secretary.
Those who wish to exchange are requested
to send lists of duplicates to Prof. Bramson.
THE COLLECTION of insects belonging to
the University of Kansas contains about 6000
species of coleoptera and 2000 of lepidoptera
and 2000 of the remaining orders. Prof. F.
H. Snow, who has charge of it, has donated
to the University everything he has ever col-
lected or obtained in exchange.
Dr. F. A. W. THomas of Ohrdruf, Ger-
many, has published in Just’s Botanischer
Fahresbericht, from year to year, reviews of
the literature of plant-galls, since 1875 [see
Rec., 1285]. The review for 1879 is noticed
in the American naturalist, March 1882, v.
16, p. 246-247, by Dr. C: V. Riley, who says
‘the most important contribution of the year
1879 seems to have been L. Courchet’s ‘Etude
.
sur les galles produites par ies aphidiens.
THe Ortawa field naturalists’ club, organ-
ized in March 1879, of which James Fletcher
is president and W: Hague Harrington is
secretary, aims to promote in a systematic
manner, the study of the natural history of
Ottawa, Ontario. It will soon publish the
third numero of its transactions. ‘‘Leaders”
have been appointed in the several branches
of natural history, to assist the members in
the collection and determination of specimens.
A prize is offered in each branch for the best
collection of specimens and a special prize
for the most important additions to any list
already published in the club’s transactions.
The leaders in entomology are W. H. Har-
rington and J. B. Tyrell.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR Meetings of the Cambridge
Entomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m.,
on the days following :—
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
ir Nov. ‘ 14 Apr.
op Deven ye 12 May ‘*‘
13 Jan. 1882. oujumess. °
TORRE Ds a
B: PrcKMAN MANN, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologi-
cal Section of the Boston Society of Natural
History will be held at N. W. corner of Berke-
ley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45
p-m., on the days following : —
26 Oct. 1881. 22 Feb. 1882.
DOING 220Mar,
ZoaWEC:, °* ZOE Np ie) a
25 Jan. 1882. 24 May ‘
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomolog-
ical Section of the Academy of Natural Sci-
ences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at
S. W. corner of tgth and Race Sts., on the
days following :—
14 Oct. 188r. to Mar. 1882.
LE Nowe | Lt eeN Tac eo
oyIDIes T2eNlay. ° **
13 Jan. 1882. gjJune ‘
FOuwe ps)
James H. Rripines, /tecorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the Amer-
ican Entomological Society will be held at
S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadel-
phia, Pa., on the days following :—
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. Ruipincs, ec. Sec’y.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the
Montreal Branch of the Entomological So-
ciety of Ontario, will be held at Montreal,
Que., Canada, on the days following :—
6 Sept. 1881. 3 Jan. 1882.
4 Oct. ge 7 Hep. °
Tp INOV.) i: Pavia
Guibect a. APpra. “s
G: H. Bowres, Secretary.
PRIZE ESSAYS.
Due 15 Ocr. 1882.—Life-histories of Sc/e-
rostoma syngamus and of Strongilus pergra-
cilis. See PSYCHE, V. 3, p- 59.
we
PSTCHE,
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the roth of the
month preceding the one in which they are
to appear.
MANNS CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.
Catalogue of the Phzenogamous Plants of the
United States, east of the Mississippi, and of the
Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of North America
north of Mexico. 2d ed.
The recognized standard exchange list.
Each species bears the same numero as in the Ist
ed., so that the 3324 numeros serve to designate the
respective species. Price: 3o cts.; 4 for $1.00; 15
for $3.09; sent free by mail.
B: PICKMAN MANN,
Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.
Edited by William Saunders.
Published monthly. The volume for 1881 is the
1sth. Price $1.00 per annual volume (together with
the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario). Address remittances to
E. BAYNES REED, London, Ontario.
BULLETIN of the BROOKLYN ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.
Edited by F. G, Schaupp.
Published monthly.
ume,
Price, $1.00 per annual vol-
Address remittances to the Editor,
g Broadway, E. D., Brooklyn, N.Y.
PAPILIO.
Devoted to Lepidoptera exclusively.
Edited by a committee. Published ten times in
the year. The volume for 1881 is the 1st. Price,
$2.00 per annual volume. Address remittances to
Mr. HENRY EDWARDS,
185 East 116th St., New York, N.Y.
| cents.
| mock. Aug.1879. 28 p.t 19 X 12.5.
S@ After 15 May 1882, the undersigned
should no longer be addressed at Europe, but
as follows : —
GEORGE DIMMOCK,
Cambridge,
Mass.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American Lep-
jdoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la
Société d’Acclimatation de France),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. Wy
England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No. 1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
JoHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Hen-
shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Novy. 1878.
I1p.ti9g X 12.5. Price, 30 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title--
slips, $1.25.
No. 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF
GEORGE H. HORN. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw.
Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t 19
X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5 X 12.5 title-slips, 50
No. 3. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL HUBBARD
SCUDDER. Compiled and edited by George Dim-
Price 50 cents.
Address G. M. DIMMOCK,
679 State Street,
Springfield, Mass.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check-lists of the Ferns of North America north’
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species
of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
making a study of the North American forms. Those
found infesting cultivated plants especially desired.
Living specimens preferred when they can be ob-
tained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
No. 95-96 were issued 24 June 1882.
- ; -
. " ita bia pect Ygrr
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ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
ey Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Proxman Mann, Washington, D. C.;
Arsert J: Coon, Lansing, Mich.; Cximrorp Crassz Eaton, Cambridge,
2 Mass.; Francis Huntineron Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
| WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
se W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, Roianp Haywarp, S: Hensoaw, H: Apert ‘Rosin, FRANK
* G: Scuaurp, S&S: Hurparp- ScuppER, Roranp TuHaxter, W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp Turner, Josprn Martin WItson.
.
Vol. 3. No. 98.
JUNE 1882.
CONTENTS:
a ADVERTISEMENTS PREM GEES bak oe Nid Tere Te! To, on
\ _ A new Museum Pest, Trocoperma TARSALE Mets.—Francis Huntington Snow . 391-352
ORGANS, PROBABLY DeFeNSIVE IN FUNCTION, IN THE LARVA OF Hyprercureia
a vARIA, Wak. (SATURNIA 10, Harris) — George Dimmock P : . 352-353
we Ee ik Mi er rs lh hate oa ce = SR
y, eae: Boox Novice : ; : : ; : : é : : : . dod
ee | Bieriocrarnicar Recorp, no. 2801-2869 ot 3 : : : 3 . 355-858
4 7 Exromoroarcar Irems — Society Meetings — Prize Eblaye Gg Sars ols ne 2 ees daar en
We : ®
*
*
J
he?
ws CAMBRIDGE, — Li. S. A.: PusBLisHepD By George Dimmock.
eae SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. . | MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
ee ae # " [Entered as second class mail matter.]
te
>> a . "
Pay is
¥ : ee -
ana 4 2
390
PSYCHE.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
——_
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
(= Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed. i
Sample copies, postpaid, 10 cents.
Yearly subscription, postpaid, . : : $1.
One volume (three years), postpaid, . Robe.
Yearly, printed on one side of thin paper
(for pasting the titles of the bibliographical
record on title-slips,) postpaid, . - 3 $1.
One volume, printed on one side of thin
paper, postpaid, ‘ F : f . : $3.
One volume (regular) and one volume on
one side of thin paper, postpaid, . ; . $5.
Twenty-five extra copies, without change of
form, to the author of any leading article,
if ordered at the time of sending copy, + Free.
Author’s extras over twenty-five in num-
ber, under above mentioned conditions, each, 2c.
Separates, with changes of form —actual cost
of such changes in fladition to aboye rates.
BS Scientific publications desired in exchange.
ADVERTISING RATES, ETC.
TERMS CASH— STRICTLY IN ADVANCE.
BG> Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
will be allowed in PsyYCHB, and the advertising
pages will be numbered consecutively with those
of reading matter and indexed at the end of the
volume. The editors reserve the right to reject
advertisements.
Subseribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects
for exchange or desired for study, not for cash,
free, at the discretion of the editors.
Regular style of advertisements plain, at the
following rates :—
Outside Inside
Page. Pages.
Per line, first insertion, $0.10 $0.08
Eighth page, first insertion, . . .75 .60
Quarter ‘“ a a 3 1.25 1.00
Half A SE Sa ° - 2.25 1.75
One as s ss 4.00 3.50
Each subsequ@ht insertion one half the above rates.
Address Epirors oF Psycue,
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FrrepLANDER & Soun,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining by ex-
change or otherwise specimens of as many spe-
cies of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose
of making a study of the North American forms.
Those found infesting cultivated plants especially
desired. Living specimens preferred when they
can be obtained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited. 5
CHARLES V. RILEY, \y
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D. C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
1 am desirous of obtaining as many North
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new ~
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
Pror. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me. —
LEPIDOPTERA. ;
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société @’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, 8S. W.,
England.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS. ‘
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and ai an :
15 varieties. on one octavo page. Willbesentby
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies. bag
a \ + Mi, , as TAL 4
r7 he i ies Via th yee aae*
* rN ¢ ;
In Dr. Hagen’s list of ‘‘ Museum pests
observed in Cambridge,” published i in the
ural Eesiary, vol. 20, I find no mention
of the above species, and in order that
eastern collectors may guard against its
introduction into their cabinets I give the
_ following brief description of its larva and
pare
LARVA.
Measurements, when full grown : length,
exclusive of caudal hairs, 5.4 mm. ; inclu-
ding caudal hairs, 8 mm. ; breadth 1.6 mm.
Upper dermal surface reddish brown ;
lower surface vitreous white ; entire sur-
face covered with short, soft, yellowish
~ brown hairs ; each stigmatic orifice sur-
rounded by a stellate tuft of longer setose
a hairs, of variable length and of the same
___ color as the general hairy covering. The
iS upper surface of the last three segments is
tr
entirely concealed by a dense mass of short,
ae erect, dark brown hairs so nearly equal in
has BM '
‘tles of a very compact brush.
Sy CELE.
A NEW MUSEUM PEST, TROGODERMA TARSALE MELS.
BY FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW, LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
length as to present the appearance of hav-
ing been cut off with shears, like the bris-
The sides
of the upper surface of the two preceding
segments have a similar covering. The
two caudal appendages, which attain one
half the length of the body and are notice-
ably separated when the larva isin motion,
often appear to the eye to consist each of
a single, stout, elongated bristle, but, under
the microscope, are seen to be composed in
each case of from twenty to twenty-five
separate hairs.
Larvae infesting cabinet specimens in the
autumn remain in their hosts during late
autumn aud winter, apparently in an inac-
tive condition. From 1 Marchto 1 April,
according to the season, they begin to trans-
form into the pupal state, for which pur-
pose, unless the infested specimen is of
large size, they come forth from their
places of concealment and are easily ob-
served and destroyed.
eL:* ” ery Mie adn Up he TS a Ur a ey a eee
‘i a roy Rit aie Sp ae gene NE
; 3 by heb e . +h
. erg
~ » P 4 > is ae
ar Pas
:
302 PSYCHE.
PUPA.
Length, 4 mm. ; breadth, 2 mm.
Enclosed within the larval skin, and
visible only from above, where the larval
skin is longitudinally split open along the
median dorsal line from head to anal seg-
Abruptly narrows to a point at the
anal extremity. Removed from larval
ment.
skin, the entire surface of the pupa is seen
: to be covered with short, soft, light yellow-
ish brown hairs, except at the centre of
dorsal surface which contains three minute
transverse incisions or furrows. The ante-
rior margin of each furrow is straight while
the posterior margin is curved. Examined
under the microscope, both margins of each
incision are seen to be minutely dentate,
but the teeth of the posterior margins are
/
ORGANS, PROBABLY DEFENSIVE IN FUNCTION,
HYPERCHIRIA VARIA, WALK. (SATURNIA IO, HARRIS).
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
In examining a larva of AHyperchiria
varia lately I found on each side a protru-
sile organ just posterior to, and a trifle
below the level of the stigmata of the
fourth segment, and a similar organ in the
same position relative to the stigmata
of the tenth segment, these segments
being counted from and excluding the
head.
These organs, when retracted, exhibit
‘nothing more than an irregular opening,
about half a millimetre in diameter, situa-
ted in the reddish lateral line which extends
from the anterior part of the fourth seg-
ment to the posterior extremity of the
more prominent than those of the anterior
The incisions being in the outer
layer of the skin only, these minute teeth
may be of use in fixing the pupal skin
while the imago emerges from it.
The imagos, first appearing about the
middle of March, continue to appear during ~
all the spring and summer months.
For several years this was the only |
museum pest whose presence was dreaded
in the entomological cabinets of the Uni-
versity of Kansas, but for the past three
years Anthrenus varius has become quite got
as formidable a foe, having been introduced _ h
into the building in some eastern bird skins. ©
Careful watching and the use of tight boxes
have prevented serious damage to the col-
lections from either of these pests.
margins.
IN THE LARVA OF ©
larva.
mistaken for some of the folds of the skin Se
which are numerous along the lateral ee : se
of this larva when at rest. + a t
If the larva be disturbed by slightigh My
touching the spines with which it is covered,
and at the same time attention be given to — 3
the above-mentioned. irregular openings, —
which should be observed under a lens,
each opening will be seen to evaginate and —
to re-invaginate alternately, When evag-
inated to about a half a millimetre in
height above the surrounding skin the are:
appearance of the organ is very similar to bec
that of a minute sea-anemone or aetinia cae a
with its tentacles retracted, and this resem-
blance is enhanced by the flesh-like aspect
of the whole extended portion of the organ,
its color being about the same as that of
the reddish lateral line in which it is situ-
ated. The organ is usually evaginated,
as above described, upon any slight distur-
bance of the larva, toa distance of about
7) mm. 4
If the larva is greatly disturbed, espec-
jally suddenly, as by a sharp, quick stroke
on the spines.or by a pinching of the skin,
the organ is sometimes further evaginated,
a moment only, to over a millimetre in
length. The distal extremity, when fully
eyaginated, is rounded, being terminated
by a hemispheroidal portion of more deli-
cate texture and of slightly lighter color
than the proximal portion.
This organ is probably the opening of a
gland, altho it never appears moist. The
abundant moisture, however, which usually
indicates glandular secretion in insects is
not a necessary character of such secretion,
any more in insects than in vertebrates.
Silk and the woolly masses on aphides are
examples of nearly dry solid secretions in
insects, while the gas, permanent under
ordinary conditions, which is emitted from
the anal glands of Brachinus shows that
an insect secretion may either be gaseous
or become gas directly upon its emission.
So the absence of appreciable moisture is
‘no sure proof that the organs under consid-
eration are not glandular. There is no
odor about these organs, as far as I could
determine, nor did their surface show either
acid or alkaline reaction upon being touched
with moistened litmus paper. —
The function of these organs seems to
be to defend the larva, already s6 thoroughly
PSYCHE.
309
protected from many dangers by its urtica-
ting spines, from some kind of attack, for
the organs are not in use when the larva
is undisturbed and are more active in their
protrusion and retraction the more the
larva is disturbed. Their function may
be to drive away some parasite, for against
the attacks of ichneumons the sharp spines
of this larva are an inadequate defense.
The improbability of four such organs
as those described above escaping the notice
of all the entomologists who had carefully
examined the larva of Hyperchiria varia
led me to look up all the accessible descrip-
tions of that larva, but I found no mention
of these organs in any of them. Harris,
in his Entomological Correspondence,’ and
Riley, in his Fifth Report,’ give quite
extended descriptions of the larva and locate
the different series of spiculiferous tuber-
cles, but entirely overldok the organs which
are the subject of this note.
As I have neither time nor material for
the extended study of these organs I pub-
lish this brief note on their external appear-
auce in the hope that some one will study
them further, especially in regard to their
internal structure and to determine their
functions with certainty. It would be of
interest to note whether the larva possesses
these organs in all its different stages, a
point which I was unable to settle because
of having no very young larvae.
Cambridge, 7 Sept. 1882.
1 Occasional papers of the Boston society of
natural history. 1. Entomological correspon-
dence of Thaddeus William Harris, M.D. Edi-
ted by Samuel H. Scudder. Boston, 1869. p.
295-297. ;
2 Fifth annual Report on the noxious, benefi-
cial and other insects of the state of Missouri,
...by C. V. Riley, state entomologist. Jeffer-
son City, 1873. p. 135.
‘
iPS YY GEE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JUNE 1882.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
EDITORIAL.
The undersigned, who has been hindered by
absence from the country and by pursuit of
other occupations from taking active part in the
editorial management of this paper, wishes to
record his sincerest thanks to those editors, assis-
tant editors and other friends of PsycHr who
have, during his absence, attended to the various
duties connected with its publication.
Among those to whom especial thanks are due
is the late Edwin C. Prentiss of Brighton, Mass.,
whose death it was a painful duty to announce
in our numero for October 1880, who, in addition
to the composition of Psycme, making it ready
for the press and mailing it, added often, as gra-
tuitous labor in the interest of the paper, work
belonging strictly to its editorial department.
Faithful, persevering and accurate, he removed
much of the care of Psycue from the under-
signed, who mourns his early death, caused by
disease contracted while in the defense of our
country in the south, rather as that of a perso-
nal friend than as that of an employé.
The accuracy of Psycue, upon which we are
often complimented, is ina great measure due
to the careful supervision of Mr. B. P. Mann,
who has had not only the editorship of the bib-
liographical record, but has had most of the
burden of the general editorship of the whole
paper. Inassuming the management of Psycue,
the undersigned wishes to acknowledge Mr.
Mann’s services especially, without which it
would have been impossible to continue the
PSYCHE.
paper, and to announce that hereafter the respon-
sibility for the general management rests upon
himself.
During the past three years many books, pam-
phlets and periodicals have been received as
gifts or in exchange, and the editors will now
strive to have these, as far as they pertain to
entomological subjects, properly noticed in our
bibliographical record, and, in such cases as may
seem best, reviewed.
The numeros of Psycue for eaeh of the years
1880 and 1881 contained—to make a comparison
readily perceptible to persons not familiar with
printers’ nomenclature—exclusive of title-pages
and advertisements, matter equivalent to more
than 227 pages of reading matter of volume one
or two. To this will be added, at the end of
volume three, an index much larger than that —
of volume one. It is unnecessary to add that
Psycue never has paid its cost. For volume
three it would be necessary to have a few more
than double the present number of subscribers
to make it pay its cost, exclusive of exchanges
received. As the present publisher, who under-
took the publication of Psycue in order to give
the Cambridge Entomological Club—the foun-
der of the magazine—time to accumulate a
publication fund, will be obliged soon, under the
pressure of other duties and responsibilities, to
return the publication to the hands of its parent
society, it is not, perhaps, improper here to
solicit contributions to the publication fund of
the society.
G: Dimmock.
BOOK NOTICE.
Mr. S. H. Scudder has published his paper, -
“Fragments of the coarser anatomy of diurnal
lepidoptera,” which appeared in the columns of
our numeros for Oct. 1881 to April 1882, in book
form. The book, which is somewhat novel in
design and very neat in typography, is printed —
with wide margins on excellent paper. It con-
tains 83 pages of 10.5 by 6 em., type measure-
ment, while the book measures 19.5 by 12.5 cm.
G: D.
at.
+
x
.7
* f
a Tae 1
seat
e
rms
?
v
a
a mixture of carbolie acid, soft soap and water.
PSYCHE.
or
on
[2801-2815] 3
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
date of publication, given %n brackets [ |, marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Caulfield, Frank Butler. Food habits of the
longicorns. (Can. entom., March 1881, v. 13,
p. 60.)
On the habits of pogonocherus mizxius and gaurotes
cyanipennis. G: D. (2801)
_Cement of the tussah cocoon. (Journ. applied
sci., 1 Dec. 1880, v. 11, p. 186, 12 em.)
Major G. Coussmaker reports that chemical analysis of
the cement of the cocoon of the tussah silk-worm [attacus
mylitia| shows it to be excrementitious and that it contains
acidurate of ammonia [C5H3(NH4)N403]. The excrement
is voided while the caterpillar is spinning the cocoon.
G: D.. (2802)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. On a larva of
mordella. (Can. entom., Aug. 1881, v. 13, p.
173-175.)
Notes on the habits and food of the larvae of mordella.
j A. K. D. (2803)
Clay, Cassius M. The borer and sapsucker-:
(Land and home, 1 Jan. 1880, v. 1, p. 189, col. 4
15 cm.)
Habits of [?saperda bivittata] and [?sphyrapicus varius].
B: P. M. (2804)
Clifford, J.R.S. Insect lights and insect
sounds. London, Wesleyan conference office,
[1880]. 94 [-+ ady.] p., 16 xX 12,t 11x 8.5. el.
Popular work with illustrations. A. K. D. (2805)
Cochineal production on the Canaries. (New
remedies, Aug. 1881, v. 10, p. 256, 4 cm.)
Statistics of cochineal exports from the Canary Islands
to different countries, during 1878-1880. ~ G: D. (2806)
‘Codling moth (The). (Can. entom., Aug. 1881,
v. 13, p. 176.)
Brief note on carpocapsa pomonella. A. K.D. (2807)
Cook, Albert J: Carbolic acid as a preventive
of insect ravages. (Can. entom., Sept. 1881,
y. 13, p. 189-191.)
Describes a method of destroying insects by means of
Paper read
before the subsection of entomology of the Amer. assoc.
advane. science, at its Cincinnati (1881) meeting.
: A. K. D. (2808)
Coquillett, Daniel W: Onthe early stages of
hypena scabra, Fabr. (Can. entom., July 1881,
v. 13, p. 187-138.)
Describes egg, mode of oviposition, larva (which feeds
on trifolium pratense) and chrysalis; gives length of time
in the different stages. A. K, D. (2809)
Cori, Eduard. Ueber die apis dorsata.
(Deutscher Bienenfreund, 1 April 1881, jahrg.
17, p. 98-100.)
Contains a letter from Frank Benton in which the four
kinds of honey-bees of Ceylon are mentioned and their hab-
its described. Two species, a. indica and a. dorsata, are
especially mentioned as suitable for raising for econom-
ical purposes. G: D, (2810)
Cori, Eduard. Die apis dorsata ist aufgefun-
den. (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 15 July 1881,
jahrg. 17, p. 211-214.)
Quotes letter from Frank Benton announcing the cap-
ture of four colonies of a. dorsata. Remarks on the subject.
G: D. (2811)
Cultivation of pyrethrum (The) and manufac-
ture of the powder. (Amer. nat., 1881, v. 15:
July, p. 569-572; Sept., p. 744-746; Oct., p:
817-819.) ’
General account of how to raise pyrethrum and to make
and use the insect-powder from it. G: D, (2812)
Dalla Torre, Karl W. Alphabetisches Ver-
zeichniss der in den Jahren 1869-1879 auf-
gestellten Genus-Namen der Hymenopteren.
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 Dec. 1881, jahrg. 7,
p. 330-344. )
Contains alphabetic list of new generic names for
hymenoptera (from 1869-1879), citation of locality where
described, and family to which each genus belongs.
G: D. (2813)
Dan | psevd.|. Indianhoney. (Journ. applied
sci., June 1881, v. 12, p. 90-91, 74 cm.)
Notes on wild honey-bees of India and their honey.
G: D, (2814)
Day, L. T. Notes on sciomyzidae with descrip-
tions of new species. (Can.entom., May 1881,
v. 13, p. 85-89.)
Notes on detanocera, sepedon and dryomyza. New spe-
cies described: ¢. pubescens (Wash. Terr.), ¢. montana
(Wyoming), and ¢. lineata (Conn.). G: D. (2815)
356 [2816-2832]
Deutscher Bienenfreund. Zeitung fiir
praktische Bienenzucht. Allgemeines Organ
fiir deutsche Bienenwirthe und Organ des
unter dem allerhéchsten Protectorat Sr. Maj.
des Kénigs Albert stehenden bienenwirth-
schaftlichen Hauptvereins im Konigreiche
Sachsen, des bienenwirthschaftliche Hauptver-
eins der Provinz Sachsen, des Herzogthums
Anhalt und fiir Thiiringen und des bienen-
wirthschaftlichen Hauptvereins im Grossherz-
ogthum Sachsen-Weimar. _ Herausgegeben
von L. Krancher. 16ter Jahrgang. 1880.
Crimmitschau, O: Grosse. [4] +392 p., 25.5
17, t 20 x 138.5. M. 3.
A semimonthly journal devoted to bee-raising.
G: D. (2816)
Dewitz, H. Beschreibung der Larve und
Puppe von liponeura brevirostris Low, Dipteren-
familie blepharoceridae. (Berl. entom. Zeitschr.,
1881, v. 25, p. 61-66, fig. 3-16 of pl. 4.)
Notice. (Amer. nat., July 1881, v. 15, p.
567.)
External anatomy of larva and pupa of l. brevirostris.
% G: D. (2817)
Dewitz, H. Dipterenlarven, welche wie Blut-
egel kriechen. (Sitzungsber. d. Gesellsch.
naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 19 July 1881, no. 7,
p. 103-106, fig.)
Mode of locomotion and other peculiarities of the larvae
of leucopis puncticornis. G: D. (2818)
Dewitz, H. Ueber die Fliigelbildung bei
Phryganiden und Lepidopteren. (Berl. entom.
Zeitschr., 1881, v. 25, p. 53-60, pl. 5, and fig.
1-2 of pl. 4.)
Discussion of the developmental stages of the wings of
phryganidae and of lepidoptera, based, in part, on studies
of the development of the wings in ¢richostegia varia and
in deilephila euphorbiae. G: D. (2819)
Dewitz, Hermann. Vergleichende Untersuch-
ungen iiber Bau und Entwickelung des Stach-
els der Honigbiene und der Legescheide der
griinen Heuschrecke. Inaugural-Dissertation
... zu Kénigsberg behufs Erlangung des Doc-
torgrades ... Kénigsberg, 1874. 30 [+2] p.,
21 X 15, t 15 X 8.4.
Notice. (Bericht ... der Entomologie, 1875-
1876, p. 124.) :
Structure and development of the sting of apis mellifica
and of the ovipositor of locusta viridissima. G: D. (2820)
Dodge, C: Richards. A new hickory pruner.
(Land and home, 1 Jan. 1880, v. 1, p. 189, col.
2-3, 26 em., fig.)
Description and figure of method of injury done to
branches of carya by a cerambycid, ‘‘ perhaps an elaphid-
ion,”’ in Connecticut. B: P. M, (2821)
Drive away mosquitoes (To). (New remedies,
Sept. 1881, v. 10, p. 285, 5 cm.)
_ Recipe for a pastil and for a wash to keep away culez.
G: D. (2822)
PSYCHE.
Editors’ table.
15, p. 302-305.)
Discusses government aid for the protection of agrieul-
turists, and especially the work of the U. 8. entomological
commission ; notes on losses to the United States by insect
ravages. G: D. (2823)
Edwards, W: H: Coenonympha elko. (Can.
entom., March 1881, v. 13, p. 57-58.)
Description of a new species of diurnal lepidoptera from
Nevada. » G: D. (2824)
Edwards, W: H: Description of preparatory
stages of agraulis vanillae, Linnaeus. (Can.
entom., July 1880, v. 12, p. 121.) <
Describes egg, stages of larva (which feeds on passijlora),
and chrysalis. G: D. (2825)
Edwards, W: H: Description of preparatory
stages of heliconia charitonia, Linn. (Can.
entom., Aug. 1881, vy. 3, p. 158-162.)
Describes egg, larva in different stages, chrysalis, and
notes duration of the different stages. A. K. D, (2826)
(Amer. nat., April 1881, v
Edwards, W: H: Description of the prepara-
tory stages of apatura flora, Edw. (Can. *
entom., May 1881, v. 13, p. 81-85.)
Describes egg, different stages of larva (which feeds on
celtis), and chrysalis of the above species. G: D. (2827)
Edwards, W: H: Description of the prepar-
atory stages of libythea bachmanni, Kirtland.
(Can. entom., Noy. 1881, v. 15, p. 226-229.)
Describes egg, larvae in different stages, chrysalis, and
figures imago; length of time in passing through the dif-
ferent stages, times of appearance of imago and larvae.
‘A. K.D. (2828)
Edwards, W: H: Description of the prepar-
atory stages of papilio palamedes, Drury. _ cal-
chas, Fab. (Can. entom., June 1881, vy. 13, p.
119-123.)
Describes egg, different stages of larva, and chrysalis.
G: D. (2829)
Edwards, W: H: Description of the prepar-
atory stages of terias nicippe, Cramer. (Can.
entom., April 1881, v. 13, p. 61-65.)
Describes egg, larva (which feeds on cassia marylandica)
and chrysalis of ¢. nicippe. G: D. (2830)
Fernald, ©: H: Illustrations of typical spec-
imens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collec-
tion of the British museum. Part 4. North
American tortricidae. By Lord Walsingham.
London: printed by order of the trustees, 1879.
4to, pp. 84, and 17 plates. (Entom. mo. mag.,
Sept. 1880, v. 17, p. 95-96.)
Rey. of T: deGrey’s ‘“Illustrations’’ [ete.; see Rec., —
1942]. Essentially the same as the review in Psyche, Oct.
1880 [Feb. 1881], v. 3, p. 128.) BiB Me (2831)
Fish, C: Pterophoridae. (Can. entom., ‘April
1881, v. 15, p. 70-74.)
Describes 10 new species, all from the vie per
(2832)
Forbes, Stephen Alfred. The english sparrow
in Illinois. (Amer. nat., May 1881, v. 15, p.
392-393. )
Relative amount of insect and of other food found in
stomach of passer domesticus. G: D. (2833)
French, G: Hazen. Correspondence. (Can.
entom., July 1880, v. 12, p. 140.)
Correction to W: H: Edwards’ ‘‘ On certain species of
satyrus” (Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. 109-115) [Rec.,
1817]. Suggestions in regard to D. W: Coquillett’s ‘‘On
describing larvae”’ (Can. entom., June 1880, v. 12, p. 108)
[Rec., 1876]. : G: D. (2834)
French, G: Hazeh. Larvae of cerura occiden-
talis Lint., and c. borealis, Bd. (Can. entom.,
July 1881, v. 13, p. 144-145.)
Describes larva of.c. occidentalis and of e. borealis.
A. K. D. (2835)
French, G: Hazen. Notes on some noctuid
larvae. (Can. entom., Feb. 1881, v. 13, p.
23-25.)
Notes on larvae of mamestra trifolii, prodenia lineatella
and leucania pseudargyria. f (2836)
ple
French, G: Hazen. Notes on the preparatory
stages of papilio cresphontes, Cram. (Can. en-
tom., Sept. 1881, v. 13, p. 177-179.)
Describes egg, larvain different stages, and chrysalis ;
_ gives pupal period of fifteen specimens. A. K. D. (2837)
Garman, W.H. The ege-case and larva of
hydrophilus triangularis Say. (Amer. nat., Aug.
1881, v. 15, p. 660-663, ‘fig. 1-3.)
Describes and figures egg-case and larva of the above
Species ; on stigmata and tracheae of the larva.
, G: D. (2838)
Gauckler, H. [Misbildung von acronycta
aceris.|_(Entom. Nachrichten, 15 July 1881,
jahrg. 7, p. 216.)
Posterior wings and abdomen deformed in @. aceris.
78 G: D, (2839)
_
{Gauckler, H.] Von einem verbesserten ver-
stellbaren Spannbrett. (Entom. Nachrichten,
15 Jan. 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 35.)
Note on a new spreading board for lepidoptera.
G: D,
(2840)
Gould & Co. Fertilizer and insect extermin-
ator. (Florida agriculturist, July 1881, v. 4,
p. 64, 72.)
Advertisement and testimonials; this substance in solu-
tion said to destroy coccidae. B: P.M. (2841)
_ Graber, Vitus. Ueber den Bau und die Ent-
S. stehung einiger noch wenig bekannter Stridu-
_ lationsorgane der Heuschrecken und Spinnen.
Mit 1 Tafel. Separatabdruck aus den Mit-
___ theilungen des naturwissenschaftl. Vereines.
_ Jahrgang 1874. Graz, 1874. tp. cover, t-p.,
Petes wl pl Soot Lex 1p)
_-—s Mode of sonifaction in orthoptera, and in steatoda bipunc-
ar “1 tata, a spider. Gi D. (0849)
“8 Tr. : .
!
ta
ey, ;
“e MF < a
i sa ¥
PSYCHE.
[2833-2853] 357
pp Grey, T:, Lord Walsingham. Ilustrations
of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera
...Part4... [Rec., 1942].
Rey., by C: H: Fernald. (Entom. mo. mag.,
Sept. 1880, no. 196, v. 17, p. 95-96.)
The review is essentially the same as that furnished by
the reviewer to Psycur, and published in no. 78, Oct. 1880
[Feb. 1881], v. 3, p. 128. B: P.M. (2843)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. [Agrotis campestris and
a. decolor.| (Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Aug.
1877 |March 1881], v. 3, no. 5, p. 212.)
Points out the specific distinctions between the two spe-
cies. B: P. M. (2844)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. [ Catocala frederici. |
(Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Aug. 1877 [March
1881], v. 3, no. 5, p. 217.)
Specimen exhibited, with specimens of other species,
and its specific characters pointed out. 2B: P. M. (2845)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. List of North American
bombyciae of Hubner. (Can. entom., July 1881,
yv. 13, p. 151-153.)
List, with localities of capture. A, K. D, (2846)
Grote, A: Radcliffe and Coleman Townsend
Robinson. List of the lepidoptera of North
America. 1. Phil., Amer. entom. soc., Sept.
1868. t.-p. cover, t.-p. + 16 p., 26 X 17.
List of sphingidae, aegeriidae, thyridae, zygaenidae and
bombycidae of North America north of Mexico. Index of
genera. B: P. M. (2847)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. New noctuidae, with list
of the species of perigrapha. (Can. entom.,
June 1881, v. 15, p. 151-154.)
Describes 4 new species of agrotis, 1 of xylomiges, 2 of
bomolocha, and 1 of deilinea ; list of the 5 species of peri-
grapha from the United States. G; D. (2848)
Grote, A: Radcliffe.
dae in the Zutraege.
dreds. (Can. entom., May 1881, v.
90-92.)
Identification, as far as possible, of the species men-
tioned in Jacob Hiibner’s ‘* Zutrige zur Sammlung exo-
tischer Schmetterlinge”’... [see Hagen, Bibl. entom., v.
1, p. 389]. G: D. (2849)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. The North American
species of mamestra, Ochs. (Can. entom., June
1881, v. 18, p. 126-130.)
Catalog of the North American species of mamestra
(inel. dianthoecia) with notes on habitat, synonymy and
affinities. G: D. (2850)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Note on basilarchia.
(Can. entom., Sept. 1881, v. 15, p. 195.)
Notes on relationship of so:ne species of basilarchia.
A. K. D. (2851)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Note on hemaris buffalo-
ensis. (Can. entom., Aug. 1881, v. 15, p. 175.)
Discusses validity of the species. A. K. D. (2852)
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Notes on crambus. (Can.
entom., April 1881, v. 13, p. 66-67.)
Notes on 5 species and their distribution. G: D. (2853)
North American noctuz-
Fourth and fifth hun-
13; 4p:
358 [2854-2869]
Hagen, Hermann August. Entomological
notes. (Can. entom., Feb. 1881, vy. 15, p. 37.)
Notes upon a species of cecidomyia and upon larva of
papilio philenor, both found on aristolochia sipho; and
upon larvae of nematus erichsoni found on larix europaea
[corr.]; all from Cambridge, Mass. G: D. (2854)
Hagen, Hermann August. Entomology. (Har-
vard register, Feb. 1881, v.35, p. 75-79, 160 cm.)
Estimates of the number of species of insects; arrange-
ment of insects in the Museum of comparative zoology at
Cambridge, Mass.; some of the collections which it con-
tains ; the biological collection of insects as a specialty of
this museum ; describes a box to illustrate samia promethea
in the biological collection. . G: D. (2855)
Hagen, Hermann August. List of N. Amer-
ican anthomyidae, examined by R. H. Meade,
esq., Bradford, England. (Can. entom., March
1851, v. 13, p. 45-51.)
Abstract, entitled, “North American antho-
myiadae.” (Amer.nat., May 1881, v. 15, p.
402.)
Enumerates the species which are in the Museum of
comparative zoology at Cambridge, Mass., with localities of
capture and other notes. G: D. (2856)
Hagen, Hermann August. List of N. Amer-
ican sarcophagidae, examined by R. H. Meade,
esq., Bradford, England. (Can. entom., July
1881, v. 15, p. 146-150.)
List of the sarcophagidae in the Museum of comparative
zoology at Cambridge, Mass., with notes on synonymy and
locality of capture. A. K. D. (2857)
Hagen, Hermann August. A new enemy of
the black spruce, abies nigra. (Can. entom.,
July 1880, v. 12, p. 121.)
Larva of tineidae, of an undetermined species, which
devours the parenchyma of the leaves of a. nigra.
G: D, (2858)
Hagen, Hermann August. Onsimulium. (Can.
entom., July 1881, v. 13, p. 150-151.)
Notes on larva, pupa and imago of simulium.
A. K. D. (2859)
Hammond, Arthur. On the thorax of the
blow-fly, musca vomitoria. (Journ. proc. Linn.
soc., Zool., March 1880, v. 15, p. 9-31, pl. 1-2.)
Discusses mainly the homology of the hard parts. Di-
vides the subject into: general remarks and descriptive
anatomy, considerations of analogies in divers insects,
evidence from developmental change and evidence from
the muscular and nervous parts. G: D. (2860)
Heller, Arnold. Die Schmarotzer mit beson-
derer Beriicksichtigung der fiir den Menschen
wichtigen. Mit 74 Holzschnitten und einer
Karte in Farbendruck. (Die Naturkriifte.
Eine naturwissenschaftliche Volksbibliothek,
bd. 30.) Miinchen und Leipzig, R. Olden-
bourg, 1880. t.-p. cover, 164-230 [+ adyv.]
p. il. pap., 3M.
General popular work on parasites, including insects as
parasites and parasites of insects. G: D, (2861)
Heustis, Caroline Eliza. Notes on a parasite
of pyrameis cardui. (Can. entom., July 1881,
v. 13, p. 143-144.)
Ichneumon rujiventris parasitic on the larva of p. cardui.
A. K. D. (2862)
PSYCHE.
* lata Lec., epicauta sericans Lec., e. callosa Lee., e. caviceps
Honey crop (The). (Pacific rural press, 2 July
1881, v. 22, p. 4, col. 4, 3 cm.)
Statistics of the honey crop in San Bernardino co., Cal.
B: P. M. (2863)
Horn, G: H: Contributions to a knowledge of
the curculionidae of the United States. (Proce.
Amer. philos. soc., 19 Sept. 1873, v. 18, p. 407—
469.)
Separate, [Phil.], 6 Nov. 1873.
p. 407-469, 24 x 15, t 17 x 9.7.
Rey., by G: H: Horn. (6th ann. rept. trus-
tees Peabody acad. sci., for 1873, 1874, p. 98.)
Rey., by E. C. Rye.’ (Zool. rec. for 1878... -
VanVoorst, Lond., 1875, v. 10, p. 295.)
Synoptic tables, descriptions of the genera and species
of the tribes calandrides and cossonides, also of the genera
ithycerus, otidocephalus, magdalis, balaninus, orchestes,
rhyssomatus, chalcodermus and analcis. Noipy 2
Describes 4 new genera: metamasius, dryotribus, wollas-
tonia and elassoptes. Describes over 30 new species.
H: W. T. (2864)
Horn, G: H: Critical notes on the species of
selenophorus of the United States. (Proc.
Amer. philos. soc., 5 Noy. 1880, v. 19, p. 178—
183.)
Describes one new species, s. breviusculus.
HT: W. T. (2865)
Horn, G: H: A monographie revision of the
species of cremastochilus of the United States.
(Proce. Amer. philos. soc., 19 Dec. 1879, .v. 18,
p. 882-397, pl. 4, fig. 1-11.)
Describes 1 new species, ¢. westwoodt.
H: W. 7. (2866)
t.-p. cover,
Horn, G: H: A review of the species of anis-
odactylus inhabiting the United States. (Proe.
Amer. philos.. soc., 5 Nov. 1880, v. 19, p.
162-178.)
Describes a. pilosus, a. immanis, a. nivalis = 3 new spe-
cies. Synonymy and bibliography given.
H: W. T. (2867)
Horn, G: H: Revision of the species of several
genera of meloidae of the United States. (Proc.
Amer. philos. soc., 21 Feb. 1875, v. 13, p. 88-
Ui.
Bae by G: H: Horn. (6th ann. rept. trus-
tees Peabody acad. sci., for 1873, 1874, p. 98.)
Rey., by E. C. Rye. (Zool. rec. for 1873...
_ Van Voorst, Lond., 1875, v. 10, p. 294.)
Describes the genera and species and gives synoptic
tables of macrobasis, epicauta, cantharis and pomplnnas
The following new species described: macrobasis virgu-
Lec., e. pedulis Lec., e. pardalis Lec., e. funebris Horn, can-
tharis viridana Lee., c. puberula Lec., pomphopoea unguic-
ularis Lec., p. texana Lec. H: W. T. (2868
Horn, G: H: Revision of the species of the —
sub-family bostrichidae of the United States.
(Proc. Amer. philos. soc., 19 April 1878, v. 17,
p. 540-555. )
Describes generaand species, figures antenna of fetrapri-
ocera. Wéuea
Describes the new genus ¢etrapriocera and 16 new spe-
cies, belonging to the genera sinorylon, tetrapriocera, bos-
trichus, amphicerus, dinoderus and polycaon.
H: W. T. (2869)
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
UNFAVORABLE WEATHER and insects are said
to have done much damage to the hop plant this
year.
Tue FIFTY-FIFTH meeting of the German
naturalists and doctors takes place 18 to 24 Sep-
tember, this year, at Eisenach.
DeEsTiruTIon is reported by the daily press
as existing in Bolivia, in June, owing to the des-
truction of the crops by locusts.
Mr. N. F. Graves, President of the N. Y.
State Banking Co., Syracuse, N. Y., has a library
of over 10,000 volumes of books which is “open
to all students and professional and scientific
men.” ; i!
Frye Cororapo beetles (Doryphora decemlin-
eata) were found, according to reports in the
newspapers, on board the Wisconsin at Liverpool
recently, and, by order of the privy council, were
killed and sent to London.
Loctsts ARE devastating the United States of
Columbia and notice has been given to Cuba to
take measures to prevent their being conveyed
in cattle: ships to Cuba and thence to the United
States.—Springfield daily republican, 12 Aug. 1882.
Buwerin no. 7 of the United States Entom-
ological commission, compiled by Dr. A. 8. Pack-
ard, jr., on “ Insects injurious to forest and shade
trees,” a stout pamphlet of 275 pages and 100
figures, was issued in March 1882. Only 2000
copies were printed.
Mr. Witriam T. Davis has found the earwig
Anisolabis maritima (Bon.) very abundant under
stones on the sea shore at Staten Island, N. Y.
According to Scudder’s Synopsis this species,
which has spread over a large part of the world,
has never been found before in this country,
north of North Carolina.
»Pror. Cyrus Tuomas, of Carbondale, IIl., has
resigned his position as state entomplogist of
Illinois, after publishing six annual reports, and
Prof. Stephen Alfred Forbes, director of the IIli-
nois state laboratory of natural history, at Nor-
mal, Ill., has been appointed state entomologist,
dating his commission from 1 July 1882.
Two New parasitic protozoans from the larva
of Melolontha vulgaris and one from the larva of
- locusts with which the island is infested.
: 359
Oryctes nasicornis were announced by J. Kunst-
ler, 14 Aug., in the French Academy. One of
the protozoans from the larva of MV. vulgaris is
elongated and has six flagellums, the other is
more globular and has only four flagellums.
Tue THIRD part of the third volume of the
Proceedings of the Davenport academy of natu-
ral sciences is to be made a memorial of the late
president of the academy, Joseph Duncan Put-
nam, and will contain, amongst other matters,
his unfinished work on the solpugidae, which has
been arranged for publication by Prof. Herbert
Osborne, of Ames College, Ames, Iowa.
THE viGcoROUS measures taken for the destruc-
tion of the locust plague in Cyprus have resulted,
in the belief of the authorities, in the destruction
of fully seven-eighths of the whole quantity of
It is
feared, however, that the survivors are still nume-
rous enough to inflict much damage upon the
wheat and other late crops.— Colonies and India,
9 June 1882.
WE CALL especial attention of the secretaries
of the entomological societies in North America
to our column of “Society meetings.” Those
secretaries who have already sent us the dates
of meeting for 1882-1883 are asked to examine
the lists and see if the dates are correct, and the
secretaries who have not yet sent us notices for
the societies which they represent are hereby
requested to do so.
THE ADVERTISEMENTS in PsycueE will be fewer
hereafter than heretofore, while the space deyo-
ted to items will be increased ; all for the benefit
of our subscribers, who are therefore requested
to forward interesting items and new subscrip-
tions. The attention of subscribers is asked to
the mailing tag of this numero, the date of which
is the date of the last numero paid for. Tags
without a date inditate exchange or free copies.
CuaRr_es GODFREY SIEWERS, of Newport, Ky.,
who has written articles on entomological sub-
jects for the American naturalist, Canadian ento-
mologist, and other periodicals, died 6 Sept. 1882,
at 5 p.m., at his residence in Newport. He
was born 24 May 1815 on the island of Santa
Cruz in the Danish West Indies, and was a son
-
560
of the Rey. Henry Frederick Siewers, a mission-
ary of the Moravianchurch. He leaves a widow,
four sons, and a daughter.
Tue Frencu Association for the advancement
of the sciences holds its annual congress for 1882
at La Rochelle (Charente-Inférieure), beginning
24 August. The section of zoology is under the
presidency of Dr. Jousset de Bellesme, Professor
of physiology at the medical school in Nantes,
and among the interesting objects for observation
to which he calls attention in the circular announ-
cing the congress are the termites and their nests,
which may be seen at Rochefort and in certain
parts of La Rochelle.
Ferr aus MarkArern. The “ Wiener land-
wirthschaftlicher Zeitung” gives, apropos of the
description of an occurrence of may-beetles,
amongst other ways of utilizing may-beetles, the
following: “If may-beetles, which are tied in a
bag, are boiled, a rather strong layer of a yel-
low, butter-like fat of good taste will collect on
the surface of the bag, and this fat, like any
otherfat, can be utilized, and, for instance,
quite good soap can be made from it.—From
Deutsch-Amer. Apotheker-Zeitung, 1 July 1882,
jahrg. 3, p. 231, col. 3. r
ANEW veEsicant. From Dr. Jose Amengue,
Barcelona. The author describes a beetle, Oenas
afer, which occurs in enormous numbers in
southern Spain and therefore can be prepared
more cheaply than cantharides. The applica-
tion, moreover, is painless(?). As far as the
author knows, the insect, administered internally,
has no effect upon the genito-urinary organs.
The author draws his conclusions from experi-
ments on himself and on his scholars. (Brit.
Med. Journ.) —From Deutsch-A mer. Apotheker-Zeit-
ung, 1 July 1882, jahrg. 5, p. 231, col. 2
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 7.45 p. m., on
the days following : —
13 Oct. 1882.
10 Nov. “
9 Mar. 1888.
is Apr: “
8 Dec. “ iMiay: ©"
12 Jan. 1883. 8June “
9Feb. “ :
W: Trevease Secretary.
PSYCHE.
Tue REGULAR meetings of the Entomologica.
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : —
25 Oct. 1882. 28 Feb. 1883.
22 Nov. ‘“‘ 298 Mar. “
a Deter: 25 Apr. *#
24 Jan. 1883. 23 May “
=== Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
Li Novee 14 Apr... “
9 Dec. “ 12 May “
13 Jan. 1882. 9June “
10 Feb. “
James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W.cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.,on ~~
the days following : — fae
12 Dee. 1881. 12 June 1882.77 "Seas
James H. Riprxes, Recording Secretary.
eh A
a oe
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of |
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada, $30
on the days following : —
3 Oct. 1882. 6 Feb. 1883. '
i Nov.ge- 6Mar. <
5 Dec. “ 3, Apr. ee
9 Jan. 1883. 1May “
G: J. Bowes, Secretary. —
THE REGCEAR meetings of the Brooklyn “4
Entomological Society will be held at 9 Broad- —
way, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y., on the days fol-
lowing :— ee
28 Oct. 1882. 31 Mar. 1883.
25 Nov. “ 28 Apr. “
30 Dec. “ 26 May. “* ee Ie
27 Jan 1883. 30June “ room
24 Feb. “ oa
F. G. Scuaurr, Secretary.
No. 97 was issued 19 Aug. 1882.
7
of ah uc * Pa tre ete eh “am 1 eee PO LT oo? ” a a)
2 Ps so See | ie aur NF pty aaah LoL a 2 f . . : a ‘ Te
Lae a wap “e ere ae sf ‘
Poe
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[ Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
G: Diumock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Prcxman Mann, Washington, D. C.;
Arsert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp Cuase Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francts Huntinctron Snow, Lawrence, Kansas; '
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
‘a: Barnes, H: Epwarps, Roranp Haywarp, S: Hensuaw, H: ALsert Rosin, Frank
G: Scuaupr, S: Hunparp ScuppER, Roianp TuHaxter, W: TRELEASE,
i :
H: Warp Turner, JoserpH Martin WILson.
Vol. 3. No. 99.
JuLty 1882.
CONTENTS:
ai "ADVERTISEMENTS pene? Te ee Chea se oie nae
as Bae. — ConrRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF Sonuautniee In Insects — Oskar Pie Kr Bais 363-364
a a On A LARVA BORING THE LEAF-STALKS OF THE BUCKEYE (AESCULUS GLABRA) IN
ee ; = Onro—Ldward: Waller, Claypole 2 ae i ne we OBREBET
____Nores on Spurncipar— Lafayette Washington Goodell . . «. . . . . 867-868
Up Mummy or a Wasp... WetTtiRreNnmESy Written 3.
i ‘x - CorrESPONDENCE — Habits of Thrips by rere Gaern: : Y ‘ ‘ ; i . 869
_ ProcEEepInes or SocieTIns—Cambridge Entomological Club 4 : : : : . 3869
_ Bisriocrarnicat Recorp, no. 2870-2879 .. , , ; : i : ‘ » ) eax'S70
| EnromoxocicaL Irems— Society Meetings . 4 3 ; : ‘ : : . 871-372
See Mass., U.S. A.: Pusiisoep sy Grorce Diumock.
“
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. | MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
? ee ar ine ee a, one r
* NGL) > ip ME coe VII aaa ie
: Ae -
‘
«
:
5362 : PSYCHE.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.
(> Subscriptions not discontinued are considered
renewed.
Sample copies, postpaid, . 10 cents.
Yearly subscription, postpaid, . A $1.
One volume (three years), postpaid, . - $3.
Yearly, printed on one side of thin paper E
(for pasting the titles of the bibliographical
record on title-slips,) postpaid, . Z : $1.
One volume, printed on one side of thin
paper, postpaid, - . 5 5 $3.
One volume (regular) and one volume on
one side of thin paper, postpaid, $5.
Twenty-five extra copies, without change of
form, to the author of any leading article,
if ordered at the time of sending copy, Free.
Author’s extras over twenty-five in num-
ber, under above mentioned conditions, each, 2c.
Separates, with changes of form —actual cost
of such changes in addition to above rates.
‘B= Scientific publications desired in exchange.
ADVERTISING RATES, ETC.
TERMS CASH—STRICTLY IN ADVANCE.
g=> Only thoroughly respectable advertisements
will be allowed in PsycuHe, and the advertising
pages will be numbered consecutively with those
of reading matter and indexed at the end of the
volume. The editors reserve the right to reject
advertisements.
Subseribers to PSYCHE can advertise insects
for exchange or desired for study, not for cash,
free, at the discretion of the editors.
Regular style of advertisements plain, at the
following rates:—
Outside Inside
Page. Pages.
Per line, first insertion, : - $0.10 $0.08
Eighth page, first insertion, . STE, _.60
Quarter “ ‘“ BOD 125°» 1.00
Half es sb Seti : ~ 2:25 gi
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Each subsequent insertion one half the above rates.
Address Epirors or Psycue,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & Sonn,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is inyited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S.H.ScuDDER, ~ #
Cambridge, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining by ex- Mig
change or otherwise specimens of as many spe-
cies of the COCCIDAE as possible; for the purpose —
of making a study of the North American forms.
Those found infesting cultivated plants especially —
desired. Living specimens preferred when they —
can be obtained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. =
GALLS AND: GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or —
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United —
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Pe
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited. :
CHARLES V. RILEY, ,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D. c.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED. | "
1 am desirous of obtaining as many North —
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to-
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to on
PRor. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me. _
LEPIDOPTERA. "
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other specie:
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membr e-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ), / o
110 Clapham Road, London, 8. W.,
a An
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS. oe
Check lists of the Ferns of North America no
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 s species
15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent fig? tae
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen .
copies. Mes
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
t
y
*
“
Si aS haat
i
4 'y lade
“In my rearing of Saturnia pyri, this
year (1882), I had the pleasure of making
an observation which was entirely new to
me and which, in my opinion, the literature
of the subject, up to the present time, does
- not mention. It was that after the larvae
of the above-mentioned moth had passed
their last molt,—the molt in which the
violet tubercles that clothe the whole body
are changed into the well-known sky-blue
ones adorned with a stelliform covering of
hairs,— and were almost full-grown, I was
astonished to find that they were suddenly
5 able to produce a peculiar noise. When-
ever I came near them and still more when
I touched them, I heard a sort of grating,
perhaps more correctly a whurring, which
was not unlike the guttural, non-vocal rat-
tling of r,and which has been observed in
_ a kindred way in certain beetles. This
Ee sound can best be imitated artificially by
- drawing a little stick or perhaps a wire,
- not too quickly over a grooved surface.
For lack of time I could not determine
Ag bs then how this sound was produced, but I
‘i think I am not mistaken in supposing that
it is produced near the mouth-parts, if not
by those organs. It appears to me almost
as if the above-mentioned whurring might
PSY CHE.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF SONIFACTION
IN INSECTS.
BY OSKAR PAUL KRANCHER, LEIPZIG, GERMANY.
be considered a sort of ery, one might
almost say a scolding, since the larva, even
upon the slightest touch, not rarely jerks
the whole anterior part of its body in the
most forcible manner, from one side to the
other, at the same time producing the
whurring sound, The slightest irritation
also is followed by this whurring. But I
always observed that the larva drew in its
head more or less, according as the sound
lasted for a greater or less length of time,
of course only while the sound was being
produced.
When I communicated this observation
at a June meeting of the entomological
society here it appeared that the facts were
not known, up to that time, to any of the
persons present, which has induced me to
publish this note. I hope I shall soon suc-
ceed in rearing a new brood of S. pyri, in
order to carry my observations further.
I may remark, further, that I obtained, in
this year’s breeding, 19 larvae from 20
eggs, and from these larvae 16 pupae, from
which I hope to obtain the moths next
spring. ©
Permit me at the same time to notice
here two other interesting items. Last
364
year (1881) Mr. Brabandt reared the lar-
vae of Stauropus fagi (called the crab-
caterpillar on account of its shape) which
larvae, as is well-known, always quarrel
with each other and are fond of biting
off each other’s Under such
circumstances Mr. Brabandt obtained a
larva which had lost one of its long fore-
legs in a contest, but this appeared to dis-
turb the insect little; and it continued
feeding unconcernedly and pupated; and,
front-legs.
on 5 June of this year, the moth emerged.
The moth showed only the single defect
of not possessing the leg corresponding to
the one which the larva had lost.
The following may serve as a contribu-
tion to the subject of the fertility of lepid-
optera. Mr. Brabandt obtained from a
ON A LARVA BORING THE LEAF-STALKS OF THE BUCKEYE
(AESCULUS GLABRA) IN OHIO.
BY EDWARD WALLER CLAYPOLE, NEW BLOOMFIELD, PERRY CO., PA.
Several years ago, soon after going to
reside at Yellow Springs, Ohio, I noticed,
in the early part of May, that many of the
leaves of the Ohio buckeye, Aesculus gla-
bra, drooped and withered very soon after
they had unfolded from the bud. For two
or three years these drooping leaves caught
my attention. On gathering them I uni-
formly found a small hole in the leaf-stalk,
from which a tunnel, sometimes twelve
millimetres in length, ran along the stalk.
Above this hole the leaf was dying, below it
the stalk was still alive.
stances I found in the tunnel a small yellow-
In some few in-
ish caterpillar, evidently the author of the
PSYCHE.
her duty in the most thorough way, for
chrysalis, this spring, a female Lasiocampa
quercifolia. As it was crippled he decided
to set it out of doors in order perchance to
attract a male, or in other words to secure
a fertilization. Luck favored him; the
next morning he found the female, only a_
few steps distant, in copulation with a male.
The latter, in fine condition, was spread,
but the female was imprisoned for the pur-
pose of obtaining eggs. Behold! she did
during the first night she laid no less than
510 eggs, and during the second night 70
more, —a total of 580 eggs, a fecundity F ; oy
on the part of a lepidopteron which is f
coe all and very rarely recorded. Not |
a single egg was abortive, and each one ~
hatched its wae larva. nee Sane
Leipug, 10 Aug. 1882.
mischief. Wherever the hole in the stalk
was closed with droppings the caterpillar
was present, but whenever the hole nie
open the caterpillar was gone, leading to—
the inference that it had escaped through — bi 4
the opening. oa
After having made these preliminary ~, a
notes I attempted, in May 1878, to trace out .
the life-history of this insect, but, being —
very much pressed with work, the experi-— Bs iY
. sy
ment was a failifre. The leaves were
iw
;
overlooked for a few days of warm weather, —
became mouldy, and the caterpillars died. — ae:
In 1879 I made a second attempt with os
rather better success, but still without result _ $ i
5
A
‘
of moment. The main difficulty lay in the
fact that the early stage, during which
the insect could be found in the leaf-stalk,
was of very short duration, and if, in the
pressure of other occupations, I forgot to
note the unfolding of the buckeye leaves,
or had not time to walk to the place where
they grew, thechance for that year was
gone. The buckeye unfolds very sud-
denly and very quickly in the spring;
consequently there are but a few days
during which the caterpillar can be found.
However, I have succeeded in obtaining
some every year since, and in the two
years 1880 and 1881 I reared a few to
maturity.
In the early part of May, usually about
the second or third, I found the drooping
leaves of the buckeye in great numbers.
I gathered, 8 May, a quantity of the leaves,
and, among them, a single specimen in
which the caterpillar was in the main stem
of the young shoot and not in the leaf-stalk
— the only instance of the kind that I have
met with. Taking the specimens home I
placed them under a bell-glass im order to
e
determine the first point in doubt, the
destination of the caterpillars after leaving
the leaf-stalk. Two days afterwards, on
sis 10 May, I found that the leaf-stalks were
all empty and the caterpillars hidden in the
faded leaf at the top of the stem in which
they had previously burrowed. On 15
May, five days later, the caterpillars were
still in the dead leaves, and I went to the
trees to try and find some more specimens,
but was unsuccessful. However, on 21
May, I found a few rolled-up leaves con-
taining caterpillars, brought them home
and placed them with the others.
On 23 May the surviving caterpillars
PSYCHE. 365
were still feeding, but there were many
dead ones.
On 25 May I found the first chrysalis
among the leaves. It was light red in
color, with eight rings on the abdomen.
The rolled-up leaf was lined inside with
silk. These facts show nothing in any
way peculiar, and the same description
would apply to thousands of other chrys-
alids.
A caterpillar, examined on 13 May 1881,
was one centimetre long, semi-transparent,
yellowish in color with a yellow head, and
this appearance was retained, except that
the caterpillar became a little darker, until
it went into the pupal state about 20 May.
It was difficult to see what the caterpillars
lived upon, as the fresh leaves that I put
I have
noted this point for several years and have
with them were not attacked.
come to the conclusion that the food of the
larva is the dead, dry leaf in which it is
rolled up. I have looked carefully on the
trees and can find no eaten or nibbled leaves
near those containing the caterpillars, so,
apparently, its habit is the same, in this
respect, both in captivity and in its native
habitat.
On 9 June, fifteen days after entering
the pupal state, the first moth emerged.
It was small, with a peculiar hopping
flight, the fore wing mottled black and
white, and the hind wing more uniform in
color, dusky, and slightly spotted with black
near the tip.
It appears as if the second stage in the
life of this insect is that in which it most
frequently falls a prey to its foes. During
its earliest existence it is sheltered in the
tunnel it has bored in the stalk, and there
seems no cause but the want of room to
.
366
prevent its remaining there and burrowing
But
these quarters soon become too small for it,
down the whole length of the stem.
it leaves the tunnel by the hole at which it
entered and betakes itself to the dead and
curled leaf. Here it is easily found by
other insects, and, from the difficulty of
obtaining specimens in this stage, I infer
that a very large number are destroyed by
their enemies.
In examining the chrysalids which I had
obtained, I noticed that two or three were
much larger than the rest, and I suspected
that, in collecting nibbled leaves from the
buckeye, I had introduced the larvae of
some different species. ‘This suspicion was
chavged to certainty when the moths
emerged. Beside the genuine imago of the
buckeye stem-borer, with which, by this
time, I was quite familiar, I had two or
three specimens of double its size, with
cinnamon-colored wings having the costal
Not
knowing the name of either species, I
Most
entomologists know the tedious and hopeless
nature of the search through scattered pub-
lications for the figure or description of
some unknown insect, but, casually looking
over the report of the Entomological Soci-
ety of Ontario for 1873, I found the larger
of the two species figured and described by
Mr. Saunders in an article on insects inju-
rious to the raspberry (Rubus), and found
that it was the banded raspberry leaf-roller,
Loxotaenia (wrongly written Lozotaenia)
rosaceana, Harris.
edge in the form of a double curve.
pinned them for future examination.
that in Ohio this insect lives on the buckeye
as well as on the raspberry.
Though I have given the life-history of
this insect so far as I have been able to~ this insect upon it. “if
PSYCHE. ‘
It follows, therefore,.
trace it, yet other parts still remain to be
worked out. 1 have not been able to deter-
mine where and when the egg is laid, ~
whether in early spring before the buds
open, or later, after the buds for the next
year have been formed. In the former —
case the moth must be very long-lived,
lasting through the summer and then hiber-
nating until spring, or the species must be
In the
latter case the eggs must remain on or im
the bud all winter until it unfolds in spring,
which seems unlikely. Moreover, if the
double-brooded in this district.
egg is laid in the bud, the young eaterpil-
lar must find its own way to the stalk of |
the leaf.
probable that the eggs are laid in spring
and upon the stem of the leaf into which
the larva can at once bore. Bee
Specimens of the perfect insect were sent =
to Dr. C. V. Riley and were referred by
him to Prof. C. H. Fernald. Thoughthe —
specimens were somewhat rubbed and the
peculiar markings consequently faint, both —
these entomologists inclined to refer them
to Proteoteras aesculanum, a new genus
and species described by Dr. Riley in 1881,1__
though at first there was a suspicion —
On the whole it seems more
that the insect was Sericoris instrutana,”
Clem., the larval state of which was not —
then fully known. Specimens, however,
raised during the present season from lJar- —
vae obtained in Ohio? have thrown doubt —
on this identification, but no specimen has
» ee
4
1 See Trans. Acad. Science St. Louis, v. 4. HS
Woes
2 See Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advance. Sci.,1881. x f
3 It is perhaps worthy of notice that, among =
these few specimens (in 1882), a single Lorotae
nia rosaceana, Harris, made itsappearance. Also
that although the buckeye is commonly planted ~ Rig ee
at my present residence, in Perry county, Penn., — Weta
yet I have never seen a sign of the presence of .
Ps
'
Jat
a
aos
.
ate ti
Ce
Por ot ys i.
ey
_ been obtained sufficiently perfect to decide
_ the question. Dr. Riley, however, informs
me that the study of a specimen bred, in
1875, from the blossom of the buckeye,
Bey which specimen he finds specifically identi-
pe eal with mine, renders it certain that the
- insect is not Proteoteras aesculanum.
Dr. Riley has very kindly allowed me to
see his notes on, and figures of P. aescu-
lanum. which show several points in which
oe aa that species markedly differs from the spe-
cies which I reared.
These points are as
follows —
; 1. The larva here described bores the
leaf-stalk of the buckeye and only once
have I found a specimen in the terminal
twig. P. aesculanum bores the terminal
twig as well as the leaf-stalk.
2. P.aesculanum bores the terminal
twigs of maple (Acer dasycarpum). I have
never seen a specimen of the insect here des-
cribed on a maple nor have I seen a maple
twig or leaf showing indications of its pres-
Pee ence.
3. P. aesculanum often forms a swell-
ing or pseudogall on the stem. The species
here alluded to never forms a gall.
4. P. aesculanum lives in the gall ap-
parently through almost its whole larval
stage. The insect here described, however,
quits the leaf-stalk at the end of two or
Deilephila lineata is the most common
of all the sphingidae here. I have never
found the larvae on anything but purslane,
Portulaca oleracea, one of the worst of our
a b weeds, and on the cultivated species, P.
an ; grandiflora ; and on these they are found,
7 ,
PSYCHE.
367
three days and lives in a rolled-up leaf.
5. P. aesculanum bores the stem to a
depth of from 13 to50 mm. The insect
here alluded to seldom or never exceeds
13 mm. in its boring.
I may add here a few words from a re-
cent letter from Dr. Riley.
‘* You are safe in changing the determi-
nation of your species, for it certainly is
not Sericoris instrutana, Clem. You are
safe in saying the species is close to P. aes-
culana but nevertheless different. not only
in structure and in some of the details
of its markings but more particularly in
having shorter and more acuminate front-
wings. But it is impossible to characterize
it either generically or specifically until you
get absolutely perfect specimens.”
He writes:
In conclusion I must express my indebt-
edness to Prof. Fernald and Dr. Riley for
the trouble they have taken and the help
they have given me. Itis only right, also,
to add, as an excuse for the imperfect state
of this paper, that the doubt concerning
the identity of the insect did not arise until
the greater part of the paper was in type.
This doubt cannot be removed until the
brood for 1883 is obtained. In the mean-
while Prof. Fernald has referred the insect,
provisionally, to the genus Steganoptycha,
Stephens (1834), under the name S. clay-
poleana.
NOTES ON SPHINGIDAE.
BY LAFAYETTE WASHINGTON GOODELL, AMHERST, MASS.
November. I have seen the half-grown
larvae crawling about on the ground as
late as 10 Nov., in search of their food-
plant which had been destroyed by early
frosts. It is not uncommon to see the
moths on wing in midday, and often in the
full sunshine. ‘The moths are particularly
368
fond of the petunia and verbena, and so
abundant are they this month (Sept.) that
hundreds of them can be seen in an even-
ing hovering over fields of these flowers.
The moths from the winter chrysalids first
appear early in June, and those from the
first brood of larvae early in August.
Searcely less abundant than D. lineata
is Dolba hylaeus which occurs from June
to September. Next in abundance comes
Sphinx gordius, from May to September.
S. kalmiae is common from the first part
of June to August, and S. drupiferarum
through June. 8S. eremitus is common
from the middle of June to the middle of
August. Darapsa choerilus is common
from the middle of June to the middle of
July. Philampelus achemon and P. satel-
litia are rather common from the latter
part of June to August.
quemaculata is very common from June
to September, but JZ. carolina is rather
rare. The same remark will apply to
Sphinx chersis. Thelarvae of Ceratomia
amyntor feed on the elm (Ulmus) and on
the white birch (Betula alba), but are not
common.
Macrosila quin-
Mommy or a wasp.—In Maspero and
Brugsch’s work ‘‘La trouvaille de Deir-el-
Bahari” (1881) is given, according to a
note presented by M. Van Seevelt in the
July meeting of the Société entomologique
de Belgique, a notice of a wasp found
preserved in the coffin of Amenophis I,
the illustrious king of Egypt. The wasp,
attracted probably by the flowers with
which the mummy of the king was wrapped
previous to interment, had entered the cof-
fin and thus furnished us probably the only
PSYCHE.
Our most common Smerinthus is S. ex-
caecatus, occuring in July and August.
A female taken 15 July and confined in a
box deposited 331 eggs from 15 to 20 July,
about 30 being laid each evening at dusk
and the same number in the morning.
This was done quite regularly, no eggs
being laid at any other time. The eggs are
cylindrical, flattened, 2.5 mm. in diameter,
and grass-green in color. The larvae be-
gan to appear 22 July and all were hatched
by 28 July. The young larvae measure
4.7 to 5 mm. in length, and are yellowish
green with a darker dorsal line. Head
pale green, and twice as wide as the body.
Caudal horn long, dull red.
Among the rarest of our sphingidae,
of which I have taken but one or two
specimens each in nine years of collecting,
are Smerinthus modestus (22 June and 20
July), S. geminatus (3 Aug.), Sphinex
luscitiosa (20 June), Thyreus abbotit (in
May), Deilephila chamaeneriz (2 June),
Choerocampa tersa (15 July), Darapsa
versicolor (8, July), Hllema harrisii (2
June).
Amherst, 13 Sept. 1882.
specimen of a mummy of a wasp.
De Rhoné, in his ‘* Résumé chronolég=
ique de Vhistoire d’Egypte,” places the
accession of Thoutmes I, the successor
of Amenophis I, to the throne in 1668 B.
C. This insect therefore died 3550 years
ago, and is probably the only insect:
of which the date of death was of such — Fhe
remote antiquity aud is so certainly recor-
ded. The name of the species is not
given.
Be Y CEH,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., JULY 1882.
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Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
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vertising columns.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Hasits or Turirs.
Possibly the readers of Psycure may be inter-
ested in an observation that I have recently
made upon the food-habits of Thrips, which,
though it may have been noticed often, I do not
find recorded in works at hand.
A few days since, finding Thrips (a species of
Phloeothrips of which I find no description) very
abundant in all the fruit blossoms that I exam-
ined, I was led to notice more particularly their
method of work, and soon became convinced that
they were doing much damage by preventing
fertilization, as their injuries to the tender style
would cut off all communication between the
stigma and the ovary. A careful examination
_of a number of unopened buds revealed the fact
_ that in eighty per cent of them the style had been
_ more or less injured by biting and puncturing,
_ while the great number of Thrips present could
leave no doubt that they were the authors of the
mischief. In the majority of the buds examined
the styles seemed to be injured far moré than
any of the other parts of the blossom. Less than
ten per cent of the buds examined contained
larvae of Tortricidae. Of the remaining buds a
small percentage contained no Thrips, perhaps
because they were not quite so far advanced as
the other buds. The Thrips probably enter the
buds as soon as they can crowd in between the
overlapping petals.
If the habits of Thrips are, in general, as des-
cribed above they have an economic as well as
a scientific interest.
Ames, Iowa, 25 May 1882.
Flerbert Osborn.
PSYCHE.
369
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CampBripGe EnromoroGcicaL Crus.
(Continued from p. 328.)
10 Fen. 1882.— 82nd meeting. Mr. S: H. Seud-
der exhibiteda copy of Brongniart’s recent paper
on fossil insects forming an Annexe to Andrée’s
work on hymenoptera, in which are discussed the
fossil hymenoptera of the periods since the lias.
He also showed a proof page of his own index
to zoological genera, explaining the plan of the
work. Mr. Scudder called attention to the very
low prices at which the collections of coleoptera
of Mr. E: P. Austin and of the late Mr. G: D.
Smith were offered for sale.
Mr. 8: H. Scudder exhibited a drawing illus.
trating the wing of a heteropterous insect from
carboniferous strata, of a period earlier than any
in which heteroptera had been found. He also
showed a very perfect carboniferous cockroach.
Mr. W: Trelease remarked on the part that
insects play in the pollination of New Zealand
flowers, with reference to what has been pub-
lished on the subject, especially to the commnu-
nications of Charles Darwin and G. Thomson.
Mr. R. Hayward spoke of the insects—carabi-
dae, dytiscidae, Aphodius and notonectidae—found
in the stomach of a kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) in
Maine, last summer. Attention was drawn to
the large proportion of carabidae.
10 Marcu 1882.— 83rd meeting. Mr. A. P.
Chadbourne, of Cambridge, Mass., was elected a
member. The constitution and by-laws of the
Club were amended. [See p. 335.]
Mr. S: H. Seudder showed a paper by Dr.
Fritsch, of Prag, on a fossil ephemerid and on
other fossil insects, commenting on the paper
and calling attention to the figures of cretaceous
insects as being almost the first insects of this
period figured, and forming an important contri-
bution to our knowledge of fossil insects.
Mr. S: H. Seudder showed figures of American :
tertiary ephemeridae from Florissant, Col., show-
ing that in the form of the body, in the stoutness
of the legs, and in the respiratory apparatus they
differ strikingly from living forms. Remarks
were also made on the first fossil lepismid, show-
ing to what extent it differs from living lepis-
mids. Mr. Scudder also showed the first early
pretertiary insect found in Colorado, discovered
near Fairplay.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The
[ ], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
date of publication, given in brackets
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Tla el Ali [pseud.|._ | Antwort auf die Bemer-
kungen gegen Ila el Ali. (Deutscher Bienen-
freund, 15 April 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 119-121.)
Crit. rev., by Sauppe, entitled “Der cypri-
sche Entscheidungskampf.” (op. cit., 15 May
1881, jahrg. 17, p. 154-156.)
Answer to Sauppe’s ‘‘Der cyprische Entscheidungs-
kampf”’ (op. cit., 15 March 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 83-84) [Rec.,
2876] in regard to the value of Cyprian bees.
G: D. (2870)
Ila el Ali [ pseud.|.. Apis dorsata. (Deutscher
Bienenfreund, 1 March 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 67.)
In regard to the search for a. dorsata and for a. zonata,
in Batavia. G: D. (2871)
Ila el Ali [ pseud.|.. O, welche Waffen im
eyprischen Entscheidungskampfe ! (Deutscher
‘Bienenfreund, 1 July 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 200-
202.
Chit rev., by Sauppe, entitled, “ Zum cypris-
chen Entscheidungskampfe, lieber Freund
Lange.” (op. cit., 1 Aug. 1881, jahrg. 17, p.
234-237.)
Answer to Sauppe’s ‘‘Der cyprische Entscheidungs-
kampf” (op. cit., 15 May 1881, jahrg. 17, p. Keay [Rec.,
2877]. On Cyprian bees. G: (2872)
Krancher, Oskar Paul. Der Bau der Stig-
men beiden Aculeaten, mit besonderer Beriick-
sichtigung derjenigen von apis mellifica. (Deut-
scher Bienentreund, Jan. 1882, jahrg. 18, p.
23-29, 1 fig.)
Stigmata of aculeata, especially those of apis mellifica,
’ of which an abdominal stigma is figured ; sounds produced
by a. mellifica. : D. (2873)
Krancher, Oskar Paul. Der Bau der Stig-
* men beiden Insekten. Inaugural-Dissertation
zur Erlangung der Doktorwiirde einer hohen
philosophischen Facultat der Universitat Leip-
zig. Mit 2 Tafeln. [Separat-Abdruck aus
der Zeitschr. fiir wissensch. Zool., 1881, Bd. 35,
S. 505-574, Taf. 28-29.] Leipzig, W. Engel-
mann, 1881. tp, p. 505-574 [+1], 28x 14,
t 18 < 10.6; 2 col. pl, 23 xX 41.
Historical and general remarks upon the stigmata of in-
sects and upon the apparatus which closes them; descrip-
tions of these parts in species chosen from the different
orders of insects. G: D, (2874)
¢
PSYCHE.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
.
Krancher, Oskar Paul. Die Thierstaaten
bei den Insecten. (Deutscher Bienenfreund,
ie jahrg. 17: 15 es p- ms 1 Sept.,
p- 260-264 ; 15 Sept., p. 274-278; 1 Oct., p.
289-291 ; 15 Oct., p. 305-309 ; 1 Nov., p. B21—
825; 15 Nov. eap: 338-340. )
Compilation on the social life of bombus, vespa, polistes,
formica, termes and apis. G: D. (2875)
Sauppe, Der cyprische Entscheidungs- —
kampf. (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 15 March
1881, jahrg. 17, p. 85-84.)
Crit. rev., by Ila el Ali [pseud.], entitled,
“ Antwort”... (op. cit., 15 April 1881, jahrg.
17, p. 119-121.) ;
On the merits of Cyprian bees. G: D. (2876)
Sauppe, Der cyprische Entscheidungs- ©
kampf. (Deutscher Bienenfreund, 15- May
1881, jahrg. 17, p. 154-156.)
Crit. rey., by Ila el Ali [pseud.], entitled,
“O, welche ‘Waffen im one Entschei-
dungskampfe !” (op. cit., 1 July 1881, jahrg. —
17, p. 200-202.) pe
Crit. rev., by J. Stahala, ‘entitled, “Meine —
Abschiedsworte nach dem cyprischen Kriege.” —
(op. cit., 1 July 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 202-206.)
Answer to Ila el Ali’s “Antwort”. . . (op. cit., 15 April
1881, jahrg. 17, p. 119-121) [Rec., 2870], on the ‘merits of ‘
Cyprian bees. G: D. (2877) tag:
Sauppe, ——. Zum cyprischen Entschei-— 7s Dr
tq¥
“et
dungskampfe, lieber Freund Lange. (Deut-
schér Bienenfreund, 1 Aug. 1881, jahrg. 17, Pp.
234-237.)
Answer to J. Stahala’s ‘‘ Meine Abschiedsworte nach dem —
eyprischen Kriege”’ (op. cit., 1 July 1881, jahrg. 17, p.
206) [Ree., 2879], and to Ila "el Ali’s “ O, welche Waffen im >
cyprischen Entscheidungskampfe ! ”” (op. cit., 1 July iss, é
jahrg. 17, p. 200-202) [Rec., 2872]. On merits of 6
bees. GoD, D878)
Stahala, Joh. Meine Abschiedsworte nach —
dem cyprischen Kriege. (Deutscher Bienen-—
freund, 1 July 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 202-206.)
Crit. rev., by Sauppe, entitled “Zum cypris- |
chen Entscheidungskampfe, lieber Freund — :
Lange.” (op. cit., nee. 1881, jahrg. 17, Bes
234-257.)
Answer to Sauppe’s ‘Der cyprische Entscheidungs-
kampf”’ (op. cit., 15 May 1881, jahrg. 17, p. ee [Rec., |
2877]. On Cyprian bees. . G: D. (2879) ©
a
- optera.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Tue MINISTER of public works in Mexico has
issued a circular encouraging silk growing in
the republic.
Tue party press for 11 Nov. 1882 reports se-
rious complaints, from Mansorah, Egypt, of
worms in the cotton.
Mr. J. A. Watson reports, in The entomologist
for November 1882, a case of parthenogenesis in
Anarta myrtill’, an English species of noctuidae.
MALEBRANCHE DECLARES that he puts the
observation of an insect above all the history
of Greece and Rome.—Barnard’s Journ. of ed-
ucation, v. 30, p. 721.
Mr. J. E. Taytor, inanote in Nature, 14 Sept.
1882, writes that he thinks the wings of pteropho-
ridae mimic the down or pappi of the seeds of
thistles or of other compositae.
Mr. Isrart C. Carpenter, of Cherry Creek,
Chautauqua Co., N. Y., has rendered a service to
silk-growers in this country by manufacturing a
good quality of perforated paper for use in trans-
ferring the worms from tray to tray.
We Are glad ‘to publish in this numero an
article by one of our German subscribers, Dr. O.
Krancher, and hope that other correspondents in
foreign countries as well as at home will remem-
ber that Psycue is open to all communications
of a like high class.
Mr. Cuas. Spiess, apothecary, Porrentruy,
Switzerland, would be glad to exchange cole-
| optera and lepidoptera of Europe, especially of
Switzerland, for American and tropical cole-
Many alpine species for disposal, all in
excellent condition. Please send lists of dupli-
cates.
THERE HAs just been published an elaborate
work on the present state of silk-worm culture
in southern Russia and Trans-Caucasia, giving
an accurate description of the whole of the cul-
ture, and a complete bibliography of works on
the subject that have appeared since 1703. It is
published in connection with the Moscow Exhib-
_ ition, by the Moscow Agricultural Society, with
‘ many plates of drawings.— Nature, 7 Sept. 1882,
PSYCHE.
371
GEHE’s TRADE-REPORT for September notes
that this year’s (1882) crop of cantharides is re-
ported to be much smaller than last year’s, and,
as only small quantities of last year’s crop remain
on hand the price is certain to rise. The crop of
Dalmatian insect-powder flowers (Pyrethrum) has
been very large this year, and as a large amount
is still on hand from last year’s crop and the
demand is not very great, the price is likely to
be lower than ever before.
Tue LEAVENWORTH TIMES tells a story which
is calculated to shake the public faith in its
truthfulness, to the effect that in blasting a large
limestone rock at Emporia lately, a small cavity
was disclosed which was found to contain a little
worm apparently bleached white and lifeless.
But it is now fast developing into a butterfly, is
half an inch long, is of a brownish color and
ribbed across the back, and “is doing some live-
ly wiggling.” The block of stone was quarried
about 20 feet below the surface.—Springfield
[Mass.] daily republican, 30 Sept. 1882.
The above nonsense, taken at random from a
considerable number of equally absurd state-
ments clipped from newspapers, convinces us
that scientific editors are too little employed
in this country. G: D.
Ar THE October meeting of the Cambridge
Entomological Club Mr. George Dimmock was
elected secretary and Mr. B. Pickman Mann
treasurer, Mr. William Trelease, the late secre-
tary-treasurer, having resigned on account of his
removal to Madison, Wisconsin. The election
of a separate secretary and treasurer, instead of
one person holding both offices as heretofore,
will give these officers time to do much more for
the Club. The Club will take steps toward in-
creasing its activity and usefulness during 1883.
Among other projects concerning which all the
members will soon recieve circulars is the issuing
of a printed annual report for 1882, which will
contain the constitution, by-laws, list of mem-
bers and of contributors to the Permanent Pub-
lication Fund, and many other matters of interest
concerning the Club.
AT THE regular quarterly meeing of the Board
of State Horticultural Commissioners of Califor-
nia, 28 Sept. 1882... . a communication was read
from the Viticultural Commission recommend-
572
ing the Chief Executive Horticultural Officer
Matthew Cooke] to enforce the necessary rules
for the protection of trees from curculio and oth-
er noxious insects which may be introduced on
nursery stock.
Mr. Cooke said that he had decided to enforce
the horticulture laws, and to have inspectors ap-
pointed at Sacramento, Stockton, Los Angeles,
Oakland and San Francisco to attend to and en-
force the disinfection of all fruit trees imported
during the ensuing year.
The Secretary [J: H. Wheeler] read a report
on the codling moth [Carpocapsa pomonella] by
Felix Gillet, of Nevada City, in which was de-
tailed his successful conquest against this insect
by the use of bands of cloth about the trees, to
be removed and cleaned of insects lodging therein
at stated periods, besides scraping and cleaning
the trees well to destroy larvae and eggs. Mr.
Gillet further reported on the successful use of
sulpho-carbonate of potassium [K,CS3] in fight-
- ing the apple-tree root-louse [ Schizoneura lanigera]
on young trees and nursery stock.
Some discussion arose as to how often the
bands or traps set for the larvae of the codling
moth should becleaned. Gillet’s experience was
that the worm developed in 15 days; Cooke’s,
8 days; Dr. [S. F.] Chapin’s, 19 days.
Mr. [C. H.] Dwinelle reported that efficient
work was being done by Colonel Hollister, of
Santa Barbara, in fighting the cottony cushion-
scale, Icerya purchasi, with hot water. . . .— Mod-
ified from Pacific rural press, 7 Oct. 1882.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 7.45 p.m., on
the days following : —
13 Oct. 1882. 9 Mar. 1883.
10 Nov. “ ISGA PIs ides
SiDec.,. LicMay.) <
12 Jan. 1883. 8 June “
9¥Feb. “
G: Dimmocrg, Secretary.
Tue New Yorx« Entomological Club meets
twice monthly, except in June, July and August,
but no special date is fixed for each meeting.
Henry Epwarps, Secretary.
PSYCHE.
Entomological Society will be held at 9 Broad-
a. s
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History —
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : — .
25 Oct. 1882. 28 Feb. 1883.
22.Nov. ‘“ 28 Mar. “
27 Decrs* 25 Apr. “
24 Jan. 1883. 23 May “
Epwarp Bureesss, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
1i<Novaees IZ Apr.
9Dec. “ 12 May “
13 Jan. 1882. 9June “
10 Feb. “ ,
James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., ee .
on the days following : —
3 Oct, 1882. 6 Feb. 1883.
7Nov. “ 6 Mar. “
SiDec.: 3 Apr. ©
9 Jan. 1883. 1 May “
G: J. Bowxzs, Seana
THE REGULAR meetings of the \Beoakbeat y
way, gee on D., N. Y., on the days fol-
lowing :— e
28 Oct. 1882. 31 Mar. 1883.
25 Nov. ; “ 25 Apres ine
30 Dec. . “ 26 May “
27 Jan. 1883. 30June “
24 Feb. “ ‘
F. G. Scuaurp, Secretary.
No. 98 was issued 13 Oct. 1882.
oy Soe ee
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874.]
; EDITED BY
G: Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Prcxman Mann, Washington, D. C.;
Arpert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciierorp Cuasr Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis Huntincton Snow, Lawrence, Kansas;
A WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, Roranp Haywarp, S&S: Hensuaw, H: Arsert Rosin, Frank
G: Scuaurp, S: Hussarp Scupper, Roranp Tuaxter, W: TreLeass,
H: Warp TurNER, JosePH Martin WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 100.
Auveust 1882.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS a: Se Uae ans CORRS, eee SE a ene aR 227?
Pxreumatic Functions or Insecrs— George Macloskie . NAP RorpePR eR Te ame
_ Crusrerrites— Benjamin Pickman Mann Waits BAT a ss) SRR. 2 ema
ak ROMOTING Locust Ravages — Benjamin Pickman hin ee ? : E . 379-380
e- On A Hasir or Scororenpra Morsitans— George Dimmock a Spee» sea
< _ CorrEspoxpENcE — Habits of Thrips, by Theodor Pergande . ‘ : 2 ‘ = sabes
Boox Notice 3 : ; ‘ z : - : Pee eel toc oll
ieee, Becueis no. 2880-2801 ND 6 AE rt AT ia Om OT Se . 382
Eyromonocrcat Irems—Society Meetings. Z : 3 : : - 3 - 383-384
574
PSYCHE.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & Soun,
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EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop-
tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially
of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in-
flation. Correspondence is invited with persons
engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER, :
Cambridge, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining by ex-
change or otherwise specimens of as many spe-
cies of the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose
of making a study of the North American forms.
Those found infesting cultivated plants especially
desired. Living specimens preferred when they
can be obtained. J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United
States. He is especially interested in those made
by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera.
Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or
other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washington, D. C. -
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North ©
American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur-
pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to
name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to
me for this purpose, save such as may prove new
and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me,
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep-
idoptera bought or exchanged for other species,
by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat
de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
Tudor Villa, Tudor Koag, Norbiton,
Kingston-on-Thames, England.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north —
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen
copies. : -
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
Sy, CE B..
« PNEUMATI€ FUNCTIONS OF INSECTS.
BY GEORGE MACLOSKIE, PRINCETON, N. J.
When handling the larva of a dragon-
fly (Libellula) which had lain in a so-
lution of caustic potash, I found that
squeezing the thorax protruded the pro-
boscis. On removing the pressure, the
proboscis folded itself by its elasticity,
and returned to its mask-like condition
of rest. The experiment could be repeated
indefinitely, just as we extend and retract
a pair of lazy-tongs. The muscles having
been destroyed in these specimens, the
movements were purely mechanical, de-
pending on air-pressure and the elasticity
of the chitinous membranes. In the fresh
specimens similar pressure of the thorax
(and in less degree pressure of the abdo-
men) both protrudes the proboscis and
swells its base with air. A cushion in the
flexor-side of the angle of the proboscis is
much inflated, and on pricking it with a
needle it collapses and the power of pro-
trusion is almost destroyed. The proboscis
has at its tip muscles for abducting and
adducting the terminal lobes relatively to
each other; near the base it has h few
muscles for guiding and aiding its move-
ments. It is-richly supplied with tracheae,
and thus is in direct communication with
the pneumatic system of the head and
thorax. It is surprising that neither Réau-
mur, nar Léon Dufour, nor the other in-
vestigators who made this larva a subject
of special study, detected its mode of pro-
truding the proboscis, a matter of easy
observation.
in the larva of Corydalis.*
The pneumatic function here observed
is like that which I have formerly described
in the house-fly,’ and which has been since
confirmed by Dimmock.? Other instances
of the same class have since come to our
knowledge.
Gegenbaur ascribes to the abdomen of
these larvae a ‘‘ branchial movement con-
curring with a natatory movement.”?
Packard speaks of a ‘‘hydrostatic” function
Réaumur
watched the backward flow of water from
the anus of the larvae of libellulids, and
stated that it aids in propelling the animal
(a view which has been repeated by others ;
but the main organs of propulsion are the
nimble limbs). Dufour admired the struc-
ture of their pneumatic branchiae as the
most beautiful objects he had ever observed,
giving a good account of the mechanism for
working them,’ but he stopped short of what
seems to me the most interesting part.
* Inthe thorax are six tracheal trunks,
of which the two dorsal ones are exceed-
ingly large, and with few branches save at
their anterior and posterior extremities ;
two others are smaller, line the alimentary
tract, and supply it with many branches ;
the remaining two are very small and
1 Amer. Naturalist, March 1880, v. 14, p. 157.
2 The anatomy of the mouth-parts . . . of some
diptera.. Dissertation ... Leipzig University.
Boston, Williams, 1881. :
3 Manuel d’anat. comparée, Paris, 1874, § 138.
4 Amer. naturalist, Sept. 1874, v. 8, p. 533.
5 Ann. des sci. nat., zool., 1852, v. 17, p. 65-100.
376
adjoin the ventral nerve-cord. The large
pair (which we may call the pneumatic
tracheal trunks) suddenly gives out a
crowd of branches in the abdomen, which
subdivide again and again, breaking up
into a spray of fine filaments which supply
the branchial organs.
The branchiae consist of a dozen longi-
tudinal columns around the rectum, each
bearing about thirty-five pairs of oval
branchial leaflets, pinnately arranged and
Each leaflet
receives about two hundred very delicate
imbricating over each other.
filaments from the tracheal branchlets ; the
filaments are attenuated towards their ex-
tremity and end caecally in the sac-like
leaflet. Dufour found (in Aeschna) thate
the leaflets are enclosed in pockets or invo-
lutions of the intestinal wall; in Libellula
they seem to lie loosely in the rectal cavity.
The larva respires by drawing in through
the anus a gentle flow of water, which it
then expels with force, driving the exhaus-
ted water and contained impurities to a safe
distance. The inflow and outflow may
occur about fifty times per minute; and
occasionally the process will stop for a
while, especially when the larva is at rest.
There are sphincter valves at the anus and
muscles for regulating the opening and
closing of the anal lobes and armature,
and a ganglionic enlargement to supply
this.
the branchiae and no large ganglia in the
abdomen to suggest special muscular action.
The muscles which line the abdominal wall
regulate the respiration. By relaxing they
permit the abdomen to expand, causing a
partial vacuum: then the water flows gen-
tly in, and the air flows from the pneumatic
tracheal trunks into the many thousands
But there are no large muscles about
PSYCHE.
of filaments which crowd the branchial
leaflets. This action may be aided by
pressure in the front part of the body which
drives the air to the reat; and the pneu-
matic pressure in the tracheae swells the
delicate filaments and the enclosing bran-.
chial leaflets simultaneously with the in-
coming tide of water. The fine membrane
permits the passage of gases, but not of the
water. The contraction of the abdominal
muscles by reducing the vacuum expels
both air and water from the branchial
region, driving the air forward to the tra-
cheal system. In a specimen imprisoned
with water in a glass tube we found that
four air-bubbles were expelled with the
outgoing tide of water in as many minutes
Thus the me-
chanical principle is nearly the same as in
lung-respiration. The simultaneous inflow
of air and of a fluid follows the expansion
of the body-wall, and the contraction of the
wall induces a reciprocal outflow. In the
insect the fluid comes from without, the air
from within; in the air-breathing verte-
brate the air comes trom without, and the
fluid (blood) from the system, being aided
in its progress by the heart.® Cutting
through the abdominal wall of the larva
has the same effect as piercing the human
(a result of excitement).
pleura, causing the respiratory organs to
collapse and stopping their function.
prevent the expansion of the abdomen
of the larva, breathing is temporarily
arrested.
M. Jousset de Bellesme’ discovered that
the larval dragon-fly swells out into its
adult form by a process which is a kind
_ ® Foster’s Physiology, 1880, 4th edit., book 2,
chap. 2, § 7.
7 Harper’s Annual rec. of sci. . . . 1878, p. 447.
If we
PSYCHE.
of pneumatic efflation. The pressure of
air from within gives definite form to the
body ; puffs up the forehead into soft blad-
der-like bumps, and swells out the wings
like soap-bubbles, until the two sides come
together and harden into the fine wing-
membrane with its double plate and en-
closed tracheae. This shows the insect’s
wing to be merely an outgrowth (exodeme)
of its body-wall like the pleura of a lob-
ster.
The scale-like larva of the beetle Pseph-
enus (once described as
Fluvicola) which abounds on the loose
rocks in our streams, has brush-like tra-
cheal filaments (external to its abdomen)
which sweep the water of its oxygen, and
may be observed swelling out and ‘‘kick-
ing” at every pulsation; a result of pneu-
matic pressure within the body.
Réaumur observed that young flies can
at will inflate a sac on their foreheads,
expanding and contracting it.
a crustacean,
Weismann,
in his study of the embryology of diptera,
made an observation which seem to me to
belong to the same category. The jaws
of diptera arise far back in the body, pro-
jecting like limbs, before the true limbs
show themselves. Subsequently the jaws
travel headwards, become directed for-
wards instead of transversely, and sink
out of sight within the oral cavity which
is now formed by invagination. Then the
head itself is swallowed up in the trunk,
being lost to view, and thus we have the
well-known headless maggot of these in-
sects. In the subsequent growth of the
head-parts this author thinks that there is
a complete discontinuity between the larva
8 Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1863, 1864 and 1866;
bd. 13, 14 and 16.
‘developed towards the head.
377
and the adult, a histolysis or disintegration
of the tissues, which must make a new de-
parture in order to continue their growth.
Balfour suggests that, instead of a complete
break, we may have here only a skipping
of intermediate stages. ‘The rule of em-
bryo-life is that when a part has a long
journey before it to reach high organ-
ization, it starts early, takes all short cuts,
and does not delay at the ‘‘ way-stations.”
My own observations point to the conclu-
sion that the fine chitinous frame-work and
ledges of the introverted head of the larval
fly fairly forecast the characteristic struc-
tures of the adult, and that the plates of
the basi-proboscis occupy in the larva the
normal place of an endocranium (with
which I deem them homologous).°- Weis-
mann states that he was unable to trace
the development of these parts, because
the head was invisible ; and hence he could
not work out their homologies.
He found, however, that the head came
forth to view again from its introverted
position by the influence of mechanical
pressure. The abdomen contracts, and
this drives the contents of the body for-
wards so as toeject the head. He specifies
only the fluid contents ; but whatever oper-
ates onthem must a fortiori set in motion the
pneumatic dynamics of the tracheae which
are then distended with air and largely
Hence the
whole head is, in the first instance, driven
out by the same aerial impulse which
subsequently inflates the frontal sac and
propels the proboscis.
The same authority states that the fine
branches of tracheae in the systern termi-
nate in spindle-cells with thin elastic
9 Amer. naturalist, March 1880, v. 14, p. 160.
378 PSYCHE.
intima. Is it not possible that tracheal
pressure may distend these cells like blad-
ders, and thus facilitate the aeration of the
The conditions for their disten-
tion seem to be present at every pulsation,
tissues ?
though under dissection they are always
I have found such terminal
enlargements of the tracheae numerously
developed in the disti-proboscis of the
house-fly. On one occasion I got a fly
in a live-cage with the tip of its pro-
collapsed.
boscis pressing the cover-glass; and by
focussing the microscope on this, I found
that with every pulsation there was a cir-
cle of flashing lights along the margin
of the proboscis, as if air was rhythmi-
cally injected into such sacs. It is easy
to understand how such distension would
promote the function of the tracheae as
carriers of gases between the tissues and
the outer world.
Princeton, 24 Nov. 1882.
CLUSTER-FLIES.
BY BENJAMIN PICKMAN MANN, WASHINGTON, D. C.
At a meeting of the Biological society
of Washington, held 13 Oct. 1882, Mr.
W: H. Dall exhibited specimens of flies
which had been sent him from New York
state with an account of their habit of con-
gregating in large numbers in unused apart-
ments of houses, under table-cloths, in pil-
low-cases, and wherever similar snug places
of concealment could be found. These flies
were found from late fall until late spring
in such situations, but during the summer
they disappeared. Specimens were put into
the hands of Dr. C: V. Riley, who made a
communication upon them at the meeting
of the same society, 10 Nov. 1882, dwel-
ling upon the difficulty of identifying the
species of the fly and stating that it was
the Pollenia rudis, described by T. W:
Harris as Musca familiaris, and making
further remarks upon the synonymy. At
this meeting Mr. Dall read a letter, received
since the presentation of his first commu-
nication, from the parties who had sent the
specimens, giving a highly colored account
of the actions of the flies. Dr. Frank
Baker made a more rational statement in
regard to the occurrence of flies in Maine,
which were probably of the same species, —
and had similar habits. Dr. Baker stated
that as many of the people in Maine still
kept up the custom of the home-production
of yarns and spun goods, and these goods,
of loose texture, retained upon them a
considerable quantity of their natural
grease, the flies were in the habit of bur-
rowing into such goods, to feed on the
grease, and were supposed to cut the fibress
Dr. Riley did not seem to credit the flies
with this habit, but there seems to be no
reason to doubt the possibility of such in-
jury, and not much improbability about it.
The flies were stated to attach themselves
sometimes in clusters suspended from ceil-
ings and other supports, and were on this
account called ‘‘cluster-flies.” Mr. Dall’s
informant stated that the flies were proof,
at least to a great extent, against the influ-
ence of pyrethrum powder, but Dr. Baker
said that if the powder was diffused in an
apartment, and the flies were then caused
to bestir themselves, and to fly about, they
succumbed to the influence of the powder
as readily as other flies. Such a difference
in observations is not surprising, for it may
ye one cas St
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PSYCHE. ; 379
be observed in other insects that when they
are sluggish or at rest they are not so
readily affected by medicinal agencies as
when in a state of motion or excitement.
I remember that, during one or two
years, at a certain season, which, as far
as my recollection serves me, was in
April, I noticed numerous specimens of
Microdon globosus, a syrphid fly, issue
from a nail-hole in the plastered wall of
an apartment in a dwelling-house, as
though the flies had passed the winter
Numerous
stances, which will occur to experienced
within the walls of the house.
entomologists, might be cited of the con-
gregation of winged insects in sheltered
situations for the purpose of hibernation,
this habit being only a modification of the
general habit in hibernating insects to seek
a place for individual shelter.
Washington, 11 Nov. 1882.
PROMOTING LOCUST RAVAGES.
BY BENJAMIN PICKMAN’ MANN, WASHINGTON, D. C.
It is well established that the year
1874 was characterized in the state of Kan-
sas by the most extensive ravages of the
so-called Rocky Mountain locust, Calopte-
nus spretus, which insects flew into the
state from the west and the north, and
stripped large areas bare of vegetation.
The devastation in that year occurred prin-
cipally in the western and central portions
of the state, but, as Dr. C. V. Riley says
in his 8th report as state entomologist
of Missouri, ‘‘the greatest bulk of the
eggs were [was] laid as the locusts
approached the eastern limits of the state.”
In 1875 ‘‘ the damage done was by the
young locusts, which hatched in enormous
numbers in the eastern part of the state.”
The purpose of this note is that I may
publish a communication sent to me by
Mr. J. P. Brown, formerly, for twelve
years, a resident of eastern Kansas, from
which state he removed, discouraged by
the ravages of the locusts, in the fall
of 1875. This communication explains
sufficiently at least one of the causes of the
enormous prevalence of young locusts in
that state, in 1875. A similar showing
has already been made for the state of Ne-
braska by Prof. S. Aughey in the Ist
report of the U. S. entomological commis-
sion. Mr. Brown says :—
‘After a twelve year’s residence in east-
ern Kansas, I left that excellent state in
the fall of 1875.
‘‘After raising a fine crop of corn and
seeing it destroyed by the locusts before it
was ripe, or advanced sufficiently for gath-
ering, I was, in common with many thous-
and others, much discouraged.
‘Settlers who had lost all their crops,
with very little to subsist upon, found it
necessary to hunt prairie chickens, and to
sell them: for the necessaries of life, and
many, for sport as well, made a business
during the entire winter of killmg and
shipping not only prairie chickens, but also
quails and other birds.
“I took pains to gather from commission
merchants of Leavenworth, Kans., and of
Kansas City and St. Joseph, Mo., and
from the express companies, such data as
I could at the time, and estimated that
during the winter of 1874 the enormous
quantity of 1000 car-loads of birds were
380
destroyed and shipped to eastern markets
from points west of Saint Louis, Mo.
“The next spring, when the eggs of the
locusts began to hatch out, it was discoy-
ered, too late, that there were no birds to
devour the insects that were so rapidly
growing, and must subsist upon the crops
until able to fly to other localities.
“Tt is safe to estimate that a gill [about
0.12 litre] of young locusts, from one day
to two weeks old, will number 1000. Yet
a gill would be a small day’s ration for a
prairie fowl, or half that amount for a
PSYCHE.
quail. It can readily be seen that these
young insects, no larger when first hatched
than a grain of rye would soon have
been exterminated had that quantity
of birds been preserved for the purpose ;
instead of which, from an apparent neces-
sity, the birds were destroyed and conse-
quently the total crops of the state of Kan-
sas and western Missouri, Nebraska and
part of Iowa were also destroyed.
‘Is it not time some protection was
afforded these feathered friends? Be
ON A HABIT OF SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The note by Mr. J. W. Freese, on page
290 of the present volume of PsycnE, upon
the habit observed in a species of Phalan-
gium, or harvest-man, of putting a woun-
ded part of its leg to its mouth, reminds
me of an analogous habit of Scolopendra
morsitans.
Last March, while at Banyuls-sur-mer,
in the eastern Pyrenees, I took advantage
of the abundance of S. morsitans in that
region to see what would be the result of
combats between that poisonous myriapod
and Buthus occitanus, a scorpion not rare
in the same region. Without detailing
their mode of fighting it suffices to say here
that the Scolopendra was usually badly
lacerated by the violent strokes of the
sting of the Buthus, the latter animal always
being victor. After receiving a stroke
from the scorpion the myriapod immediate-
ly, in fact with apparent haste, began work-
ing at the wound with its mouth-parts,
seeming to eat the fluids exuded from its
body. For atime the legs of the myriapod
were paralyzed near the wound, the scor-
plon’s poison apparently acting on the neigh-
boring nervous centers, but in a few minutes
the myriapod recovered the use of its legs,
and was only killed after repeated serious
tearing of its body by the scorpion’s sting.
It is possible that the Scolopendra trans-
fers much of the scorpion’s poison from
the wounds to its stomach, or even that
some curative fluid is poured upon them
to neutralize the scorpion’s poison, but it
seems more likely that the process is one
of simple cleaning such as the Scolopendra
would employ if any extraneous matter
was put upon the surface of its body, the
pain of the wounds only serving to direct
immediate attention to them. The same
result would probably follow the applica-
tion of any irritant upon the Scolopendra, —
and with less rapidity if any viscid fluid
was daubed uponits body. Many mandib-
ulate insects cleanse their limbs with their
mouth-parts, and I have often seen Scolo-
pendra use its mouth-parts to clean its an-
tennae, legs, and the surface of its body.
Cambridge, 27 Nov. 1882.
PSYCHE. 381
ee ort Hi,
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., AUGUST 1882.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should
be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be
properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will
be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Hasits or Turips.
In a communication, in Psyche, vol. 5, p. 369,
Mr. Herbert Osborn gives some interesting
observations on the habits of a certain unde-
scribed species of Phlocothrips which he found in
abundance in all the fruit blossoms which he ex-
amined, stating that they were doing much
damage to the tender styles by biting and punc-
turing them and preventing thereby the fertili-
zation of the ovaries.
Taking it for granted that Thrips really does
all the damage ascribed to it, it remains as a
rather singular fact that, notwithstanding the
great abundance of Thrips in all kinds of flowers,
the yield of good and numerous seeds is not ma-
terially diminished. I am therefore of opin-
ion that, although the Thrips may somewhat
injure the styles and other parts of the plants,
they mainly gather the nectar which is more or
less excreted, and while actively running about
assist in fertilizing, as more or less of the pollen
will adhere to their feet and body and doubtless
will be carried to the stigma.
That many species of Thrips are vegetable
feeders, in some of their stages, has long been
well known, and I have seen numerous species
on all kinds and all parts of plants, and some of
these Thrips I have seen in the act of feeding,
but I have also observed that not all species
have entirely the same habit; and that some, in
one stage or another, are carnivorous. Especi-
ally have I noticed this to be the gase with a
species which is frequently found upon the
leaves of Platanus and upon other plants which
are badly infested with Tetranychus telarius upon
the adult and young and probably also upon the
eggs of which this Thrips feeds.
It may also turn out that two or three species
which swarm in great numbers in the blossoms
of clover (which are usually full of the eggs
and larvae of Cecidomyia leguminicola) are par-
tially carnivorous, and further observations may
prove that they mainly search and feed upon the
Cecidomyia.
I may also mention here that this year, as late
as 14 November, after several quite cold days,
I found for the first time Heliothrips haemorrhoi-
dalis, Bouché, on apple-leaves in the orchard of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, as lively
and active as in hot-houses, where this species
was only observed previously.
I may also mention the presence of Heliothrips
dracaenae, Heg., in the conservatory of the De-
partment of Agriculture, an insect which is
reported as doing immense damage to dracaenas
in hot-houses in different parts of Europe.
Theodor Pergande.
Washington, D. C., 15 Nov. 1882.
BOOK NOTICE.
It cannot fail to give pleasure to naturalists
to learn that Dr. W. H. Miiller, son of Dr. Her-
mann Miller, of Lippstadt, Germany, has begun
a course of observation and study in a line of
thought similar to that which has made his
father’s name and works so well known to stu-
dents of evolution.
Dr. W. H. Miiller has just published his disser-
tation for obtaining the philosophical doctorate
at the university of Jena. In the dissertation
[Psycue, Rec., 2891], which is entitled “ Proter-
andrie der Bienen,” the author shows, by careful
observations most of which were made without
reference to the subject of which the disserta-
tion treats, that proterandry, or the appearance
of the males earlier in the season than the fe-
males, exists in all the chief groups of bees with
the exception of the social bees. Dr. Miiller
proposes to leave the consideration of the more
complex question of proterandry among social
bees for special treatment later, but he writes
now that he is convinced that among all bees
the males regularly outstrip the females some-
what in development. G: D.
382 [2880-2891]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The a
date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di- ,
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Bell, James Thompson. Collection notes for
1880. (Can. entom., March 1881, v. 13, p.
58-60.)
Crit. notice by J: L. LeConte.
April 1881, v. 15, p. 80.)
Notes of new captures around Belleville, Ontario, Can-
(Can. entom.,
ada; mostly coleoptera. G: D. (2880)
Hubbard, H: Guernsey. Description of the
larva of micromalthus debilis, Lec. (Proce.
Amer. philos. soc., 18 April 1878, v. 17, p. 666-
668, pl. 4.)
Larva found in the soft crumbling wood of an old log at
Detroit, Mich. Imago, larva, and magnified parts figured.
Article incorporated with J: L. LeConte’s ‘‘The coleoptera
of Michigan’’.. . [Rec., 2889]. H: W. T. (2881)
Hubbard, H: Guernsey and Eugene Amandus
Schwarz. Contribution to a list of the
coleoptera of the lower peninsula of Michigan.
(Proc. Amer. philos. soc., 18 April 1878, v. 17,
7p. 645-666.)
Locality of capture notedin most cases. Article incor-
porated with J: L. LeConte’s ‘‘ The coleoptera of Michigan’?
. .. [Rec., 2889]. H: W. T. (2882)
Hubbard, H: Guernsey and Eugene Amandus
Schwarz. List of coleoptera found in the
Lake Superior region [of Michigan]. (Proc.
Amer. philos. soc., 18 April 1878, v. 17, p.627-
643.)
Locality of capture noted in most cases. Article incor-
porated with J: L. LeConte’s ‘* The coleoptera of Michigan”
.. . [Rec., 2889]. H: W.T. (2883)
Huber, L. Kunsthonig. (Deutscher Bienen-
freund, 15 Aug. 1881, jahrg. 17, p. 247.)
Inquiries in regard to American artificial honey in the
comb. G: D. (2884)
Insect powder. (New remedies, July 1881, v.
10, p. 221, 3 cm.)
Sources of chrysanthemum and pyrethrum powder.
G: D. (2885)
Johnson, James Smith. Early appearance of
catocalas. (Can. entom., July 1880, v. 12, p.
137-138.) ?
Notes on the first species of catocala that appear each
season, about Philadelphia, Pa., and the number of indi-
viduals of each species taken. G: D. (2886)
Kellicott, D: Simons. Notes on aegeria pini.
(Can. entom., Aug. 1881, v. 13, p. 157.)
Differences between the sexes; length of time employed
by @. pint in passing through its different transformations.
A. K. D. -(2887)
Le Conte, J: Lawrence. [On alaus gorgops| = =
(Can. entom., April 1881, v. 13, p. 80.)
Answer, by J. T. Bell, entitled “ [On alaus].”
(Can. entom., May 1881, v. 13, p. 116.)
Thinks that the a. gorgops recorded from Canada in J.
T. Bell’s ‘‘ Collection notes for 1880” (Can. entom., March
1881, v. 13, p. 58-60) [Rec., 2880] must be a. oculatus.
G: D. (2888)
Le Conte, J: Lawrence. The coleoptera of “
Michigan; descriptions of new species. (Proce. ‘,
Amer. philos. soc., 18 April 1878, v. 17, p. 593- q
626, 669.) 4
Describes the three new genera odontosphindus and eury-
sphindus (cioidae], and micromalthus (lymexylidae], and i
67 new species, belonging to the genera dyschirius, badister,
bembidium, hydroporus, suphis, laccophilus, gaurodytes,
hydrobius, habrocerus?, agathidium, batrisus, orthoperus, |
lathridius, odontosphindus, eurysphindus, mycetophagus, a
diplocoelus, rhizophagus, pedilophorus, paromalus, hetae-
rius,aegialia, phausis, cyletinus, micromalthus, phymatodes, W
typocerus, chlamys, phyllotreta, chaelocnema, mycetochares, mes
canifa, dircaea, hallomenus, orchestes, zygobaris, pityoph- ‘
/
thorus, xyleborus, xylocleptes, tomicus, micracis, choragus ;
gives synoptic tables of the genera mycetophagus, diplocoe- ‘ A
lus, litargus, triphyllus, aegialia, mycetochares, hallomenus oe
and orchestes; the descriptions of 7 new species and the :
tables of mycetophagidae and orchestes by G: H: Horn. "a
Notes on about 25 other species. Some of the species are ‘te
from other parts of North America. Index to species (p.
669). The following papers are incorporated with this ; —
Huszarp, H: G. and EK. A. Scuwarz, List of coleoptera Sai
found in the Lake Superior region [Rec., 2883] (p. 627-643);
ibid., Contribution to a list of the coleoptera of the lower
peninsula of Michigan [Rec., 2882] (p. 643-666); Hupparp,
H: G., Description of the larva of micromalthus debilis, |
LeC. [Rec., 2881] (p. 666-668, pl. 4). ‘ Jail
H: W. 1., E. A.'S.,:B: P, M2883) ; j
Le Conte, J: Lawrence.
insects : —a reclamation.
1880, v. 12, p. 126-128.)
Discusses the origin of the ideaof using fungoid diseases
as a means of destroying injurious insects. G: D. (2890)
Miiller, W. H.
Fungoid diseases of
(Can. entom., July
Proterandrie der Bienen.
Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der phil- eee
osophischen Doctorwiirde derhohen philosoph-
ischen Facultit der Universitit Jena. Leige
nitz, 1882. 44[+ 1] p., 21 x 13, t 16.5 x 9. eee.
Notice, by G: Dimmock.
1882 [Jan. 1883],-v. 3, p. 381.)
Observations on proterandry of bees; chiefly on the genera
prosopis, halictus, andrena, colletes, dasypoda, panurgus,
eucera, anthophora, chalicodoma, megachile, osmia, anthid-
ium, chelostoma and coelioxys. Conclusions drawn from
the observations. Literature used (5 titles),
5 D. (2891)
(Psyche, Aug.
4
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gots
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Attention is called to the change
in price of subscription to Psyche
as further explained on page 374.
Mr. E. A. Fircu showed, at the meeting of
the Entomological society of London, 5 July
1882, twoichneumons the larvae of which are
parasitic on spiders.
Pror. E: T. Owen, of Madison, Dane Co.,
Wisc., asks persons who have lepidoptera to sell
to send him, with prices stated, their lists of
specimens for sale.
Mr. Atrrep Wartty (formerly at 110 Clap-
ham Road, London, Eng.) wishes us to make
,known his change of residence to Tudor Villa,
Tudor Road, Norbiton,
(Surrey), England.
Kingston-on-Thames
Mr. R. A. Fraser has lately bred a fine
hermaphrodite of Lasiocampa trifolii, an English
species. Mr. Frazer gives a brief description
of the hermaphrodite in the Lntomologist’s monthly
magazine for October 1882.
Dr. Jutius FriepLAnpeEr, head of the firm
oR Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Prussia, died 4
Noy. 1882.. The firm, well-known to Americans
as dealers in scientific books, will continue the
business at their old place.
A sPEcIEs of ephemeridae, probably Teloganodes
tristis, from Ceylon, is said to be luminous by
Mr. G. Lewis, who sent a specimen for exhibi-
tion before the Entomological society of London,
5 July 1882. According to Mr. Lewis the whole
abdomen of the insect is luminous.
Dr. Max Weser has found that a myriapod,
a species of fontaria, emits a secretion containing
hydrocyanic acid (HCN). This is an interesting
addition to the list of acids, formic, butyric, sal-
icylic, cimicic and others, already known to be
found in secretions of arthropods.
Mr. THeEoporRE Jarnscu, Moritzstrasse 7,
Breslau, Germany, desires to obtain, either by
purchase or in exchange for European and exotic
species, fertile eggs, and living chrysalids or co-
coons of all sorts of American lepidoptera, even
of the commonest species. Sphingidae, bombyc-
idae and catocalidae are particularly desired. _
383
THE ANNUAL meeting of the Entomological
society of Ontario was held at Montreal, P. Q.,
on the 24th of August this year, in consideration
of the meeting of the American association for
the advancement of science at that place at the
time. The former officers, with one minor
exception, were re-elected to serve for the ensu-
ing year.
M. Rarrorp, of the Société d’horticulture de
Limoges, has observed that the leaves of the cas-
tor-oil plant (Ricinus communis) emit an essential
oil or some toxic principle which possesses strong
insecticide qualities, so that on being placed in a
room infested with flies the flies were found dead
lying on the floor beneath the plant or hanging
from the under surface of the leaves.
Dr. Wm. A. Nason, of Algonquin, McHenry
Co., Illinois, offers for sale his collections in nat-
ural history, consisting of insects (over 8000
species of coleoptera, besides diptera, hymen-
optera and nocturnal lepidoptera), plants, shells
and fossils, the result of over fifteen years’ study
and collection, and embracing large lots pur-
chased from local collectors, besides extensive
exchanges.
AT A meeting of the entomologists who were
in attendance at the meeting of the American
association for the advancement of science on
the 24th of August, this year, at Montreal, it
was voted that Mr. J. A. Lintner should be
requested to have a meeting of entomologists
called next year on the day preceding the meet-
ing of the A. A. A. S., at the place where the
association should meet.
AT THE meeting of the Paris Academy on
Monday M. Dumas stated that at the very
beginning of its work, the Academical commis-
sion for the destruction of the phylloxera pro-
posed to arrange for the immediate destruction
by fire of each plant proved to be infested.
Objections were made to this scheme grounded
on the state of French legislation on rural prop-
erty, and the Academical commission desisted.
M. Dumas states that he has in hand an official
report from Switzerland establishing the sound-
ness of the views taken by the Academy on this
important question. The cantons of Geneva,
Vaud and Lucerne having resorted to the des-
troying process, all the vines, of which the
384
value exceeds 40,000,000/., had been saved at
the expense of a few thousand pounds. A spec-
ial tax had been imposed on the proprietors
of vines for compensation to the owners of: the
destroyed plants—WNature, 28 Nov. 1882, v.
21, ps 89.
A review of Rev. J. G. Weod’s “Common
British Insects,’ in Nature for 7 Dec. 1882, clo-
ses with these sensible remarks:
“The real point at issue in connection with
books of this nature is their effect. They are
eminently rudimentary, and not elevating. Let
us take instances from the book now under’ re-
view. At p. 14, after an explanation of the ter-
minology of the external skeleton of a beetle,
we read: — ‘At first some of these terms may.
appear to be harsh, repulsive, and difficult to
master. In reality they are not so, anda knowl-
edge of them is absolutely necessary to any one
who wishes to understand the description of an
insect.’ Thisisa very sensible remark. Yet
throughout the book the utmost favor is be-
stowed upon absurd meaningless ‘English’
names. The culminating point of absurdity is
reached at p. 276. Amongst the small moths
the author ‘figures’ one (undera misspelt generic
name), and because it (out of several hundred
other fortunate little moths) has received no
‘popular’ name, he terms it the ‘Brown Dolly’!”
Remarks of similar import to the above would
apply to several American works by more or less
scientific writers. G: D.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En-
tomological Club will be held at 7.45 p. m., on
the days following : —
13 Oct. 1882. 9 Mar. 1883.
10 Nov. “ 1acApr. 2“
8 Dec. “ 11 May “
12 Jan. 1883. 8June “
9¥Feb. “
G: Dimmock, Secretary.
Tue New York Entomological Club meets
twice monthly, except in June, July and August,
but no special date is fixed for each meeting.
Henry Epwarps, Secretary.
PSYCHE.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological
Section of the Boston Society of Natural History
will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and
Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the
days following : — :
28 Feb. 1883.
25 Oct. 1882.
22 Nov. ‘“ 28 Mar. “
27 Dec. “ 25 Apr. “
24 Jan. 1883. 23 May “
Epwarp Buregss, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomologica.
Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of
19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
14 Oct. 1881. 10 Mar. 1882.
hi Nov.) * 14 Apr. “
duDec. me 12 May “
13 Jan. 1882. 9June “ aoe
10 Feb. “ -
James H. Rrprnes, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American
Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor-
ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on
the days following : —
12 Dec. 1881. 12 June 1882.
James H. Ripines, Recording Secretary.
THE REGULAR monthly meetings of the Mon-
treal Branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, will be held at Montreal, Que., Canada, ~
on the days following : —
3 Oct. 1882. , 6 Feb. 1883,
7 Nov. “ 6 Mar. “
5 Dec. & 3. Aptne =
9 Jan. 1883. 1May “
G: J. Bowes, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Brooklyn
Entomological Society will be held at 9 Broad-
way, Brooklyn, E. D., N. Y., on the days fol-
lowing :— ;
28 Oct. 1882. 31 Mar. 1883.
25 Nov. “ 28 Apr. “ 4
a0 Dec. ye 26 May “
27 Jan 1883. 30June “
24 Feb. “
F. G. Scuaurp, Secretary.
No. 99 was issued 16 Dec. 1882.
hie
‘
Soe Cre, |
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
EDITED: BY
G: Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickmMan Mann, Washington, D.C.;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich. ; CiirForp CuHasEe Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis HuNTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ~
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps. Rotanp Haywarp, S: HeNsHAw, H: ALBERT ROBIN, FRANK
G: ScHaupp, S: Huspsarp ScupDER, ROLAND THAXTER. W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. No. 101-102.
f SEPTEMBER-OCcTOBER 1882.
2
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : : : : : ‘ : : : - : : : - 386
ON sOME GLANDS WHICH OPEN EXTERNALLY ON INSECTS — George Dimmock . 387-401
PROCEEDINGS OF SociETIES—Cambridge Entomological Club : - ¢ : 402
Notes ON PrEROPHORIDAE OF NoRTH AMERICA— George Dimmock . - + 402-404
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2892-2906 . : - : - : . - 405-406
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITremMs — Advertisements . ° : ‘ : ; : : - 407-408
CamsBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PustisHep By GEorGE DimMock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15c.
{Entered as second class mail matter.]
386
PSTCHS.
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
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Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera.
Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpil-
lars, which should be prepared by inflation. Corres-
spondence is invited with persons engaged in the
study of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species of
the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of making
a study of the North American forms. Those found
infesting cultivated plants especially desired. Living
specimens preferred when they can be obtained.
J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or
otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States
He is especially interested in those made by Lepzdop-
era, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Corre spon-
dence in reference to Gall growths, or other vegetable
abnormities, is invited. CHARLES V. RILEY,
1700 Thirteenth St., N. W.,
Washiagton, D. C.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri_
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
Pror. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lepi-
doptera bought or exchanged for other species. by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de
la Société d’Acclimatation de France),
Tudor Villa, Tudor Road, Norbiton,
Kingston-on-Thames, England.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
ire x CELE.
ON SOME GLANDS WHICH OPEN EXTERNALLY ON INSECTS.
.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The following paper consists, for the
most part, of compiled material brought
into connected form in consequence of
ideas suggested to me in studying odor-
iferous glands of the larvae of <Aitacus
cecropia, to which I have already called
the attention of the Cambridge Entomo-
logical Club, at its meeting of 13 Oct.
1882. Since that time I have made sec-
tions of the above-mentioned glands of
Aittacus cecropia, and of those which I
found later in the larvae of a pterophorid.
Aciptilus lobidactylus; the glands of the
larvae of these two species have furnished
the original descriptiye matter of this
paper.
The peculiar odor of the larvae of Atta-
cus cecropia, when they are roughly han-
dled, has probably escaped the notice of
but few persons who have reared these
moths through their larval stages. If a
larva be examined carefully the black
spines upon its red, blue, and yellow
knobs, or tubercles, will be seen to break
easily from the tubercle, and a clear yel-
low fluid of disagreeable odor to ooze
from each opening left by the injury.
By crushing the tubercle with a pair of
forceps the same strong odor is very
noticeable, and by this mode of treat-
ment one has no difficulty in proving that
each tubercle, small or large,— blue,
yellow or red,—contains the odorous
fluid. The red tubercles are seen, in
sections cut with the microtome, to be
divided into compartments, the cavities
of each spine opening into a compartment
at its basal end. ‘The spines themselves
are quite rigid and very brittle, so that
they break away at a slight touch and
leave a hole in the tuberele, out of which
the odorous fluid pours, pushed by inter-
nal pressure. This fluid, which I have
not examined carefully, but which I hepe
later to study chemically, is strongly acid
to litmus paper, but causes a purple
precipitate in carmin solutions. Larvae
of Attacus cecropia are provided with
these glands and the odorous fluid as
early as the third larval stage—perhaps
earlier—and apparently shed the glands
in the tubercles when moulting the last
larval skin in order to enter the pupal
state.
The odor given out by the glands of
the larvae of Attacus cecropia suggests at
onee their protective function, and, after
having watched a sparrow (Passer domes-
ticus) drag asphingid larva about, seiz-
ing it usually by the horn, it seemed
likely to me that the disagreeable acid
fluid in the tubercles of the larva of
Attacus cecropia was a protection to the
larva from similar rough treatment.
588 FSTCHH,
Having found these interesting glands
on the larvae of Altacus cecropia, glands
concerning which I can find no mention
in entomological literature, my attention
was drawn further to the subject of exter-
nal glands of insects, many of which are
protective or defensive in function.
Glands similar to those of the larva
of Attucus cecropia, in that they have no
outlet until one is produced by external
agency, are not rare in the larvae of
bombycidae. The severe poisoning pro-
duced by the hairs of certain larvae of
bombycidae, of which the so-called pro-
cessionary caterpillar of Europe is an
example, and observed, according to
Monfet,* by Dioscorides and other early
writers, is caused by the secretion from
minute gland at the base of each hair.
The secretion of these glands fills the
hollow central portion of the hair, and
when the sharp, often barbed, hairs are
broken in the flesh of attacking animals,
the broken parts carry with them the
poisonous secretion. This secretion is,
perhaps, formic acid or a formate in solu-
tion. Karsten,? in 1848, described the
anatomy of the poison glands at the base
of the hairs of an American species of
Suturnia. Fine illustrations of this kind
of gland are to be found in the stinging
hairs of the larvae of Hyperchiria io and
Hemileuca maia, both common insects
in parts of the United States. Lintner?
and Riley* have recorded their experi-
ments on the stinging power of these
two species of larvae, and the latter
writer has given a list of the larvae of
1For literature referred to throughout this paper see
the end of the article.
American species of lepidoptera which
are known to sting. Lintner has experi-
mented further upon the stinging power
of the larvae of Lagoa crispata, and Miss
Murtfeldt® upon that of the larva of
Lagoa opercularis. That the sting of
some of these larvae can do lasting in-
jury is certain, for my mother, when
twenty-seven years old, received so
severe a sting in the middle finger of one
hand in brushing away a larva from he?
neck that the distal joint, healing only
after several months, remains somewhat
stiffened and slightly deformed, now thir-
ty-seven years. For a time the stinging
of these bombycid larvae was attributed
to the action of the hairs in entering
and wandering about in the flesh, and,
even as late as 1881, long after the dis-
covery of the glands at the base of the
hairs, Goossens® advances the idea that
the poison of the processionary caterpil-
lar of Europe comes from other glands
which I shall mention more in detail
later. Keller,’ in 1883, discusses the
mode of urtication in the processionary
caterpillars (larvae of Giastropacha) and
figures the glands at the bases of their
hairs.
Still another form of gland without
any outlet until broken open, but a gland
which can scarcely be classed with those
previously mentioned, is that at the an-
terior end of certain bombycid pupae,
which breaks when the imago springs
the chitinous pupal skin, and leaves its
secretion, which has been termed bomby-
cic acid, on the head of the moth, the
latter using the secretion to moisten the
threads of the cocoon so that they can
PST-CHE.
‘be cut or pushed aside to allow the es-
cape of the imago within. I have never
studied this gland and will refer for fur-
ther notice to the easily accessible papers
of Trouvelot,’ Packard,? McLaren? and
Worthington,” wherein references
be found to earlier European writers on
this subject.
It is an easy transition from the glands
of the larvae of Aftacus, Hyperchiria
and Hemileuca, closed by brittle, hollow
spines or hairs, to the glandular hairs
of certain larvae of pterophoridae, where
the hairs are apparently burst open at
their tips by the pressure of the secretion
within them, the liquid then oozing out
to form a dew-like drop upon each hair.
Zeller” mentions glandular hairs (‘‘drti-
senhiirchen”) on the larvae of Mimeseo-
ptilus phaeodactylus and M. mictodactylus,
but says nothing of the structure or use
of these hairs. Miss Murtfeldt’® writes
of the larva of Leioptilus sericidactylus
‘*Dorsal hairs proceeding from prominent
tubercles, and of two sizes in each tuft,
each of the shorter ones tipped with a
minute pellucid bead of viscid fluid, to
which pollen and bits of leaves often ad-
here.” I have found the larva of Acipti-
lus lobidactylus to be covered, in like
manner, with glandular hairs.
Upon making transverse sections of
the larva of Aciptilus lobidactylus, its ex-
ternal surface is found to bear three
kinds of appendages. First are the very
minute, but obtuse spines (about 0.01
mm. long) which clothe most softer and
more flexible portions of its external
covering, and which are found on many
larvae of different orders of insects.
7a
389
Second are hairs (from 0.08 to 0.14 mm.
long) more or less dumb-bell or club
formed, which are filled with granular
matter, and seem to be set usually only
upon the surface of the chitinous cover-
ing of the larva. Third are the longer
hairs (from 0.8 to 1.38 mm. long), linear
or slightly clavate, usually burst at the
tip, or sometimes along the sides, and
where burst surrounded by a drop of
exuded gummy matter. These last hairs
are mounted, by a kind of joint such as
is often present at the base of insect
hairs, upon or near the summit of little
conical elevations, which rise about 0.2
mm. above the surface of the dorsal and
lateral parts of the larvae. These
hairs are arranged systematically and
symmetrically upon the different seg-
ments of the larva, the most prominent
of them being a pair upon a conical
elevation just at each side of the median
dorsal line of each segment. A com-
parison of the arrangement of these hairs
and prominences with the arrangement
of hairs and warts upon other lepido-
pterous larvae, especially of those upon
the larvae of tortricidae, would be an
interesting study. The interior of hairs
of this third form opens at the base into
the conical prominence or wart on which
the hair is situated. The prominence is
probably entirely; filled by the gland
which secretes the viscid matter that
finds outlet through the hair.
The specimens of the larva of which
I made microtomic sections were not
quite well enough preserved to admit of
carefully studying the gland at the base
of the hairs. The hairs of the second
390 PSYCHE.
and third form seem to be modifications
of each other, for, in the longer and
more clavate hairs of the second form,
the granular matter in the hair extended
without interruption into the larva,
and these hairs often burst and give out
viscid fluid. The larger hairs of the
second form are often upon the sides of
the conical warts which bear at their
summits hairs of the third form. Hairs
of similar nature, but smaller and with-
out viscid fluid, clothe the larva of Oxy-
ptilus periscelidactylus and Pterophorus
monodactylus.
Mimeseoptilus phaeodactylus feeds on
Ononis repens, M. mictodactylus on Saxi-
fraga granulata, Lioptilus sericidactylus
on Vernonia noveboracensis and Aciptilus
lobidactylus on Solidago ?canadensis:
thus, as will be noticed, all the species
of plerophoridae mentioned above feed
on plants clothed with glandular or long
hairs.* The glandular hairs of the larva
protect it, probably, by causing it to re-
semble the surface of the plants on which
it feeds, a kind of resemblance not rare
in insects; but it is also probable that
the secretion of the glandular hairs also
protects the larva, to some extent, from
the attacks of ichneumons and of other
parasites, for I obtained no parasites
from over fifty specimens of <Aciptilus
*Miss Murtfeldt writes meas follows: ‘I had not
thought to mention it in connection with my description
of Leioptilus sericidactylus but there 7s a very close
imitation in the dermal clothing of the larva to that of
the young leaves of Vernonia, on which the spring and
early summer broods feed.” ...‘‘Later in the season,
when feeding chiefly on the flowers, the larva acquires a
purplish tinge which, with the particles of the flowers
that adhere to its glandular hairs, is a sufficient disguise
from any but the eye practised in its detection.”
lobidactylus, reared from larvae taken
when nearly full-grown, while I have al-
ways obtained, in rearing a much less
number of Oxyptilus periscelidactylus
under similar conditions, several para-
sites. It is noticeable that the viscid
secretion upon the larvae of Aciptilus
lobidactylus is alkaline to litmus paper,
while the fluid from the tubercles of the
larvae of Attacus cecropia is acid.
Turning from the study of insect-hairs
which furnish more or less temporary ef-
ferent ducts for glands, there are forms
of hairs—leaving out of account, as un-
proved, Weismann’s curious, but not
improbable, view* that scales of lepi-
doptera may be sometimes ducts for an
odorous fluid secreted by cells at their
bases—which are regularly and perma-
nently the outlets for glands at their
bases. An interesting example of this
kind of open hair duct is furnished by .
the hairs upon the foot of the common
house-fly (Musca domestica), through
which hairs, as recently shown by De-
witz,’° a sticky secretion is poured, the
fly being enabled by the adhesion of this
secretion to rest upon smooth vertical
surfaces. Leydig,® in 1859, describes
and figures glands in the tarsi of several
coleoptera; West,” in 1862, describes
and figures the tarsal hairs of the fly and
of many other insects; and Dewitz,’® in
1882, discusses the function in locomo-
tion of the viscid secretion which is dis-
charged by the glands of the foot through
the tarsal hairs, both in flies and in
coleoptera.
Defensive glands of another kind, the
ducts of which open into spines, are the
PSYCHE. 391
glands which furnish the poisonous se-
cretion for the sting of bees and wasps.
I have not discussed these glands further
in this paper, because they are rather
internal than external glands; for: like
reasons I have not referred to the silk-
glands of lepidopterous and hymenopte-
rous larvae. The literature of impor-
tance upon the subject of the silk-glands
of lepidoptera can be found in a disser-
tation by Helm,” in 1876; and papers
by Dewitz, ?*, in 1875 and 1877, and
by Forel,” in 1878, give a clue by which
to trace the literature upon the stinging
organs of hymenoptera.
The glands of the larva of <Aftacus
cecropia and sealed
until broken open by some external
agency, may be termed passive glands,
while those glands which pour out their
secretion in direct response to some vol-
untary or reflex action of the insects, as
do the foot-glands. of Musca, the sting
of the bees and many other glands,
may be termed active glands. But there
are glands characterized by still greater
activity than those already mentioned.
Tf the larvae of certain species of Cim-
bex are suddenly disturbed, they will jet
out, as observed by Bonnet® (v. 1, p.
470, 473, 485), a clear yellow fluid, of
disagreeable odor, from openings along
their sides. In the case of a German
species of Cimbex I have seen this fluid
thrown by the larva to a distance of
several centimetres, altho Frisch,** who
first mentions this secretion, in 1736,
apparently only saw it flow from the
openings.
Upon disturbance, the larva of the
.
Hyperchivia to,
European bombycid, Harpyia vinula,
raises its head and jerks it from side to
side, throwing a strongly acid fluid from
a gland, the opening of which is on the
ventral side of the first thoracie segment.
The propulsion is here partly produced
by the rapid jerking of the head, and
partly by pressure upon the receptaculum
or lumen of the gland within the body.
This gland, or at least its secretion, was
noticed by de Geer” in 1750, and more
fully in 1755 by Bonnet,” who described
the secretion as a true acid, sharp, sour,
and biting. Later, besides many brief
notes on this gland, may be mentioned
more extended descriptions by Miiller,”
Amoreux,”® Jérdens, and Rengger.”
I have not observed whether the larvae
of the common American species of
Harpyia (Cerura) possess this power of
throwing a defensive fluid or not, and
Lintner,*! as well as French,” in descrip-
tions of the American larvae, make no
mention of such power. The soft skin
of the larva of Harpyia vinula evagin-
ates itself about the orifiice, on the first
thoracic segment, where the gland dis-
charges its fluid, forming four points’
which are well figured by Miiller and
Jérdens, in the books cited above.
Within, the duct of the gland passes to
the right of the displaced central nervous
system, as described and figured by Mrs.
Dimmock, in Psycun, v. 3, p. 540-341.
I pass by, with mention only, the
openings which pour out an odorous
yellow fluid from the joints of the legs of
species of coccinellidae, chrysomelidae and
meloidae, for further notice of which I
refer to papers by Leydig’® (p. 37-38)
is]
who thought the fluid to be only the
blood of the insect; the glands opening
between the prothorax and head and
between the mesothorax and metathorax
in dytiscidae, of which the nature of the
secretion has been somewhat studied by
Plateau® ; the anal glands of Brachinus
and other carnivorous coleoptera, the
explosive mode of whose discharge in
Brachinus has given rise to its popular
English name of bombardier, for the
literature of which I refer to Leydig’®
(p. 46-49), and to a late paper by
Rougement* ; the cornicles of the sixth
abdominal segment of aphidae, which
are supposed to pour out a sugary mate-
rial sought by ants, but which material
Witlaczil® writes, in a paper to which
I will refer for further literature of the
anatomy of aphidae, comes from the
anus of these insects ;* the sacs, proba-
bly glandular in function, found by
Hagen* upon the larvae of certain neu-
roptera; the odoriferous glands of hem-
iptera mentioned by Landois*® and others ;
the scent-glands which Aubé* mentions
on the elytra and thorax of Eumolpus
pretiosus ; the wax-secreting glands found
on certain insects, treated of by Claus,”
in 1867; and the odoriferous glands of
phasmidae described by Seudder, in
Psycue, v. 1, p. 137-140:—all these
glands I pass by, giving reference only
*Buckton,3’7 in vol. 1, of his Monograph of British
aphides, discusses (p. 39-47) ‘‘honey dew” of aphidae as
well as (p. 37-38) various waxy and silky secretions with
which hemiptera cover themselves. I may add here
that Gentry’s3 observation, in 1874, that young aphi-
dae suck the secretion of the cornicles of older ones is
anticipated by Morren,39 in 1836, and Morren adds to
his statement “fait observé déja par Bonnet’?—fact
already observed by Bonnet.
92 PSITCHE.
to some papers which will guide further
to the literature of the subject, in order
to come directly to forms of which the
morphology is more interesting in this
connection, or of which the function is
not so well understood.
An interesting economical provision is
evident in the odoriferous tubercles of the
larvae of Aftacus cecropia and in the urti-
cating spines of Hyperchiria io. There
is no waste of the secreted material by
either of these larvae; it is sealed up
until its use is necessary and then it is
applied exactly where it will accomplish
most. But what shall one say of the
novel mode of avoiding waste, to which
attention was called by Claus,* in the
larva of the European chrysomelid, Lina
populi? Along the dorsal side of this
larva are rows of short black spines, not
noticeably different from the spines often
found on larvae of coleoptera, but if the
larva is disturbed it. will suddenly press
out upon the tip of each of the spines a
spherical drop of milky liquid. Watch
these drops fora moment. As the dis-
turbance which has caused their appear-
ance subsides, they become smaller,
sometimes suddenly, sometimes gradu-
ally, but always in unison, until finally,
when the larva no longer feels itself in
danger, the drops entirely disappear:
the fluid has been drawn back into the
spines to be used again-in case of need.
Claus has suspected that salicylic acid
exists in the secretion from the larva of
Lina populi, which is very probable, since
the larva feeds upon leaves of Salia and
Populus, that contain salicin. of which
PSICHE. 398
salicylic acid is an oxidation-product.
Claus says that the larva of Lina populi
has been used as a source of salicylic
acid in small quantities. The odorous
secretion of the glands of the larva of
_ Lina protect not only the larva, but, as
Lyonet noticed, also the pupa, from the
attacks of birds. Claus shows how this
protection of the pupa is accomplished :
the glands, with their contents, are shed
with the last larval skin, which remains
around the point of attachment of the
abdomen of the pupa, and, when the
latter wriggles about on account of any
disturbance, the odorous fluid is squeezed
from the molted glands. De Geer* de-
scribes and figures the spines of the
larva of Lina populi in 1775. Lyonet,*
probably somewhat earlier, describes and
figures the larvae of Lina populi and L.
dorsalis, and mentions the protrusion
and retraction of the milky drops.
Ratzeburg*® mentions briefly the glan-
dular secretion of ZL. populi, and West-
wood* collects together notes on the
larvae of different species of Lina.
Chapuis and Candéze* write that the
larva of Lina (Plagiodera) scripta from
the United States is similar to that of
L. populi.
Claus* was the first to study the in-
ternal anatomy of the glands and spines
of -Lina populi, and he shows that the
liquid is pushed out of the spines by
a contraction, which I may be allowed to
term an incipient evagination, of the
walls of the gland. This leads one to
search further in order to find if this
principle of evagination of glandular
walls is not carried to a greater extent
®
in other insects. Little search reveals
numerous forms of glands in which a
part or the whole of the duct, or the
glandular surface itself is evaginable.
This form of gland is not confined to
any one order of insects; altho first
found in lepidopterous larvae, glands of
this form have since been found in ima-
gos of lepidoptera, coleoptera and ortho-
ptera. The latest writer who has dealt
especially with this kind of glands is
Klemensiewicz,* in 1883.
In this group of glands or gland-like
organs may be classed the evaginable
osmateria of the larvae of Papilio, the
protrusile tails or modified anal legs of
the larva of Harpyia (Cerura), the
lateral appendages of Mulachins, cer-
tain evaginable appendages upon the
eleventh and twelfth segments of the
larvae of some species of Jycaena,
lateral evaginable appendages in a
species of Corydia, the red protrusile
warts upon the dorsum of the larva of
Orgyia, the evaginable warts of some of
the stinging larvae of bombycidae, the
evaginable appendages of various forms
near the anus of certain imagos of lepi-
doptera and coleoptera, the organs on
the ventral side of the first thoracic
segment of many lepidopterous and of
a few phryganeid larvae, and the pro-
trusile organs near the anus of larvae of
Myrmeleon.
Organs of the sort now under consid-
eration were first mentioned in 1602 by
Aldrovandus,” who observed and roughly
figured osmateria on the larva of
Papilio. Frisch™* (Theil 2, p. 41-42),
in 1721, describes the osmateria of the
394 PSYCHE.
larva of Papilio machaon, which he Says
‘*protect it from its enemies, not by their
strength, for they are hollow and delicate
lobules, but by the stench which comes
from them. Madame Merian calls it a
pleasant odor (2d ed., pt. 1, n. 88) but
I find it intolerable.” Since the time of
Frisch many authors have described the
osmateria of different species of Pupil’o,
among them Karsten,” who described, in
considerable detail, the anatomy of these
organs in Papilio asterias. He says
they discharge ‘‘a substance, strong-
smelling like butyric acid, by which they
scare away their enemies ; this substance
reddens litmus readily, produces white
clouds when brought near strong ammo-
nia, has a somewhat biting acid but not
unpleasant taste. Mixed with water,
oil-like drops are seen under the mi-
croscope; neutralized with ammonia
it crystallizes.” The crystals ‘‘are
not volatile upon raising the tempera-
ture but decompose with disengagement
of empyreumatically smelling vapors.
Caustic baryta dissolves the acid, the
salt crystallizes in groups of very fine
needles.” For the anatomy and _his-
tology of the osmateria of the larvae of
Papilio I will refer to Karsten? and Kle-
mensiewicz.*
Each of the two caudal appendages of
the larva of Harpyia consists of a basal
tube which projects backward from the
posterior end of the larva, but which
can be turned somewhat upward and
forward. Out of the tip of each of
these basal tubes a reddish filament can
be evaginated, which the larva, upon the
approach of danger, curves above the
body and waves with a trembling motion
seeming often to whip the whole surface
of its body. These threads or filaments
are probably evaginated by internal
pressure of the fluids of the body, but are
retracted by muscles within them. There
is some doubt whether these threads —
are really glands, and Frisch* (1740,
Theil 6, p. 18-19), who expected to find
them odorous, writes that the odor
‘‘must be very subtile and be only per-
ceptible, for the most part, to insects
hostile to this larva”; but, if these fila-
ments are not glands, they have the
same coarser anatomy and should be
considered here.
The earliest description of the evagi-
nable caudal appendages of Harpy/a that
I have seen is that by Goedart,” who
says of them ‘‘This larva has two tails
and when it is vexed, it will throw out
from both tails a red rod or sting, which
it bends back, and, as if mad, vibrates
formidably, and draws it back in again.”
Since Goedart’s time these appendages
have been described by Réaumur,”
Frisch™ (Theil 6, p. 18-19), de Geer®
(Bd. 1, tab. 23, fig. 12), Bonnmet;™
Miiller™ (p. 28-30), Jérdens,*® Meckel,
Klemensiewiez,*® and others. Some of
these authors also describe the gland
previously mentioned (p. 391), as open-
ing upon the under side of the first tho-
racic segment of the same larva, and
Schiiffer,** in 1754, first shows the inti-
mate relationship of this gland to evagi-
nable glands found in the same position
on larvae of other species, to the osma-
teria of the larvae of Papilio, and in
general mode of action to the evaginable
glands of Mulachius.
The evaginable organs of the imago of
PSLCIL.
Mulachius consist of ai pair of reddish,
trilobed organs, one on each. side,. be-
tween :the head and _ the. first. thoracie
segment, and a similar, but. somewhat
larger! pair of .bilobed: organs, one- on
each side, between the metathorax. and
first abdominal segment.
are protruded by:the fluids of the body-
cavity, but have muscles. for.their retrac-
tion. ‘These organs were mentioned by
Schiffer in 1754, by Sulzer” in 1761,
and since that. time. more or less dis-
cussed by Kirby and Spence®® (in whose
work may be found mueh that is impor-
tant and interesting on the glands .and
odors of insects), by- Westwood,* La-’
boulbéne,®” Liegel,®® Klemensiewicz,*
and by others whose papers IL.cannot at
present cite, as I have not. collected the
literature of this part of my subject with
much thoroughness. ‘The function of
these organs of .Maluchius is. not :deter-
minediwith certainty.
The larvae of certain: species of DLy-
caena have: been found to attract ants;
on account of: an opening upon the dor-
sun of the: eleventh segment, which
gives out a liquid apparently: containing
sugar.- Upon the: twelfth segment, and
evidently connected in function with the
opening above mentioned, are two pro-
trusile’ organs ‘covered. with. fine hairs.
The fact of ants being attracted to these
larvaeiwas first. observed, so far as I can
learn, ‘by Esper; Petzhold;® in 1793,
figured, and described with considerable
minuteness; the appearance of: the pro-
trusileiorgins on the twelfth segment of
Lycaena biton, and mentions their occur-
rence on .the larvae of ..other species.
‘These organs.
Gerstaecker,®™ in 1861.
395
Guenée,” in 1867, describes and figures:
Wi.k:
Edwards, in 1878, described and fig-
these organs in Lycaena boetica.
sured similar organs on Lycaena pseu-
dargiolus and LL. comyntas, American
Scudder,®. in 1881,
Edwards’ figures, referring lLowever. to
Guenée as the discoverer of. these organs.
The function and structure of the evagin-
able organs of the larva of Lycaena are
not yet settled.
Kvaginable. organs
species. repeats
were described
from a: blattid, Corydia carunculigera, by
The organs of
Corydia, are . yellowish white, covered
with hairs, and there are two of.them on
each side of the insect, evaginable, from
between the dorsal and ventral plates of
the first and second abdominal segments..
These organs are .present in. both. male
and female, but. are.not found in .the
larva of Corydia.. Gerstaecker suspected
them tobe of glandular.natuve. . Brunner:
von Wattenwyl,® in 1879, deseribed an.
3 -
evaginable organ on the femora of acii-
didae ; Burgess gives an abstract of shis
paper in, Psycur, v. 3, p. 32... These
‘organs in. acrididae and those of Corydia
are the only evaginable organs of which
_I have found mention in orthoptera..
-- The larvae of European species of Or-
gyia (e.g., of O. auriflua) have long been
known. to: have evaginable. warts upon
their dorsum. Brief notice of these warts
will be found «in works of. Schwarz,
.Jérdens,*: Klemensiewiez,*. and other
writers, but. I have found only the slight-
est allusions to them in American species.
Fitch”.in describing the larva of O. nova,
mentions them; Coleman,®..in describ-
596 PSICHE.
ing the larva of O. leucostigma, terms
them ‘‘coral-red retractile warts”; and
Coquillett,@ in describing the larva of
Parorgyia clintonii, speaks of them as
‘reddish warts” without adding that they
are retractile.
Evaginable warts similar to those up-
on the dorsum of Orgyia are present on
different parts of various bombycid lar-
vae, and Klemensiewicz * has described
their structure in Leucoma salicis. I
have mentioned their occurrence in Hy-
perchirvia to on p. 352-353 of Psyong, v.
3, and they seem especially abundant on
stinging larvae. Goossens® regards the
spines of the larvae of Cnethocampa to
be poisonous because of a powder pro-
duced by the drying of the secretion
given out by the evaginable glands upon
the dorsum of these larvae. This view
seems inacceptible after Karsten,? Kel-
ler’? and others have so clearly proved
the presence of glands at the bases of
the spines of these stinging larvae.
The structure of the evaginable warts
and their glands in Leucoma salicis is
well described by Klemensiewicz,*® and
will answer in a general way for the
similar warts of Orgyia and of the Euro-
pean Liparis. The wart is protruded
by pressure of the fluids within the body
and retracted by muscles; at or near its
centre open the ducts of one or two
glands which are situated beneath the
warts. ‘The position and general strue-
ture of these glands, as well as their
motion when the larvae are disturbed,
indicate that they are defensive in func-
tion, but exact observations are still
lacking on this subject.
In quite a number of staphylinidae,
and more rarely in other beetles, there
is a pair of evaginable organs, one on
each side of the anal opening, which
give off a disagreable odor when pro-
truded, and which must have attracted
the attention of most collectors of cole-
optera in capturing the larger species of
staphylinidae. They have been men-
tioned or described by Schiffer,°* Du-
four,” and Leydig’? (p. 52-53). The
function of these organs is evidently
defensive.
Similar appendages, but often more
striking on account of their greater size,
have been found in several lepidoptera,
in most cases American species, altho
the first mention of these organs in lepi-
doptera also dates back to Schiiffer,* in
1754. Ihave given an outline of the
bibliography of this subject, as far as it
concerns the species of lepidoptera found
in this vicinity, in Psycue, v. 4, p. 49,
and need not repeat it here. Fritz
Miiller,*"* has contributed several pa-
pers (in 1874, 1877, and 1883) to this
subject. Doubleday’ (1846-1850) called
attention to the presence of such organs
in butterflies of the genus Acraea.
These organs are sometimes naked and
sometimes clothed with hairs or scales.
The long yellow organs protruded by
Spilosoma acrea are good examples of
the hair-clothed form, while the organs
described by Fritz Miiller in Heliconius
and allied genera are covered with scales.
The function of all these organs is not
yet determined, but it is certain that
a part of them at least are for the dis-
tribution of odor.
A er
PSYCHE.
Mention has been made already twice
of the gland which opens beneath the
first segment of the larva of Harpyia
vinula. Inthe same position on many
larvae, some of those of Vanessa, Meli-
taea, Argynnis, Bryophila, Cucullia,
Habrostola, and Cleophane, according to
Rogenhofer™®; and of Aporia, many sa-
tyrids, Aplecta and Leucania, according
to Goossens'—is an evaginable portion,
which, in some cases, probably in all,
is glandular, but the function of which
is entirely undetermined except in the
cease of Harpyia vinula, where it is an
organ of defense. ‘These organs were
compared to the osmateria of Papilio
larvae by Schiiffer,** and have been more
or less discussed by Rogenhofer,’® La-
cordaire,”® Goossens’? and Klemensie-
wicz.*” Bonnet® discovered these organs
in 1739, altho he published nothing about
them, as far as I know, until 1755, a
year after the paper mentioned above
was published by Schiffer. Bonnet gives
a list of thirty-one caterpillars which
possess these organs, and he tried exper-
iments to see if cutting off these organs
in larvae affected in any way the imago
produced from them, proving that ima-
gos from larvae thus treated were per-
fect. Bonnet™ (p. 503-504) also found
two evaginable fleshy organs near the
posterior extremity of the abdomen in
the larva of the ant-lion (Wyrmeleon).
Réaumur®” (1737, tome 3, p. 165),
notices an organ, probably similar to
that under the first thoracic segment of
certain lepidopterous larvae, in the same
locality, on a phryganeid larva, and Ro-
genhofer,”® mentions, on the authority
397
of Brauer, a protrusile organ beneath the
first segment of a phryganeid larva.
In dealing with the protrusile organs
of different insects above, I have given
more citations of early authors than I
should have done had I found them
brought together elsewhere.
siewicz, altho not claiming to give the
full literature of the subject, certainly
omits, and apparently has not seen,
some of the more important papers on
the subject of which he treats. I have
mentioned only the more important pa-
pers on the glands of European insects,
but I have sought to refer to all papers
which have dealt originally with evagi-
nable glands of American insects.
I have not examined carefully the pa-
pers published upon the subject of femoral
tufts of lepidoptera, or tufts upon other
parts of lepidopterous insects, which
tufts I presume may well come into con-
sideration at this point. Fritz Miiller®
treated of them at some length in 1877.
They have been suspected often to be
organs for the distribution of odors, and
Bertkau® has shown, in one case — that
of the male of Hepiaulus hecta— that the
analogous tibial organ is filled with
glands, and is used, in connection with
organs on the first abdominal segment,
to diffuse an odor for sexual purposes.
These organs of Hepialus are noticed
more fully than here, by Burgess, in
PsYcHeE, v. 3, p. 32.
A few considerations upon the use to
which the different forms of glands, so
briefly noticed in this paper, especially
adapt themselves may be appropriate in
closing this paper. The simple glandu-
Klemen-
398
lar opening is not economieal: for ‘the
application of odorous, ill-tasting or ir-
ritating fluids... If it is provided with
means.for throwing its secretion, as it is
in Cimbex and Harpyia, it is‘ somewhat
more efficient at long range. The chanc-
es, however, of a waste of. the secreted
matter are still great, and, as Jérdens
has observed; the larva of Harpyia uses
its stream-throwing gland only when
much disturbed... For the:application of
an ill-tasting fluid the modified form. of
gland found in the knobs of the larva of
Attacus cecropia seems to .be the best.
The secretion is set. free by:the very ac-
tion of the enemy of the Jarva. ‘The use:
of a strongly irritating fluid attains its
highest development in. means of injec-
ting the fluid into the flesh of the attack-
ing animal, as is done by Hyperchiria
and by many hymenoptera.. The great-
est economy ip .the use: of:an odorous
fluid is attained by.exposing suddenly a
large surface moistened with the fluid.to
the surrounding: air.. This is -accom-
plished by osmateria, as in the larvae of
Papilio, and by various evaginable ap-
pendages, in other insects.
with hair these appendages:expose still
more surface to the air, and thus: give
still better results in rendering the sur-
rounding air odorous, whether for pro-
tective or for sexual purposes. » For .sex-
ual purposes a less penetrating, often to
us a less disagreeable, odor, and. less of
it, is necessary than for protective pur-:
poses.: It is perhaps for this reason that:
the evaginable appendages of Spilosomna,
and of some other lepidoptera, appear
to us always.dry. The reason for the. .
Clothed.
PSYCHE
invagination of odor-distributing appen-°: \-
dages is a double one; first .when inva- i
ginated their necessarily delicate surface « «
is less Hable to injury, and, second, their
surface can be kept constantly moistened
and ready for use without loss of the.
odorous fluid.. Besides this,.too,-is the:
general rule:that the appendages of loco-: -
motory. animals are, as far as is: possible
in attaining the purpose for which they re
are developed, normally. invaginated or
retracted to avoid hindrance to. locomo- :
tion, while the corresponding organs of .
sessile: animals and: plants attain their
surface-devclopment by evagination. «.
1 -Secretions which are intended to pros — -
tect by «their odor usually..protect . by
their taste also, for taste and smell.are so u
nearly related senses in higher animals,
while such glandsas secrete .ill-tasting u
fluids, .if these fluids are volatile, .also
usually: -protect by their odor. Still it - ‘
may be safely asserted, as a general rule,
that odor protection is.accomplished by
evaginable organs.
The chemical substances: proved iby
actual test to be secreted. by external -
glands of insects are. few in number, and,
as I hope sometime to make this the sub-
ject of.a special paper, I should be glad ‘
to have my attention called to. any seere-
tions of insects, especially to such: as
can be obtained in sufficient quantity .
for chemical examination. i +
‘In the preceding notes I have sought
to: call attention to glands of insects,:in ~
hope that some American, students of ve
insects, who have not enlisted already «in. u
that army of ‘species-describers, which a
represents so-called American entomo-. .
BS TOME.
logy by a probable majority, may be in-
duced to turn their attention to the anat-
omy, biology or physiology of American
insects. The study of the general anat-
omy of insects can be pursued in any
country, but there always remain special
points in the anatomy of insects, of which
points glands and similar modifications
of parts of insects for special purposes
‘orm no small part, wherein insects of
one country differ from those of any
other. In such fields of study as these
young American entomologists can com-
pete most successfully with European
anatomists and can make important dis-
coveries, and to researches of this kind
future entomologists who have aspira-
tions to become more than locally known
must turn their attention. Leave the
creation of scientific names, quarrelling
over syhonyms among them, and search
for new spe ies, to the antiquated type
of naturalists who have become so ha-
bituated to studying the exterior of their
insects that to ‘‘destroy” a rare speci-
men by dissecting it has become a crime
to them. In their regard for the exte-
rior of animals, coupled with their crude
knowledge of internal anatumy, they re-
mind me of Romans, who makes a grave
statement in his history of Florida (p.
55), that ‘‘Anatomy has taught us, that
the bone of a negroe’s skull, is always
black.”
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399
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Niirnberg, 1791. Abth. 1, p. 59.
“Fitch, A. 8th rept. on the noxious and
other insects of... New York. (Trans. N.Y.
state agric. soc., 1862, v. 22, p. 657-684.)
p- 677 [Separate, p. 195].
®Coleman, N. Notes on orgyra leucostig-
ma. (Papilio, Nov.-Dec. 1882 [Jan. 1883],
V. 2, p. 164-166.) p. 165.
®Coquillett,D. W: On the early stages of
some moths. (Can. entom., March 1880, v.
12, P- 43-46.) p- 45.
Dufour, L. Recherches anatomiques sur
les carabiques et sur plusieurs autres coléop-
téres. (Ann. d. sci. nat., 1826, t. 8, p..5-54.)
1 Miiller, F. The habits of various insects.
(Nature, 11 June 1874, v. 10, p. 102-103, 41
cm.)
®Miiller, F. Die stinkkélbchen der weibli-
chen maracujafalter. (Zeitschr. f. wiss.
zool., 1877, bd. 30, p. 167-170, pl. 9.)
®Miuller, F. Beobachtungen an brasilia-
nischen schmetterlingen. 2. Die duftschup-
pen der mannlichen maracujafalter. (Kos-
mos, Aug. 1877, bd. 1, p. 391-395, fig. 5-6, 174
cm.)
“Miller, F. Der anhang am hinterleibe
der acraea-weibchen. (Zool. anzeiger, 6
Aug. 1883, jahrg. 6, p. 415-416.)
™Doubleday, E: Genera of diurnal lepi-
doptera, Lond., 1846-1850, p. 139.
*Rogenhofer, A. Drei schmetterlings-
metamorphosen. (Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. ge-
sells. Wien, 1862, bd. 12; Abh., p. 1224-1230.)
p- 1227.
“Goossens, T. [Sur un organe entre la
téte et la premiere paire de pattes de quelques
chenilles.] (Ann. soc. entom. Fr., 1869, s.
4, t.9; Bull., p. 60-61.)
®Lacordaire, J. T. Introduction 4 l’ento-
mologie. 1838, t. 2, p. 45-
Goossens, T. De la corne chez les sphin-
widae. »CAnn. socentom..r.,: 18735.8. 5,.t-
3, p. 123-128.)
“Bonnet, C: Mémoire sur une nouvelle
partie commune a plusieurs espéces de che-
nilles. (Mém. math. d. savants étrang.
Paris, 1755, t. 2, p. 44-52.) (Collection com-
plete des ceuvres de C: Bonnet, t. 2, 1779, p.
3-16. )
Miiller, F. Ueber haarpinsel, filzflecke
und ahnliche gebilde auf den fligeln minnli-
cher schmetterlinge. (Jena. zeitschr. f.
naturw., 1877, bd. 11, p. 99-114.) f
®Bertkau, P. Duftapparat an schmetter-
lingsbeinen. (Entom. nachrichten, 1 Sept.
1879, iahrg. 5, p.. 223-224.)
402
PSY CTE:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., SEPT.-OCT., 1882. .
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to Epitors or PsyCHE, Cam-
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Psycue must be properly authenticated, and no anony-
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Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
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Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
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vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
(Continued from p. 369.)
14 APRIL 1882.—8S4th meeting. Mr. S: H.
Scudder read a letter from Prof. J: H: Com-
stock on his recent researches in entomology.
Mr. R. Hayward made afew remarks on
the food of several New England birds. He
stated that his remarks were only prelimin-
ary, since he lacked sufficient material to ren-
der his work conclusive. Dr. H. A. Hagen
expressed his surprise that no hemiptera had
been discovered in the stomachs of the cliff-
swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons) of which
three specimens had been examined, as he
had taken young nestlings of the European
swallow literally filled with aphides.
Dr. Hagen showed, from an as yet unpub-
lished monograph, some plates of fsoczna
and atropfinma. He stated that all the fossil
species of Psocus and Efpipseocus are similar
in all respects to the modern species of those
genera, while on the other hand, there is con-
siderable difference between the modern and
fossil species of atropfzva. All the species of
Atrofos are furnished with the organs neces-
sary for producing sound, but the sound, if
produced, is probably not audible to our ears;
in the other genera these organs are entirely
wanting.
Mr. S: H. Scudder exhibited a specimen of
a fossil insect probably belonging to the ¢hy-
sanura. There is apparently no head but
PSP CHE.
this part is reduced to mouth-parts which are
distinct, and evidently concealed, when at
rest, within the second thoracic segment, and
can be thrust beyond the body. This pecu-
liarity is not individual, as a number of speci-
mens examined by Mr. Scudder possess the
same characteristic. He then showed draw-
ings representing the insect restored.
NOTES ON PTEROPHORIDAE OF
NORTH AMERICA.
The following references were collected,
for the most part, in endeavoring to find
out if the glandular hairs of some of the
larvae of pferophoridae had been studied.
The notes here given cite the original and the
prominent subsequent descriptions of larvae
of Aterophoridae of North America’ that have
been reared. To these citations are added
references to published figures of different
stages, to notices of food-plants of larvae, to
localities of capture, and to observations on
a few species that I have taken or reared.
For the identification of the pterophoridae
of my collection I am indebted to Prof. C. H.
Fernald, of Orono, Maine.
Chrysocorys festaliella WHiibn. (Wocke,
Cat. 2705). Imago figured by Walsingham
(Pteroph. Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p. 1-2, pl. 1,
fig. 1), by whom it is said ‘‘They appear to
be in all respects the same as European spec-
imens, having also the same habit of frequent-
ing one or more species of the genus Rubus.”
Found in Cal. and in Europe.
Chrysocorys felicella Wlism. (Pteroph.
Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p. 2-3). Walsingham
reared this species from larvae feeding on two
kinds of Orthocarpus (1. c., p. 3), and fig-
ures its pupa and imago (/. c., pl. 1, fig. 2).
Oregon.
Chrysocorys erythraeella Clemens (Proc.
Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1860, p. 171). Clemens
(7. c.) describes the larva and pupa, and~
writes ‘‘The larva feeds on the fruit racemes
of sumach [/?hus]” in July. Pa.?
1 The notes are each independent and can be cutand
pasted on slips by those persons who thus use the Bibli-
ographical record.
‘
PSYCHE.
Platyptilus bertrami Réssl. (Wocke, Cat.
3122). Thought by Walsingham to be the
same as P. ochrodactylus Hiibn. (Zeller,
in Isis, 1841, p. 775, tab. 4, fig. 16-19) and P.
bischofit Zell. (Entom. zeit. . . . zu Stettin,
1867, p. 333). Figured by Walsingham
(Pteroph. Cal. and Oreg., pl. 1, fig. 3).
Fish writes (Can. entom., Nov. 1880, v. ‘12,
p- 240), ‘‘I am strongly of the opinion that
the larvae feed in the stalks of our common
yarrow (Achillea mitlefolium), since the
moths are often taken about this plant, and
since the European species feeds in the stalks
of Achillea ptarmica and Tanacetum vulgare.
The moth appears in New England in June.”
A specimen taken 14 July 1874, on Mt. Wash-
ington, N. H., was determined for me by
Prof. Fernald (July 1883) as ‘‘Platyptilia
bischofii Zell.” New England, Cal., Oreg.,
Europe.
Platyptilus carduidactylus Riley (1st Rept.
state entom. Missouri, 1869, p. 180-181, pl. 2,
fig. 13-14). Riley (/. c.) describes the larva,
and describes and figures the pupa and imago
of this species, giving C7zrstum lanceolatum
as food-plant of the larva. The imago is
figured by Walsingham (Pteroph. Cal. and
Oreg., 1880, pl. 1, fig. 6). Atlantic Coast,
Mo., Cal.
Platyptilus orthocarpfi Wism. (Pteroph.
Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p. 11-12, pl. 1, fig. g).
The imago is figured by Walsingham (J. c.),
who writes ‘‘the larvae were found feeding on
buds and flowers ofa species of Orthocarpus.”
Oreg.
Platyptilus shastae Wism. (Pteroph. Cal.
and Orer., 1880, p. 14-16, pl. 1, fig. 11).
Found by Walsingham flying among plants
of Arnica angustifolia. Cal.
Amblyptilus cosmodactylus Hiibn. Wal-
singham (Pteroph. Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p.
24) quotes Zeller as regarding this specie?
identical with A. wlodactylus Zett. and A.
acanthodactylus Hiibn., and (2. c., p. viii)
says Zeller has bred the first and last form
from larvae feeding upon Aguilegia and
Geranium pratense. Jordan (Entom: mo.
mag., Oct. 1881, v. 18, p. 117) gives Ovo-
nts, Pelargonium and Stachys as fcod-plants
403
of A. acanthodactylus which he says is quite
distinct from A. cosmodactylus in England.
New England, Cal., Oreg.
- Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch (1st and
2nd Rept. nox. ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 139-143).
Fitch describes (2. c.) the larva, pupa, and
imago of this insect, and gives the grape-
vine, Vrtzs, as its food-plant. The pupa and
imago are figured by Riley (1st Rept. state
entom. Missouri, 1869, pl. 2, fig. 15-16), and
the larva, pupa and imago are described and
figured by Riley (3rd Rept. state entom. Mis-
souri, 1871, p. 65-68); the latter figures are
reproduced in Amer. entom., June 1870, v. 2,
p- 234, and in Can. entom., May 1873, v. 5,
p- 99. The imago is figured by Walsingham
Geteropne Calveand Oress pl. 23mtiss" 5).
New England, N. Y., Mo., Tex.
Oxyptilus nigroctliatus Zell. (Verh. zool.-
bot. gesells. Wien, 1873, bd. 23, p. 322-323).
I have taken 2 specimens in Amherst, Mass.
Previously published localities: Cal., N. Y.,
Del:
Oedematophorus grisescens Wlism. (Pte-
roph. Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p. 34-35). De-
scribed (7. c.) from ‘‘Eight specimens bred
from larvae feeding on a species of Artemisia
early in May 1872, on Rouge River, Southern
Oregon.” Iniago figured (/. c., pl. 2, fig. 11).
Oedematophorus occtdentalis Wism. (Pte-
roph. Cal. and Oreg., 1880, p. 37-39). One
specimen was bred by Walsingham from a
larva ‘‘reared on leaves of a species of sun-
flower [Helianthus].” Imago figured (/. c.,
pl. 2, fig. 13-14).
Oedematophorus tngutnatus Zeller (Verh.
zool.-bot. gesells. Wien, 1873, bd. 23, p. 325)-
Miss Murtfeldt (Amer. entom., Oct. 1880, v.
3, p- 236) states that the larva feeds upon
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. Coquillett (Papi-
lio, April 1882, v. 2, p. 61-62) describes the
larva and chrysalis of this species. Mo.,
ess TINY:
Oedematophorus ambrosiae Murt. (Amer.
entom., Oct. 1880, v. 3, p. 236). Miss
Murtfeldt (2. c.) describes the larva, pupaand
imago of this species; its larva feeds on Am-
brosia artemistaefolia. Mo.
Pterophorus monodactylus Linn. (Wocke;
404 PS UCHE.
Cat. 3167). Synonyms are P. créneridactylus
Fitch (1st and 2nd Rept. nox. ins. N. Y.,
1856, p. 144) and P. pergracilidactylus Pack.
(Ann. Lyceum nat. hist. N. Y., 1873, v. 10, p.
265-266). Two varieties of the imago are
figured by Walsingham (Pteroph. Cal. and
Ores., 1886,4pl25f5. 16, and (ple 3) foo).
I have reared numerous specimens of this
species from larvae feeding upon Convolvu-
lus tricolor and Ipomoea purpurea, in Cam-
bridge, Mass. Some years the larvae are so
numerous, from late in June until October,
as to nearly destroy beds of C. fricolor and
to seriously damage the appearance of plants
of J. purpurea. The larva usually eats into
the leaf and flower buds of C. ¢récolor; on J.
purpurea it begins eating the tips of the ad-
vancing stems, but the growth of the plant is
so rapid that the larva is soon left below,
among leaves which have become larger.
The larva then, in most cases, eats half-way
through the petiole of a large leaf; the leaf
soon wilts and the larva finds shelter beneath
the wilted portion. Asimilar habit of eating
the stem half through to make parts of a
plant wilt, and thus to furnish a protecting
shelter, is mentioned by Greening (Entom.
mo. mag., July 1867, v. 4, p- 39-40) in the
case of the larvae of the English species Ox-
yvptilus hieractt, which feed upon Teucrium
scorodonia. P. monodactylus has been record-
ed from Mass., N. Y., Ill., Cal., Oreg., and
Europe.
Lioptilus homodactylus Walk. (Cat. lep.
het., pt. 30, p. 941). According to Walsing-
ham this species is possibly the same as Z.
hololeucos, Zell. .(Verh. zool.-bot. gesells.
Wien, 1874, bd. 24, p. 445). Larva aud
chrysalis described by Coquillett (Papilio.
April 1882, v. 2, p. 62); the larva “feeding on
Solidago mtssourtensis. Imago described
‘and figured by Walsingham (Pteroph. Cal,
and Oreg., 1880, p. 50-53, pl. 3, fig. -8-9). I
took one specimen in Cambridge, Mass., 10
July 1879. Mass., ?N. Y., Cal., Oreg.
Lioptilus helianthi Wism. (Pteroph. Cal.
and Oreg., 1880, p. 54-55). Figure of imago
(2. c., pl. 3, fig. 11), which was reared from
larva found feeding on a species of Heléan-
thus. Oreg.
Lioptilus sericidactylus Murtfeldt (Amer.
entom., Oct. 1880, v. 3, p. 235-236). Miss
Murtfeldt (2. ¢.) describes the egg, larva,
pupa and imago of this species; the larva
feeds on the leaves and flowers of Vernonia
noveboracensts. I took a specimen of this
species on Mt. Washington, N. H., 14 July
1874. N.H., Mo.
Lioptilus kellicotti? Fish (Can. entom.,
July 1881, v. 13, p. 141). Fish states (igen
that this is the species of which the larva,
described by Kellicott (2. c., June 1880, v. 12,
p- 105-106), bores in the stems of Solidago.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Aciftilus lobidactylus Fitch (1st and 2nd
Rept: ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 143-144)= age
larvae of this species are sometimes very
abundant on Solidago ? canadensis, in Cam-
bridge, Mass.,-during June. The larvae are
clothed with green or brownish hairs which
have dew-like drops of clear liquid upon
them. The period of pupation, of from six
to nine days, is in the latter part of June or
the early part of July. Mass., N. Y.
Aciptilus montanus W\sm. (Pteroph. Cal.
and Oreg., 1880, p. 59-60). Note by Kelli-
cott (Can. entom., June, 1880, v. 12, p. 106)
upon a larva eating the foliage of Sol/dago;
this larva is stated by Fish (Can. entom.,
July 1881, v. 13, p. 141) to be that of A. mon-
tanus. Imago figured by Walsingham (Pte-
roph. Cal. and Oreg., 1880, pl. 3, fig. 14).
aleser oN. Y.
Alucita hexadactyla, Linn. (Wocke, Cat,
3211). Frisch (Besch. y. allerley insecten
in Teutschland, 1721, th. 3, p. 19-20, tab: 7)
figures and describes the larva and imago,
giving the food of the larva as the buds of
[Lonicera| caprifolium. Imago figured by
Walsingham (Pteroph. Cal. and Oreg., 18So,
Pl Za. 16) 2. eal. Ores:
Saunders (Ann. rept. Entom. soc. Ontario,
1873, p- 14-15) describes the larva of an un-
determined species of Pterophorus which fed
on the raspberry (/ubus).
G: Dimmock.
PSYCHE.
[2892-2899] 405
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward thetr works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets [ |, marks the time at which the
work was vecetved, unless an earlier date of publication ts known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
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schichte ... [Rec., 2003].
Erandt, Eduard. Beitriige zur Kenntnis des
Nervensystems der Dipterenlarven. Vor-
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Brauer, Friedrich. Ueber Latreille’s Segment
médiaire und das Metathorax-Stigma der
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Cholodkowsky, N. Zur Anatomie der ¢7vea
pellionella. (Zool. Anzeiger, 22 May 1882,
jahrg. 5, p. 262-264.)
Testes and malpighian tubes of ¢/xea pellronella; the
malpighian tubes are six in number in the larva, but
only two in the imago. G: D. (2894)
Delpino, Federico, Impollinazione e fecon-
dazione nel cotonee in altre specie. (Re-
vista botanica, 1880, p. 41-42.)
Abstract of W: Trelease’s *‘Nectar, its nature, occur-
rence, and uses...” [Rec. 2475], his “‘Fertilization of
several species of /obel/ia” (Amer. nat., July 1879, v. 13,
P- 427-432) [Rec., 1625], and his ‘The fertilization of our
native species of cl/torfa and centrosema’’ (Amer. nat.,
Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 688-692) [Rec., 1549]. W: Z. (2895)
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Notice of.] (Springfield [Mass.] d. republi-
canwteeo: 12 Ao, p..6, col. fi nicm-; 25
ENUGa oO, COl, 6,16 'cm.; I Sép., p- 5,.col:
2,45 cm.)
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logy” [Rec., 2181], of C: V. Riley’s ‘Additional notes
on the army worm...” and of C: V. Riley’s “Some
recent practical results of the cotton worm inquiry...’
1G: 2D). (2890)
Entomological club of the American association for the
advancement of science, see AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
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the United States. (Proc. Amer. philos.
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Separate, [Phil.|, 30 Sept. 1573. t.-p.
cover, p. 273-360, pl. 5. 24X15, t 17X9.7-
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P- 93-)
Rev., by E. C. Rye. (Zool. rec. for 1873
... Van Voorst, Lond., 1875, v. 10, p- 259.)
Figures g species. ree eG
Describes some new species and the following new
genera: tribalister, anapleus, teretriosoma and aeletes.
W. T. (2897)
Horn, G: H:, see LEConTE, J: L. andG: H: Horn.
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on the genus antigaster of Walsh. (Can.
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asynonym of expelmus, Dalm, G: D. (2898)
Jager, Gustav, see Martin, P. L. Die Praxis der
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LeConte, J: Lawrence. Additional descrip-
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(Proc. Amer. philos. soc., 1 Feb. 1878, v.
17, P- 373-434-)
Appendix to E. A. Schwarz’ “The coleoptera of Flo-
rida” [Rec. 2904]; description of the 5 new genera rhi-
noscepsis | pselaphidae], senterae = [witidulidae], byrrho-
des [ptinidae|, zaplous [cerambycidae|,and dignamptus
[tenebrionidae|; mention or description ot 148 [139
new] species, the new species, belonging to the genera
dyschirius, onota, platynus, LOXANDRUS, Selenophorus,
hydroporus, dineutes, OCHTHEBIUS, rhtnoscepsis, rhe-
wus, TRIMIUM, euplectus, ACYLOPHORUS, gwedius,
CRYPTOBIUM, PAEDERUS, PALAMINUS, brachypeplus,
smicrips, sct anus, oenets, pentilia, saprinus, acritus,
geotrupes, diplotaxts, anomala, taphrocerus, nematodes,
anchastus, athous, cyphon, lucidota, photinus, ozogna-
thus, hemiptychus, CAYORAMA, dorcatoma, CAENOCERA,
byvrhodes, elaphidium, leptostylus, zaplous, donacia,*
diabrotica, oedtonychis, argopistes, sphaeroderma,
CHAETOCNEMA, blapstinus, diguampius, phaleria, pla-
tydema, HYPOPHLOEUS, STRONGYLIUM, XYLOPHILUS,
dircaea, mordella, conotrachelus, acalles, cryptorhyn-
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cryphalus, euxenus; synopsis of the species o1 we
genera named above in SMALL CAPITALS; fizures of
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Hf: W. T.;-E. A. S. (2899)
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Appendix to E. A. Schwarz’s “The coleoptera of
Florida” [Rec., 2904]. A few species are common to
the Antilles and biorida. HT; W. T. (2900)
LeConte, J: Lawrence avd G: H: Horn.
The rhynchophora of America norta cf
Mexico. (Proc. Amer. philos. soc., Dec.
1876, v. 15, p- 1-16, 1-455.)
Separate, Phil., 1876. half-t.-p. cover, t.-
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Revaepy: B... Cr Rye (Zool. <rec... for
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Ins., p. 75-76, and at intervals on each p.
80-83, 85-104.)
Descriptions of families, sub-families, genera and
species. Dr. G: H: Horn contributes the monograph
of the offorhynchidae, p. 13-112; and B: P. Mann the
economic bibliography, p. 438-443. SO wer
Describes the following new genera: mtnyomerus,
anomadus, hormorus, ogasphaerops, calyptillus, eupa-
goderes, dichaxenus, melamomphus, anametis, orimode-
ma, diamimus, peritaxta, thricomigus, amnesia, nocie-
les, cimbocera, sciopithes, ogronus, neoplochus, thricole-
pis, peritelopsis, geoderces, aragnomus, dysticheus,
eucyllus, thinoxenus, rh ypodes, chaetechus, dtrotogna-
thus, aramigus, phacepholis, achrastenus, omtleus,
cyphomimus, mitostylus, [OTIORHYNCHIDAE]; trigly-
phus, plinthodes, acmaegentus, trichclophus, lophato-
phus, hypomolyx, pachylobius. centrocleonus, cleonopsis,
cleonaspis, desmoris, onychylis, anchodemus, lixellus,
lissorhoptrus, pnigodes, phycocoetes, coccotorus, mac-
rorhoptus, alyca, proctorus, encalus, plocetes, thysano-
cnemts, tylopterus, paragoges, notolomus, micraicinus,
zaglyptus, microhyus, acamptus, eurhoptus, micromas-
tus, phyrdenus, zascelis, baropsis, acoptus, craponius,
cnemogonus, acallotes, orthoris, rhoptobaris, trichoba-
ris, autlobaris, onychobarts, pseudobaris, ampeloglypier,
pachybaris. stethobaris, microcholus, calandrinus, zy-
gobaris, barilepton, euchaetes, plocamus, hormops |[CUr-
CULIONIDAE]; érichischius, cactophagus, rhodobaenus,
yuccaborus,.gononotus, macrancylus, allomimus [CALAN-
DRIDAE]; thysanoes, chaetophloeus, hylurgops, scieris
[SCOLYTIDAE] ; Qonotropts, eurymycter, allandrus, toxo-
tropis, gonops, eusphyrus, phoenicobius, anthribulus,
euxenus | ANTHRIBIDAE]. E. A. S. (2901)
Macloskie,G: The endocranium and max-
illary suspensorium of the bee. (Amer.
nat., May 1881, y. 15, p- 353-362, fig. 1-6.)
Separate, with t.-p. cover + p. 353-362,
2 a Se CEE i By Lae Sn # Oe
Anatomy of the endocranium of the hee [apzs melit-
fica|, comparison of the structure of its endocranium
with that of other insects. G: D. (2902)
Marn, B: Pickman, see LEContE, J: L. and G: H:
Horn. The rhynchophora of America north of Mex-
ico [Rec., Ge
Martin, L., jr., see Martin, P. L. Die Praxis der
Naturgeschichte ... [Rec., 2903].
Martin, Paul, see Martin, P. L. Die Praxis der Natur-
geschichte... [Rec., 2903].
PSYCHE.
Martin, Philipp Leopold. Die Praxis der
Naturgeschichte. Ein vollstandiges Lehr-_
buch tuber das Sammeln lebender und tod-—
ter Naturk6rper; deren Beobachtung, Er-—
haltung und Pflege in freien und gefan-—
genen Zustand; Konservation, Préparation
und Aufstellungen in Sammlungen etc....
2e... Aufl. Weimar, B. F. Vorgt, 1880.
3 Theile, 23X15, t17.5X10.5. With atlas;
24X33, t 18.5 X24.5. v:
2ter Theil: Dermoplastik und Museolo-
gie, oder das Modelliren der Thiere und
das Aufstellen und Erhalten von Natura-
liensammlungen. Unter Mitwirkung von
Gustav Jager, [W.] Steudel und Paul Mar-
tin. Nebst einem Atlas von ro Tafeln nach
Zeichnungen von Paul Meyerheim, Friedr.
Specht und L. Martin juz. t.-p. cover,
16-+295 p. With atlas, M. 7.50.
Atlas zuq@Praxis - ... 2ter Theil aoe
cover, 10 pl. :
A general work on collecting and preparing specimens
for museums. Besides remarks on insects in different
parts of the book, p. 145-182 are devoted to the capture,
rearing and preparation of insects. The above direc-
tions are by Bauer, to which are added directions for
the preparation of microlepidoptera, by W. Steudel.
G: D. (2903) ©
Meyerheim, Paul, see Martin, P. L. Die Praxis der
Naturgeschichte ... [Rec., 2903].
Schwarz, Eugene Amandus. The coleo-
ptera of Florida. (Proc. Amer. philos. soc.,
t Feb. 1878, v.17, »- 353-372.) aie
Describes 34 new species, belonging to the genera
lebia, apenes, cyclonotum, sactum, scydmaenus, langu-
ria, tomarus, lathropus, laemophloeus, nemicelus, philo-
thermus, olibrus, brachyacantha, hyperaspts, strigo-
derma, taphrocerus, brachys, pachyscelus, temnopsophus,
eupactus, metachroma, chrysomela, systena, epitrix,
chaetocnema, mictorhopola, strongylium, hymenorus,
tsomitra, xylophilus, and glipa. ‘Vo this article are ap-—
pended the following: LeConTE, J: L. Additional
descriptions of new species of Florida coleoptera
[Rec., 2899] (p- 373-434) ; SCHWARZ, E. A. List of spe-
cies of coleoptera found in Florida [Rec., 2995] (p. 434-
459); LEContTE, J: L. Remarks on geographical distri- —
bution [Rec., 2900] (p. 470-472). HT; W. T. (294)
Schwarz, Eugene Amandus. List of species
of coleoptera found in Florida. (Proc.
Amer. philos. soc., 1 Feb. 1878, v. 17, p-
434-469. ) 4
Apparently very full list, appended to author’s “The
coleoptera of Florida” [Rec., 2904] with notes on habitat —
and abundance. : fT; W. T. (2995), ~
Scudder, S: Hubbard. The showiest but-
terfly of Glen Ellis (dasclarchia arthemts).
(Appalac iia, Dec. 1881, v. 2, p. 331-336-) =
Habits of b. erthemis in its different stages, and com- x
parison of this with other allied butterflies. Pe
G: D. (2906) —
Specht, Friedrich, see MARTIN, P.L. Die Praxis
Naturgeschichte ... [Rec., 2903]. —3
Steudel, W., see Martin, P.L. Die Praxis der Na
turgeschichte. .. [Rec., 2903]. “i
pas
oad
rae
al
7,
PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
Dr. C. V. Rivey calls attention, in the
American naturalist for August 1882, to
Doryphora juncta as an enemy of the egg-
plant, in Georgia.
Mr. JAmMes T. DEwey records, in the Ez/o-
mologist for Jan. 1882, the capture of a large
number of lepidoptera around an electric
light in Eastbourne, England.
ACCORDING to a paper by Miss Mary H.
Hinckley in the American naturalist for
August 1882, the tree-toad (Hyla versicolor)
feeds at first upon aphides but later its chief
food is flies; both kinds of insects are taken
only when alive.
A MONSTROSITY in a specimen of JZelo-
lontha vulgar?ts is described in the Exfomo-
logische nachrichten tor 15 June 1882. This
specimen has three feet on the left posterior
leg. The leg is about two millimetres shorter
than the corresponding leg on the other side
of the insect.
IN THE meeting of the Linnean society of
Loncon, on 16 March 1882, Mr. Smith show-
ed a bee caught alive in England, which had
a profuse growth of the Zsarza form of Cor-
diceps sphecocephala, a West Indian form,
the latter genus being closely allied to Cla-
viceps, or ergot.
’ Ix THE Extomologische nachrichten for
Sept. and 15 Oct. 1882 are two short but in-
teresting communications, one by Bieger and
one by Gauckler, on the effect of the food-
plants of lepidopterous larvae on the proauc-
tion of varieties. The species upon which
results were recorded are Bombyx quercus,
Arctia caja and Hadena fist.
‘‘Messrs. WILKINSON and Lawson, I have
heard, used to place their rubbish” from flood-
ing of rivers ‘*in a sieve, with a bag under-
neath, and then put a little ammonia amongst
it: the beetles immediately rushed away to
escape from the fumes, fell into the bag, and
so were easily eliminated and captured; I
have never tried this plan, but it seems feasi-
ble, unless the ammonia should kill the
407
smaller and more delicate species before they
could escape. A basin with steep sides is
the best vessel in which to examine flood-
refuse.” ‘*The rubbish may be kept for a
long times, and yet be productive. It is
always as full of larvae as of beetles, and
these will breed out and fresh species keep
appearing.” —W. W. Fowler in the &xtomo-
logist, June 1882, v. 15, p. 125.
IN THE May (1882) meeting of the Lin-
nean Society of London, Mr. P. H. Gosse
made a communication ‘‘dealing with clasp-
ing organs auxiliary to the generative parts
in certain groups of lepidoptera. After
preliminary remarks the author mentions his
mode of manipulation, and proceeds to a
description of the organs in question, finally
dealing with the modification of the apparatus
as investigated in a very considerable num-
ber of the species of the genera Oruithoptera
and Papilio.”
Dr. O. SCHMIEDEKNECHT, of Gumperda,
in Thiiringen, read a paper at one of the
monthly meetings of the ‘‘Irmischia,” at
Erfurt, tecently, a short report of which
appears in the Extomologische nachrichten,
15 Nov. 1881, jahrg. 7, p. 321-323; in which
he enumerated a large number of European
species of Bombus which are subject to wide
variatior , describing their variant colorational
characters, and stating that even the male
characters, which must be relied on for speci-
fic discrimination, are variable to some
extent. Probably similar differences are to
be detected in our own species.
Dr. Juttus NATHAN notices the lack of
sensitiveness of larvae of Lristalzs to bad
odors, in Kosmos, jabrg. 6, p. 298. Having
had his attention called to the subject by an
experiment of Darwin’s, he sought to stupefy
the larvae of Eristalis tenax, in the same
way as he had done with lepidopterous larvae.
The larvae of Eyrzstal7s, however, took no
notice of small quantities of chloroform; it
was only after Dr. Nathan used an amount
of chloroform sufficient to stupefy a child
408
that he brought about a suspension of motion
of the larvae. He concludes therefrom that
the larvae of Zristalzs, which inhabit stink-
ing water, are only slightly sensitive to
strong-smelling substances.—Tr. from En-
tomogische nachrichten, 15 Aug. 1882, jahrg.
9; pai 2e2%
A NEW MUSEUM PEST.—Mrs. A. E. Bush,
an esteemed correspondent of San José, Cal.,
complains lately in her letters of the ravages
of a dermestid in her insect collection, and
from specimens, larvae and imagos, lately
sent to us, we find that the species in question
is the handsome Perimegatoma variegatum
Horn. We do not find that this species was
ever known before as a museum pest, and
there is danger that it may become distrib-
uted in insect collections all over the country,
just as have the other species of the same
family, which are so well-known and dreaded
by entomologists.—Amer. naturalist, Oct.
1882, v. 16, p. 826.
Dr. BERGMANN has lately shown that for-
mic and acetic acids are met with, as constit-
uents of protoplasm, throughout the whole
vegetable kingdom, and can be regarded as
constant products of metastasis in vegetable
protoplasm. It is very likely that formic
acid, at least, will be found in all insects, as
soon as they have been carefully studied.
Dr. Bergmann thinks it probable that propio-
nic, butyric, caproic, or even this whole series
of acids, are universally distributed in the
vegetable kingdom. There are however, in
my opinion, certain arresting processes in
the retrogressive tissue-metamorphosis that
cause insects to develop usually for the most
part formic, sometimes butyric, rarely—as in
beeswax—cerotic acid. God:
WE quoTe the following interesting note
by J. Jenner Weir, from the Extomologist for
July 1882: ‘‘Danaine butterflies not subject
to the attack of mites.—In the Proceedings
of the Entomological society for the year
1877, p. xii, Mr. Meldola remarks that ‘he had
observed that certain distasteful species of
te CREE,
lepidoptera preserved their disagreeable qual-
ities after death, in proof of which he exhib-
ited some butterflies found among an old
collection of Indian insects, the greater part
of which had been demolished by mites.
The surviving specimens were all of protect-
ed species, viz., four of a Euploea, one of
Danais plexippus, and one of Papilio pam-
mon. Euploea and Danas were well known
to be protected genera, since they serve for
models of mimetic resemblances. With re-
gard to Papilio pammon, Mr. Meldola stated
that, in his belief, it was in some way dis-
tasteful, as he had seen it in swarms on the
island of Nancoury, Nicobar islands, in
April, 1875.” In Mr. Meldola’s valuable
translation of Dr. Aug. Weismann’s ‘Studies
on the theory of descent,’ p. 337, the transla-
tor, in a footnote, makes a similar statement.
I lately became possessed of four cases of
Indian lepidoptera, which had been almost
entirely destroyed by mites, but the danaine
butterflies were uninjured: there was one
species of Luploea and four of Danazs, in-
cluding D. chrysippfus, D. limniace, and
D. plexippus; the specimens of Papilio pam-
mon were also in fair condition.”
LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA.
Inflated larvae and well prepared lepiduptera and
colecptera of Europe, especially those of Germany,
soldat catalog-prices. Address
Dr. OSKAR KRANCHER,
Bayrische Strasse, 12, II, r,
Leipzig, Germany.
WANTED.
Annual Reports entom. soc. of Ontario for
1870 and 1878.
Lintner. Entomological contributions (any
part). -
Riley. Reports state entom. Missouri (any year).
Address, stating price postpaid,
EDITOR OF P3YCHE,
Cambridge, Mass.
No. 100 was issued 15 Jan. 1883.
ee Tt.
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. |
EPL ED BY
G: Dirwmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickmMAN Mann, Washington, D.C.;
ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich. ; CLirForp CuasE Eaton, Cambridge,
Mass.; Francis HuntTINGTON Snow, Lawrence, Kansas.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
W: Barnes, H: Epwarps, ROLAND HAYWARD, S: HENSHAW, H: ALBERT ROBIN, FRANK
G: ScHaupp, S: HuBBARD SCUDDER, ROLAND THAXTER. W: TRELEASE,
H: Warp TuRNER, JOSEPH MARTIN WILSON.
Vol. 3. Nos. 103-104.
NovVEMBER—DECEMBER 1882.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS s : : : : : : é
THE Cocoons oF CIONUS SCROPHULARIAE — George Dimmock
Notes ON PTEROPHORIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA. 2— George Dimmock
EDITORIAL NOTICE : 2 ; : : ; :
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES — Cambridge Entomological Club
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD, no. 2907-3100 : : 5
SysTEMATIC INDEX TO PSYCHE, VOL. 3 — George Dimmock
PAGING OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD OF PSYCHE, VOL. 3
ALPHABETICAL INDEx TO PSYCHE, VOL. 3—- George Dimmock
CoRRECTIONS
CamBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PusLisHED By GEORGE DIMMoOcK.
410
411-413
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414
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418-430
431-452
453
455-463
465-468
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $2. VOLUME, $5. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 20c
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Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE,
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Subscriptions also received in Europe by
R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
Carlstrasse 11, Berlin, N. W.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES
WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange
or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs,
caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidoptera.
Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpil-
lars, which should be prepared by inflation. Corres-
pondence is invited with persons engaged in the
study of the early stages of butterflies.
S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
COCCIDAE WANTED.
The undersigned is desirous of obtaining, by ex-
change or otherwise, specimens of as many species of
the COCCIDAE as possible, for the purpose of making
a study of the North American forms. Those found
infesting cultivated plants especially desired. Living
specimens preferred when they can be obtained.
J. HENRY COMSTOCK,
Department of Entomology,
The Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y,
LEPIDOPTERA AND COLEOPTERA.
Inflated larvae and well prepared lepidoptera and
coleoptera of Europe, especially those of Germany,
sold at catalog-prices. Address
DR. OSKAR KRANCHER,
Bayrische Strasse, 12, II, r,
Leipzig, Germany.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North Ameri-
can TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the purpose of
studying this family. I shall be glad to name and
return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this
purpose, Save such as may prove new and desirable
to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to
PROF, C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lepi-
doptera bought or exchanged for other species. by
Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de
la Société d’Acclimatation de France),
Tudor Villa, Tudor Road, Norbiton,
Kingston-on-Thames, England,
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north
of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and
I5 varieties, on one octavo page. Will be sent by
mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mas>-
ee dB.
THE COCOONS OF
BY GEORGI
The cocoons of Cionus scrophulariae
furnish an illustration of striking simi-
larity of form of insect structures. to
parts of a plant. Geoffroy!, in 1762,
without, of course, perceiving any cause
for this similarity, writes of this species :
‘“‘When their larvae, after having de-
voured the leaves of the Scrophularia,
have arrived at their full size and are
ready to transform, they make at the
tip of the stems a sort of slightly trans-
parent bladder in which they enclose
themselves and undergo their metamor-
puosis. This and quite
bladder appears to be produced by a
viscid moisture with which the larva
is covered. How can the insect form
this round vesicle with this sort of
glue? This [ have been unable to per-
ceive. I have only found the larvae
just enclosed in this vesicle; I have
seen them there the form of
pupae, and finally the perfect insect has
come out of them before my _ eyes.
These vesicles are of the size of the
shells which contain the seeds of the
Serophularia and are often mingled with
them; but they are easily distinguished
round firm
under
1 Geoffroy, E. L.
se trouvent aux environs de Paris...
297.
Histoire abrégée des insectes qui
1762, V. 1, Pp. 277;
DIMMOCK,
CIONUS SCROPHULARIAE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
by their transparency and by their round
form that differs from the fruit of the
Scrophularia,
point.”
which terminates in a
Again the same author writes,
“This larva forms at the extremity of
the branches, near the flower-buds a
round shell resembling a bladder, where
it undergoes metamorphosis and from
which, at the end of several days, I have
seen the perfect insect emerge.” The
preceding is the earliest mention I have
found of the cocoons of Cionus. About
a dozen writers have since written notes
upon and descriptions of the cocoons
of the genus.
Hermann Miiller?, in 1879, figures
cocoons of C. scrophulariae on a sprig
of Scrophularia writes of
them, ‘‘We find a_ still more delusive
similarity of cocoons to other objects,
and indeed in this case to objects imme-
diately around them, that is to the
ovaries of the plant on which they are
found, in a common little curculionid,
Cionus scrophulariae, which feeds in
the state upon the leaves of
Scrophularia nodosa and spins itself for
pupation into brown oval cocoons on
the blossom and fruit stems of the
nodosa and
larval
2 Miiller, H. Schiitzende aehnlichkeit einheimischer
insekten. (Kosmos, bd. 6, p. 119.)
412
same These placed
among the ovaries of the plant, can
scarcely be distinguished from them,
the cocoons are neither pointed
plant. cocoons,
altho
nor do they have the cleft which sepa-
rates, even exteriorly, the capsule into
two halves.”
The cocoon, as has been mentioned by
other writers, is usually fastened to a
pedicel of one of the ovaries just beneath
the ovary itself, being readily distin-
guishable from the ovary by its trans-
parency and form, and the end of the
cocoon farthest from the ovary is cut off
like a roundish lid by the beetle in
emerging.
I find no correct notice, however, of
the little punctures dot the
cocoon. These holes have an appear-
ance as if pricked from within the
cocoon with a fine needle, for their
margin is somewhat elevated outside, as
is the edge of a needle-hole in paper.
The diameter of the holes themselves is
0.05 mm. to 0.06 mm., and they are
scattered about on the sides of the
cocoon at quite irregular distances from
each other. On the end of the cocoon
toward the ovary of the plant, which is
usually also the upper end of the cocoon,
these punctures are very rarely to be
found, but on the other of the
cocoon they are as abundant as they are
upon the sides.
The function of these punctures is,
probably, to admit air to the enclosed
pupa, for the cocoon-material itself is
very firm in texture and impervious both
to water and to air. The protrusion of
the margins of each puncture is appar-
ently to prevent the entrance of water.
The exterior surface of the cocoon is
which
end
PST CHE:
not, as is often the case with such strue-
tures, repellent to water; it moistens
readily, but these punctures mostly re-
main open while it is moist. They fur-
nish thus an inlet for air, an outlet for
the moisture emanating from the pupa
during its metamorphosis, and still they
prevent the entrance of water in rainy
weather; their rarity or absence from
the upper end of the cocoon being appar-
ently further protection from the force
of raindrops. Quite possibly, too, the
protruded margins of the punctures pre-
vent the entrance of spores of fungi
which would be injurious to the pupa.
Westwood? describes the cocoon of
C. scrophulariae as **formed with open
meshes, like that of the Hyperae.”
This statement by Westwood, probably
made upon the authority of Schiffer? is
criticized by Osborne,®? who writes,
‘“These cocoons are prolate spheroids,
lemon-shaped, but not pointed at the
ends, and are sparsely covered in the
middle region raised whitish
‘goose-skin’ points, which appear to be
produced by the subsequent filling up of
small openings left in the original
making of the cocoon. A cocoon seen
in the unfinished state would present
cribriform openings, but would not even
then be like the network cocoon of
Hypera.” Osborne writes further:
‘The pupae at first are extremely deli-
almost like transparent glass ;
with
eate,
3 Westwood, J. O. An introduction to the modern
1839, V- I, P- 343-
4 Schiffer, J. C. Abhandlungen von insekten,...
1779, V- 3; pl. 9.
5 Osborne, J. A. Onthe cocoons formed by Hypera
rumicis and its parasites and Cionus scrophulartae.
(Entom. mo. mag., 1879, v. 16, p. 16-18.)
classification of insects...
BSP.
become greenish or whitish and opaque
after some time; and, if exposed to too
dry an atmosphere, both pupation and
the exclusion of the imago are rendered
impossible or difficult. Therefore, I
imagine a close, membranaceous cocoon
is a necessity.” :
I have found, in examining a large
number of specimens of cocoons of C.
scrophulariae, no exception to the exis-
tence of punctures in them, altho the
punctures are never large enough to be
termed open meshes. Were it not for
these punctures the cocoons of C.
scrophulariae would be, to all appear-
ances, hermetically sealed. ‘This is not
the case with the cocoons of bombycidae,
as can be seen readily, by covering a
portion of a cocoon with soapy water
NOTES
415
and blowing through the portion to be
tested. The numerous bubbles
form on the outside in such an experi-
ment are clear proof of the passage of
air through the cocoon-walls. Even the
very compact inner lining of the cocoon
which
of Altacus promethea readily allows the
passage of air.
Treated with dilute acids the cocoon
of C. scrophulariae shows little change ;
alkalies dissolve out of it, as they do
out of cocoons of bombycidae and even
out of portions of insects themselves, a
brownish-yellow coloring matter, which
loses its color on being acidulated, and
regains it upon again making the solu-
tion alkaline. The whole cocoon of C.
scrophulariae is soluble in strong nitric
acid.
ON PTEROPHORIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA, 2.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
In the list of references concerning
pterophoridaz which I published in
PsycuE, Sept.-Oct. 1883, v. 3, p. 402-
404, I omitted, by some accident, all
references to a paper published by Dr.
D. S. Kellicott in the Bulletin of the
Buffalo society of natural sciences for
January 1882, and afterwards as a
separate. Wishing to make my notes
as complete as possible I add the follow-
ing data taken from that paper, the title
of which is ‘‘ Notes on the larvae of some
local pterophoridae.”
Platyptilus carduidactylus Riley. Kelli-
cott (Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Jan. 1882, v.
4, P- 47) gives notes on the larva and pupa
of this species, and states that it is often
parasited by a variety of /chneumon humilts,
Provancher.
Oedematophorus cretidactylus Fitch (1st
and 2nd Repts. nox. ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 142).
Kellicott (Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Jan.
1882, v. 4, p. 48-50) describes the larva and
pupa of this species. The gregarious larvae
feed upon Eupatorium purpureum, the
leaves of which they fasten together with a
web. N. Y., Cal., Vancouver’s Isl.
Lioptilus homodactylus Walk. Kellicott
(Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Jan. 1882, v. 4, p.
48-50) describes larva and pupa of this spe-
cies. The gregarious larvae feed among
leaves of Eupatorium purpureum which they
have webbed together. Buffalo, N. Y.
Actptilus montanus, Wlsm. Kellicott
(Bull. Buffalo soc. nat. sci., Jan. 1882, v. 4,
p- 51-52) describes larva and pupa; the former
feeds upon the leaves of different species of
Solidago. Buffalo, N. Y.
414
PSYC:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., NOV.-DEC. 1882.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies
should be addressed to Epirors OF PSYCHE, Cam-
bridge, Mass. Communications for publication in
Psycue must be properly authenticated, and no anony
mous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the
statements made tn their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not
be reviewed tn P3YCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad-
vertising columns.
EDITORIAL NOTICE.
In closing the third volume of PsycHE
with this double numero and the indexes
which accompany it, the editors certainly owe
an apology to the subscribers who have
waited over two years for the completion of
the volume. The making of the Systematic
index could not be carried to any consider-
able extent before the index to volume two
was published. as the decimal classification
of subjects in that volume was to be used as
a basis for the classification in the present
index. Causes similar to those which de-
layed the issue of the index to volume two
also prevailed to some extent in the present
case, but it is expected that the index to vol-
ume four will be prepared soon after the com-
pletion of the volume.
As was foreseen when volume three was
begun, the form of recording then adopted
for PsycHe has enabled the editors to fur-
nish record of more articles in this volume
than were recorded in volumes one and two
combined, viz., 1854 paragraphs, whereas
volume one contained 715 and volume two
731 paragraphs. As in the earlier volumes,
the index pages, though very elaborate and
costly, are nearly all given in excess of the
PSTCHE.
regular number of pages due to subscribers.
The indexes are furnished only to subscribers
to the whole volume, or for an extra charge
of one dollar to subscribers for less than a
volume.
After the issue of this numero the price of
volume three of Psycue, either in ordinary
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be five dollars, the sanie price as is charged
for volume four, or two copies, one in each
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Gi Ds
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
(Continued from p. 4o2.)
12 May 1882—85th meeting. Col. T. W.
Higginson, of Cambridge, Mass., and Mr.
Leland O. Howard, of Washington, D. C.
were elected active members of the Club.
Dr. H. A. Hagen exhibited slides of the
female genitalia in Clothilla (a psocid), and
Prodoxus dectfiens (a tineid), showing the
peculiar organs on the vesicula seminalis,
whose probable function is to open the sper-
matophores. Dr. Hagen showed plates illus-
trating theseorgans. In Cloth/lla this organ
is a horny plate with teeth to open sperma-
tophores and holes at the base of the teeth
to !et in spermatozoa. He mentioned the
fact that, in Prodoxus, the whole length of the
vesicula seminalis was nearly one-half that
of the insect and nearly filled the abdomen.
Dr. H. A. Hagen mentioned the familiar
red-spotted appearance of the testes and sper-
matophores in Danias archippus.
Mr. S. H. Scudder stated that he had
received, that day, from Mr. J. S. Kingsley,
of Worcester, Mass., living specimens of a
species of Scolofendrella differing from that
mentioned by the speaker at the last meeting
PS ICELE .
of the entomological section of the Boston
society of natural history, and which Mr.
Kingsley called S. ryder. It seemed to be
closely allied to, if not the same as, Packard’s
S. americana.
Dr. H. A. Hagen called attention to the
similarity between the fossil, considered thy-
sanuran by Mr. Scudder, mentioned at the
last meeting, and the early stages of Hydrach-
na.
Dr. H. A. Hagen mentioned the longevity
of the larvae of Prodoxus, he having larvae
now which have been living since 1879.
Voted *that when we adjourn it should be
until the regular date of meeting in October.
13 Oct. 1882.—86th meeting. Mr. S: H.
Scudder called attention to the three plates of
Buckton’s ‘‘Monograph of the British aph-
ides” on which are figures of fossil species,
including those from amber.
Dr. H. A. Hagen recommended that the
author’s attention be called to the collection
of insects from amber, possessed by Kiinow,
of Kénigsberg, Germany.
Dr. H. A. Hagen called attention to the
tracks made by the larvae of gom- .
phidae. These tracks consist of two
series of foot-prints due to the dif- .
ferent distances of the feet from the
median line. Dr. Hagenthought. .|. .
that he had seen similar marks on rocks.
[See Mature, 21 Dec. 1882, v. 27, p. 173;
for further details. ]
Mr. G: Dimmock showed eggs, cocoons
and imagos of Eugonia alniaria, and made
remarks on the earlier stages of this species.
Mrs. A. K. Dimmock exhibited leaves of
the syringa, Philadelphus coronartus, which
had been mined by the larva of a dipteron,
of which pupae and imagos were shown.
The mines were characterized by a peculiar
arrangement of the excrement of the larvae
in little curves. and were very
about Cambridge.
Dr. H. A. Hagen, spoke of mines caused
by dipterous larvae in the leaves of nastur-
tium (Tropaeolum), and Mr. Dimmock of
abundant
415
mines of dipterous larvae in leaves of dock
(Rumex), about Cambridge.
Mr. G: Dimmock said that the odor so no-
ticeable when larvae of Aftacus cecropia were
handled came from glands situated in each of
the tubercles of the larvae. [For further de-
tails see PSYCHE, v. 3, p. 387- |
Mr. S: H. Scudder called attention to the
poison of the larvae of a species of Lagoa.
When allowed to crawl upon the arm, or
upon any tender part of the skin, this larva
leaves behind it a pathway which soon be-
comes red and often quite severely painful.
Mr. R. Hayward described some experi-
ments which he had made to test the stinging
power of Ayferchiria to.
Dr. H. A. Hagen, after giving the reasons
why a late entomological excursion by Mr. S:
Henshaw and himself was made to Washing-
ton Territory, remarked upon the synonymy
of some species of Papzl7o found on the ex-
At Yumatilla, Oreg., and across the
river from there, in Washington Territory, a
species of Papilio, supposed to be P. macha-
on, was taken in company with P. zolicaon.
Later it was found that P. zolcaon and P.
oregonus were the same species. P. orego-
nus is very Closely like P. alaska. All of these
are only climatic or regional variations of P.
machaon, which extends around the northern
hemisphere as a series of remarkable varie-
ties. P. rutulus and P. turnus when com-
pared show that the former is a western and
the latter an eastern form; the differences are
slight and not constant in each species. P.
rutulus has, however, no dark-colored female.
P. rutulus is found as far east as between
Salt Lake, Utah, and Fort Bridger, Wyom.
P. daunus and P. rutulus ave probably also
synonyms, altho more and better material is
needed to decide this point. Dr. Hagen then
discussed larval characters in some species of
Papilio, especially in P. machaon.
Mr. G: Dimmock believed that larvae of
Attacus polyphemus could pupate, if driven
by hunger, before the last larval stage, and
menticned that he had a number of dwarf co-
cursion.
416
coons produced by keeping the larvae hungry,
Larvae of Thyreus abbotii, of which both di-
morphic larval forms are common in Cam-
bridge, possibly sometimes drop one larval
stage.
Mr. G: Dimmock was elected secretary and
Mr. B: P. Mann treasurer, in place of Mr.
W : Trelease, whose resignation of the office
of secretary-treasurer was announced.
10 Nov. 1882.—87th meeting...
Dr. H. A. Hagen called attention to the
subject of acceleration of development in the
larvae of lepidoptera, and especially to its
occurrence where many larvae are crowded to-
gether. After referring to some cases men-
tioned in his paper ‘‘On some insect deform-
ities” (Memoirs Mus. comp. zool., May 1876,
v. 2,no 9), Dr Hagen said that Péerts me-
napia sometimes so hastens the process of
pupation, when crowded, that the pupa lacks
the usual encircling thread and is only sus-
pended by the tip of the abdomen, and, in
one case the process was so hurried that only
the anterior part of the chrysalis was formed.
Mr G: Dimmock exhibited dwarf cocoons
of Afttacus polyphemus. the dwarfing of
which was produced by starving the larvae.
The average weight of the ten dwarf cocoons
exhibited was 1.2 grams, while the average
weight of nine cocoons from larvae reared
in similar circumstances, but not starved,
was 3.8 grams. It is possible to make the
larva of A. polyfhemus spin a cocoon when
it is only between 2.5 and 3 cm. long, by
gradually diminishing its food-supply; this
formation of dwarfs by starvation is not pos-
sible, to the same marked extent, with larvae
of A cecropia, A. promethea or A. luna.
The lightest weight of any cocoon of A.
polyphemus possessed by Mr. Dimmock was
0.2 gram, but this cocoon was occupied
by a dead larva. Next in weight was one
which weighed 0.3 gram, and which con-
tained a cocoon of an ichneumon. Para-
sitism usually reduces the weight of cocoons.
The most promising dwarf cocoon was one
weighing 1.8 grams, which was very sensi-
PSTCHE.
tive to disturbance, the pupa within it writh-
ing about on slight touch. The pupa of
A. luna are usually much more sensitiye
than those of A. polyphemus; their weight
less, however; the average
weight of seven well-developed cocoons of
The weights of
all the above-mentioned cocoons are proba-
bly slightly less than they would be if the
larvae had been reared in the open air.
Dr. H. A. Hagen showed a very large
specimen of the £¢ppoboscidae, probably a
new species, which had been found on a
swallow. Its length was one centimetre;
it had no ocelli; its wings were rudimentary,
not broken off, as is usually the case with
the females of ¢Afoboscidae, and the round-
ed rudiments of wings had veins and a
Dr. Hagen alluded further
to the number of species of the family and to
the wide distribution of each species.
Dr. H. A. Hagen exhibited egg-shells of
a hemipterous insect, which were found ona
grape-vine in California. At first sight the
eggs would be mistaken for those of some
species of bombycidae, being white banded
with brown, and barrel-formed. The first
larval skin remained within the eggs togeth-
er with a little three-pointed egg-burster. Dr.
Hagen then described the modes by which
some larvae with sucking mouth-parts escape
is generally
A. luna was only 2 grams.
marginal fringe.
from the egg, drawing especial attention to
the cephalic saw by which the larva of Chry-
sopa and of other hemerobidae extricate them-
selves from their eggs.
Mr. R. Thaxter showed a larva of Papilio
cresphontes taken by Mr. N. Coleman, in_
Berlin, Conn., 13 Oct. 1882. This species
has been found afew years past about Berlin,
Conn.
Mr. G: Dimmock mentioned that out of
about a dozen pupae of Tkhyreus abbotit
which he attempted to carry to Germany, in
1879, not a single specimen survived the
voyage. Dr. Hagen remarked on the modes
of packing best suited for carrying pupae on
oceanic voyages.
PSTOCTE.
Mr. G. Dimmock stated that, in seven
hours, collecting near Mt. Wachusett (in
Princeton, Mass.), 26 Aug. 1882, he had
taken 96 larvae of lepidoptera belonging to
44 species; among these were 18 larvae (9
species) of geometridae. In one hour's col-
lecting, near Waverly, Mass., 30 Aug. 1882.
he had taken 19 specimens (g species) of
lepidopterous larvae. In both cases many
specimens had been rejected as undesirable.
Dr. H. A. Hagen called attention to Prof.
J. D. Whitney’s new work, entitled ‘*The
climatic changes of later geological times”...
Cambridge (Memoirs Mus. comp. zool., v.
7, no. 2, part, 3) 1882, as showing how, after
much had been written concerning the influ-
ence of the great glacial sheet, that was sup-
posed to have once covered North America,
upon the distribution of insects, that, in the
opinion of Prof. Whitney, the glacial sheet
itself had never existed to the extent that
had been supposed.
18 Dec. 1882.—88th meeting. Mr. W: H.
Ashmead, of Jacksonville, Fla.; Prof. R: E.
Call, of David City, Neb.; Mr. S: E. Cas-
sino, of Boston, Mass.; and Mr. C: Fish, of
Brunswick, Me. were elected
bers.
Dr. H. A. Hagen said that he had long
thought that the thorax of insects is divided
into more parts than had been generally
supposed, that is, that each of its three seg-
ments was divisible into three smaller parts-
Entomologists would object to this view of
the structure of the thorax on account of
development. In Balfour’s Comparative em-
bryology we find that author regards ances-
tral forms as better indicated in the larvae,
especially if the larval life is long, than in
the egg. This removes objections. Dr.
Hagen had corresponded with Dr. Fritz
Miller, who would now, perhaps, extend
this subdivision of the segments to those of
the abdomen. In answer to a question if
the ganglionic arrangement of the nervous
system was not an objecton to these views,
active mem-
417
Dr. Hagen said that, on the contrary, there
were really three pair of ganglia in each seg-
ment.
Mr. G: Dimmock exhibited dwarfs of
Colias philodice (extreme possible expanse of
wing, 37 mm.), Papilio polyxenes (same mea-
surement, 65 mm.), and Pyramezs huntera
(same measurement. 50 mm.). The dwarf of
Papilio polyxenes was produced by keeping
the larva anc pupa in a dry room. It
emerged from pupa 27 March 1871. The
Colias philodice was said by Dr. Hagen to be
the form described by Fitch as C. santas; it
was taken in Springfield, Mass.
Mr. Wyllis A. Silliman remarked that a
species of white ant (Callotermes flavicollis? )
collected at Banyuls-sur-mer, Pyrénées-Orien-
tales, France. is infested with the same
organisms that Prof. Joseph Leidy has re-
cently described (Proc. Acad. SCl.,
Philad., 18So, 8, p- 425-447. pl.
51-52) from the intestine of Termes flavipes
of this country. Altho in doubt as to the
position of these forms in the scale of life,
Mr. Silliman thought that several of them
nat.
SEP. 2, ‘V-
are only stages of one species, and that the
“Vibrio termitis” of Leidy is the
spermatozoon of Pyrsonympha agilis. In
fact, the ‘‘pharyngeal sac” (Leidy) of the
latter species is always filled with ‘*Vibrios,”
which are seen to escape, under pressure,
so-called
from an anterior orifice. P. agzlis has no
stomach, but the protoplasm of the posterior
part of the body carries on an intracellular
digestion.
Mr.* G. Dimmock briefly described the
general appearance of a very large species of
gregarina which he had found abundantly in
the intestine of Scolopendra morsitans,
during March, April, and May, 1882, about
Banyuls-sur-mer, Pyrénées-Orientales, in
France. The full-grown parasites were from
six to eight millimetres in length, and hada
peculiarly formed cross-piece at the larger
end; the smaller end tapered gradually toa
point as it does in many species of gregaria.
418 [2907-2914]
PSYCHE,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as
published.
The date of publication, given in brackets []. marks the time at which the
work was received, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
Unless otherwise stated each record ts made directly from the work that ts noticed.
A colon after initial designates the most common giden name, as: A: Augustus; B: Ben-
G:> Charles:
jamin;
D: David; E: Edward; F: Frederic;
G: George; H: Henry;
I: Isaac; $: Fohn; K: Karl; L: Louis; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Perens
Richard: S: Samuel; T: Thomas; W: William.
note, are those of the recorder.
The initials at the end of each record, or
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Claypole, E: Wailer. The scientific names
of insects. (Can. entom., April 1879, v.
II, p- 61-64.)
Crit. rev. of G: D. Hulst’s article with same title
(Can, entom., Feb. 1879, v. 11, p. 22-25) [Rec., 2920}.
Hulst’s statement that *‘A feminine name must not be
joined to a masculine noun” is attacked, and citations
from classical Latin authors and of the usage of the
Latin and Romance languages are given to show that
“We have therefore abundant classical authority for
linking nouns of different genders in apposition in the
same name.” G: D. (2907)
Devereaux, Willard Loomis. Captures of
noctuidae at Clyde, Wayne co., N. Y.
(Can. entom., June 1879, v. II, p. t05-110.)
List of zoctuidae, principally taken at sugar, with
notes as regards rarity and date of capture; to this is
added a list of coleoptera seen at sugar, and it is noted
that hyla versicolor and bufo americanus attend the
bait to capture insects. G: D. (2708)
Edwards, W: H: [Correction. ]
tom., Apr. 1879, v. 11, p. 79-80.)
Correction of the author’s ‘Descriptions of new
species of butterflies collected by Mr. H. K. Morrison”
+ [Rec. 2910]. G: D. (2909)
(Can. en-
Edwards, W: H: Descriptions of new
species of butterflies collected by Mr. H.
K. Morrison, in Nevada, 1878; also, Re-
marks on some errors of synonymy and
arrangement. (Can. entom., March 1879,
v. I1, p. 49-56.)
Correction, by W: H: Edwards.
entom., Apr. 1879, v. 11, p- 79-80. )
Describes three new species of butterflies, argynunis
laura, satyrus paulus, and pholisora oricus, ail from
Nevada; notes on the synonymy and _ grouping
of certain North American species of argynnts.
G: D.- (2910)
(Can.
Edwards, W: H: Descriptions of new
species of North American butterflies ; also,
Notes upon certain species. (Can. en-
tom., May 1879, v. 11, p. 81-89.)
Describes argynnis hippolyta (Oreg. and Cal.), a.
chitone (Utah and Ariz.), and anthocharis stella (Nev.
and Cal.)\, 3 n. sp. of diurnal lepidoptera; gives synony-
mical and descriptive notes on argynnis nitocris, papi-
lio bairdii, p. asteroides (Reakirt, nec Strecker) and
on anthocharis thoosa. G: D. (2911)
Edwards, W: H: Notes upon the prepar-
atory stages of certain species of butter-
flies. No. 1. (Can. entom., July 1879, v.
MMi, (Pp. “E2713 7.5)
Describes larya and chrysalis of eres/@ texana, the
chrysalis of Phyciodes vesta, and the egg, larva and
chrysalis of me/itaea baronit; directions how to pack
eggs and larvae of butterflies for sending by mail.
G: D. (2912)
Grey, Robert Melrose. Remarks, critical and
suggestive, on the genus démenztis east of
the Mississippi. (Can. entom., Jan. 1879,
Vv: 11, p. 16-17.)
Rev., by A: R. Grote. (Can. entom.,
Feb. 1879, v. 11. p. 40.) [Rec., 2917. ]
Believes that //menitis ursula, 1. disippus, and 1.
proserpina “are plastic forms of one species”; notes on
colorational variations sometimes occurring in the first
two species. G: D. (2913)
Grote, A: Radcliffe.
of Psyche. |
Dhsp=.'70-.)
Objects ‘‘to the interjectional criticisms in the Biblio-
graphical record of Psyche,’ with especial reference to
the note of Rec. 1101, and adds, “In the present case the
criticism is essentially hasty and bad, but, if my
[ Bibliographical record
(Can. entom., Apr. 1879, v-
friendly advice to avoid such matters in future be taken,
I think it will not prove entirely unfortunate for the
publishers of Psyche.” : G: D. (2914)
PSEGHE:.
Grote, A: Radcliffe. Descriptions of two
species of agrotis, and two of apatela.
(Can. entom., March 1879, v. 11, p- 56-59.)
Describes, as new species, agrotis vocalis, a. vernilis,
and apatela parallela, from Colorado, and apatelu
distans, trom Canada. 7? D. (2915)
Grote, A: Radcliffe.
new N. Am. xoctutdae.
Feb. 1879, v. 11, p. 26-29.)
Transfers to graphiphora some species hitherto con-
sidered to belong to mamestra, dianthoecia, himella,
and acerra; describes three new species, 2. garmant
(from Ill.), 2. perbrunnea and heliophila dia (both from
Galt). G: D. (2916)
On graphiphora and
(Can. entom.,
Grote, A: Radcliffe [On /émenstis.| (Can.
entom-,-Meb. 1879; Vv. II, p- 40:)
The author regards the intermediate forms of the
species of /zmenitis mentioned in R. M. Grey’s ‘Re-
marks, critical and suggestive, on the genus /¢menttis
east cf the Mississippi” (Can. entom., Jan. 1879, v. I1,
p. 16-17) [Rec., 2913], as ‘tin an intermediate position
between varieties and species.” GD. (@o17)
Harrington, W: Hague. [Notes on insects. |
(Can. entom., June 1879, v. 11, p. 119-120.)
Notes rarity of lepidoptera about Ottawa, Canada,
in the early part of 1879; notes on buprestidae, on species
of monohammus, aud on epicanta cinerea, chelymorpha
cribraria and cicindela longilabris. G: D. (2918)
Hulst, G: Duryea. [Correction. }
entom., Apr. 1879, v. 11, p. 80.)
Correction of the author’s ‘*The scientific names of
insects” (of. cit., Feb. 1879, p. 22-25) [Rec., 2920].
G: D. (2919)
(Can.
Hulst, G: Duryea. ‘The scientific names of
insects. (Can. entom., Feb. 1879, v. 11, p.
22-25.
Crit. rev., by E: W. Claypole, with same
title. ~“(Can. entom:., Apr. 1879, v- 11, p:
61-64. )
Correction, by G: D. Hulst. (Can. en-
tom., Apr. 1879, v. 11, p. 80.)
An appeal to entomologists to use more correct
Latin in constructing scientific names of insects, and
numerous names chosen to illustrate the different points
discussed, G; D, (2920)
Imhof, Othmar Emil. Beitrige zur Anato-
mie der ferla maxima Scopoli. — In-
augural-dissertation...Universitat Zurich.
Aarau, 1881. t.-p. cover, 41 p., 2 double
Pl, 23 % 16; 16-5, X 10.4.
Notice. by H. A. Hagen. (Zool. Jahresber.
f. 1881, 1882, Abtheil. 2, p. 126.)
Anatomy of the central nervous system, digestive
tract and sexual system of ferla maxima, with especial
notice of the egg and its structure. G: D. (2921)
[2915-2926] 419
Kaltenbach, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus
der Klasse der Insekten. Ein nach Pflan-
zenfamilien geordnetes Handbuch sammt- -
licher auf den einheimischen Pflanzen bis-
her beobachteten Insekten zum Gebrauch fiir
Entomologen, Insektensammler, Botaniker,
Land- und Forstwirthe und Gartenfreunde.
Stuttgart, Fulius Hoffmann, 1874. t.-p. cover
[dated 1872], 2 t.-p. [=p. 1-4] +p. 5-8 +
848 p., 402 figs. of plants.
éev.jn by Ae Muller; ‘entitled .<Monitz
Isenschmid’s Zusitze.”.. (Mitth. Schweiz.
entom. Gesells., 1880, bd. 5, p. 575-576.)
Rees 176r-|
Contents; Preface, p. 1-4; list of insects found upon
different native phaenogamous plants of Germany
arranged in the order of the plants, with notes about
the insects and often figures of the plants, p. 1-768;
additions, p. 769-793; alphabetical indexes (Latin names
of plants, German names of plants, genera and species
of coleoptera, specics of lepidoptera, genera and species
of hymenoptera, genera and species of diptera, genera. -
and in some cases. species—of orthoptera, genera and
species of hemiptera, genera and species of acarina),
p- 794-846; errata, p. 847-848. Many of the insects
mentioned are also found in North America.
Game: (2922)
Kellicott, D: Simons. Observations on xe-
phoptertx [sic] zimmermant. (Can. en-
tom., June 1879, v. I1, p.114-116.)
Notes on the habitats, habits and parasites of nepho-
pteryx zimmermant. G: D, (2923)
Lintner, Joseph Albert. Description of a
new species of azzsota. (Can. entom.,
Jan. 1879, v. 11, p- 10-12.)
Describes anrsota bisecta n. sp., from Racine, Wisc.
G: D. (2924)
MacLeod, Jules. Notice sur Vappareil veni-
meux des aranéides. (Arch. de biol., 1880,
Velo Ds 573-5025. ple 245)
Separate. [Gand, 1880.] t.-p. cover, 10
Pon lea eA, LOM 7) OK On7
Abstract, entitled, ‘The poison appara-
tus of spiders.” Amer. nat., March [24
Heb. (exsor, vets, p. 230.)
Abstract. (Zool. Jahresber. f. 1880, 188r,
abth. 2, p. 69. )
Abstract.) | bemcht..-
. 1880, 1882, p. 58.)
Anatomy and histology of poison-glands of spiders,
illustrated by those of pachygnatha, marpissa, tegenaria,
clubiona, and agelena. G: D. (2925)
Patton, W: Hampton.
ptera. (Can. entom., Jan.
p: 12-15.)
Allantus basilaris devours other insects ; compares
its habits with those of other predaceous saw-flies as
observed in Europe; resemblance of mandibles of a//an-
tus to those of cicindela; distinguishing characters of
a. bastlaris and a. dubius; description of female of
der Entomologie
On certain hymeno-
TO7Qy. “Ve Lis
aiphydria attenuata and a note on_ its parasite,
rhyssa humida. G: D. (2926)
420 [2927-2938]
Patton, W: Hampton. Descriptions of sev-
eral new proctotrupidae and chrysididae.
(Can. entom., Apr. 1879, v. 11, p. 64-68,
fig. 13.)
Describes five new species of hymenoptera, as follows :
proctotrupes crenulatus, gonatopus contortulus, notozus
marginatus, chrysts verticalts (all from Conn.), ch. mar-
tia (from Canada), and cleptes aliena (from Wyom.).
G; D. (2927)
Patton, W: Hampton. Notes on three spe-
cies of xylocopa. (Can. entom., March
1879, v. II, p. 60.)
Gives synonymy of «ylocopa micans; describes «x.
varipuncta, a new species trom Arizona, and notes
that x. fimbriata has been found in California.
G: D. (2928)
Pott, Karl Friedrich Robert. Vergleichende
Untersuchung iiber die Mengenverhaltnisse
der durch Respiration und Perspiration aus-
geschiedenen Kohlensaure bei verschiede-
nen Thierspecies in gleichen Zeitrdumen
nebst einigen Versuchen iiber Kohlensaure-
ausscheidung desselben Thieres unter ver-
schiedenen physiologischen Bedingungen.
Habilitationsschrift...Universitat Jena. Je-
na, 1875. t.-p., dedic. p., 88 p., 22 X 14, t 16
X 10.
Experiments*on the amount of carbonic dioxide [CO2|
exhaled by different animals; p. 30-38, 43-44, 50-52, and
73-78 contain accounts of experiments on insects, of
which the author experimented upon larvae of geotrupes
vernalis, carabus, pieris brassicae, sphinx ligustrt,
cossus ligniperda and euprepia caja; pupa of sphinx
ligustri; and imagos of vanessa polychloros, locusta
viridissima, other species of J/ocustartae, gryllus
campestris and pentatoma. [The notes given in Psyche,
Mar.-Apr. (24 Sept.) 1878, v. 2, p. 125-126, are from
accounts of the same series of experiments. |
G; D. (2929)
Reichenau, Wilhelm. Beitrige zur Biologie
und Psychologie. 1. Ueber die Erschei-
nungen individueller und ererbter Erfahr-
ung. (Entom. Nachrichten, 1 April 1879,
Jahrg. 5, p- 93-95-)
Exemplification of results of supposed hereditary ex
perience in insects contrasted with results of experience
of individual insects. G: D. (2930)
Reichenau, Wilhelm. Beitrige zur Biologie
und Psychologie. 2. Vermischtes: Wit-
terungs- oder Bodeneinfluss, Ueberwinter-
ung und Mordraupen bei Schmetterlingen.
(Entom. Nachrichten, 1 June 1879, Jahrg.
5» P- 137-139-)
Variations of coloration due to temperature and mois-
ture in boarmia crepuscularia, hibernia leucophaearia,
aglia tau, pararge megaera and pieris rapae; hiber-
nation of brotolomia meticulosa and macroglossa stel-
Jatarum, often between books in the library of the
museum at Mainz; copulation, in early spring, of lepi-
doptera that have hibernated; .various lepidopterous
larvae that kill and eat larvae of their own or other
species. G: D. (2931)
PS TCLLEE.
Saunders, W: E. [Pafilio thoas.| (Can.
entom., June 1879, v. I1, p. 120.)
Notes the occurrence of papilio thoas at Toronto,
Canada, 11 May 1879, and thinks this early appearance
of the butterfly indicates that it is double-brooded there.
G: D. (2932)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. The tails of caddé-
morpha interruptomarginata @. (Can.
entom., March 1879, v. 11, p. 47-48, fig. 12.)
Brief description of a pair of evaginable hairy appen-
dages, one on each side, near the anus of the male of
callimorpha interruptomarginata; literature of some
similar organs in other lepidoptera; regards them as
aiding in flight. G: D, (eg3a9
Sprague, Frank Headley. Notes from Wol-
laston, Mass. (Can. entom., March 1879,
V. II, p. 46-47.)
- Reprint. (of. c7t., May 1880, v. 12. p.
100.) [Rec., 2004. ]
Records captures of colias eurytheme, limenitis arthe-
mis and Junonia coenia. G: D. (20934)
Wailly, Alfred. Silk-producing and other
bombyces reared in 1881. Part 2. (Journ.
soc. arts, 31 March 1882,.v. 30, p. 527-528,
54 cm.)
Reprinted in a separate entitled ‘‘Silk-producing bom-
byces and other lepidoptera reared in 1881” [ke 2938],
which see for notes. ID. (2035)
Wailly, Alfred. Silk-producing and other
bombyces reared in 1881. Part 3 (Journ.
soc. arts. 7 Apr. 1882, v. 30, p. 544-546, 94
cm.)
Reprinted in a separate entitled ‘‘Silk-producing bom-
byces and other lepidoptera reared in 1881” [| Rec., 2938],
which see for notes. G: D. (2936)
Wailly, Alfred. Silk-producing bombyces
and other lepidoptera reared in 1881. [Part
1.] (Journ. soc. arts, 10 Mar. 1882, v. 30,
P- 447-450, 122 cm.)
Reprinted in a separate of the same ttle (ee 2938],
which see for notes. 7: D. (2937)
Wailly, Alfred. Silk-producing bombyces
and other lepidoptera reared in 1881. Lon-
don, 1882. 8 p., 26 X 17, t (im 25¢Giey
2I X 13.
Reprint of author’s ‘Silk-producing bombyces and
other lepidoptera reared in 1881”. Part [1-] 3 (Journ.
soc. arts, 1882, v. 30:10 Mch., p. 447-450 [Rec., 2037 3 31
Mch., p. 527-528 [Rec., 2935]; 7 Apr, p- PE. Rees
2936]). Contains biological notes on many species of
attacus, their larvae, duration of pupal state, food-plants,
crossings, hybrids, silk, etc. Notes are given on the
following North American species of bowbycidae:
telea polyphemus, samia glovert, s. cecropia, s. ceanothi,
hybrid larvae ot s. cecropia and s. glovert, ie
to, orgyta leucostigma, and ceratocampa (eacles) tmpe-
G: D. (2938)
rialis.
PSYCHE.
Weber, Max. Ueber eine Cyanwasserstoff-
siiure bereitende Driise. (Archiv f. mikros.
Anat., 1882, bd. 21, heft 3. p. 468-475, pl.
24.)
Notice. (Psyche, Aug. 1882 [15 Jan.
1883], Vv. 3, p- 583, 2 cm.)
The secretion of the glands in connection with the
foramina repugnatoria of a species of myriapod, genus
fontaria, contains hydrocyanic acid (HCN),
G: D. (2939)
[2939-2950] 421
Wolff, R. Ueber die umwandlung* des Can-
tharidins in den Canthariden. (Archiv
der Pharm., Jan. 1877, jahrg. 56, bd. 210,
3te reihe, bd. 10, p. 22-30.)
Engl. abst. (New remedies, Apr. 1877,
WegOse Da Lite)
Experiments on the changes undergone by canthari-
din in /ytta aspersa when moisture is present; these
changes attributed to presence of ammonia, since mois-
ture alone does not alter cantharidin; results of some
study of the properties of nitrogen-compounds of can-
tharidin. G: D. (2940)
Bibliographical Record of Contents of Volume three
of Psyche.
Advertisements, see zames of respective advertisers.
Austin, E: Payson. Natural history agency.
(Psyche, Jan.-Oct. 1880, v. 3, p- 12. 24, 26,
50, 62, 74, 86, 98, 110, 122, eack 4 cm.)
Advertisement. G: D. (2941)
Barnes, W:, secretary pro tem., see CAMBRIDGE en-
tomological club [ Rec. 2955].
a eranbical record, see [MANN, B: Pickman,
ed.| Bibliographical record [Rec., 3959].
Bowles, G: H., secretary, see ENTOMOLOGICAL so
ciety of Ontario: Montreal branch [Rec., 3030}.
{Brooklyn entomological society.] For
sale. (Psyche. May [9 July] 1880, v. 3, p.
72,03 cm.)
Advertisement of J: L. Leconte’s ‘Synopsis of the
N. A. species of platynus’’... for sale.
B: P.M. (2042)
Eurgess, E: Recent studies in insect ana-
tomy. Third annual address of the presi-
dent. (Psyche. Mar. [1 May] 1880. v. 3,
p- 27-43, 568 cm.) ;
- Notice. (Amer. entom.. June 1880, v.
Bales. Vals D- 147.3 cm:
Address delivered g Jan. 1SSo, as _ retiring president
of the Cambridge entomological club, giving a review
of the works relating to insect anatomy and physiology,
published during 1878 and 1879. G: D. (2943)
{Cambridge entomological club.] Acknowl-
edgments. (Psyche, 1880, v. 3: [22] Jan.,
pa2, em. 5 Hebs[6:Mch..|, ps 14503 cm. )
Acknowledgments of receipts of contributions to
permanent publication fund of Psyche. G: D. (2044)
Cambriige entomological club.
Feb. [6 Mch.] 188o, v. 3, p-
Minutes of annual and monthly meeting of Cam-
bridge entomological club, 9 Jan. 1880, by the secretary
(B: P. Mann); annual reports for 1879; election of
officers for 1880. B: P.M. (2945)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
June [13 Aug. ] 1880, v. 3, p. 77, 27 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meetings of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, Feb.-June 1880, by the secretary (B: P.
Mann); abstract of communications made.
Bere:
(Psyche,
20, 18 cm.)
(2946)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Dec. 1880 [13 May 188r], v. 3. p.- 150, 6cm.)
Minutes of monthly meeting of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, $ Oct. 1880, by the secretary (B: P.
Mann); cGecurrence of an undetermined household
pest near Boston (by H. A. Hagen). B: P.M. (2947)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Jan. [27 June] 1881, v. 3, p. 162, 26 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meeting of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, 12 Nov. 1880, [by the secretary (B: P.
Mann)]; election of members; abstract of communica-
tions made. B: P. M. (2948)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Mch. [25 Julv] 1881, y. 3. p. 186, 16 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meeting of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, 10 Dec. 1880 [by the secretary (B: P.
Mann} ]; abstract of communications made.
is Eee
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche.
Jul.-Sep. 1881 [7 Mch. 1882], v. 3, p- 245.
22 cm.)
Minutes of annual and monthly meeting of Cam-
bridge entomological club, 14 Jan. 1881, and in part of
monthly meeting, 11 Feb. 1881 [by the secretary (B: P.
Mann)]; annual reports for 1880; election of officers
for 1881; election of members; notice of death of E. C:
Prentiss. B: P. M. (2950)
(2949)
422 [2951-2966 }
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Oct.-Dec. 1881 [7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p. 277-
279, 86cm.)
Minutes of monthly meetings of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, Feb.-May and Oct.-Dec. 1881, by the sec-
retaries (B: P. Mann and W: Trelease); abstract of
communications made; election of W: Trelease as
secretary. B: Pod (2051)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Mch.-Apr. [24 June] 1882, v. 3, p. 328, 24
cm.) 3
Minutes of monthly meeting of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, 9 Dec. 1881 (concluded), and of annual
and monthly meeting, 13 Jan. 1882 [by the secretary
(W. Trelease)|; abstract of communications made;
election of officers for 1882; thanks voted to B: P.
Mann for services as secretary and treasurer.
B: P. M. (2952)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
July [16 Dec.] 1882, v. 3, p. 369, 17 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meetings of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, 10 Feb. and 10 Mch. 1882 [by the secretary
(W: Trelease)]; abstract of communications made;
A. P. Chadbourne elected a member; constitution and
by-laws aménded. BP sil (20G3)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Sept.-Oct. 1882 [1 Mch. 1884], v. 3, p. 402,
I4 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meeting of Cambridge entomo-
logical club, 14 Apr. 1882 [by the secretary pro tem. (R.
Hayward) ]; abstract of communications made.
B: P. M. (2954)
Cambridge entomological club. (Psyche,
Nov.-Dec. 1882 [—1885], v..3, p. 414-417,
210 cm. )
Minutes of monthly meetings of Cambridge en-
tomological club, May and Oct.-Dec. 1882 [by the
secretary pro tem. for May (W: Barnes) and the secre-
tary (G: Dimmock) |; abstract of communications made.
B: P. M (2955)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Further notes
on some tineid larvae. (Psyche, Nov.
1880 [22 Mar. 1881], v. 3, p.. 135-137, 98
cm.; Dec. 1880 [13 May 1881], v. 3, p. 147-
149, 96 cm.)
Extract, with notice, by S: Lockwood,
entitled, ‘‘Mussel and insect climbers.”
(Amer. nat., Sept. [23 Aug.] 1881, v. 15, p.
737-)
Notes on the life-history of species belonging to the
genera phyllocnistis, nepticula, aspidisca and antispila.
G: D. (2956)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Nefticula pte-
liaeella, n. sp. (Psyche, Oct.-Dec. 1881
[7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p: 276, 23 cm.)
Describes nepticula pteliaeella n. sp., of which the
larval history was given in author’s “Further notes on
some tineid larvae” (Psyche, Noy.-Dec. 1880, v. 3, p.
137, 147) [Rec., 2956]. (2957)
Chambers, Vactor Tousey. Notes upon some
tineid larvae. (Psyche, May [9 July] 1880,
v. 3, p. 63-68, 177 cm., fig.)
Descriptions of the life-history of several species of
tineidae. G: DD: A(2958)
PST CHEZ.
Claypole, E: Waller. On a larva boring
the leaf-stalks of the buckeye,-aesculus gla-
bra, in Ohio. (Psyche, July [16 Dec. ]
1882, v. 3, p. 364-367, 110 cm.)
Life-history of steganoptycha claypoleana and com-
parison of its habits with those of proteoteras aescula-
num. G: D. (2959)
Comstock,J:H: Coccidae wanted. (Psyche,
1880-1882, v. 3, p. 120, 132, 144, 156, 168,
180, 192, 204, 216, 228, 260, 292, 304, 316,
336, 348, 350, 362, 374, 386, each 4 cm.)
Advertisement. B: P.M. (2960)
Cook, Albert J: Foreign honey bees.
(Psyche, Apr. [18 Aug.] 1881, v. 3, _p. 197-
198, 56 cm.)
Notes on honey-bees of Cyprus, Syria, Ceylon, and
Java. (2961)
Cook, AlbertJ: Insects in winter. (Psyche,
March [25 July] 1881, v. 3, p. 183-185, 103
cm.)
Discussion of hibernation in insects, and sie melt of
the physiological condition of honey-bees (apis mellifica)
in- winter. G: D. (2962)
Corrections. (Psyche, Dec. 1880 [13 May
TSOlu|; Vs 3) Po L555 G5 cua)
Corrections of errors detected in Psyche for Jan.-Nov.
1880, Vv. 3, p. I-144. B: P. M. (2063)
Dimmock, Anna Katherina [Hofmann], w/e
of G: Asymmetry of the nervous system
in the larva of harpyza. (Psyche, May
[19 Aug. ] 1882, v. 3, p. 340-341, 51 cm., fig.
6.)
Notice, by Paul Mayer. (Zool. Jahresber.
f. 1882, 1883, abtheil. 2, p. 145.)
Abstr. (Journ. Roy. micros. soc., Feb.
1883, Ss. 2, v- 3, p. 46-47.)
Shows that the commissures connecting the first and
second thoracic ganglia of harpyfa vinula are partly
united, and turn to the left to avoid the duct of a gland;
figures these parts. B;: P. M. (2064)
Dimmock,G: Alphabetic index to Psyche,
vol. 3. (Psyche, Nov.-Dec. 1882 [——
L885 sve 3.0 ps - .) [not seen. }
Alphabetic index to names of genera and specie€s con-
tained in volume 3 of Psyche. B: P. M. (2965)
Dimmock, G: Anatomy of the mouth parts
and of the suctorial apparatus of cz/ex.
(Psyche, July-Sept. 1881 [7 March 1882],
V. 3, p- 231-241, 347 cm., pl. 1, wéth [7 p-]
expl. of fl.)
_ Rev., by J: T. C[arrington], entitled
“Entomological anatomy.” (Entomolo-
gist, April 1882, v. 15, p. 96.)
Brief history of the subject; descriptions and figures
of the mouth-parts, fulcrum and oesophageal suckin
apparatus of cudex; how cu/ex bites. Extracted, wit
additions and changes, from author’s ‘*The anatomy of
the mouth-parts and of the sucking apparatus of some
diptera. Dissertation’’... 1881. B: P. M. (2966)
Bat OHE.
Dimmeck, G: Announcement.
[22] Jan. 1880, v. 3, p. 7, 2 cm.)
Announces the proposed publication, in the Biblio-
graphical record [Rec., 3050], of a list of notices of
entomologists who died during i879. B: P. M. (2967)
(Psyche,
Dimmock, G: Book notice. (Psyche, June
[13 Oct. ] 1882, v. 3, p. 354, 4. cm.)
Notice of the reprint of S: H. Scudder’s ‘Fragments
of the coarser anatomy of diurnal lepidoptera”...
{Rec., 3086]. B: P. M. (2068)
Dimmock,G: Book notice. .(Psyche, Aug.
1882 [15 Jan. 1883], v. 3, p- 381, 9 cm.)
Notice of W. H. Miiller’s ‘‘Proterandrie der Bienen”
{ Rec., 2891]. B: P. M. (2969)
Dimmock, G: Circulation of blood in the
larva of hydrophilus. (Psyche, Mar.-Apr.
[24 June] 1882, v. 3, p. 324-326, 84 cm.,
fig. 5.)
Notice, by Paul Mayer. (Zool. Jahresber.
f. 1882, 1883, abtheil. 2. p. 136.)
Describes and indicates on a figure the direction of
the blood-currents in the head, antennae and trophi of
hydrophilus. B; P. M. (2970)
Dimmock, G: The cocoons of czonus
scrophulariae. (Psyche, Nov.-Dec. 1882
[—1885], v. 3. p. 411-412, 80 cm.)
Notes on the structure of the cocoon of cfonus scro-
phulariae. B: P. M. (2971)
Dimmock, G: Defensive mimicryin fpha-
langidae. (Psyche, Jan. [29 Apr.] 1882,
V3; p29; 34 cm:)
A species of phalangidae imitates a spider’s web with
a spider in it. B: P. M. (2972)
Dimmock, G: Editorial. (Psyche, June
Pes Oct. | 1952, Vv. 3; p. 354, 23 cm.)
Explanation of circumstances attending the editing
and publication of Psyche, v.3, up to the present time;
acknowledgments of cooperation, especially of E. C:
Prentiss and B: P. Mann, in these labors; statement of
relative contents of this volume compared with the pre-
vious ones; urges the increase of the publication fund.
B: P.M. (2973)
Dimmock G: Editorial notice.
Nov.-Dec. 1882 [-
15 cm.)
Notice of the contents of volume three of Psyche, and
the change in price of that volume when it is completed.
G: D. (20974)
Dimmock, G: On a habit of scolopen-
dra morsitans. (Psyche, Aug. 1882 [15
Jan. 1883], v. 3, p- 380, 23 cm.) 2
Describes the manner in which scolopendra morsitans
works with its mouth-parts upon wounds made upon its
body. Eee AF, (2078)
(Psyche,
1885], v. 3, P- 414,
[2967-2984] 423
DimmockG: Introductory.
Jateersoo, Vie 3,9p.. 75°25, Cini )
Prospectus of volume 3 of Psyche; solicitation of
cooperation. B: P.M. (2976)
(Psyche, [22]
Dimmock, G: Note on catogenus rufus.
(Psyche, May [19 Aug. ] 1882, v. 3. p. 341-
342, 30 cm., fig. 7.)
The larva of catogenus rufus found to devour the pupa
ot elaphidion parallelum; figure of pupa of c. rufus.
Be POM (20777)
Dimmock, G: Notes on fferophoridae.
(Psyche, Sep.-Oct. 1882 [1 Mar. 1884], v.
3, p- 402-404, 82 cm.)
Citation of original and prominent subsequent de-
scriptions of larvae of pterophoridae of North America,
with references to published figures of different stages,
to notices of food-plants of larvae, to localties of capture,
and to observations made by the author.
B: P, M. (2978)
Dimmock, G: Notes
North America. 2. (Psyche, Nov.-Dec.
1882 [———-1885], v. 3, p. 413, 18 cm.)
Continuation of author’s ‘ Notes on pterophoridae”
(op. ctt., Sep.-Oct. 1882 [1 Mar. 1884], p. 402-404.)
[Rec., 2978]. G: D. (2979)
on pterophoridae of
Dimmock,G: Notice. (Psyche. [22] Jan.
TSO, Ves, Pale, t2ein.)
Prospectus of volume 3 of Psyche; solicitation of
cooperation, B: P. M. (2980)
Dimmock,G: Organs, probably defensive
in function, in the larva of hyperchiria
varia, Walk. :saturnta to, Harris. (Psyche,
June [13 Oct. ] 1882, v. 3, p- 352-353, 50 cm.)
Notice, by Paul Mayer. (Zool. Jahresber.
f. 1882, 1883, abtheil. 2, p. 145.)
Description of an evaginable organ upon each side of
the fourth and tenth segments posterior to the head of
the larva of hyperchirifa varia. B;: P. M. (20981)
Dimmock, G: Review. (Psyche, Dec.
1880 [13 May 1881], v. 3, p- 150, 11 cm.)
Review of S. Mocquerys’ i hier See a a al
ie a ReCs | 2037i\« : PB. M. (2082)
Dimmock, G: Reviews. (Psyche,
[6 Mar.] 1880, v. 3, p. 19, 13 cm.)
Rev. of papers by E. Brandt [Rec., 1451-1458] on the
nervous system of insects. B: P. M, (20983)
Feb.
Dimmock, G: Reviews. (Psyche,
[28 May] 1880, v. 3, p. 54, 15 cm.)
Abstract. (Amer. entom., Aug. 1880, v.
S.MeS-hb¥a Laks: 1985 (6 Ci, )
Review of F. Katter’s ‘‘Index entomologicus, Pars 1”
[Rec., 1610] and of B. Gerhard’s “‘Systematisches Ver-
zeichniss der Macro-lepidopteren von Nord-Amerika”
[Rec., 1594]. B: P. M. (2084)
April
424 [2985-2996 |
Dimmock, G: On some glands which open
externally on insects. (Psyche, Sep.-Oct.
1882 [1 March 1884] v. 3, p. 387-401, 493
cm.)
Reve. entitled, ‘‘The closed poison glands
of caterpillars.” (Amer. nat., May [19 Apr. ]
1884, v. 18, p. 535.) —Same rev. [ with slight
typographical changes], entitled, ‘‘Poison
glands in the skin of the cecropia cater-
pillar.” (of. czt., Oct. [15 Sept. ] 1884, v. 18,
p- 1046-1047.)
Notice. (Amer. nat., June [17 May]
1884, v. 18, p. 634.)
Notice. (Amer.
1884, v. 18, p. 729.)
Reviews, by G: Balding and J. Ander-
son, 7r., entitled, ‘‘Urticating properties of
lepidoptera.” (Entomologist, Feb. 1885,
v. 18. p. 41-45.)
Compiled and original descriptions of the structure
and functions of the several classes of glands which
open externally in insects; bibliographical list of 82
titles of articles on this subject. B: P. M. (2985)
nat., July [17 June]
Dimmock,G: Systematic index to Psyche,
vol. 3. (Psyche, Nov.-Dec. 1882 [——
1885], v- 3, p- 431- -) [not seen. |
Index to contents of volume 3 of Psyche, arranged
systematically, and with classificational subdivisions
numerated according to the Dui decimal system, as
developed by B: P. Mann. G: D. (2986)
Dimmock, G: Title slips. (Psyche, Mar.
[1 May] 1880, v. 3, p. 44, 28 cm.)
Discussion and history of the title-slip form of biblio-
graphical record, with directions for using the title-slips.
B: P. M. (2087)
Dimmock, G: The trophi and their chiti-
ous supports in gracélaria. (Psyche, Aug.
[4 Nov.] 1880, v. 3, p. 99-103, 161 cm., fig.
2-4.)
Notice, by Paul Mayer. (Zool. jahresber.
f. 1882, 1883, abtheiil. 2, p. 146.)
Describes and figures the mouth-parts and their chi-
tinous supports in gracilaria syringella.
—
B: P. M. (2088)
Dimmock, G:, secretary, see CAMBRIDGE entomolog-
ical club [Rec., 2955].
Dimmock, G: Monroe. Dimmock’s special
bibliographies. (Psyche, 1881-1882, v. 3,
Pp. 260, 292, 304, 316, 336. 348, each 6 cm.)
Advertisement of Dimmock’s special bibliographies,
nos. 1-3, for sale. B:; P.M. (2089)
Dose, A. Entomologische Nachrichten, 6.
jahrg. 1880. (Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p.
12, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144,
156, 168, 180, 192, 204, each 8 cm.)
Advertisement of Entomologische Nachrichten for
subscription, by publisher, with commendatory notice of
this magazine, by E. von Harold. B: P. M. (2990)
PST CHE:
Dwight, W: Buck. The domestication of
papilio thoas [{cresphontes| in Dutchess
county, N. Y. (Psyche, Mar.-Apr. [24
June] 1882, v. 3, p. 327, 34 cm.)
Larvae of papilio thoas found feeding on dictamnus
Sraxinella and zanthoxylum americanum about Pough-
keepsie, N. Y. G: D. (2991)
Edwards, H: Papilio. (Psyche, 1881-1882,
V. 3, p. 216, 228, 260, 292, 304, 316, 336, 348,
each 3 cm.)
Advertisement of Papilio for subscription.
B: P, M. (2992)
Edwards, W: H: azd Wilson, Joseph
Martin. Chemical change of coloration
in butterflies’ wings. (Psyche, July [12
Oct.] 1880, v. 3, p. 87-88, 32 cm.)
Abstract, [by C: V. Riley], entitled,
‘*Chemical change in the color of butterfly-
wings.” (Amer. entom., Dec. 1880, v. 3,
N. 8.5 V- 1; p.204,, 5 em)
Discusses change of color produced by carbolic acid
in wings of /imenitis arthemis. G: D. (2993)
Edwards, W: H: Description of the pre-
paratory stages of afatura alicia. (Psyche,
Oct. 1880 [12 Feb. 1881], v. 3, p. 123-127,
138 cm.)
Crit. rev., [by C: V. Riley]; entitled
‘*Specific value of epatura alicia.” (Amer.
nat., June [19 May] 1881, v. 15) (RILEY,
C: V. Entomology...[ June 1881]), p. 487.
Describes egg, stages of larva, and chrysalis of apa-
lura alicia; decides that a. alicia is distinct from a.
celtis. G: D. (2994)
Edwards, W: H: Effect of cold applied to
chrysalids of d7menztis disippus. (Psyche,
Jan. [27 June] 1881, v. 3, p. 174, 20 em.)
Changes of color produced in imago of /imenitis
disippus by exposing its chrysalids to cold.
G: D. (2995)
Edwards, W: H: Experiments upon the
effect of cold applied to chrysalids of
butterflies. (Psyche, 1880, v. 3: [22] Jan.,
p- 3-6, 129 cm.; Feb. [6.Mch.], ip. sgeme
149 cm.; June [13 Aug. ], p. 75-76, 39 cm.)
Notice and extract in [C: V. Riley’s]}
‘Effects of cold applied to the chrysalides
of butterflies” (Amer. entom., May 188o,
V. 3, N. S., VL, p> TIO-LLE, s3 (emi)
Abstract of [Riley’s] notice, etc., entitled
‘Ueber die Wirkung der KAlte auf Schmet-
terlingspuppen.” (Entom. Nachrichten, 1
July 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 144.)
Experiments upon the change in coloration of butter-
flies which could be brought about by keeping their
chrysalids in the cold. G: D. (2996)
FOSLCIHE.
Edwards, W: H: On the number of molts
of butterflies, with some history of the
moth} callosamia pPromethea. (Psyche.
18$1, v. 3: Jan. [27 June], p. 159-161, 95 cm. ;
Feb. [14 July], p. 171-174, 107 cm.)
Discussion of the number of molts and its inconstancy
in lepidoptera. G; D. (2997)
Entomological club of the American asso-
ciation for the advancement of science.
(Bsyche, sept. [15 Dec.] 1880, v. 3, p. 114,
27 cm.)
Partial report of meetings of Entomological club of
A. A. A. S., held at Boston, Mass., 25 and 30 Aug.
1880, consisting of a letter from W: H: Edwards con-
cerning biological observations on lepidoptera, with
remarks by A: R. Grote, and a letter from Cvrus
Thomas concerning migrations of caloptenus spretus.
G: D. (2998)
Entomological items. (Psyche, [22] Jan.
1880, v. 3, Pp. NI, 7 cm.)
G: D. (2999)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Feb. [6
Mch.] 1880, v. 3, p- 23, 17 cm.)
G; D- (3000)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Mch. [1
May] 1880, v. 3, p- 47, 17 cm.)
i G; D. (3001)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Apr. [28
May] 1880, v. 3, p. 59, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3002)
Entomological items. (Psyche, May [9
July] 1880, v. 3, p..71, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3003)
Entomological items. (Psyche, June [13
Aug.] 1880, v. 3. p. 83, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3004)
Entomological items. (Psyche, July [12
Oct. ] 1880, v. 3, p- 95, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3005)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Aug. [4
Nov.] 1880, v. 3, p. 107, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3006)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Sep. [15
Dec.] 1880, v. 3, p. 119, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3007)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Oct. 1880
[az eh. 1851], v. 3, p- 131, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3008)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Nov. 1880
[22 Mch. 1881], v. 3, p. 143, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3009)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Jan. [27
June] 1831, v. 3, p. 167, 17 cm.)
G; D. (3010)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Feb. [14
July] 1881, v. 3, p. 179, 16 cm.)
G: D. (3011)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Mch. [25
July] 1881, v. 3, p. 191, 17 cm.)
G: D,. (3012)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Apr. [18
Aug.] 1881, v. 3, p. 203, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3013)
Entomological items. (Psyche, May [4
Nov.] 1881, v. 3, p. 215, 17 cm. )
G: D. (3014)
Entomological items. (Psyche, June [18
Nov.] 1881, v. 3, p. 227, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3015)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Jul.-Sep.
1881 [7 Mch. 1882], v. 3, p. 259, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3016)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Oct.-Dec.
1881 [7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p. 290-291, 51 cm.)
Includes C: R. Osten Sacken’s ‘‘Habits of bombylius”’
[ Rec., 3077]. G: D. (3017)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Jan. [29
Apr. |] 1882, v. 3, p. 303, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3018)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Feb. [24
May] 1882, v. 3, p. 315, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3019)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Mch.-Apr.
[24 June] 1882, v. 3, p. 335, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3020)
Entomological items. (Psyche, May [19
Aug.] 1882, v. 3, p. 347, 17 cm.)
G: D. (3021)
Entomological items. (Psyche, June [13
Oct.] 1882, v. 3, p. 359-360, 47 cm.)
G: D. (3022)
Entomological items. (Psyche, July [16
Dec.] 1882, v. 3, p. 371-372, 46cm.)
G: D. (3023)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Aug. 1882
[15 Jan. 1883], v. 3, p. 383-384, 45 cm.)
G: D. (3024)
Entomological items. (Psyche, Sep.-Oct.
1882 [1 Mar. 1884], v. 3, p. 407-408, 60 cm. )
Includes [C: V. Riley’s] ‘A new museum pest”
[Rec., 3083], and J: J. Wier’s ‘‘Danaine butterflies not
subject to the attack of mites” [ Rec., 3099].
G; D. (3025)
426 [3026-3040]
Entomological section of the Academy of
natural sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. (Psyche,
1880, v- 3: July [12 Oct.], p. 89, 24 cm.;
Aug. [4 Nov.], p. 104, 28 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meetings of Entomological sec-
tion of Academy of natural sciences of Philadelphia,
for 1879, made in abstract from ‘Proceedings of the
monthly meetings”... of that section; abstract of com-
munications made; list of officers for 18S8o.
B; P.M. (3026)
Entomological section of the Boston society
of natural history. (Psyche, April [28
May] 1880, v. 3, p. 54, 12 cm.)
Minutes of monthly meetings of Entomological sec-
tion of Boston society of natural history, Jan.-Mch. 1880,
by the secretary (B: P. Mann); abstract of communi-
cations made. BoP. MM. ~(3027)
Entomological society of London. (Psyche,
Feb. [6 Mch.] 1880, v. 3, p. 20, 10 cm.)
Partial abstract of communications made at meeting
of Entomological society of London, 3 Dec. 1879, ex-
tracted from Athenaeum, 27 Dec. 1879, p. 853-
B: P. M. (3028)
Entomological society of London. (Psyche,
Oct.-Dec. 1881 [7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p. 279,
II cm.)
Partial abstract of communications made at meetings
of Entomological society of London, 2 June and 6 Oct.
18So and 2 Mch. 1881. G: D. (3029)
Entomological society of Ontario— Montreal
branch.
3, p: 69; 14° em.)
Minutes of 7th annual meeting of Montreal branch
of Entomological society of Ontario, 17 May 1880, by
the secretary (G: H. Bowles); list of officers elected
for the ensuing year, and of papers read during the
past year; abstract of annual reports.
BB? PS IMF 3030)
Fernald, C: H: Notes on phoxofpteris an-
gultfasciana Zell. Psyche, July [12 Oct. ]
1880, v. 3, p- 88, 27 cm.)
Notice, [by C: V. Riley], entitled ‘‘Ovi-
position in the tortrzc7dae.” (Amer. entom.,
Nov. 1880, v. 3, n. S., V- 1, p- 276, 8 cm.)
Description of eggs and oviposition of phoxopteris
angulifasciana; color and habits of larvae.
G: D. (3031)
Fernald, C: H: Review. (Psyche, Oct.
1880 [12 Feb. 1881], v. 3, p. 128, 25 cm.)
Review of T: De Grey’s [Lord Walsingham] “Il-
lustrations of typical specimens of...N. A. flortrict-
dae” [Rec., 1943]. G: D. (3032)
Fernald,C:H: Tortricidae wanted. (Psy-
che, 1880-1882; v. 3, p. 12, 24, 48, 60, 72,
84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180, 192,
204, 216, 228, 260, 292, 304, 316, 336, 348,
350, 362, 374, 386, each 3 cm.)
Advertisement for specimens of North American
tortricidae to be used in the study of this family.
B: P. M. (3033)
(Psyche, May [g July] 1880, v.-
PSYCHE.
Gallagher, W. C. Forsale.
v. 3, p- 84, 96, each 2 cm.)
Advertisement of lepidoptera for sale.
B: P.M. (3034)
(Psyche, 1880,
Goodell, Lafayette Washington. Notes on
sphingidae. (Psyche, July [16 Dec.] 1882,
Vv. 3, p. 367-368, 39 cm.)
Dates of capture and relative abundance of different
species of sphingidae, at Amherst, Mass.
G: D. (3035)
Hagen, Hermann August. On an aquatic
sphinx larva. (Psyche, Sept. [15 Dec. j
1880, v. 3, p-. 113, 20 cm.) [Rec., 2502. ]
Notice. (Zool. Jahresber. f. 1880, 1881,
abtheil.-2, p.. 293.) :
G: D. (3036)
Hagen, Hermann August. Some fsocina
of the United States. (Psyche, 1881, v. 3:
Apr. [18 Aug.], p. 195-196, 64 cm. ; May
[4 Nov.], p. 207-210, 131 cm.; June [18
Nov. ], p- 219-223, 168 cm.: Oct.-Dec. 1881
[7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p. 291, 5 cm.)
Notice, [by C: V. Riley], entitled
‘Structure of the clawin Asoczva.” (Amer.
nat., [3] Dec. 1881, v. 15) @Rigeva eee
Entomology... [Dec. 1881]), p. 1013-1014.
Abstract, by H.A. Hagen. [Zool. Jah-
resber. f. 1881, 1882, abtheil. 2, p. 142-143.)
General notes upon the synonymy and anatomy of
species of psocus, caecilius, atropos, amphientomum., elt-
psocus, mesopsocus, peripsocus, epipsocus, pertentomum,
syllists, calopsocus, amphigerontia and lachesilla.
G: D. (3037)
Hagen, Hermann August. The yellow fever
fly. [Psyche, Sept. [15 Dec.) 183aeees.
PeeDel, 20 cine
Crit. rev., by C: V. Riley, entitled *“The
‘yellow fever fly.”” (Amer. nat... Feb. [25
Jan.] 1881, v. 15) (Rizey, C: V. Entomo-
logy... [Feb. 1881]), p. 150.
On a fly, probably a species of scrara, once supposed
to swarm when yellow fever was epidemic.
G: D. (3038)
Hayward, Roland, secretary pro tem., see CAM-
BRIDGE entomological club [ Rec. 2954].
Howard, Leland Ossian. Alternate gen-
eration in qyrifidae. (Psyche, Mar.-Apr.
[24 June] 1882, v. 3, p. 328-329, 38 cm.)
Rev. of Jules Lichtenstein’s “‘La génération alter-
nante chez les cynipides, par le Dr. H. Adler”...
[Rec., 2683]. G: D. (3039)
King, Helen Selina, wz/e of Valentine Over-
ton. Internal organization of hesperia
ethiius Cram., as observed in the living
animal. (Psyche, Mar.-Apr. [24 June] 1882,
V. 3, Pp- 322-324, 87 cm.)
Description of the somewhat diaphanous larva of
hesperia ethlius, and of its internal organs as seen
through the skin. G: D. (3040)
od
PST CHE:
King, Helen Selina, w7fe of Valentine Over-
ton. Life history of Aleotomus pallens Lec.
(Psyche, April [28 May] 1880, v. 3, p- 51-
53, 74cm.)
Biological notes upon pleotomus pallens.
: G: D. (3041)
King, Helen Selina, wzfe of Valentine Over-
ton. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformts Ha-
worth. Its habitsand metamorphosis. (Psy-
che, July-Sept. 1881 [7 Mar. 1882], v. 3, p-
241-243, 87 cm.)
Biological notes uvon thyridopteryx hee ee
Mts. 7; D. (3042)
Krancher, Oskar Paul. Contribution to the
knowledge of sonifaction in insects. (Psy-
che, July [16 Dec.] 1882, v. 3, p.. 363-364,
44 cm.)
Mode of sonifaction of larva of saturnia pyri; a larva
of stauropus fagi which had lost a fore leg produced
an imago in which the corresponding fore leg was ab-
sent; a female /asfocampa quercifolia deposited 580
fertile eggs in two days. G: D. (3043)
Krancher, Oskar [Paul]. Lepidoptera and
coleoptera. (Psyche, Sep.-Oct. 1882 [1
Mar. 1884], v. 3, p- 408. 3 cm.)
Advertisement of inflated larvae and of lepidoptera
and coleoptera of Europe for sale. B: P. M. (3044)
Laurent, Philip. Coleoptera and lepidopte-
ta. (Psyche, Feb. [14 July] 1881, v. 3,. p.
179, I cm.)
Advertisement of coleoptera and lepidoptera for
sale and exchange. B: P. M. (3045)
Linnean society of London. (Psyche, May
[9 July] 1880, v. 3, p. 69, 14 cm.)
Partial abstract of communications made at meetings
of Linnean society of London, 5 Feb. 1880 (from Afhe-
naeum, 14 Fcb. 1880, p. 220) and 19 Feb. 1880 (from
Zool. Anzeiger, 22 Mch. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 143-144, by
J. Murie) ; structure of organs in larva of tanypus_ma-
culatus formerly considered respiratory (by A Ham-
mond); habits of phetdole javana and another ant in
mining living plants (by James Britten and M. Mus.
ters). B: P.M. (3046)
Linnean society of London. (Psyche, Dec.
1880 [13 May 1881]. v. 3, p. 150, 12 cm.)
Partial abstract of communications made at meeting
of Linnean society of London, 17 June 1880 (from Zoo/.
Anzeiger, 23 Aug. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 431-432, by J.
Murie) ; notes on the structure of maxillary glands and
stridulating organs of araneina (by F. M. Campbell) ;
reference to observations on the powers of communic-
tion in hymenoptera (by J: Lubbock).
Bs PS NE ~ (3047)
Linnean society of London. (Psyche, June
[18 Nov.] 1881, v. 3, p. 224, 22 cm.)
Partial abstract of communications made at meeting
of Linnean society of London, 3 Feb. 1881 (from Zoo/.
Anzetger, 28 Mch. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 167-168); observa-
tions on the life history of gamasinae (by A. D. Mi-
chael). B: P.M. (3048)
[3041-3054] 42%
Macloskie, G: Pneumatic functions of in-
sects. (Psyche, Aug. 188+ [15 Jan. 1883],
V. 3, p- 375-378, 109 cm.)
Describes how air pressed into organs cf insects aids
in their functions, illustrated in the protrusion of the
proboscis of /ibel/ula and musca, in the respiration of
libellula, psephenus and musca, and in the formation
of organs when some insects eme1:¢ from the pupal
skin. G: D. (3049)
Mann, B: Pickman, secretary, see CAMBRIDGE ento
mological club [Rec. 2945-2951 |.
Mann, B: Pickman, secretary, see ENTOMOLOGICAL
section of the Boston society of natural history | Rec.,
3027].
Mann, B: Pickman, see MEETING (52nd) of German
naturalists and physicians in Baden-Baden [lec.,
3065].
[Mann, B: Pickman, ed.] Bibliographical
record. (Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p. 8-10,
21-22, 45-46, 55-58, 70, 78-82, 90-94. 105-106,
115-118, 129-130, 139-142, I5I-154, 163-166,
176-178, 187-190, 200-202. 212-214, 225-226,
248-258, 280-289, 301-302, 313-314, 330-334,
344-346, 355-358, 370, 382, 405-406, o00-
_ OOO. )
List of publications on entomology, being no. 1447-
3100 of the Bibliographical record of Psyche, contain-
ing exact titles of and references to and brief analyses
of each publication recorded, with occasional explana-
tions of the method of record.
B: P.M. (3050)
Mann, B: Pickman. Blank insect labels. ~
(Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p- 12, 24, 48, 60,
72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, each 4 cm., 2 fig.)
Advertisement. B: P, IM. “(@osv)
Mann, B: Pickman. Cluster-flies. (Psy-
che, Aug. 1882 [15 Jan. 1883], v. 3, p- 378-
379, 33 cm.)
Abundance of pollenta rudis and microdon globosus
hibernating sometimes in. houses. G: D. (3052)
Mann, B: Pickman. Entomologists’ mate-
rials for sale. -(Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3: p.
2, 14, 26,,.50, 62, 74, 86, 98, 10,122, each
TOMI Psd G,el5 Oo. 6@e tO 1Gi. sp.
170, (82, 194, 206, 218, 230, 262, each 6
cm. 3 p. 294, 306, 318, 338, eack 5 cm.)
Advertisement, occasionally changed, of insect
pins, boxes, cork, glass tubes, rubber stoppers, labels
and entomological photographs for sale.
BE. Me (gz0re)
Mann, B: Pickman. George Dole Smith.
(Psyche, Apr. [18 Aug.] 1881, v. 3. p. 199,
30 cm.)
Biographical notice of G: Dole Smith, abstracted
from a memoir by J: Orne, jr. [See Rec., 2164, 2555. ]
: G: D. (3054)
428 [3055-3071 ]
Mann, B: Pickman. In memoriam. (Psy-
che, Oct. 1880 [12 Feb. 1881], v. 3, p- 128,
4 cm.)
Notice of death of Edwin C: Prentiss.
G: D. (3055)
Mann, B: Pickman. Joseph Duncan Put-
nam. (Psyche, Feb. [24 May] 1882, v. 3,
p- 312, 27 cm.)
Biographical sketch of J. D. Putnam. [See Rec.,
6. | G: D. (3056)
2
Mann, B: Pickman. Loan libraries. (Psy-
che, Jan. [29 Apr.] 1882, v. 3, p- 300, 27
cm.)
General remarks upon the value of loan libraries,
and upon requisites to the success of such libraries,
with especial mention of the library of the Cambridge
entomological club. G: D. (3057)
Mann, B: Pickman. Mann’s catalogue of
plants. (Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p- 144,
156, 168, 180, 192, 204, 216, 228, 260, 292,
304, 316, 336, 348, each 5 cm.)
Advertisement for sale of Horace Mann, jr’s ‘‘Cat-
alogue of the phaenogamous plants of the United
States, east of the Mississippi, and of the vascular
cryptogamous plants of North America north of Mexico.
2d ed.” ‘BE P.M, (3058)
Mann, B: Pickman. Promoting locust rava-
ges. (Psyche, Aug. 1882 15 [Jan. 1883],
V. 3, P- 379-380, 34 cm.)
Quotes, with introductory remarks, a letter by J:
P. Brown, in which the enormous prevalence of ca-
loptenus spretus in Kansas, in 1875, is explained, in
part at least, by the destruction of great numbers of
game birds. G: D. (3059)
Mann, B: Pickman. Readers and writers
economy co. (Psyche, 1880, v. 3, p. 108,
120, 132, eack 3 cm.)
Advertisement. B: P.M. (3060)
Mann, B: Pickman. Records of necrology.
(Psyche, Jan. [27 June] 1881, v. 3, p. 175,
4cm.)
Brief notice of the publication’of records of ne-
crology in the Bibliographical record of Psyche, with
request for contributions to these records.
G: D. (3061)
Mann, B: Pickman. Review. (Psyche,
July [12 Oct.]} 1880, v. 3, p. 89, 4 cm.)
Review of J. P. Ballard’s ‘Insect lives”... [Rec.
1725]. G: D. (3062)
Mann, B: Pickman. Review. (Psyche,
Nov. 1880 [22 Mar. 1881], v. 3, p. 138, 6
cm.)
Review of S. H. Peabody’s ‘Cecil’s books of natural
history”. .. [Rec., 1982]. G: D. (3063)
PSYCHE:
Mann, B: Pickman. Xylocopfa perforating
a corolla-tube. (Psyche, Jan. [29 Apr. ]
1882, v. 3, p- 298, 10 cm.)
Description of the manner in which a species of
xylocopa perforated the corolla-tube of a salver-shaped
flower. G: D. (3064)
Meeting (52nd) of German naturalists and
physicians in Baden-Baden. (Psyche, May
[4 Nov. ] 1881, v. 3, p- 211, 27 cm.)
Abstract, in English translation, of M. von Hopftgar-
ten’s notice of 52nd meeting of German naturalists and
physicians in Baden-Baden, from Entom. Nachrichten,
1 Apr. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 65-70; notes on the geographical
distribution of certain ¢ifu/idae and proposition of the
establishment of an entomological loan-library in Ger-
many (by C: R. Osten Sacken) ; minor communications,
B: P. M. (3065)
Mische, W: For sale. (Psyche, 1880, v. 3,
p. 11, 24, 48, 60, each 4 cm.)
Advertisement of coleoptera for sale.
B: P. M. (3066)
Moody, H: Loring. Larvae of the family
pyrochroidae. (Psyche, June [13 Aug. ]
1880, v. 3, p. 76, 23 cm.)
Distinctive characters of larvae of dendroides cana-
densis, d. concolor, pyrochroa flabellata and schizotus
cervicalts. G: D. (3067)
Moody, H: Loring. Transformations of
nacerdes melanura. (Psyche, Mayg|July]
1880, v. 3, p- 68, 19 cm.)
Description of egg of zacerdes melanura; results of
experiments to ascertain the food of the larva.
B: P. M. (3068)
Mummy ofawasp. (Psyche, July [16 Dec. ]
1882, v. 3, p. 368, 10 cm.)
Note, from Maspero and Brugsch’s ‘*La trouvaille
de Deir-el-Bahari,”’ on the antiquity of a wasp found in
the coffin of Amenophis I who died 1668 B. c.
G: D. (3069)
Murie, James, see LINNEAN society of London [Rec.,
3046-3047 ].
Murtfeldt, Mary Esther. A fragrant butter-
fly.. (Psyche, Apr. [18 Aug.] 1881, v. 3,
p: 198, 12cm.) -
Notice, [by C: V. Riley], entitled ‘Odor
in butterflies.” (Amer. nat., Oct. [23 Sep. ]
1881, v. 15) (RiLey, C: V. Entomology
---[Oct. 1881]), p. 822.
Notes a delicate violet-like odor in males of callidry-
as eubule. G: D. (3070)
Murtfeldt, Mary Esther. The grapeberry
moth, eademzs botrana, S. V. (Psyche,
Oct.-Dec. 1881 [7 Apr. 1882], v. 3, p. 276,
Bem.)
The larva of euwdemis botrana feeds upon vitis, ver-
nonia noveboracensts, liriodendron and amorpha.
G: D. (3071)
PSLCAEL
Murtfeldt, Mary Esther. Habits of hyfo-
prepia packardit, Grote. (Psyche, July-
Sept. 1881 [7 Mar. 1882], v. 3, p. 243-244,
46 cm.)
Describes larva of hypoprepia packardit, which feeds
on guercus tinctoria. G; D. (3072)
Murtfeldt, Mary Esther. Xylocofa and
megachile cutting flowers. (Psyche, May
[19 Aug. ] 1882, v. 3, p. 343, 9 cm.)
Flowers of plumbago and of other plants are cut by
species of xylocopa and megachile. G:; D. (3073)
Noel, Paul. Chasse aux lépidopteres noc-
turnes [Rec., 1541].
Abstract. (Psyche, Feb. [6 Mch.] £880, v.
3: P- 23, 4 cm.)
G: D. (3074)
Orne, J:, jr., see MANN, B: P. George Dole Smith
[Ree., 3954].
Osborn, Herbert. Habits of ¢hrips. (Psy-
chewy p16" Dec: | 1882;) v03, (p-1309,. 12
cm.)
Crit. rev., by T. Pergande, with same
title. (Psyche, Aug. 1882 [15 Jan. 1883],
V.i3, pi. 301,20 cm.)
Regards a species of phloeothrips as injuring apple-
blossoms by biting into the young styles and thus pre-
venting fertilization. G: D. (3075)
Osten Sacken, C: Robert. Ants and aphi-
des. (Psyche, May [19 Aug.] 1882, v. 3,
P- 343, 14 cm.)
Notice of W: Trelease’s ‘‘Unusual care of ants for
aphides’”’ (Psyche, Feb. [24 May] 1882, v. 3, p. 310-311)
{Rec., 3095], together with a translation of a note ou this
subject published earlier by the author (Entom. Zeitung
.. zu Stettin, 1862, jahrg. 23, p. 127-128). G: D. (3076)
Osten Sacken, C: Robert. Habits of dom-
bylius | Rec., 3520].
Reprint, with same title. (Psyche, Oct.-
Wee iesrs (7, Apr: 1882)]3 v3, py 290; 17
cm.)
B: P. M. (3077)
Osten Sacken, C: Robert. Note on North
American ¢rypfetidae. (Psyche, April [28
May] 1880, v. 3, p. 53, 21 cm.)
Notes on the 6 species of N. A. trypeta of which the
food-plant is known. G: D. (3078)
Parker, H: Webster. Note on dezlephila
lineata, Fabr. (Psyche, May [19 Aug. ]
1832, V- 3, p-: 342, 12 cm.)
Habits and occurrence of imagos of detlephila lineata.
G: D. (3079)
Pergande, Theodor. Habits of (¢hréfs.
(Psyche, Aug. 1882 [15 Jan. 1883], v. 3, p.
BOE, 20 CM; )
Critical review of H. Osborn’s “Ilabits of thrips’
(Psyche, July [16 Dec.] 1882, v. 3, p. 369) [Rec.,
3075], with other notes on species of ¢hrips.
G: D. (3080)
Proceedings of societies, see the names of the respective
socteties.
[3072-3086] 429
Reed, Edmund Baynes. Canadian entomol-
ogist. (Psyche, 1881-1882, v. 3, p. 216,
228, 260, 292. 304, 316. 336, 348, each 3 cm.)
Advertisement of Canadian entomologist and of Annu-
al report of the Entomological society of Ontario for
subscription. B: P. M. (3081)
Riley, C: Valentine. Galls and gall insects.
(Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p. 11, 24, 48, 60,
72, 84, 96, 108, 170, 182, 194, 206, 218, 230,
262, 294, 306, 318, 338, 350, 362, 374, 386,
each 3 or 4 cm.)
Advertisement for galls and gall insects.
B: P. M. (3082)
[Riley, C: Valentine.] A new museum
pest. (Amer. nat_, Oct. [28 Sep:] 1882, v.
16) (RiLeEy, C: V. Entomology...[Oct.
1882]), p. 826.
Reprint, with same title. (Psyche, Sep.-
Oct. 1882 [1 Mar. 1884], v. 3. p. 408, 6 cm.)
Discovery, by Mrs. A, E. Bush, of per’megatoma vari:
egatum as a pest in collections of insects. *
B: P. M. (3083)
{Schaupp, Frank G:] _ Bulletin of the
Brooklyn entomological society. (Psyche,
TOSl-TOG2,00ve" Sy Py 200, 225, 200, 2925
304, 316, 336, 348, eack 3 ch.)
Advertisement of Bulletin of the Brooklyn entomo-
logical society for subscription. B: P. M. (3084)
Sclater. Philip Lutley, see ZooLoGIcAL society of Lon-
don [ Rec., 3100].
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Early stages of but-
terflies wanted. (Psyche, 1880-1882, v .3, p.
aL w20s5O. 025 74150; Oo, LO.) 122,034.
1465 150, 170, 182,194: 206, 2185230. 262,
294, 306, 318, 338. 350, 362, 374, 386, each 4
cm.)
Advertisement.
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Fragments of the
coarser anatomy of diurnal lepidoptera.
(Psyche, -) v2 ~ 3): Oct-Dec, 1608, [iZpr:
1882], p. 263-275, 443 cm.; Jan. [29 Apr. j
1882, p. 295-298, 125 cm.; Feb. [24 May]
1882, p. 307-309, 94 cm.; Mar.-Apr. [24
June] 1882. p. 319-321, 101 cm.)
Reprint, with same title. Cambridge,
r502.4. t.-p2 cover, t.-p.,[.-- 1) 7483: p:,. 10-5
% 12.5; 10" 6.
Notice, by G: Dimmock, entitled ‘‘Book
notice.” (Psyche, June [13 Oct.] 1882, v.
3, P- 354-) [Rec., 2968. |
B: P. M. (3085)
Notice. (Nature, 3 Aug. 1882, v. 26, p.
330-331, 2 cm.)
Notice. (Zool. Jahresber. f. 1882, 1883,
abtheil. 2, p. 145.)
Anatomy of the different systems of internal organs
in larvae and pupae of some species of diurnal lepido-
ptera. G: D. (3086)
7
430 [3087-3100]
Scudder,S: Hubbard. Gosse’s observations
on the butterflies of North America. (Psy-
che, July.-Sept. 1881 [7 Mar. 1882], v. 3, p.
245-247, 77 cm.)
Review of H: Gosse’s ‘'The Canadian naturalist’
... Lond., 1840 [Rec., 2500], and of his “Letters from Ala-
bama”...Lond., 1Ssg [Rec., 2501], with annotated
index of the species of rhopalocera mentioned in the
two works. G: D. (3087)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Homologies of the
cremaster. (Psyche, Mar. [25 July] 1881,
V. 3, p- 166; 10icm:))
Defends the view “that the body of the cremaster of
the chrysalis corresponds to the anal plate (or terminal
segment) of the caterpillar.” G; D. (3088)
Scudder, S: Hubbard. Some recent publi-
cations on fossil insects. (Psyche, Nov.
1880 [22 Mar. 1881], v. 3, p. 138, 23 cm.)
Reviews Herbert Goss’ ‘Three papers on fossil in*
sects”... (Proc. Geologists’ assoc., Lond., 1878-1880, v°
5-6) and ‘The geological antiquity of insects”... Lond.»
1880, by the same author. G: D. (3089)
Snow, Francis Huntington. Larva of eury-
creon rantalis Guen. (Psyche, Oct. 1880,
fre Reb. tssrisav.. 3yqp.el27 24 CU.)
Describes the larva of eurycreon rantalis, and gives
list of its six known food-plants. G: D. (3090)
Snow, Francis Huntington. Musca domes-
tica Linn. versus vesfa occidentalis Cres-
son. (Psyche, May [19 Aug.] 1882, v. 3,
Pp. 339, 31 cm.)
Notice. (Zool. jahresbericht., 1882, 1883,
abtheil. 2, p. 3247, 379.)
Notice of great destruction of musca domestica by
vespa occidentalis. G: D. (3091)
Snow, Francis Huntington. A new museum
pest, trogoderma tarsale Mels. (Psyche,
jane. [13 °Oct.] 1882, v. 3, p: 351-352, 37
cm.)
Describes larva and pupa of trogoderma tarsale, which
is common in Kansas, as a museum pest. G; D. (3092)
Society meetings. (Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3,
P- 11, 23, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 107, 119, 131,
143, 167, 179; I9I, 203, 215, 227, 259, 291,
303; 315; 335; 347; 360. 372, 34-)
Current announcements, with occasional changes, of
the times of meeting of the different entomological
societies of North America. G: D. (3093)
Stebbins, Solomon. North American ferns.
(Psyche, 1880-1882, v. 3, p- I1, 24, 144, 156,
168, 180, 192, 204, 216, 228, 260, 292, 304,
316, 336, 348, 350, 362, 374, 386, each 3 cm.)
Advertisement of check-lists of the ferns [ filices].
B. P. M. (3094)
e
PoOPrCire.
Trelease, W :, secretary, see CAMBRIDGE entomological
club [Rec., 2951-2953].
Trelease, W: Review. (Psyche, Jan. [27
June] 1881, v. 3, p- 175, 25 cm.) [Rec.,
2738 |.
Trelease, W: Unusual care of ants for
aphides. (Psyche, Feb. [24 May] 1882,
v. 3, °p- 210-3 01,,07)1ctnvy)
Notice, by C: R. Osten Sacken, enti-
tled ‘‘Ants and aphides.” (Psyche, May [19
Aug.] 1882, v. 3, p- 343, 14 cm.)
Crematogaster lineolata erects a shelter to protect
aphides. G: D. (3095)
Turner, H: Ward. Color of the light emitted
by insects. (Psyche, Feb. [24 May] 1882,
V. 3, p- 309, 9 cm.)
Color of light emitted by pyrophorus noctilucus,
photuris pensylvanica and photinus pyralis.
G: D. (3096)
Wailly, Alfred. Lepidoptera. (Psyche,
1880-1882, v. 3, p- 12, 24, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96,
108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180, 192, 204,
216, 228, 260, 292, 304, 316, 336, 348, 350,
362, 374; 386, each 3 cm.)
Advertisement for living pupae and eggs of Ameri-
can lepidoptera wanted. B; P. M. (3097)
Wailly, Alfred. Notes on a few American
bombyces. (Can.entom., Nov. 1880, v. 12,
p- 227-228.)
Duplicate article [slightly different], en-
titled ‘‘Notes on a few bombyces, hybrids,
etc.” (Psyche, Sept. [15 Dee] 283070.
3, Pp. 112-113, 48 cm.)
Notes on species of the genus atfacus and their hy-
brids. G: D. (398)
Wier, J: Jenner. Danaine butterflies not
subject to the attack of mites. (Entomo-
logist, July 1882, v. 15, p. 160-161. )
Reprint, with same title. (Psyche, Sep.-
Oct. 1882 [1 Mar. 1884], v. 3, p. 408, 12
cm.)
Review of remarks by R. Meldola on the exemption
of papilio pammon and species of euploea and danats
from injury by mites [ psocfdae} in collections; confir-
mation of this exemption in author’s experience.
Be Pe (3099)
Wilson, Joseph Martin, see Epwarps, W: H: and
WILSON, J. M. Chemical change... [ Rec., 2993].
Zoological society of London. (Psyche,
June [18 Nov. ]-1881, v. 3, p. 224, 5 cm.)
Extract from minutes of meeting of Zoological socie-
ty of London, 15 Feb. 1881, published in Zoologischer
Anzeiger, 7 Mch. 1881, jahrg. 4, p. 117-118, by P. L.
Sclater; remarks on a hymenopterous parasite of two
species of /inyphia (by O. P. Cambridge) ; reference to
a paper read by T: De Gray (Lord Walsingham) on
North American ¢tinefdae. B:> P. ME (@ies)
Nos. 1o1-102 were issued 1 March 1834.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO PSYCHE, VOL. 3.
(According to the Dewey decimal system.)
By GEORGE DIMMOCK.
[The Index to volume 2 of Psyche was based upon the Dewey decimal classification (Amherst, author, 1876),
which had, however, by its author, been developed only to three places of decimals. For all extensions of
the system into greater detail the author of that index was solelv responsible. In the use of the system some
errors were committed, and in its extension some ij consistences, which haye been avoided in the present
index. The authorized extension of the system, the publication of which has been expected soon, for the last
two years or more, dit not appear until October 1885. The final revision of the following index, mostly in
manuscript, was not therefore possible unti! after that date. This index has now beer’ made to correspond,
in its details, with the new edition of the Dewey decimal classification and relative index (Boston, Library
Bureau, 1885), a work indispensible to every possessor of a library, or worker with literary material.
In addition to the correction of errors, as compared with the index to volume 2 of Psyche, a few changes
have had to be made in consequence of minor changes (which are however great improvements) in the author-
ized index itself. B: Pickman Mann.]
0. GENERAL. insects, 2933, 2985. Glands of insects, 2985. Ner-
vous system of insects, 1451, 1453-1458, 2233. Insects
01. BIBLIOGRAPHY. injurious to books, 1530, 1551. Hymenoptera, 2813.
Proterandry of bees, 28)1. Carnivorous habits of
OLO. General bibliography, 2914. bees, 1793. Suction in proboscis of lepidoptera, 2946.
Periodicals. ‘Title-slip registry, 2987. Galeodidae, 3056. Prosopistoma, 2254. Coleopte-
012. Bibliography of special authors. ra, 3013. Larvae of coleoptera, 2246. Rhyncho-
Dimmock’s Spee. bibliog., 298). Hagen’s Bibl. phora, 2901. Anisodactylus, 2567. Elaphrus, 1840.
entom., 2102. Hiibner’s Zutrage z. samml. exot. Suctoria [Pulicidae], 2005. Cecidomyia destructor
schmett., 1964-1965, 2849. Packard’s works, 1852. 2207. (’terophoridae, 2978-2979. Tineina, 1867.
Bull. U. 8S. geol. and geogr. surv. terr., 2209-2211. Nephelodes, 2350. Sericulture, 3023.
014. Bibliography of special forms. O18. Author catalogs. Aaron, 1841, 3011.
Indices. Baird’s ann. rec. sci. and indust., 1917. Abbe, C., 1917, 1943. Abbe, E. P., 1519. Abbott,
Bull. 3, U. S. entom. comm., 2206. Gosse’s Canad. 1556. Adler, (2683, 3014, 3039). Adolph, 1842.
natur., 3087. Gosse’s Letters from Ala., 3087. 7th Aldrich, 1557, 2485. Allen, G., 1647 (1718, 1720),
rept. state entom. II]., 1603. Le Conte’s Coleopt. 1648 (1661, 1665, 1669), 2358. Amengue, (3022).
Mich., 2889. Mégnin’s Les parasites, 2777. Repts. Anderson, 1875. André, (2953). Arcangeli, 2339,
state entom. Mo., 3013. Psyche, 2986, 2999. Scud- 2673. Ashmead, 1448, 2077. Auerbach, 3009.
der’s Cat. sci. serials, 2179. Taschenberg’s Die Austin, E: P., 2941, 2948, 2951, (3004). Austin,
Fléhe, 2005. [See also 5908, 59508.] R. M., 2340. Axell, 2341.
Newspapers, 3008. B., C., 1849. B., J., 2627 (2528). B., J. H.,
Serials. Scientific, 2179, 2499. Entomological, 1926. B., R. T., 2261. B., S., 1850. Bacon, 2216.
1610. Bailey, W: W., 1851, 2217-2219, 2342. Baird, 1917.
Writings. Scientific, 1651, 1917, 2069, 2071-2075, Balbiani, 2078 (2083, 2084). Balfour, F. M., 1559
2499. Entomological, 2069, 2071-2075, 2225, 2986, (2043). Balfour, T: A. G., 2628. Ball, V., (2189).
2989, 3007. Ball, W. S., 2625. Ballard, 1725 (3062). Ballou,
0i6. Bibliography of special subjects. 1852. Baly, 1560, 2079. Banning, 2343. Barber,
Relations between plants and animals, 2390, 2475, M. E., 2080, 2344. Barber, S., 1489. Barker, 1917.
2564. Insectivorous plants, 2640. Fertilization of | Barnard, 3000. Barnes, C. R., 2345. Barnes, W:,
plants, 2379, 2389, 2390, 2561-2567, 2640, 2679, 2740, 2948. Barrois, 1919. Bassett, 2221, (3039). Batalin,
2768. Nectar, 1875. Galls, 3021, 3027. Plantsinjur. 2346. Batelli, 2081 (2943). Bates, H: W., 3028.
by insects, 1603. Cotton insects, 1875. Zoology, Bates, J. E., 1920. Bauer, 203. Beal, F. E. L.,
3013, 3065. Invertebrate paleontology, 2256, 3000. 1921. Beal, W: J., 1922, 2222, 2347. Bean, 1280
Entomology, 2102, 2226, 2584, 2976, 2980, (2980), (2115). Beecari, (3046). Beck, (2943). Behr, 2082.
3009, 3017, 3050. -*Entomological libraries, 3000. Behrens, W., 2348. Bell, J. T., 2224, 2490, 2880
Color of insects, 2323.. Evaginable appendages of (2888). Belt, 72 (2248), 2042, 2349, 2350, (2454).
432
Bennett, 1944 (2045), 2351-2355, 2356 (2354), 2357
(2379), 2491, 2629 (2637, 2647), 2674. Benton, 1522,
1528, (2511), (2810), (2811). Berger, (2943). Berg-
mann, (3025). Bergroth, 2225. Berkeley, 2358.
Berte, (2043). Bertkau, (2343). Bessey, 2359.
Bethune, 1853. Bickford, 2227. Bieger, (3025).
Blake, C: A., 3026. Blane, 2228. Blanchard, 2008.
Bobretzky, 2229 (1757). Bod, 1925. Bottner, 2494.
Boisduval, 1561. Boiteau, 2083 (2078), 2084. Bon-
nier, 2360,'2675. Bourgeois, 2037 (2982). Bowditch,
1562. Bowles, G: H., 1928, 2093, 3030. Bowles,
G: J:, 2093, 3030. Brandt, A., (2188), 2231. Brandt,
E. K., 1451 (2232), 1452 (2236), 1453 (2237), 1454
(2238), 1455 (2239), 1456 (2240), 1457 (2241), 1458
(2242), 1929, 2233-2235, 2892, (2943), (2953). Brauer,
1855, 2893. Brehm, (2045). Breitenbach, 1563, 1564
(2943), 1945, 2361 (2450), (2943). Brenchley, 2630.
Brendel, 1565. Bridgman, 2086. Brittain, 2363.
Britten, 3046. Brongniart, 2087, (2953), Bronn,
(2378). Brous, 1459. Brown, J. P., (3059). Brown,
k., 2631. Brown, T:, (3010). Brown, W., 1856.
Brugsch, (3069). Bruner, 2775. Brunner von Wat-
tenwyl, 1491, (2943). Buchholz, 2243. Buckhout,
(258)). Buckland, (2262). Buckton, (2955). Bug-
nion, 2263. Bunker, 2496. Burgess, 1399 (2943),
1859, 2943 (2278, 2945), 2950, (2951), 3027. Bur-
meister, (2943). Burton, 2652. Bush, 2244, (3083).
Butler, (2291).
C., J. F., 1860. C., R. E., (1954). Cambridge,
3100. Camerano, 2265-2267. Campbell, 3047. Canby,
2364. Candéze, (1503). Canestrini, 1948. Carlet,
1862, 1853, (2504). Carpenter, 1864, 2264. Caruel,
2565, 2587. Carus, (2369), (2379-2381). Caspary,
2497. Cassino, 1159 (2498), 1651, 2499 (2509), (3010).
Caulfield, 2801, (3030). Chambers, 851-853 (2211),
1895, 1856-1858, 2268-2269, 2803, (2943), 2956 (2957),
2957-2958. Chambolle, 1950, 1951. Champlin, 2011.
Chapin, 3023. Chapman, (2600). _Charbonneaux,
1859. Chatin, 1870, 2010, (2943). Cheeseman, 2677
(2702). Cholodkowsky, 1871-1872, 2894. Clay, 2804.
Claypole, 1952, 2271, 2907, 2959. Clifford, 2805.
Cohn, (2640). Coleman, 1874. Colman, 1567 (1604).
Comes, 2366. Comstock, 1847, 1875, 2260, 2272,
(2949), 2951, (2954), 2960. Conner, 2273. Cook,
1492, 1568-1572, 1573 (1621), 1574-1575, 1576 (1953),
(1671), (1806), 2274, 2808, 2961, 2962. Cooke, M.,
2012, 3023. Cooke, R. J., 2012. Coquillett, 1876
(2834), 1877, 2275, 2311, 2312, 2809. Corey, 1577.
Cori, 2810, 2811. Cornu, 2087. Couper, 1878, (3030),
Courchet, (3021). Coussmaker, 2802. Cresson, (3026).
Croneberg, 1578, 2278, (2943). Croom, 2676. Crotch,
4 Wie 814 (1840). Criiger, 2089 = 2367. Curtis,
(1937).
D., J. D., 1954. Dadant, 1579. von Dalla Torre,
2813. Dallas, (1919). Dan, 2814. Dana, 1917. Dar-
win, C:, (1671), 1810, 2013, 2043, 2369 (2370, 2381,
2414), 2370, 2371 (2374), 2372, 2373 (2374, 2635, 2714,
2715), 2374, 2375 (2374), 2376, 2377, 2378 (2113, 2379,
2410, 2636, 2679, 2716), 2379 (2357, 2380), 2380, 2381,
(2387), 2429, (2467), (2478), (2491), (2528), (2530),
2633-2636, (2639), 2678, 2679, (2953). Darwin, E.,
(2217). Darwin, F., 2044, 2090, 2279 (2700), 2280 —
2368, (2640). Day, 2815, Decaux, 2091. De Grey,
T:, 1942 (2173, 2831, 2843, 3032), (3100). Delpino,
2382-2390, 2391 (2641. 2767), (2454), (2467), (2575),
(2076), 2637 (2629, 2647), 2638 (2436), 2639-2642,
(2708), 2751 (2475), 2895 (2475). Deschange, 1811.
» 1605.
* PS TCE,
Des Vaulx, 2752. Devereaux, 1812, 2908. Dewar,
(2010), (2628). Dewey, J. T., (3025). Dewey [= Dui],
M., (2035). Dewitz, 1581 (2943), 2817-2820, (2943),
Dezs6, 1582 (2943). Dickinson, 2150. Dimmock,
A. K., 2955, 2964. Dimmock, G:, 2955, 2965-2968,
2969 (281), 2970-2081, 2982 (2037), 2983-2088, (2989).
Dimmock, G: M., 2051, 208). Distant, 3028. Dodge,
C: R., 2821. Dodge, G: M., 2282. Dodge, S. C.,
1815. Dogiel, 2283. Dohrn, 2135. Dollfus, 1488.
Donckier de Donceel, (2087). Dondé Ibarra, 1653.
Dondé Ruiz, 1654. Dose, 2990. Dubois, 1931.
Duchamp, (2943). Duchartre, 2643. Dufort, 2288.
Dumas, 1825, 2087. Dunning, 1517. Dury, 2289.
Dwight, 2991. Dwinelle, 2012, 3023. Dzierzon,
(1573, 1621).
Earley, 2392. Eaton, A. E., 1814. Eston, C. C.,
2945. Evlwards, H:, 2169. 2313-2315, 2666, 2992.
Edwards, W: H:, 1463-1465. 1584 (1615), 1725, 1728.
1816, 1817 (1956, 1957, 2534), 1818, 1819, 1956-1958,
2290, 2291, 2292 (2733), 2293, 2294, 2316, 2617, 2757,
2824-2830, 2909, 2910 (2909), 2911, 2912, (2946), (2951),
2993-2998, 3026. Ehlers, 1959 (2005). Eichhoff, 1585.
Emerton, 858 (2211), 1821, (2943). Emery, 1605.
Emmett, 2758. Engelmann, G:, =393 (2894), 2394,
2644. Engelmaun, T. W., 1586 (2020, 2943) Erlen-
meyer, (3007). Erler, 2295. Ernst, 2095, 2096, 2395,
2645, 2759, 2760 (2792), (3014). Evans, 2396, 2397,
Fabre, 1588 (1824, 1836), 1629 (1882), 1883. Failla-
Tedaldi, 1493. Faricw, (2406). Farrer, 2296, 2297
(2398, 2423), 2398, 2761. Fatio, 1884, (2003). Faucon,
1589, 1825 (1833), 1826. Fauvel, 2022, Faweett,
1526. Feil, 2299. Fernald, 2097, 2831 (2848), 3031-
3033. Field, 1827. Finzi, 3029. Fish, 2832. Fisher,
Fitch, E. A., 2149, 2161, (3024), 3029. Fla-
hault, 2675. Fletcher, 1828, 1629, 1885 (1907), 1961.
Flint, 1524, 1527. Fidgel, (2943). Focke, 1587.
Forbes, H: O., 2399. Forbes, S. A., 2099, (2589),
2833. Forbes, W. A., 2400 (2573). Forel, (2003),
(2943). Foster, 1886. Fournier, 2378. Fowler,
(3017), 3025. Fraser, (3024). Freeman, 1467.
Freese, 3017. Fremy, 1591 (1623), 1825. French,
1592 (1603), 1593 (1498), 1624 (1603), 1887-1889, 2301,
2834-2837. Friedrich, 1514. Fritsch, (2953). Fry,
1528. Fuckel, 2401. Fiigner, 1892. Fulier, 1630,
1893, 2220. Fyles, (3030).
Gallagher, 3034. Gnurdiner, (2951). Garman,
2838 (2970). Gauckler, 2839, 2840, (3025). Geffeken,
2100. Gehe, (3010), (3023). Géhin, (2022). Geinitz,
(2949). Gentry, 297 (2402). Gerard, 1894, 2403-2404,
Gerhard, 1594 (1600, 2984). Giard, 1656 (2325).
Gibbes, 1895. Gibson, 2762. Gillet, (8023). Gill-
ham, 1605, 3002. Gillman, 1896. Girard, 2127,
(2943). Gissler, 1436 = 1897 (1903), 2014, (2943).
Godman, 2101. Goodale, 2405. Goodell, 2803, 2304,
2317, 3035. Gorham, (3001), (3028). Goss, (3004),
(3089). Gosse, 2500-2501 (3087), (3025). Gould &
co., 2841. Goullon, 1962. pe Graaf, 1631. Graber,
1596, 1657 (2943), 1658, 2842, (2943). Graef, 1830,
1831. Gray, (1671), 2406-2409, 2410 (2378), 2411-
2413, 2414 (2369), 2415-2417, 2650 (2691). Grenacher,
(2943). Greene, 1597. Grey, D:, 1729. Grey, R.
M., 2913 (2917). bE Grey, T:, see De Grey, T:.
Grieve, 2646. Griffith, 2763. Grote, 850 (2211),
1470, 1730, 1731, 1875, 1&98-1900, 1932, 1933, 1963-
1965, 2015, 2016, 2149, 2170-2173, 2306-2309, 2318,
2844-2853, 2914-2916, 2917 (2913), 2998. Grube,
(2148). Guenée, (1561).
PSTCAEL.
Haberlandt, (3006). Hagen, 1471-1474, 1529 (1524,
1530, 1533, 1551), 1530 (1551), 1598, 1599, 1600 (1594),
1659" (1660, 2062), 1660 (2028, 2087), 1934-1937, 2102,
2319, 2320, 2502 (2488, 3036), 2503 (2588), 2854-2859,
2921. 2946, 2947, 2951, 2352, 2954, 2955, (3014),
(3027), 3037, 3038, 3306 (2102. 3015). Hail, I. H.,
2418, 2419. Hall, J: P., 2420. Haller, (2943).
Hammond, 2860, 3046. Hance, 2103. Harold, (2990),
Harrington, 1938, 2321, 2918. Harrison, 1735.
Hart, 2421-2425, 2426 (2619). Harvey, F. L., 2322.
Hasbr ouck, 1531.
2953-2955.
Hayden, 2427.
Heckel, ens 2379.
Heller, 2861. Hemmerling, 2323. Henshaw, 2946,
2948, 2989. Henslow, 2128.2430, Hepworth, 2431.
Heustis, 1475, 1967, 2852. . Heyden, 3055. Hicks,
(2943). Hildebr: and, (2387), (2429), 2432-2435, 2436
(2638), 2437, 2438, (2467), (2528), 2647 (2629, 2637),
2766, 2767 (2641). Hilgard, 1968. Hinckley, (3025),
Hind, 1901. Hoffmann, (2637), 2768. Hogarty,
1601. Holden, E: $., 1917. Hollis, 1532 (1554).
Homeyer, 2155. Hooker, (1461). Hopffer, 1602.
Hopfigarten, (3065). Hopkins, 1939. Horn, 814
(1840), (1744), (2120), 2854-2859, 2889, 2897, 2901,
(2945), (2089), 3026. Horne, 1940. Horvath, 1941.
Houlbert, 2104. Howard, 1970, 2324, 2769, 2838,
3039 (2683). Hubbard, 2439, 2881-2883 (2889).
Huber; 2884. Hubner, (1964, 1965, 2849). Hudson,
Hayward, 2948,
Heimerl, 2764.
(2108). Hulst, 2919, 2920 (2907). Humbert, (2122,
2123). Hunt, J. G., 2681 (2707. 2727). Hunt, T: S.,
1917. Hyatt, J. D., 1736, (1773), (2943). Hyde,
2018,
Ila el ali [pseud.], 2870 (2876, 2877), 2871, 2872
(2877, 2878). Imhof, 2921. Ingersoll, 566 (2209).
Tsenschmid, (1761).
Jackson, J., jr., 2440. Jager. 2903.
Jewett, 2327. Johnson, 2505, 2886.
2107. Joly, N..2107. Jones, E. D., (2116).
W: J., 1875. Joseph, 2020. Joulin, (2943). Jousset
de Bellesme, (2945), (2951), (3013).
K., J. D., 1494. Kabsch, 2771. Kadyi, 1609
(2943). Kaempfer, 1738. Kaltenbach, 2.)22 (1761).
Kampfmutller, 1739. ~1740. Karsch, 1741, 1742.
Katter, 1610 (2984), 2328. 2306, (2508), (2190). Ked-
zie, 1535. Keferstein, 2506. Kellicott, 1973, 2023,
2507, 2508, 2887. 2923, (2979). Kerner, (2454).
Kessler, 2024. Keyserling, (2625). Kidder, 2772.
King, H. S., 3040-3042. Kingsley, 2025. 2509 (2499),
(3013). Kirkpatrick, 2510. Kirsch, 2157. Kitche-
ner, 2441, 2442. Koelreuter. (1769). K6ppen, 3065.
Kowarz, 2137. Kraatz, 1611, 2135. Kramer, 1612,
(5048). eng L., 2511, 2816. Krancher, O. P.,
2512, 2873, 2874 (3008), 2875, 3043, (3023), 3044.
Krause, 1661 (1648), 2137, 2776 (2528). Krauss, H.
1613 (2943). Kriechbaumer, 2154. Kiinckel d’Her-
culais, (2943), (30&8). Kunstler, (3022). Kuntze,
24438. Kunze, 2026.
DE Lafitte, 1743, 1833 (1625). Lancaster, 2028.
Lancelevée, 2513. Landerer, 1614. Lange, (2878).
Langstroth, ._ 1834. Langworthy, 1524. Latreille,
(2893). Latzel, 2514. Laurent, (2952), 3045. Le
Conte, 1744, (2021), 2029, 2515, 28°8 (2880), 2859,
(2881-2883). 2890, 2899, (2904), 2900 (2904), 2901
(2942), (2989), (3026). LeDoux, (3001). Lefroy,
2444. 2445. Leggett, 2446-2449, 2516-2520. Leidy,
2682, (2955). Lelind, 2521 (2495). Leliévre, 1662,
1663, (1909), 1974. Lemmon, 1975. Lendenfeld,
2522" Léonard, 1664. Lewis, (2949), (3024). Leydig,
(2235), (2943). Lichtenstein, 1488, 1615 (2032),
1534.
E., 2105-
Jones,
Jeffrey.
Joly.
1745, 1746, 1751, 2027 (2932), 2031, 2032, 2524, 25295,
2683 (3039). Lidth de Jeude, (1586, 2343).
2329. Liénard, 1747, (2943). Lintner, 2110, 2
2330, 2924. Livingstone, (1447). Lockwood, 1616,
2526. Loman. 1749. Lombard. 1617. Lowne, (243),
Lowrey, (3005, 3029). Lulbock, (i ae (1754),
(2310), (2487), 2528 (2113, 2627, 2776), 2529, (3005),
302) (3006), (3047). Ludwig, 2530. Lyman, 2034,
(3030).
M., H. B., 1536 (1566, 1873, 1976). M.,
M., S., 2448. McBride, A. S., 1978.
2684. M-Cook, (1732), (2949), 3026.
1752. McGann, 2532. Machenhauer, 1620.
lan, 1665-1666, (1650, 1718, 1719).
1619, 2531, 2025, (243).
3049. M’ Nab, (2353).
B: P., 2035, 260 36, 2901,
(2967, 2974,
J., 3002,
Macbride, J.,
McCracken,
MecLach-
MacLeod, 1618,
Macloskie, 1753, 2902,
Mangerel, 2332. Minn,
2945-251, 3003, 3012, 3050
2976, 3008), 3051-3064, 3065. Mann,
H., 2268. Manson, (2049). Marés, 1667. Mark,
(2043), 2948, 2949, 2951, 2952. Marott, 2036. Mar-
shall, W: C., 2533. . Martin, L., jr., 2903. Martin,
P., 2903. Martin P. L., 2903. . Martindale, 2685.
Maspero, (3069). Mayer, P., 1632, 1633, (2043).
Mayet, 2524. Maynard, 1756. Mayr, (2683, 3039).
Meehan, 301 (2402), 2333, 2334, 2683, 2687 (2705),
2588-2590, 2591 (2680) Be 2698. Méenin, 2777,
(3048). Meldola, Dit (2121), 2517. Mellichamp,
579 (2695), (2416). Metschnikoff, 1634 (1659, 1889),
2019). Meyerheim, 2903. Michael, 30:8. Michard,
1537. Michels, 1979 (2270, 2534). Mik, 2335.
Miller, A., 1904. Miller, W:, 2778. Minot, 1757,
2535, (2943). Miot, 2133. Mische, 3066. Mivart,
1538, 1635, 1905. Mocquerys, 2037 (2982). Moffat,
1477. Mogeridge, 2038, 2556, Molin, 2039 (2337).
Monell, 1785 (1724). Monks, 2537. Moody, 1835,
3067, 3068. Moore, F., (3006).
Morehouse, 1759. Morris, E.,
2040. Morris, J. G., 3012.
ley, (1559), 2041. Mouillefert, 2112. Mueller, A.,
1761, 2162.” Mueller, F., (1563), 1636-1641, 1643,
1762-1765, (1767), (1855), 2042-2044, 2541 (2622),
9542-2544) (2556), 2699. Mueller, H., 1642 (2571),
1643, 1666 (1714), 1669 (1648), (1671), 1764, 1766,
1767, 1768 (3027), 1769-1770, 2045 (1944, 2559),
2113 (2466), 2175 (2279, 2613, 2700, 2738, 2796),
2362, 2369, 2379, (2387), 2450 (2361), (2474), (2528),
9544-2564, 2565 (2399, 2414, Ba pe 2566, 2567 (2454,
2470, 2681), 2568-2571, 2572 (2475), 2573 (2400),
2574, 2575 (2614), 2576-2577, 2673, 2675, 2701, 2702
(2677), 2703, 2704 (2720), 2705 (2687), 2706 (2475),
Moore, 8. L., 2780.
1478. Morris, G. K.,
Morrison, (2309). Mose-
2707 (2681), 2708, 2781. Mueller, W. H., 2891
(2969). Muhr, 2539, 2540. Mulsant, (2999). Mundt,
(1463), 1906, 1907 (1885), 2578. Murie, 3046.
Murray, A.S., 2046. Murtfeldt, 3070-3073. Musters,
3046. Muth, 1771. Myers, 2709.
N., N., 2579 (2731). Nassonow, (3015). Nathan,
(3025). Neumoegen, 2047, 2176-2178. Newall,
2048. Newlyn, 2451. Newton, (2943). Nicholls,
1977. Nichols, -2952. Noel, 1541 (3074), 1774,
2049 (3005), 2050. Noll, 3065. Nostrand, 2051.
Novi, 1908. Nylander, 1775.
Oberthur, 2648. Ozle, 2711-2713. Oliver, 2636,
2714-2715, (2635), 2716. Olivier, A., 2114. Olivier,
E., 2581. Olney, 2052. Ormerod, (3014). Orne,
3054). Osborn, 1776-1778, 2582, 3022, 3075 (3080),
sten Sacken, 855 (2211), 1836 (1824), ’ (2263), 3065.
3076-3078.
S., 2054. Packard, 854
is Ge Paaren, 1779.
434
ss 211), 1644, 1645, 1671 (1981), 1766, 1780 (1865),
1781, (1804), (1852), 1917, 1980, 2055, 2207 (3020);
2584-2587, (3000), (:015), (3022). Palmén, 2588
(2503, 3027). Parker, 3079. Pascoe, 3014. Pas-
sow, 2776 (2528). Patterson, 2717. Patton, 1672,
2718, 2926-2928. othe 2166. Peabody, 1982
(3063), 1983. Peck, : H., 2719. Peixotto, 2784.
Perez, (2943). Peaance 3080 (3075). Perty, 1782.
Piatt, 1542. Pierce, 1673. Pilate, 1985. Pim,
2452. Planta-Reichman [ser. Planta- Reichenaul],
293°1). Plarr, 2453. Plateau, .1386, (2943).
Plétz, 1674. Poletajew, ee Pop: noe, 1646, 2059,
2060 (2108). Potonié, 2720 (2704). Pott, 2929
(1405). Potts, 1675-1676 (1681). Prentiss, 2062.
Preudhomme de Borre, 1988. Putnam, J. D., 1989.
Puton, 2591.
Quinby, (1485), (2962).
BA i. ., 2063. Raabe, 2592. Rafford, (3024).
heey, 2454, tatzeburg, (2388). Raulin, 2593.
Redding, 1930. Reed, 30¢1. Reiche, 2654. Reiche-
nau, 1678, 1910, 254, 2,)30, 2331. Reichenbach,
Rey, (2099). Ricca, 2455, 2456.
Riley, tee) 1680, 1681 (1675,
(1724), 52 (1795), (1804), 1990,
2118, 2206 (3020), 2459 (1992),
2596-2600, 2721-2723, (2782), (2783), 2785, 2757,
(2896), (2943), (3002), 3290 (3013), (3021), 3025,
(3039). 3082, 3083, (3088). Robin, H A 3008. Robin-
eau-Desvoidy, (2)43). Robinson, 2:47. Rogers,
1993, 2064. Rohrbach, 2460. Root, A. I, 1543
(1683). Root, L. C., 1485. DE Rossi, 1994. Rothrock,
2601. Rowell, (300%). Rudow, 2602. Rural [ pseud.],
1486. Rusby, 2461. Russell, 1684. Rust, 2724.
Ryder, 1685 (2119), 16%6- 1689, 2066, 2067, 2725,
(2943). Rye, 2864, 2668, 2897, 2901.
Salvin, DIOL. Sanborn, 1995. Saunders, W:,
1487, 1496, 1690, 1996, 1997, 2604 (2605), 2606-2607,
(3081). Saunders, W: E.,. (2618), 2932. Sauppe,
2337, 2876-2878 (2870, 2872. 2879). DE Saussure, 1691.
Savi, 2726. Savigny, (2268). Schaupp, 1786, 1¢37-
1840, 2120, 2246, 3013, 3084. Schenk, (2575).
Scherzer, (2580). Schilde, 2608 (2617). Schindler,
1787 (2943). Schmidt, (2943). Schmiedeknecht,
(2943), (3025). Schnabl, 1998. Schneck, 1692.
Schneider, eo). Schott, (1479). Schwarz, 1875,
2609, 2882-2883 (2889), 2904 (2899-2900), 2905.
Schweinfurth, (1552). Schweinitz, (2404). Sclater,
3100. Scudder, 567 (2209), 569 (2209), 570-573
(2210), 591 (2070), 859-860 (2211), 1524, 1693, 1788,
1789 (1727, 1799, re 1790, 1999, 2000 (3000),
2121 (2111), 2122 (2123), 2179, 218), 2181 (2486,
2896), (2256), 2906, (2945), 2946, 2949, 2951-2955,
(2989), 3002, 3003, (3009), 3027, 3085, 3086 (2968),
3087-3089. Seemans, (1544). Sheppard, 2:28.
Shimer, 2183. Shortt. 2184. Sickmann, 2577. Siew-
ers, 1497, 1546, 21%5, 2933. Silliman, 2955. Simon,
(2943). Simmonds, 1696. Simroth, (2943). Slater
2462, (2943), (3028). Smith, Emily “ey 1622 (1603),
2186. Smith, Erminnie A., 2157. Smith, Eugene,
A., 1875. Smith, F:, 3025. Smith, J. E:,,2729. Smith,
S. L, 2463. Smith, W. G., 2002, Snow, 1697,
3090-3092. Sograff, 1698 (2188, 2943). Spaulding,
2611. Specht, 2903. Spengel, 1699. Sprague, C:
J:, 1700. Sprague, F. H., 2004, 2934. Sprague,
H: §., 1701. Sprang, 2791. Sprengel, (1769),
(2391). 2464, (2467), (2478). (2528). Spruce, 2465.
Stahala, 2731 (2579), 2879 (2877-2878). Stebbins,
S.. 3094. Stecker, 2732, (2943). Stefanelli, 2124
1679. Reilly, 2595.
Riches, 2457, 2458.
1676), 1682, 1785
1991, (2092), 2117,
PSYCHE.
2094). Stein, 2136, 2159. Stephani, (2046). Steu-
del, 2503. Stewart, (2186). Stillman, 2792 (2760).
Stone, 1703. Stimaker 2190, 2191, 2783 (2292).
Stroop, 1704.
i, Gl 2408.
chenbers, Ors
(2113), 2793, 3023.
Swinton, ‘2192 (2991), 3029.
Tasche berg, L., 2198. Tas-
2005 (1959). tNavlon J. E.; 2466
Taylor, J. R., 1705. Tepper,
2194, 2195. Tessier, 2006. Th., H. "1706. Thaxter,
2007, 2355. Thenard, 1623 (1591). Thiriat, 1547.
Thomas, C., 565 (2: 209), AG0e 1605, 1624 (1603), 1707,
1792, 22))8 (3020), 2734, 2998, (3002), 3007. Thomas,
F. A. W., 1285 (3021). Thomé, 2467. Thompson,
Ties (1671). Thomson, 2735, (2953). Thorell, 857
(2211). Thurston, 1507. Tichomiroff, 1708. Todd,
1709, 2196, 2468. Torrey, 1710, 2068. Travers,
2197. Treat, M., 1548, 1712, 1713, 2198-2201.
Trelease, 1549 (285), 1625 2895), 1714 (1668), 1793,
1794, 2202, 2469-2473, 2474 (2571), 2475 (1875, 2572,
2706, 2710, 2741, 2751, 2805), 2476, 2477, (2589),
2613, 2614 (2575), 2615, 2737, 2738 (2700), 2739-2741,
2795, 2796, 2948, 2949, 2951-2953, 3095 (3076).
Treviranus, 2478, 2742. Trimen, 2479, 2480. bE
Troostembergh, 1795. Turner, 1499, 1796, 2203,
3096. Twain [psewd. = Clemens, S: L.], (2583).
Uhler, 568 (2209), 856 (2211), 1797, 1798. Unger,
2481,
Van den Branden, (3018). Van Denburg, (2409).
Vayssiére, 2212 (3005). Viallanes, 2213. Vogel,
1801. Voges, 1628, 1716, (2943). Voree, 2214.
Wackerzapp, 1627. Wagner, (2943). Wailly,
1717, 2249, 235-2938, 3097, 3098. Wallace, 1718
(1647, 1648, 1665), 1719 (1650, 1665, 1666, 1718),
1720 (1647, 1718), 2362, (2735), 2744. Walsh, (3039).
Wi alsingham, see De Grey, ‘Ti. Walther, 2671.
Ward, 1803. Waterhouse, 1721, 2250, (3028).
Watson, (3023). Weale, 2215, 2251, 2482-2484,
2616. Weber, 2939 (3024). Webster, F. M., (2589),
2746. Wedderburn, 2252. Weir, 3099. Weismann,
1628, 2617 (2503, 2608). Weiss, 1500. Westring,
(3047). Westwood, 1551 (1529), 2161, 2253, 2254,
(2268). Wetmore, 2255. Wheeler, (3023). White,
C: A., 2256, 2257, White, F. B., 1511, 2619 (2426),
2748, (2943). Whiteaves, 1854. Whiting, 1913.
Whitney, J. D., 2258, (2955). Willard. 1553:
Willet, (1816), 1875. Williston, 1722, 1723. Wilson,
A. S., 1554 (1532), 2620, 2621, 2747. Wilson, J.
M., 2993. W imbish, (2597). Wolff, 2940. Wood,
J. G., (3024). Wood, W. M., 2799. Wood-Mason,
(3047). W orthington, 2259. Wright, 2622 (2541).
Yeoman, 2623. Young, C. A., 2800. Young, H.
W.., 2624.
Ziddach, 2148. Zéllner, 2659, 2664.
020. Library economy and reports.
Dui decimal classification, 2035. Entomological
libraries [see also 59506. Lrsraries], 2000 (3000),
2017, 3000, 3065. Library goods for sale, 3060.
Library pests, 1524, 1527, 1529, 1530, 1533, 1551.
Loan libraries, 3022, 3057, 3065.
Periodicals. Library journ., 2987:
Private libraries. Graves, 3022. Hang-Ruthenbeng,
3006. Hagen, 2017. Loew, H., 3000. Stal, 3007.
Societies. Amer. libr. assoc., 2987.
Title slips, 2987.
O31. General American cyclopedias,
2011.
040. Polygraphy. Extracts, notices, and
reviews. (See references in par entheses under au-
thors, periodicals and society publications.)
PSTCHE.
5. SOCIOLOGY.
381. STATISTICS.
Nutgalls, 2580. Cochinel production, 1702, 1711,
2806. Insect ravages, 1804, 1832, 1875, 2823.
Expenditures in attempting to suppress phylloxera,
1890. Apiculture, 2745, 2863. Sericulture, 2610,
2755.
354. LAW.
344. Martial law. Discipline, 2298.
35. ADMINISTRATION.
Government aid to agriculture, 2823. French
government and phylloxera, 1890.
CoLiectTions: of Il]. state board agric., 1605; of
U.S. nation. mus., 3019.
Hisrory: of Ill. state lib. nat. hist., 3022; of U.
S. dept. agric., 3017; of U. S.entom. comm., 1715,
2204, 2205, 2743, 2823, 3006.
PROCEEDINGS: of Cal. board state hortic. comm.,
3023.
PusicatTions: Trans. Ill. dept. agric., 1604; Rept.
Mus. comm. Ill. state board agric., 1505 (1604);
Rept. State entom. Ill., 1603 (1604); Quart. rept.
Kans. state board agric., 2108; Rept. cotton insects
by U. S. dept. agric., 1875; Rept. Kntom. U. S.
dept. agric., (2951); U. S. entom. comm., 3020; Bibl.
econ. entom. U.S. entom. comm., 2226, 3009; Bull.
U.S. entom. comm., 2206-2208, 3022; Bull. U. S.
geol. and geog. surv. terr., 2209-2211, (2951).
UNDERTAKINGS: of Entom. div. U.S. dept. agric.,
2951.
37. EDUCATION.
Importance of entomology, 3023.
378. Colleges and universities.
CoLLEcTIoNs: of Kausas univ., 3021.
Pupsiications: Rept. Curator mus. South. Jl.
normal univ., 1498; Libr. bull. Harvard uniy.,
3000.
UNDERTAKINGS: of Bussey inst. Harvard univ.,
3012; of Kansas uniy., 2021; of Leipzig univ., 3012.
4. PHILOLOGY.
471. Latin orthography. Technical names,
2920 (2907), 3032.
499. Malay-Polynesian languages.
tive names of insects in New Guinea, 1703.
Na-
5. NATURAL SCIENCE.
505. Periodicals of natural science,
2179, 2499 (2509). Amer. nat., 3013. Ann. ree. sci.
and indust., 1917. Sci. advocate, 3021.
506. Societies of natural science [see also
5906, 59506], 1651, 2499 (2509).
History: of Amer. assoc. advance. sci., 3012, 3024;
of Assoc. frang. p. Pavanc. d. sci., 3022; of Daven-
port acad. nat. sci., 3010, 3056; of Soc. germ. nat. a.
phys., 3022; of Soc. roy. linn. d. Bruxelles, 3018.
ROCEEDINGS: of Acad. sci. Paris, 3024; of Amer.
assoc. advance. sci., 1558, 2069-2075, 2757, 2782,
435
2783; of Assoc. sci. d. France, 2360; Brit. assoc.
advane. sci., 2362, 2529; of Buffslo soc. nat. sci.,
1701; of Cal. acad. sci., 1930; of Soc. germ: nat. a.
phys., 3065; of Irmischia, 3025; of Linn. soe. Lond.,
3025, 3046-3048 ; of Middlesex sci. field-club, 1835; of
Skund. naturf.-versainiml., 2225; of Soc. helvét. d.
sci. nat., 2003, 3009; of Soc. roy. linn. d. Bruxelles,
1988.
PUBLICATIONS: 2179: Proc. Davenport acad. nat.
sci:, 3022. Soc. d. amis d. sci. nat., 2982.
UNDERTAKINGS: of Ottawa field-nat. club, 3021.
507. Education in natural science [sce
also 59507]. Teaching vernacular names, 3024.
Museums of natural science.
CoLLECcTIoNS: Mus. comp. zool., 1471-1473, 2258,
2855-2857. Mus. d’hist. nat. Berne, 3012. Mus.
@hist. nat. Rouen, 2982.
Hisrory: Mus. d’hist. nat. Berne, 3015. Fiirstl.
Sehwarzburg. nat.-cab., 3015. Roy. mus. Stockholm,
3016.
Lisraries: Mus. comp. zool., 2017.
UNDERTAKINGS: Mus. comp. zool., 2258.
509. History of natural science.
gress, 1917. Theories, 1661.
Pro-
53. PHYSICS.
534. Acoustics, 1552.
5356. Optical color.
1810, 2013.
536. Heat.
nests, 1550.
537. Electricity.
5378. APPLICATIONS.
In wings of insects,
Spontaneous combustion of wasps’
Silk-reeling, 1484.
54. CHEMISTRY.
543. Analysis. Composition of cocoons,
2802, 2971; of honey, 1535, 1579; of lac, 2773; of
secretions of insects, 1479, 1481, 1653, 2959, 2985,
3024. Detéction of impurities in honey, 22%1.
547. Organic chemistry. Bees’ wax, 3007,
3025. Cantharidin, 2940. Colors of insects, 2284,
2993.
54771. PARAFFIN Actps. In insects, 3025.
55. GEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY.
[The geographical distributiin of plants and ani-
mals is placed under 5819 and 5919, respectively. ]
5515. Meteorology, 1943, 3007.
56. PALEONTOLOGY.
561. Paleontology of plants, 1665-1666
(1650), 1718-1719 (1650), 2113, 2793.
562. Paleontology of invertebrates,
2256.
565. Paleontology of articulates, 2113,
2793, 2951, 2955, (3000).
Fosstz Insects, 591 (2070), 1789 (1727, 1799,
2122), 1790, 2192, 2946, 2949, 2951, 2953-2955, 3004,
3023, 3027, 3089. Curboniferous, 1650, 1665-1666,
1719, 2952. Tertiary, 567 (2209), 569 (2209), 570
(2210), 859 (2211), 1788, 2952. Jnterglacial, 860
(2211). Amber, 1677, 2187, 2951, 2955, 3065.
436 PSrons:
57. BIOLOGY.
5701. Philosophy of biology. Rules of
nomenclature, 1611, 2022, 2172, 2920 (2907, 2919),
3032.
5702. Compends of biology. Classification
of biological subjects, 2035.
5706. Societies of biology.
PROCEEDINGS: Biol. soc. Wash., 3052.
5707. Education in biology. Prizes, 3004.
575. Evolution, 1647-1648 (1669, 1718, 1720),
1665-1666 (1650, 1719), 2617 (2603, 2608), 266, 2798,
3028. Affinities among insects, 1559, 1582, 1764,
1855, 2212, 2253, 2254, 2291, 2851; among plants,
2434. Analogies, 2850. Ancestry of insects, 1764,
2617 (2603, 2608), 2701, 2951, 2955, 3009; of plants,
2338, 2466, 2558. Criteria of genera and species,
1564, 1626, 1707, 1817, 2377, 2844, 2845, 2852, 2915
(2917), 3026, 3032, 3048. Darwinism, 2530, 2701.
Effect of environment, 2065, 2512. Heredity, 2930.
Modification of plants by animals 2053, 2338, 2360,
2550. Natural selection, 2045, 2053, 2474, 2550, 2570,
2574. Origin of species of plants, 2113, 2466, 2530.
Sexual selection, 2121.
577. Properties of living matter. Nature
of phosph rescence of animals, 2067. Conditions
attending phosphorescence in lampyridae, 2033.
578. Microscopy. 1903. Accessory appara-
tus. Compressorium, 2066. Microtome, 1699. Prep-
aration and mounting, 1736. Sectioning, 1695.
Staining, 1633.
Socreties: Proceedings. Amer. soc. micros.,
2214; N. Y. micros. soc., 1773; Queckett micros.
club, 1901.
579. Collecting and preserving [objects
of natural history], 2903. Spiders’ webs, 1901. In-
sects, 2496. Diptera, 2335. Collecting tours, 2021,
2951, 2955, 3010, 3030, 3065. Records of captures.
Coleop*era, 2006, 3010. Lepidopterous larvae, 2955.
Catoeala, 2301, 2886.
Acquirinc. Lachanges, 1786, 2946, 3013-3016,
3018, 3021, 3023, 3045.
Requests for specimens, 1814, 2586, 2789, 2960,
3001, 3011, 3015, 3019, 3024, 3033, 3082, 3085, 3097.
Specimens for sale, 2941, 2952, 2953, 3011, 3024,
3034, 3044, 3045, 3066.
APPARATUS, 2496, 3065. Collecting-bottle, 1774.
Light, 1541 (3074). Spreading-board, 2840. Um-
brella, 2332.
Goods for sale, 1738-1740, 2941, 3053.
cage, 1739, 1740. Cork, 2623.
ARRANGING, 2335, 2496, 2855, 2903.
Cabinets, 2114, 2335, 2623, 2903. Use of colored
glass, 1986.
Labeis, 3051.
CoLLEecTING. Coleoptera, 1837, 1931, 2049 (3005).
Diptera, 2335. Lepidoptera, 1985.
Alluring. By baits. Lepidoptera, 1920. By
light.- Lepidoptera, 1541 (3074), 3025. By “‘ sugar,’’
2496, 2908.
Hunting. Insects, 2513. Coleoptera, 1869, 2332,
38025. Apidae, 2797.
Killing, 1774, 1808.
PRESERVING COLLECTIONS, 2903. Insects, 3030.
Pseudoneuroptera, 1620, 2124. Diptera, 2335.
Attacks of museum pests, 1473, 2951.
Exemption from attack, 3099.
Pestifuges, 3004, Carbolic acid, 2993.
Breeding-
Carbon
disulphide [CS,], 2091. Hydrocyanic acid [HCN],
2490. Naphthalin, 1678. Petroleum, 1678.
Prevention of moisture, 1811.
Retention of colors, 1986, 2124, 2289, 2952, 2993.
Transfer of scales of lepidoptera, 1829.
REARING, 1536, 1584 (1815), 1725 (3062), 1751,
1835, 1839, 1958, 2182, 2189, 2903, 2970, 2997, 3016,
3030, 3078. ,
TRANSPORTING. Living lepidoptera, 2912, 2950.
58. BOTANY.
5802. Comprnps or Botany,
2729, 3058. [For references to special genera see
5811, 5812, 5813, 5815, and 5817, under
different sub-heads. | :
581. PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY,
2408, 2729.
5811. VEGETAL PHYSIOLOGY.
58113. Nutrition, 2407, 2411, 2475, 2640,
2689.
58114. Secretion and excretion, 2411,
2416, 2628, 2642, 2735. Honey-dew [see 591144]
Manna, 2626.
Digestive secretion, 2340.
Odoriferous secretion, 2343, 2403, 2466 (2113),
2681, 2735.
Poisonous secretion, 2462, 2698, 2717.
Saccharine secretion. Nectar, 2296, 2340, 2360,
2385, 2388, 2401, 2470, 2475 (2572, 2706, 2710, 2741,
9751), 2477, 2481, 2497, 2557, 2642, 2675, 2684, 2725,
2948.
58115. Variation, 2530.
2768.
Phaseolus, 2690,
581151. Polymorphic variation, 2766. Viola,
2546. Linum, 2371 (2374). Lythrum, 2376. Prim-
ula, 2373 (2374, 2714, 2715), 2531. Lysimachia,
2545. Linaria, 2686. Euphrasia, 2545. Rhinanthus,
2545. Nepeta, 2442. Castanea, 2696. Fungi, 1894.
[See also 5813, Immature forms. ]
581152. Geographic variation, 2675.
581155. Mimetic variation. Fungi, 2779.
581156. Sexual variation, 2570. Epigaea, 1803.
Catasetum (Monachanthus, Myanthus), 2375 (2374).
Dioecious plants. Salvia, 2720. Asparagus, 2694.
581157. Colorational variation 1767, 2113, 2338,
2642, 2675. Fumariaceae, 2372, 2569. Saxifraga,
2574.
581158. Hybrids, 2377, 2402, 2748.
58116. Generation, 1656, 2369. Fungi,
1656.
58118. Nervous functions and sensa-
tions, 2201, 2359. 2677, 2681 (2707), 2771.
58119. Other functions. Movement, 2677,
2681. ;
5812. VEGETAL WELFARE AND ILLS,
1668 (1714), 2365, 3065.
58121-58124. Welfare of plants.
Dissemination of plants. Ay insects, 2443,
2748. Duvernoia, 2080. Fungi, 2343, 2403.
Fertilization of plants, 1528, 2369 (2370,
2381, 2414), 2390, 2391 (2641, 2767), 2436 (2638),
2466, 2467, 2471, 2475 (2572, 2706, 2710, 2741, 2751,
2895), 2547, 2548, 2561-2567, 2631, 2640, 2642, 2735.
a4
BRIPCHE:
Geranium 2426 (2619). Salvia, 2434. Ophrys,
2491. Ruscus, 2353.
Fertilization by birds. Impatiens, 1590. Tecoma,
2396, 2791. Salvia, 2434, 2739.
Fertilization by insecis, 1767, 1769, 1922, 2043,
2045 (1944 2576-2577), 2175 (2279, 2613), 2197, 2268,
2341, 2356, 2360, 2366, 2369 (2370, 2381, 2414), 2426,
(2619), 2434, 2466, 2471, 2475 (2706, 2710, 2741, 2751,
9895), 2547, 2548, 2560-2569, 2575 (2614), 2576, 2577
(2708), 2601, 2620, 2631, 2637 (2647), 2640, 2542,
2674, 2675, 2680, 2708, 2728, 2735, 2748, 2764, 2781,
2953. Alpine plants, 2175 (2613, 2700, 2738, 2796),
9549-2551, 2554, 2555, 2557, 2558, 2675, 2781.
Ranunculaceae, 2196. Myosurus, 2548. Aquilegia,
2202, 2334. Delphinium, 2457. Sarracenia, 2440.
Fumariaceae, 2372, 2435, 2568, 2569, 2713. Cory-
dalis, 2421, 2437. Fumaria, 2536. Hesperis, 2553,
2554, Reseda, 2536. Viola, 2351, 2352, 2492, 2423
2442, 2546, 2555, 2709. Lyclinis, 2748. Silene, 2748,
Portulaca, 2359. Malvaceae, 2712. Malva, 2547.
Linum, 2371 (2374). Geranium, 2766. Dictamnus,
2427. Staphylea, 2691. Leguminosae, 2297 (2398,
2423), 2478, 2713. Baptisia, 2342. Lupinus, 2222.
Genista, 2428. Cytisus, 2429, 2438. Medicago, 2429,
2430, 2438. Trifolium, 1969, 2349, 2350, 2402, 2691,
3006. Lotus, 2398, 2423. Amorpha, 2222. Indigo-
fera, 2429, 2438. Wistaria, 1684, 2402. Coronilla,
2296. Lathyrus, 2392. Centrosema, 1549 (2895).
Clitoria, 1549 (2895). Phaseolus, 2678, 2690, 2761,
2768. Prunus, 2630, 2646, 2724, 2778. Saxifraga,
2574. Parnassia, 2355. Rhexia, 2516. Lythrum,
2376. Epilobium, 2547. Oenothera, 2222. Lopezia,
2438, 2712. Cucurbita, 2402. Cereus, 2461. Rubia-
ceae, 2396, 2397. Posoqueria [= Martha], 2541, 2622.
Compositae, 2425, 2713. Leucanthemum, 2691. Car-
duus, 2748. Cynareae, 2771. Cichorium, 2688.
Taraxacum, 2222, 2425. Siphocampylus, 2438.
Lobelia, 1625 (2895), 2468, 2761. Campanula, 2222,
2688. Ericaceae, 2713. Epigaea, 1£03. Andromeda,
2222. Erica, 1924. Kalmia, 2222. Rhododendron,
2431. Clethra, 2345. Primulaceae, 2478. Primula,
2373 (2374, 2635, 2714, 2715), 2377, 2531, 2550.
Lysimachia, 2545. Vinca. 2621, 2633. Apocynum,
2446. Asclepiadaceae, 2251, 2268, 2484, 2639. Peri-
ploca, 2639. Physianthus, 2639. Gomphocarpus,
2639. Asclepias, 2433, 2762. Stapelia, 2681 (2726).
Gentiana, 2409, 2413, 2557, 2558. Coboea, 2348, 2395
(2759, 2760). Pulmonaria, 2766. Myosotis, 2548.
Convolvulus, 2748. Petunia, 2696. Schizanthus,
2438, 2451. Verlbascum, 2377. Linaria, 2686, 2764.
Antirrhinum, 2711. Scrophularia, 2406, 2620, 2691,
2711, 2740. Pentstemon, 2468. Mimulus, 2346.
Glossostigma, 2677 (2702). Digitalis, 2222, 2621,
2711, 2766. Gerardia, 2624. Euphrasia, 2545.
Pedicularis, 2438, 2692, 2711. Rhinanthus, 2545,
2550, 2554, 2711. Melampyrum, 2711. Pinguicula,
2621. Achimenes, 2441. Gesneria,2711. Bignonia,
2542. Martynia, 2468. Thunbergia, 2452. Duver-
noia, 2080. Clerodendron, 2631. Origanum, 2711.
Thymus, 2570, 2711. Calamintha, 2469, 2795. Sal-
via, 2434, 2687, 2696, 2712, 2720 (2704), 2739, 2764.
Nepeta, 2570. Brunella, 2711. Stachys, 2711.
Teucrium, 2711. Polygonum, 2396, 2547. Aristolo-
chia, 2432, 2459, 2729. Daphne, 2550. Euphorbia,
2470. Ficus, 2729. Castanea, 2696. Orchideae,
2038, 2089, 2367, 2378 (2379, 2410, 2636, 2679, 2716),
2379 (2113, 2357, 2378, 2380), 2399, 2400 (2573), 2410,
2478, 2551, 2703. Liparis, 2344. Cattleya, 2645.
-nilla, 72 (2248).
Stanhopea, 2367. Coryanthes, 2357,2367. Catasetum,
2357, 2367, 2375 (2374). Mormodes, 2357. Leis-
trostachys, 27:0. Angraecum, 2400, 2573, 2780. Wa-
Epipogium, 2460.
[ Epipactis, 2703,
2742. Orchis, 2742.
Ophrys, 2399, 2742. Habena-
ria, 2482, 2533, 2762. Gymnadenia, 2417. Platan-
thera, 2417, 2463, 2703. Cynorchis, 2780. Bonatea,
2215, 2480. Disa, 2479, 2616. Disperis, 2483.
Cypripedium, 2458, 2463, 2703. Hedychium, 2556,
2699. Trix, 2222, 2468. Gladiolus, 2468. Agave,
2643. Yucca, 1992 (2459), 2393 (2394), 2631, 2644,
2693. Lilium, 2552, 2555, 2764. Tulipa, 2718.
Mauritia, 2465.
2673. Amorphophallus, 2339,
plocarpus, 1794.
Fertilization by wind, 2631.
Arum, 2361 (2450). © Dracuneulus,
Calla, 2673. Sym-
Asparagus, 2694.
58125-58129.
Deformation of plants. By galls, 1552,
1554 (1532), 1672, 1689, 2580, 2683, 2729, 3021, 3029,
3082. Pistacia, 2027 (2032), 2031. -Myrmecoiia.
2365, 3046. Ambrosia, 3078. Artemisia, 3078, Soli-
dago, 2404, 3078. Ulmus, 1615 (2032). Quercus, 2221.
Deterioration of plants. Sy insect-fertiliza-
tion, 2377.
Mutilation or destruction of plants. By
borers, 1938, 2804. By insects, 1603, 1668, 1761,
1868, 1896, 2060, 2108, 2186, 2190, 2220, 2317, 2327,
2453, 2476, 2560, 2589, 2604, 2631, 2922, 2951, 2956,
2958, 2978, 2979, 3006, 3008, 3022, 3030, 3042, 3073.
Aquilegia, 2333. Delphinium, 2457. Liriodendron,
1572, 3071. Nymphaea, 2502, 2951. Sarracenia,
2722. Dicentra, 2447. Brassica, 162, 1861. Viola,
2294. Lychnis, 2748. Silene, 2748. Portulaca,
3035. Gossypium, 1644, 1875, 2206, 2276, 3023.
Tilia, 1989. Larrea, 1930. Tropaeolum, 2366, 2955.
Impatiens, 2473. Dictamnus, 1477, 1496, 2991.
Zanthoxylum, 1496, 2991, Ptelea, 2948. Citrus,
2077, 2272, 2288, 2757. Vitis [for injuries by Phyl-
loxera, see Alphabetic index], 1825, 1833, 1984, 2018,
2524, 2625, 2754, 3071. Aesculus, 2959. Acer, 1918,
1989. Negundo, 1989. Pistacia, 2027, 2031, 2032.
Trifo'ium, 2110, 2349, 2809, 3031. Amorpha, 5071.
Psoralea, 2059. Lathyrus, 2280, 2368. Pisum, 1857.
Phaseolus, 2368, 2678. Cassia, 2&30. Persica, 1860.
Pyrus, 1476, 1991, 2012, 2582, 3078, 3080. Philadel-
phus, 2955. Ribes, 1807, 2948. Sedum, 2294. Passi-
flora, 2294, 2625. Coffea,1977. Vernonia, 3071, 3078.
Solidago, 2023, 3078. Ambrosia, 2615, 2948, 3078.
Ills of plants.
Artemisia, 3078. Taraxacum, 1831. Plumbago,
3073. Primula, 2531. Syringa, 2988. Fraxinus,
1778. Ligustrum, 1912. Ipomoea, 2059, 2949.
Solanum, 2581, 2596, 3025. Lycopersicum, 1853.
Nicotiana, 1587. Petunia, 2696. Scrophularia, 2971.
Gerardia, 1851, 2489. Pedicularis, 2692. Tecoma,
2791. Salvia, 2366, 2687 (2705), 2696, 2758, 2948.
Rumex, 2955. Nepenthes, 3046. Aristolochia, 2854.
Ricinus, 1460. Ulmus, 1615 (2032), 2024, 2526, 3035.
Celtis, 2827. Humulus, 3022. Carya, 2170, 2821,
2977. Juglans, 1693. Betula, 3035. Corylus, 1893
Quercus, 1776, 1888, 1906, 2103, 2221, 2303, 2580,
2683. Salix, 2194, 2292. Populus, 1906, 2507.
Pinus, 1562, 2946. Abies, 2097, 2719, 2858. Larix,
2654. Orchideae, 2367. Canna, 3040, Dracaena,
3080. Sabal, 2289. Gramineae, 2330. Spartina,
2951. Zea, 1624 (1603), 2095, 2585. Oryza, 2326.
Fungi, 2321, 2358, 2403.
438
5813.
Immature forms, 1659 (1660), 1894,
thora (Empusa, Tarichium), 1656.
VEGETAL EMBRYOLOGY.
Entomoph-
5814.
Galls and buds,
Orchids, 2089=2367.
VEGETAL MORPHOLOGY.
1554 (1532), Flowers, 2118.
HOMOLOGY.
Foliar nectar glands, 2472.
5815.
58153. Capture of animals by plants
for food, 2347, 2407.
By leaves. Sarracenia, 285-2598 (2599), 579 (2695),
2411 (2412), 2415 (2416), 2676, 2684, 2729. Darling-
tonia, 2340, 2364. Drosera, 1713, 2689, 2729. Dion-
aea, 2729. Utricularia, 2201. Nepenthes, 2729.
Parasitism. Fungi, 2185, 2890, 2948. En-
tomophthora=Empusa=Sporendonema, 1656 (2324),
1894, 2087, 2096. Hemileia, 1461. Sphaeria, 1483.
VEGETAL BIOLOGY.
Cordyceps, 1937, 3025. Torrubia, 2951.” Isaria,
1634 (1880, 2019). Saprolegnia, 1894. Hormiscium,
1659, (1634, 1660, 2028, 2062), 1512, 1936.
58154. Seasons. Ruscus, 2353.
Dichogamy, 2354, 2356. Corydaiis, 2421. Cyna-
reae, 2771. Schizanthus, 2451. Sciophularia, 2620.
Aristolochia, 2452. 2439.
Hibernation, 1656.
58156. Breeding habits, 2369, 2475, 2548,
2735. Entomophthora, 1656. [See also 58121-
58124. Fertilization of plants.]
58157. Means of self-preservation, 1668,
1732, 2042, 2044, 2360, 2385, 2443, 2466, 2543. Utili-
zation of nectar, 2475 (2710, 2751).
58159. Other relations of plants to the
surrounding world.
Abundance, 2735.
Attractiveness to animals, 2475. Attractireness to
insects, 1528, 2368, 2642,2681, 2735. Sarracenia, 2684.
Coronilla, 2296. Drosera, 2628. Dionaea, 2628.
Oenothera, 1812. ?Mauritia, 2465. Catalpa, 1686.
Datura, 1812. Aristolochiz, 2432. Populus, 2472.
Amorphophallus, 2339. Pteris, 2042, 2044, 2090.
Fungi, 2343, 2779. Sphacelia, 2747. Phallus, 2685.
Capture of animals by plants [for capture as food,
see 58153], 2216.
By flowers, 1671 (1766, 1981). Nymphaea, 2216.
Oenothera, 2721. Nerium, 2721. Apocynum, 145a
=2449, 2217, 2363. 2446. Physianthus, 1671 (1766,
1981), 1700, 2420, 2721. Asclepias, 2433, 2510, 2518,
2762. Stapelia, 2681, Hedychium, 2699. Hemero-
callis, 145d=2517. Tritoma, 2744. By viscid hairs,
2347.
Beauty, 1528.
Dependence upon insects, 2365.
Fertilization of plants by animals, etc. [see 58121].
Relation of animals to plants [see 59159].
5816.
58161. Usefulness of plants [for Use in
useful arts, see 6G]. Sclerotium, 2184.
ECONOMIC BOTANY.
PSTLVIE: 2
58162. Usefulness in nature. As natural
checks. Eucalyptus, 1966. Fungi, 1656 (2325), 2096,
2185, 2747.
58163. Direct usefulness.
58164. Usefulness in arts and com-
merce. Euphorbia, 1823. As food for silk-worms.
Quercus, 2103. As insecticides. Chrysanthemum,
1480, 2885. Pyrethrum, 1480, 1690, 1854, 2299,
2736, 2812, 2885, 3023. Lycopersicum, 1580,
1608. Nicotiana, 1614. Nerium, 1614, Ricinus,
3024. Veratrum, 1807. As insectipells [*‘insect-
ifuges”’]. Quassia, 2590. As insectitracts [baits].
Oenothera, 1812. Datura, 1812.
58168. Noxiousness of plants to liv-
ing plants. To Coffea. WHemileia, 1461.
58169. Noxiousness to living animals.
To Apis. Digitalis, 2717. Asclepias, 1574, 2510,
2518. Tritoma, 2744. Fungi, 1577, 1771, 1913.
5817.
Anatomy of single forms, 2407.
Orchideae, 2417. Bonatea, 2215.
581738. Anatomy of leaves.
58174. Anatomy of glands. Nectar glands,
23£8, 2475, 2477, 2481. Vicia, 2401, 2534. Sambucus,
2497. Clethra, 2345. Catalpa, 2725. Melampyrum,
2454. Populus, 2472.
58176. Anatomy of flowers, 1709, 2113,
2195, 2366, 2407, 2438, 2455, 2545, 2621. Delphinium,
2457. Fumariaceae, 2485. Viola, 2352, 2423, 2546.
VEGETAL ANATOMY.
Parnassia, 2355.
Sagina, 2346. Linum, 2371 (2374). . Geranium,
2766. Genista, 2428. Medicago, 2430. Lotus, 2297
(2423). Indigofera, 2429. Parnassia, 2355. Rhexia,
2516. Cereus, 2461. Posoqueria—Martha, 2541,
2622. Jasione, 2761. Campanula, 2761. Rhodo-
dendron, 2431. Schizanthus, 2451. Linaria, 2686.
Digitalis, 2766. Mimulus, 2346. Scrophularia, 2406.
Salvia, 2484. Vinca, 2633. Asclepiadaceae, 2639.
Stapelia, 2726. Pulmonaria, 2766. Syringa, 2346.
Castanea, 2696. Arum, 2361 (2450). Orchideae,
2378-2379 (2357), 2742. Epipogium, 2460. Bonatea,
2480. Disa, 2479. Yucca, 2393.
Anthers. Clethra, 2345.
Pollen. 2268, 2642.
Stamens, 2771. Portulaca, 2359.
(2707, 2727).
58179. Anatomy of other structures.
Protrusions rich in protoplasm, 2543, 2640.
Stapelia, 2681
5819. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
1635, 2637 (2629, 2647). Sclerotium, 2184.
FLORAE.
Alpine florae. Alpine plants, 2175 (2279, 2700,
2738, 278i), 2549 2551, 2554, 2555, 2557, 2558.
Island florae, 2362.
58194. Flora of Europe. Great Britain,
2356, 2528, 2533. England, 2633. Germany, 2558,
2703. France, 1656, 2038, 2302, 2552. Switzerland,
558. Portugal, 2399.
58195. Flora of Asia, 2699. India, 1971,
2184. Ceylon, 1461. China, 2103.
58196. Flora of Africa, 2080, 2215, 2479,
2482-2484. Natal, 2396. Madagascar, 2400.
PSTCHE.
58197. Flora of North America, 3058,
3094. Jamaica, 2439. Arizona, 1930. California,
2299, 2340, 2364.
58198. Flora of South America. Bra-
wil, 1767, 2042, 2044, 2541, 2543, 2556, 2573, 2622,
2699.
58199. Flora of Oceanica. New Zealand,
1483, 1969, 2349, 2350, 2735. Kerguelen I., 2041.
Chatham I., 2197.
[Under 582-589, no reference is made to the
numerous genera already referred to under 581.]
582. Phanerogamia, 2462.
5873. Filices, 3094.
5892. Fungi, 1656, 1659 (1660), 2343, 2403.
59. ZOOLOGY.
5905. Periodicals of zoology.
anzeiger, 2943.
5906. Societies of zoology.
History: Zool. mus. KGnigsberg, 3016.
soc. Lond., 3016.
PROCEEDINGS: Zool. soc. Lond., 3100.
UNDERTAKINGS: Soc. d’études zool., 3008.
Zool.
Zool.
5911. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY.
Insecta, 1657, 2943 (2945).
9111. Circulation.
Dipterous larvae, 2213, 2283. Evagination of appen-
dages. Malachius, 2329.
Respiration. 2929. Insecta, 1619,
3049. Ctenophora, 2213. Tanypus, 3046. Arzama,
2951. Hesperia, 3040.
Evagination of appendages. Insecta, 3049.
591138. Nutrition. Limonius, 1975. Cato-
genus, 2977. Musca, 1753, Culex, 2966. Lepidop-
tera, 2955. Tineidae, 2956. Rhopalocera, 1859,
3027. Apis, 2962, 3007.
591139. Endurance of fasts, 1795, 2955.
59114. Secretion and excretion. Fontaria,
2939 (3024). Insecta, 2985. Lepidoptera, 3099.
Harpyia, 2964.
591142, Constructive secretion. Cocoon-varnish,
2802. Egg-cement, 1609. Lac, 1930, 2182, 2189,
2792 (2760). Niin, 1479, 1481, 1649, 1653, 1654, 1670.
Silk, 1586, 2020, 2956, 3040. Wax, 3007.
591143. Digestive secretion. Salivary, 2966.
591144. Attractive, defensive and offensive secre-
tion, 1626, 2939 (3024), 2964, 2972, 3099. Honey
dew, 1571, 2477, 2481, 2626, 2675, 2948. Odorifer-
ous, 1628, 1636, 1892, 1909, 1910, 2955, 3070.
Hydrophilus, 2970.
_ 691145. Poisonous secretion, 1578, 1780 (1865),
2116, 2966.
591146. Generative secretion.
591147. Protective secretion. Pigment, 1538,
2323.
591148. Excretion, 1787, 2802, 2962, 3013.
59115. Variation. Lepidoptera, 2931. Actias,
3026. Rhopalocera, 3009. Limenitis, 2733, 2995,
ea Danais, 3028. Apatura, 2994. Satyrus, 1817
(1824).
591151. Polymorphic variation. Coleoptera, 3026.
Desmocerus, 3026. Hydrophilus, 2267. Thyreus,
2955.
591152. Papilio, 2955.
Apis, 2961.
Geographic variation.
439
591153. Heterophagic variation. Lepidoptera,
8029. Heterocera, 3025.
591154. Polygoneutic variation. Rhopalocera,
2996.
591155. Mimetic variation, 1765. Araneina, 2519.
2520. Insecta, 1770. Cerambycidae, 3028. Lepi-
doptera, 1641, 1763, 2190. Pterophoridae, 3023,
Callimorpha, 3026. Trochilium, 2055.
591156. Sexual variation. Insecta, 1762. Cole-
optera, 3026. Pleotomus, 3041. Culex, 2966. Thy-
ridopteryx, 3042. Aegeria, 2887. Rhopalocera, 1810,
2121 (2111). Lerema, 8 (2180). Ornithoptera, 2013.
2013. Diadema, 2013. Epicalia, 1762. Numenia,
591157. Colorational variation, 1538, 1647 (1720),
2323. Lepidoptera, 2952. Gortyna, 1830. Actias,
3026. Arctia, 1831. Limenitis, 2913 (2917), 2995.
Junonia, 3026.
591158. Hybrids. Lepidoptera, 2931. Bombycidae,
1717, 2938 (2935-2937), 3098. Miscegeny. Chryso-
melidae, 1994. Doryphora, 2289. Chrysomela, 2289.
Bombycidae, 2938, 8098.
591159. Monstrosities, [see also 591167]. In-
secta, 2265, 2320, 2496. Coleoptera, 2037 (2982).
Cremastochilus, 3026. Melolontha, 3025. Musca,
2602. Lepidoptera, 2190, 2955. Acronycta, 2839.
Arctia, 3006, 3029. Sphinx, 2946. Papilio, 2998.
Formicidae, 3006, 8029. Atta, 1581.
59116. Generation. Aphididae, 1488.
591162. Parthenogenesis. Anarta, 3023. Hymen-
optera, 3039. Halictus, 1629 (1882-1883). Apis,
1621. Neutra. Formicidae, 1732.
591163. Metagenesis. Cynipidae, 3039.
591165. Reparation of wounds. Stauropus, 3043.
591166. Fecundation. Phalangiidae, 2228. Micro-
pyle. Blatta, 1609.
591167. Hermaphroditism. Phalangiidae, 2228.
Lasiocampa, 3024. Lycaena, 2290, 2998. Hymen-
optera, 1813.
591168. Vivipara. Diptera, 2684.
59118. Nervous functions and _ sensa-
tion. Color sense, 1647 (1720), 1648 (1647, 1661,
1665, 1669, 1718-1719), 1765, 2338, 2445. Hearing,
1596, 1775. Olfaction, 3025. Sight, 1679, 2010, 2735.
Tactile sense, 3048.
Function of antennae, 1632; of ‘‘schmeck-stifte,’’
1653; of tympanum, 1658.
9119. Other functions. Lffect of weather
[see also 59115, 59127], 2962. Cold. Hexapoda,
2006. Aphididae, 1745 (1746). Lepidoptera, 1717.
Abraxas, 1891. Plusia, 1891. Bombycidae, 3098.
Samia, 2578. Argynnis, 1958. Longevity, 1782,
2955. Luminosity, 1538,1547, 1618, 1652, 2033, 2067,
2104, 2515, 2805, 3024, 3028, 3030, 8041, 3096. Move-
ment, 1546, 1862 (1863), 2504, 2522, 2818, 2860, 2983,
2951, 2956, 2958, 2985, 3041, 3049. Production of
electricity, 1820 (1960). Production of heat, 2962,
3013. Sonifaction, 1673, 1732, 1775, 2625, 2805, 2842,
2873, 2951, 2952, 3048. Stinging, 1575,2951. Strength,
3017. Vitality, 1616, 2593, 3025, 3028 [see also
591139).
5912.
59121. Welfare of animals.
Natural Remedies, 2975, 3017.
59125. Ills of animals.
[For Means against animals, see 579, 632, &c.]
~
ANIMAL WELFARE AND ILLS.
440
59126. Diseases, 2777. Sericaria, 3001. Sus,
1567 (1604). Ovis, 1779.
Foul-brood. Apis, 1519, 1577, 1771.
Intoxication. Insects, 2411 (2412), 2416, 2952.
59127. Injuries by chemical and phy-
sical agencies.
Injuries by chemical agencies, 1616, 1678,
2050, 2283. Ammonia, 3025. Carbolic acid, 2054.
Carbon disulphide (CS2), 1617, 2091, 2092. Chloro-
Form, 3025. ~Glauber’s salt, 3009. Kerosene, 2063.
Naphthalin, 1678, 1795. Petroleum, 2057. Potassic
sulphocarbonate (Kg S2 CS), 2112. Sulphurous an-
hydride (SQ2), 1884. Turpentine, 1616, 2056.
Injuries by physical agencies. J/lectricity,
2283, 2593. Mutilation, 2985, 3043. Solar heat, 2056.
59128. Injuries by plants.
Capture [see 58153 and 58159. Capture].
Encumbrance. By pollinia, 1574, 2227, 2268, 2510,
2518, 2533, 2645, 2748, 2762.
Parasitism. Fungi, 1483, 1634 (1880), 1656 (2325),
1659 (2062). 1660 (2028), 1894, 1936, 1937, 2019, 2087,
2096, 2185, 2890, 3025.
Poisoning. Insects, 2411, 2462, 2698, 2717, 2747.
By spores. Insects, 2747.
59129. Injuries by animals [for names of
animals injuring, see mostly 59153), 2099. Tetrany-
chus, 3080. Hexapoda, 1758, 1940, 2322, 2485, 2618,
2750, . 2833. Blattidae, 1499. Pulvinaria, 1989.
Aphididae, 2954, 3025. Notonectidae, 2953. Coleop-
tera, 2953. Agelastica, 2591. Doryphora, 2026,
2305. Elaphidion, 23°7. Macrodactylus, 2026. Lach-
nosterna, 2305. Bupiestidae, 1588. Diptera, 3025.
Musca, 3091. Calliphora, 2002. Lepidoptera, 2931.
Galleria, 1557. Aletia, 2949. -Leucania, 2769. At-
tacus, 2746. Macrosila, 1812. Pieris, 1692. Formi-
cidae, 1548, 2198 (2199). Vespa, 2519, 2520. Api-
dae, 3077. Bombus, 2002. Apis, 1555, 1568-1570,
1597, 1752, 1969, 2002, 2510. Gasterosteus, 1796,
2203. Triton, 1950. Felis, 1525. Farm mammals,
-8001.
Parasitism, 1588, 2005 (1959), 2777, 2861, 3048.
Araneina, 3024. Linyphia, 3100. Scolopendra, 2955.
Hexapoda, 2604. Acridiidae, 2600, 3017. Termes,
2955. Reduvius, 2324. Chrysomelidae, 2263. Acantho-
cinus, 1599. Melolontha, 3022. Oryctes, 3022. Pas-
salus, 1599. Alaus, 1599. Diptera, 1599. Culex,
‘1737 (1972), 2949. . Tineina, 2324. Acrobasis, 2170.
Nephopteryx, 2923. Gymnancyla, 2263. Eugonia,
1889. Aletia, 1970, 2206, 2609. Leucania, 1889, 2330.
Sphinx, 1889. Pieris, 2594, 2604. Pyrameis, 2862.
Vanessa, 1662. Formicidae, 2008, 2545,2955. Xiph-
ydria, 2926. Athalia, 2263. Andrena, 2600. Apidae,
3017, 3077. Aves, 3002. Gallus, 1827, 1849. Hirundo,
1923, 2955. Sus, 1567 (1604). Ovis, 1779. Bos,
1802, 1856.
5913. ANIMAL EMBRYOLOGY
AND DEVELOPMENT.
Araneae, 1919. Insecta, 1657, 2181 (2486), 2229,
2535, 2943, 2948. Blatta, 2231. Diptera, 3049. Bom-
bye, 1708;
Acceleration; 2320, 2955, 2996.
Retardation, 1534, 2106, 2955, 2962, 3019.
59131. Spermatogenesis. Phalangidae, 2228.
59133. Segmentation. Pieris, 1757.
59154. Embryogenesis. 1451-1458,
(2270), 2819, 2820, 2948, 3014, 3027.
1979
PSYCHE.
59137. Metamorphosis.
Filaria, 2949.
Glyciphagus, 1612.
Insecta, 1805, 2535.
Prosopistoma, 2212. Psocina, 3037.
Coccidae, 1989. Aspidiotus, 2012. Aphididae,
2024.
Scolytidae, 1585. Nacerdes, 3068. Lytta, 1751.
Doryphora, 2193, 2596. Adoxus, 2524. Monoham-
mus, 1562. Pleotomus, 3041. Catogenus, 2977. Tro-
goderma, 3092. Micromalthus, 2881 (2889). Hydro-
philus, 2838.
Sarcophaga, 1616. Meigenia, 2263. Systoechus,
2600. Liponeura, 2817. Paltostoma, 1855. Sintec:
Gamasidae, 3048.
2859: Cecidomyia, 2207.
Lepidoptera, 1725 (8062), 2506. Pterophoridae,
2978, 2979. Tineina, 2956, -2958. Lithocolletis,
1805. Gracilaria, 2269, 2988. Tinea, 1462. Carpo-
capsa, 2012. Steganoptycha, 2959. Phoxopteris,
3031. Tortrix, 2097. Acrobasis, 2170. Euryereon,
2060. Eugonia, 2955. Hypena, 2809. Heliothis,
1875. Plusia, 2275. Aletin, 1875, 2206. Bomby-
cidae, 1717, 2593, 2938, 3098. Ceratocampa, 1893.
Callosamia, 2997. Attacus, 2955. Thyridopteryx,
3042. Spilosoma, 1997. Hypoprepia, 3072. Thy-
reus, 2955. Sphinx; 1853. Rhopalocera, 2997, 3009,
3085. Hesperia, 3040. Papilio. 2829, 2837. Terias,
2830. Apatura, 2994, 2998. Phyciodes, 2912. Meli-
taea, 2912. Euptoieta, 2294. Basilarchia, 2906. Ar-
gynnis, 1818, 1958. Agraulis, 2825. Grapta, 1819.
Limenitis, 2292 Apatura, 2827. Heliconia, 2826.
Libythea, 2828. Eresia, 2912.
Cynipidae, 3039. Formicidae, 3015.
Eggs. Blatta, 1609. _ Perla, 2921. Hemiptera,
2955. Nacerdes, 3068. Tineina, 2956, 2958. Phox-
opteris, 3031. Hypena, 2809. Leucania, 2597. Smer-
inthus, 3035. Hesperia, 3040.
Hatching. Insecta, 2945.
Larvae. Insecta, 1776. Phryganeidae, 1764. Cole-
optera, 2246, 2321. Mordella, 2803. Ceramycidae,
2077. Psephenus, 3049. Diptera, 2955. Cecidomyia,
2110. Heterocera, 1877, 2312. Teras, 2311. Eury-
creon, 3090. Geometridae, 2304. Noctuidae, 2317,
2836. Catocala, 2507. Agrotis, 1887. Xyleutus,
1776. Saturnia, 3043. Attacus, 1630. -Cerura, 2835.
Heterocampa, 1888. Notodonta, 2195. Euchuetes,
2327. Philampelus, 2502 (2488), 3035. Papilio,
2854, 2955.. Nematus, 2854.
Molting.. Insecta, 1675 (1681). Pleotomus, 3041.
Lepidoptera, 2997. Tineina, 2956, 2958.
Pupation. Insecta, 3013. Rhopalocera, 3088.
Pieris, 2955. Chaleididae, 2543.
Pupae. Phryganeidae, 1637.
. Imagos. Insecta [see 5957].
5914. ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY:.
HOMOLOGY,
1657, 2005, 2229. Somites, 2081, 2955. Appendages,
2966, 3043. Cremaster, 3088. Mouth-parts, 1691,
1753, 1768, 1870, 2540, 2966. Endocranium, 1753,
2902, 2966. Skeleton of thorax, 2860. Segment
médiaire, 2893. Wings, 2819. Veins of wings,
1842. Malpighian vessels, 1787.- Respiratory sys-
tem, 1626, 1716, 2588 (2503). Stigmata, 2512, 2874.
Nervous system, 1451-1458 (2232, 2236-2242), 2233,
2234.
BSICHE.
5915. ANIMAL BIOLOGY.
Habits and behavior (sce also the respective
species, etc.], 1905.
Vermes.| Strongylus, 3002. Sclerostoma, 3002.
Onychophora.| Peripatus, 8014.
Arachnida.| Gamasidae, 3048. Araneae, 1489,
2943, 2972. Tarantula, 1712. Phalangiidae, 2972.
Phalangium, 3017. Chelifer, 1599. :
[Hexapoda], 1588 (1836), 1603, 1657, 1982, 2181
(2486), 2500, 2501, 2762, 2765, 3019.
et stad Caloptenus, 1792. Gryllus, 2277.
Pseudoneuroptera.| Termitina, 2243. Psocina,
3037. Psocus, 1448.
[Neuroptera.| Trichoptera, 2544. Phryganeidae,
1640.
Rhynchota, 2790. Coccidae, 1615 (2032). Pul-
vinaria, 1989. Aspidiotus, 1989, 2012. Aphididae,
1615 (2032), 1785 (1724), 2024. Phylloxera, 1825
(1833), 1826. Pemphigus, 2027 (2032). Blissus, 2208.
Coleoptera, 1978. Balaninus, 1893. Lytta, 1751,
2271. Mordella, 2803. Coelocnemis, 2014. Eleodes,
2014, Galeruca, 2526. Doryphora, 2581, 2596. Adox-
us, 2524. Saperda, 2804. Monohammus, 1562. Psen-
ocerus, 1996. Clytus, 2064. Pleotomus, 3041. Scara-
baeus, 2765. Lachnosterna, 1777. Phyl!ophaga, 1937.
Ips, 1794. Anthrenus, 1471, 1540, 1598, 2951, 3092.
Trogoderma, 3092. Hydrophilus, 1487, 2838. Dy-
tiscus, 1487. Dicaelus, 1838. Cicindela, 1993. Am-
blychila, 1459.
Diptera. Leucopis, 2818. Trypetidae, 3078. Glos-
sina, 1447. Sarcophaga, 2722. Bombyliidae, 2600.
Paltostoma, 1855. Simulium, 2859. Cecidomyia,
2207. ,
Lepidoptera, 1592, 1717, 1725, 2190, 2506. Ptero-
phoridae, 2023, 2978-2979. Tineina, 2956, 2958. Gra-
cilaria, 2269. Lithocolletis, 1805. Timea, 1462. Tor-
tricidae, 1546. Steganoptycha, 2959. Carpocapsa,
2012. Retinia, 2946. Tortrix, 2097. Nephopteryx,
2923. Eurycreon, 2060. Hypena, 2809. Xanthop-
tera, 2722. Heliothis, 1875. Plusia, 2275. Aletia,
18/5, 2206. Leucania-[Heliophi'a], 1847, 2260, 2330,
2523. Arzama, 2951. Nephelodes, 2330. Agrotis,
1874. Bombvycidae, 1717, 2938, 3098. Xyleutes, 1776.
Ceratocampa, 1893. Attacus [Antheraea, Actias,
Samia], 1630, 1955, 2117, 2855, 2938. Notodonta,
2195. Thyridopteryx, 2220, 3042. Hyphantria, 2505.
Hypoprepia, 3072. Aegeriidae, 2508. ,Sphingidae,
3035. Macrosila, 1812. Rhopalocera, 2245, 2496,
2500-2501 (3087), 3009. Hesperia, 3040. Papilio,
1841, 2829, 2991. Terias, 2830. Basilarchia, 2906.
Agraulis 2825, Apatura, 2827, 2994. . Limenitis,
1465, 2244. Heliconia, 2826.. Libythea, 2828.
Hymenoptera, 2875, 3047. Uvoceridae, 1938. Ku-
plectrus, 2609. Formicidue, 1732, 1734, 2052, 2198
' (2199), 2243, 2487, 2583. .Pheidole, 2040. Stenamma,
1672. Anomma, 2085. Pogonomyrmex, 2200 (2199),
3026. Myrmecocystus, 3026. Formica, 1843. Apidae,
2701. Halictus, 1629 (1882-1883). Apis, 2274, 2518,
2797, 2810, 2961. :
[Aves.] Sphvrapicus, 2804. Passer, 1705.
Monographs. Pulvinaria, 1989. Blissus, 2208.
Cecidomyia, 2207. Aletia, 2206.
59151. Instinet-Reason.
1588 (1836). Macroglossa, 2632.
Insecta, 2930. Canthon, 1565.
Cleanliness, 1497, 2975.
Communicativeness, 2310, 2487, 3047.
Instinct : Insecta,
Mental powers:
441
Educability, 1587, 2930.
Ingenuity, 2085.
Providence, 2200 (2199).
Pugnacity. Scolopendra, 2975.
Formicidae, 1548, 1904, 38095.
Recognition of friends, 1732, 2200 (2199).
Stratagems, 1499, 2519, 2520.
59152. Abode. Thrips, 2352. Psocina, 3037.
Phryganeidae, 1764. Micromalthus, 2881. Pterophori-
dae, 2978-2979. Tineina, 2958. Formicidae, 2365,
92543. Stenamma, 1672. Pheidole, 3046.
Antrophila, 854 (2211), 2587, 3065.
Aquatilia. Chionaspis, 2951. Arzama, 2951. Phil-
ampelus, 2502 (2488).
Thermaphila. Laceobius, 3065.
Galls [see 58125-58129].
Hibernacula. Limenitis, 1465.
Migration. Aphididae, 2031.
Nidification. Araneae, 1901.
3026. Termitidae, 2184, 2243.
1764, 1788, 2544.
Stauropus, 3043.
Tarantula, 1712,
Trichoptera, 1638,
Pleotomus, 3041. Hydrophilus,
2838. Anthidium, 1770. Diptera, 2955. Lepidop-
tera, 1764. Tineina, 2956, 2958. Gracilaria, 2988.
Phoxopteris, 3031. Eudemis, 3071. Thyridopteryx,
3042. Hesperia, 3040. Limenitis, 1465, 2998. . For-
micidae, 2243, 3076. Atta, 2538.. Pogonomyrmex,
3026. Myrmecocystus, 3026. Crematogaster, 2951,
3095. Pelopoeus, 1798. Polistes, 1798. Megachile, 3073.
Cocoons. Hexapoda, 3013. Cionus, 1770, 2971.
Attacus, 2746, 2802, 2955. Bombyx, 1676 (1681).
Mode of extrication from cocoons. Bombycidae,
2985.
59153. Food habits [see also 59165-
59169].
[Arachnida.] Araneae, 2519, 2520.
Hexapoda, 2')22.
[Thysanura.] Lepisma, 2946.
Orthoptera.|. Blatta, 2367. Microcentrum, 2763.
[pei ee ee Thripidae, 3075 (3080). Ter-
mes, 1544.
[Neuroptera.] Panorpa, 2261.
[ Rhynchota.] Coccidae, 1615 (2032). Coceus, 1912.
Aphididae, 2031. Adelges, 2719. Belostoma, 1796,
2203. Stiretrus, 1570. Metapodius, 2769.
Coleoptera, 1761, 2321, 2403. Centrinus, 2326.
Aramigus, 2059. Hylurgus, 2719... Cionus, 2971.
Tricrania, 1722. Lina, 2985. Caryoborus, 2289, Dory-
phora, 1896. Saperda, 2582. Spalacopsis, 2326. ‘Pog-
ouocherus, 2801. Gaurotes, 2801. Elaphidion, 2821,
2977. Apate, 2719. Chalepus, 2326. Hister, 2591.
Cocciuellidae, 2589. Catogenus, 2977. Silpha,.2328.
Hydrophilus, 1950. Carabidae, 2589, 2948. Har-
palus, 2615, 2948. ;
Diptera, 2358, 2403, 2681, 2682, 2685, 2697, 2747,
2955. Trypetidae, 3078. Glossina, 1595. Syrphidae,
2424, 2495. Bombyliidae, 38077. Erax, 1569. . Ceci-
domyia, 2110, 2326, 2854.
Lepidoptera, 1920, 2190, 2327, 2931. Pterophori-
dae, 2023, 2978-2979, 2985.. Tineina, 1868, 2858.
Gracilaria, 2988. Phoxopteris, 3031. Eudemis, 3071,
Lozotaenia, 2959. Eurycreon, 3090.. Acrobasis, 2170.
Catocala, 2507. Aletia, 2949. Mamestra, 2317. Char-
adra, 2317. Cossus, 1906 (1907). Callosamia, 2997,
Cerura, 2194. Heterocampa, 1888. Packardia, 2303.
Bombyx, 1460. Trochilium, 1778. Sphingidae, 2400
(2573). Philampelus, 2502 (2488). Rhopalocera, 1663,
2997. Papilio, 1477, 1496, 2854, 2948. Euptoieta, 2294.
Vanessa, 2952. Limenitis, 1465, 2292.
442
Hymenoptera, 1850, 1925, 2002, 2048, 2252, 2476,
2675, 2789, 2926, 2948. Allantus, 2926. Nematus,
2854. Formicidae, 1843, 2042, 2044, 2403, 2457, 2470,
2497, 2725, 2791, 2949. Mutilla, 1568. Vespa, 3091.
Euglossa, 2367. Colletes, 2086. Halictus, 2718. An-
drena, 2086. Apidae, 2280 ( = 2368), 2473, 2560,
2631, 2696. Xylocopa, 2080, 2366, 3064, 3073. Meg-
achile, 3073. Bombus, 2218, 2219, 2280 (2368),
2333, 2349, 2350, 2367, 2447, 2453, 2457, 2489, 2516,
2531, 2532, 2559, 2678, 2692, 2758. Apis, 1521, 1571-
1572) 1576, 1671 (1981), 1686, 1766, 1793, 2366, 2392,
9418, 2430, 2532, 2559, 2624-2626, 2634, 2678, 2687
(2705), 2694, 2698, 2737, 2758.
Pisces.| Etheostomatinae, 2099.
Haatrachia.] Bufo, 2908. Hyla, 2908, 3025.
Aves, 1557, 1603, 2618, 2954. Meleagris, 1812. Pi-
cus, 2746. Ceryle, 2953. Chordeiles, 2322. Corvus,
2750. Icterus, 1940. Cardinalis, 2026. Hydemeles,
2026. Spizella, 1692. Passer, 1692, 2257. 2833, 2985,
3098. Petrochelidon, 2954. Troglodytes, 2485.
[Mammalia.| Mephitis, 1812, 2305. Talpa, 1758.
Sorex, 1553, 1597.
Parasitism, 2206, 2330, 2604, 2777, 2861, 2923.
Protozoa, 3022. Pyrsonympha, 2955. Gregarina,
2955. Sclerostoma, 3002. Strongylus, 3002. Filaria,
1737 (1972), 2949. Acaridae, 1779. Sarcoptes, 1567.
Gamasidae, 3048. Chelifer, 1599. Mallophaga, 1827,
1849, 1856. Cimex, 1923. Atemeles, 2008. Hippo-
boscidae, 2955. Phora, 2263. Oestrus, 1704, 1802.
Sarcophaga, 3027. Tachinidae, 2263. Meigenia, 2263,
Bombyliidae, 2600, 3017. Suctoria, 2005 (1959).
Hymenoptera, 1662, 2594, 3100. Pteromalus, 2594,
2604. Chalcididae, 2543. Eupelmus, 2324. Euplec-
trus, 1970, 2609. Phanerotoma, 2170. Ichneumoni-
dae, 3024. Microgaster, 1889. Macrocentrus, 1889.
Rhyssa, 2926. Ichneumon, 2862.
59154. Phaenology.
Seasons. Retinia, 2946. Noctuidae, 2908. Catocala,
2886. Callosamia, 2997. Sphingidae, 3035. Papilio,
1475, 2932, 2991, 2996. Libythea, 2828.
Abundance [see also 59155. Swarms, and 5919.
Flights]. Hexapoda, 1967, 2619, 2675, 2735. Brachy-
centrus, 1935. Pulex, 1598. Culex, 1703, 1760. Lepi-
doptera, 1706, 1951, 2036, 2918, 2955. Catocala, 2886.
Leucania, 1845-1848, 1902, 2523. Nephelodes, 2330.
Deilephila, 3079. Colias, 1664. Formicidae, 1732.
Daily habits. Conotrachelus, 1879. Deilephila,
3079.
Hibernation, 2962. Phylloxera, 1743. Galeruca,
2526. Lepidoptera, 2931. Aletia, 2118, 2597. Leu-
cania, 2597. Bombycidae, 1717. Hypoprepia, 3072.
Philampelus, 2191. Rhopalocera, 2997. Colias, 2183.
Apatura, 2951. Vanessa, 2183, 2191. Limenitis, 1465.
Number of generations in the year [Goneuty]. Lepi-
doptera, 2997. Papilio, 2932. Argynnis, 2757. Lim-
enitis, 2998. Cynipidae, 3039. :
Periodicity, 1941. Acrididae, 2775. Caloptenus,
1781, 1943. Hypena, 2809. Aegeria, 2887. Papilio,
2837. _ Heliconia, 2826.
Proterandry and proterogyny. Retinia, 2946.
Callosamia, 2997. Hymenoptera, 2891 (2969).
59155. Social habits. Insecta, 2875. For-
micidae, 1732, 1939.
Formicidae-Aphididae, 1843, 2951, 3076, 3095.
Myrmecophila, 2008.
Slaves and slaveholders, 1548, 2198 (2199).
Swarms [see also 5919. Flights]. Phalangiidae,
2972. Acridiidae, 1680, 1748. Odonata, 1494, 1710,
PSYCHE.
2030, 2068. Libellula, 1998. Diptera, 2300, 3038, 3052.
Sciara, 2951, 3038. Lepidoptera, 1951. Liparis, 1537.
Vanessa, 1493, 1706. Danais, 1463, 1983, 2007. For-
mica, 1556.
59156. Breeding habits.
Attraction of sexes. Cicada, 2951.
3043. Aglia, 1627. Callidryas, 3070.
2951. Heliconia, 2757.
Copulation. Gamasus, 3048. Phalangiidae, 2228.
Xysticus, 1821. Lepidoptera, 2931. Bombycidae,
1717, 2249, 3098. Aglia, 1627. Apis, 1531.
Oviposition. Macrobiotus, 1921. Blatta, 1609. Oe-
canthus, 2586, 2946, 3015. Corydalites, 1788. Sap-
erda, 2582. Pleotomus, 3041. Diptera, 2697, 2726.
Bombyliidae, 3077. Prodoxus, 2783. Pronuba, 1992,
2459. Phoxopteris, 3031. Retinia, 2946. Tortrix,
2097. Hypena, 2809. Bombycidae, 1717, 3098. Thy-
ridopteryx, 3042. Rhopalocera, 1584 (1815). Uro-
cerata, 2216. Cynipidae, 3039. Apis, 1621 (1573).
Prolificacy. Lasiocampa, 3043. Bombyx, 2230.
Smerinthus, 3035. Hymenoptera, 1662.
59157. Means of protection. Phalangiidae,
2972, 3017. Aeschna, 2537. Reduvius, 1820 (1960).
Cionus, 2971. Lepidoptera, 1820 (1960). Hyper-
chiria, 2981. Rhopalocera, 2445.
Feigning death. Vanessa, 2952.
Protective mimicry [see also 591155.], 1765.
Hexapoda, 1770. Lepidoptera, 1641. Pterophoridae,
3023. Callimorpha, 3026. Trochilium, 2055.
Protective secretions [see also 591144], 2985.
Harpyia, 2964. Rhopalocera, 3025. Heliconia, 3026.
Stinging. Vespa, 2951. Apis, 1575.
59159. Other biological relations of
animals.
Aerostation, 2800.
Beauty. Pyrophorus, 1652.
Behavior towards colors. Lepidoptera, 2444, 2445.
Behavior towards light, 3025. Araneae, 1489.
Behavior towards smoke. Sphinx, 2632.
Behavior towards weather [see also 59119).
Lasiocampa,
Argynnis,
Araneae, 1489. Acridiidae, 1943, 2998. Heliothis,
1875. Aletia, 1875, 2206. Cloudiness. Vanessa,
2952.
Natural limitations. Doryphora, 2596. Glossina,
2065. Eurycreon, 2060. Aletia, 2206.
Relations to epidemics. Yellow fever, 1474, 3038.
RELATIONS WITH PLANTS [see also 59153],
2564, 2575. Insects, 1461, 2360, 2562, 2390, 2571.
Capture by plants [see 59128]. Dissemination of
plants, [see 58121]. Fertilization of plants, [see
58122]. Modifying influence on plants. Hexa-
poda, 2053. Lepidoptera, 2550. Formicidae, 2365,
3046. Mutual relations with plants [see 58159}.
Plant pollinators. Hexapoda, 2175 (2613, 2700,
2738, 2796), 2369, 2378-2379 (2113), 2422, 2426
(2619), 2470, 2530, 2545-2560, 2631, 2735, 2748, 2762,
2764, 2781. Orthoptera, 2461, 2517. Thrips, 2352,
2373, 2442. Coleoptera, 2673. Diptera, 2643, 2726.
Syrphidae, 2425, 2574. Lepidoptera, 2215, 2552.
Heterocera, 2553, 2696. Pronuba, 2459, 2631, 2644,
2693. Sphingidae, 2400 (2573). Sesia, 2463, 2762.
Macroglossa, 2552, 2764. Rhopalocera, 2549-2552,
2554-2556. Papilio, 2463. Pieris, 2422. Hymen-
optera, 2469, 2620. Formicidae, 1803, 2461. Apidae,
2457. Osmia, 2536. Bombus, 1969. 2202, 2349, 2350,
2373 (2374), 2422, 2423, 2516, 2531, 2554, 2762, 2764.
Apis, 1794, 1969, 2536, 2624, 2678, 2762. Plant-
protectors. Formicidae, 2042, 2044, 2385, 2543.
hint CHE,
STATISTICS OF ANIMALS. Number of species.
Insecta, 2855. Phaneropteridae, 1491. Sze. Araneae,
2262. Proctotrupidae, 1677. Wetght. Bombycidae
(cocoons), 2230, 2955.
5916.
Economie entomology, 1603, 1604, 1800, 2190, 2226,
2584, 2604, 2823, 3014. Rhyuchophora, 2901. Lepi-
dop‘era, 1592.
59161. Usefulness of animals.
59162. Usefulness in nature. As fertilizers
of plants [see 58122]. As natural checks, 2604.
Hymenoptera, 2594. Formicidae, 2949. Vespa, 3091.
Aves, 1557, 2026, 2618, 3059. Meleagris, 1812. Chor-
deiles, 2322. Corvus, 2750. Icterus, 1940. Spizella,
1692. Passer, 1692, 1705, 2833. Troglodytes, 1557,
2485. Talpa, 1758. Mephitis, 1812, 2305.
59163. Direct usefulmess. ds food. Ac-
ridiidae, 1467. Pediculus, 1703, 1729. Jn clinics.
Apis, 1962. Manna, 2626. Medicine, 1834. Blatta,
1449, 1480, 2492. Coccus, 2773. Vesicantia, 2940,
3010, 3022.
59164. Usefulness in arts and com-
merce. As chemicals, 2527, 2985. As colors and
dyes, 1536, 1566, 1633, 1711, 1873, 2284. As in-
secticides, 1975. 2082. Passer, 1692, 1705, 1812, 2257.
Mephitis, 1812, 2305. As pets, 2277. For lac, 1930,
2773, 2792 (2760). For niin, 1479, 1481, 1649, 1653,
1654, 1670. For oil, 2527, 3022. For tannin, 2580.
For wax, 1912. In agriculture, 1539. In art, 1652.
In manufactures, 1544, 2001. [For Apiculture and
Sericulture, see 638. ]
59165. Noxiousness of animals. Hexa-
poda, 1604, 1622 (1603), 1804, 1832, 2214, 2782, 2823,
3002. Apidae, 2728. [Mor means against agricultural
pests, see 632}.
59166. Direct noxiousness, 2298, 2947.
As carriers of contagion, 2682. As hosts of parasites,
1737 (1972). As parasites, 2777, 2861. FVilaria, 1737
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY.
(1972), 2949. Diptera, 3027. Oestrus, 1704. Sar-
cophaga, 3027. As pests, 1478, 2590, 2947. Ectobia,
2770. Muscidae, 3024. Suctoria, 2005. Pulex, 1598.
Culex, 1703, 1760, 2966. As poisonous animals. Ay-
aneae, 2612, 2730. Cermatia, 1780 (1865). Bomby-
cidae, 2955, 2985. Stizus, 2951. Vespa, 2951.
59167. Noxiousness by injuring inani-
mate objects. Termes, 1954. Anthrenus, 1471,
1540, 1598, 2054. Barrels, 1606. Buoks, 1524, 1527,
1529, 1530, 1533, 1551. Carpets, 1540, 1598. Clothing,
1462. Food, 2495, 2521. Musewms, 1471, 1473
(1472), 2951, 3083, 3092.
59168. Noxiousness by injuring living
plants [see also 58129]. Hexapoda, 2108, 2186,
2823, 3006, 3022. Acridiidae, 1468, 1469, 1482, 1748,
1781, 1792, 1975, 3008, 3022. Caloptenus, 1792, 1975,
2775, 3059. Cuccidae, 2787. Pulvinaria, 1918. As-
pidiotus, 2272. Phylloxera, 3007. Miris, 2095. Blis-
sus, 1624 (1603), 2208. Coleoptera, 2326. Doryphora,
1583, 2285, 2596. Prionus, 2077. Cetonia, 2585.
Cecidomyia, 2207, 2326. Lepidoptera, 1592, 2190.
Eurycreon, 2060. Nephelodes, 2330. Leucania, 1755,
1784, 1845-1848, 1902, 2260, 2330, 2523. Agrotis,
1861. Thyridopteryx, 2220. Apis, 2728. Forests,
2186, 2794, 3012. Fruit. Lepidoptera, 1663. Vespa,
2789. Apis, 1520, 1601, 2625, 2754. * Gardens, 3030.
Greenhouses, 3080. Meadows, 2330. Orchards, 3030,
3075, 3080.
443
59169. Noxiousness by injuring liv-
ing animals [see also 59129). Glossina, 1447,
1595. Suctoria, 2005. Parasites, 2861, 2777. Apis
[see 638]. Anas. Pieris, 3001. Gallus. Mallo-
phaga, 1827, 1849. Mammalia. Mallophaga, 1856.
Bos. Oestrus, 1802.
5917. ANIMAL ANATOMY.
Asymmetry, 2949. THarpyia, 2964.
_ Entomotomy. Arthropoda, 1988, 2181, 2943. Hy-
drachnidae, 2278. Peripatus, 1559, 3014. Myrio-
poda, 1698 (2188). Iulidae, 1626. Termes, 2951.
Orthoptera, 2950. Psocina, 3037, Prosopistoma,
2107, 2253. Pulvinaria, 1989. Amblychila, 1436
(1897, 1903). Liponeura, 2817. Leucopis, 2818. Suc-
toria, 2005. Corethra, 2951, 2952. Thyridopteryx,
3042. Rhopalocera, 2951, 3009, 3086. Hesperia, 3040.
Apis, 2039.
Organs of doubtful nature.
Hymenoptera, 1948.
59171. Anatomy of circulatory organs.
Arthropoda, 1582. Diptera, 2213. Heart. Corethra,
2283, 2052.
59172. Anatomy of respiratory organs.
Arthropoda, 1582. Gloineris, 1716, Hexapoda, 1619,
Hexapoda, 2985.
2588 (2503), 3027, 3049. Hydrophilus, 2838. Dytis-
cus, 1619. Diptera, 2213. Tanypus, 3046. Sran-
chiae. Myriopoda, 2951. Euphaea, 1934. Stigmata.
Myriopoda, 1626. Hexapoda, 2512, 2874 (3008). Dip-
tera, 2893. Hymenoptera, 2873. Tvacheae. Hexa-
poda, 1675 (1681).
59173. Anatomy of nutritory organs.
Perla, 2921. Intestine. Caloptenus, 2535. Mouth-
parts. Gamasinae, 3048. Araneae, 3047. Hexapoda,
2539, 2540, 3026. Thysanura, 2954. Orthoptera, 1870,
2540. Hemimerus, 1691. Psocina, 3037. Prosopis-
toma, 2253. Nemognatha, 1768, 3027. Hydrophilus,
2970. Musca, 1753. Culex, 2966. Lepidoptera, 1563,
1564, 1859, 2400 (2573), 2946, 3027. Tineina, 2956,
2958. Gracilaria, 2988. Ophideres, 2288. Allantus,
2926. Formicidae, 1732, 1754, 2200 (2199), 3026.
Apidae, 2559. Bombus, 2350. Apis, 1576 (1953),
2611, 2902. Suctorial apparatus. Culex, 2966. Lepi-
doptera, 1859, 3027.
59174. Anatomy of secretory and ex-
eretory organs. Spirobolus, 1626. Fontaria,
2989. Hexapoda, 2951, 2985. Harpyia, 2964. va-
ginable organs: Osmateria. Coleoptera, 2329. Lepi-
doptera, 1628, 2043, 2933, 2951. Hyperchiria, 2981.
Sphinx, 1892, 1910. Malpighian vessels. Hexapoda,
1787. ‘Tinea, 2894. Poison glands. Araneae, 2925.
Solpugidae, 1578. Salivary glands. Araneae, 3047.
Tanypus, 3046. Apis, 2611. Sik glands. Bombyx,
1586, 2020.
59176. Anatomy of generatory organs.
Phalangiidae, 1631, 1749, 2228. Blatta, 1609. Clo-
thilla, 2955. Perla, 2921. Prodoxus, 2955. Danais,
2955. Copulatory organs. Tulidae, 1626. Lepidop-
tera, 3025. Ovipositor. Locusta, 2820. Leucania,
2597. Stinying apparatus. Hexapoda, 1773. Apis,
1575, 2820. Ovaries. Blatta, 2231. Testicles. Lepi-
doptera, 1871, 1872. Tinea, 2894.
59177. Anatomy of motory organs,
Lecs. Hexapoda,2985. Prosopistoma, 2253. Phry-
ganeidae, 1639. Hymenoptera, 1948. Tursi. Hexa-
poda, 2985. Psocina, 3037. Prop-legs. Tineina,
2948, 2956, 2958. Wines. Psocina. 3037, Libellu-
444
lidae, 2522. Phryganeidae, 2819. Lepidoptera, 2819.
Hymenoptera, 1945. £lytra, Coleoptera, 2320. Hal-
teres. Diptera, 2951. Muscies. Libellulidae, 1785.
Malachius, 2329. Musca, 2860. Corethra, 2283, 2952.
Lepidoptera, 1783, 1859, 3027. Gracilaria, 2988.
Harpyia, 2964. STRIDULATING ORGANS. Arachnida,
2625. Araneae, 3047. Steatoda, 2842. Orthoptera,
2842. Gryllus, 1673. Atropos, 2954.
PreroLoGy. Hexapoda, 1842, 2951. Blattidae,
2949. Phaneropteridae, 1491. Psocina, 3037. Noc-
tuidae, 1470. Eustrotia, 1898. Rhopalocera, 2043.
59178. Anatomy of sense organs and
nervous system. Arthropoda, 1747. Hexapoda,
1451-1458 (2232, 2236-2242, 2983), 2955. Perla, 2921.
Rhynchota, 1454 (2238). Coleoptera, 1456 (2240).
Stylopidae (Strepsiptera), 2254. Oryctes, 1979 (2270,
2534). Diptera, 1452 (2236), 1458 (2242), 1929, 2892.
Musca, 2860. Lepidoptera, 1457 (2241), 1563. Har-
pyia, 2964. Bombyx, 2020. Hymenoptera. 1455
(2239). Evania, 2235. Vespa, 2233. Antennae. Dip-
tera, 1632. Auditory apparatus. Orthoptera, 1658.
Gryllidae, 1596. Cicada, 1596. Tabanus, 1613. Brain.
Cermatia, 1980. yes. Chernetidae, 1599. Chernes,
2732. Cermatia, 1980. Hexapoda, 1679.
59179. Anatomy of integument and
dermoskeleton, 2323. Gamasinae, 3048. Iulidae,
1626. Phryganeidae, 1637. Pyrochroidae (larva),
3067. Lucanus, 3053. Dicaelus (larva), 1838. Har-
palus, 3053. Lepidoptera (larva), 1876, 2190, 2948,
2958. Number of segments. Arthropoda, 1818, 2081,
2955, 3041. “‘Seyment médiaire,’’ 2860, 2893.
Heap. . Hydrophilus, 2970. Diptera, 3049. Gra-
cilaria, 2988. Endocranium. Hexapoda, 1753, 2902.
Culex, 2966. Gracilaria, 2988. Apis, 2902. Ocelli.
Elipsocus, 3037. Lerema, 2180.
THorax. Hexapoda, 2955. Diptera, 2893. Musca,
2860. Spilosoma, 1920.
ABDOMEN. Eristalis, 2081.
doptera, 3088.
APPENDAGES. Hexapoda, 2329, 2933, 2981, 2985,
3046. Androconia [see Scales]. Brushes and tufts.
Orgyia, 1497. Evaginable organs [see 59174).
Hairs. Lepidoptera, 2985. Scales. Lepisma, 1759.
Lepidoptera, 1628. Rhopalocera, 1810, 2043, 2121,
2952, 3026.
5918. ANIMAL HISTOLOGY.
Formicidae, 3015. Corethra, 2952.
59181. Histology of circulatory organs.
Ctenophora, 2213.
59184. Histology of secretory and ex-
cretory organs. Poison glands. Araneidae, 2925.
Malpighian vessels. Insecta, 1787.
59187. Histology of motory organs.
Muscles. Euphaea, 1934.
59188. Histology of sense organs and
nervous system. 4Srain. Cermatia, 1980. Eyes.
Cermatia, 1980. Nerves. Corethra, 2283.
Cremaster. Lepi-
5919. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,
1635, 1744, 2629, 2637, 2647, 2675, 2735, 2900
(2904), 2955, 3016, 3065. Limits of faunal regions,
2362, 2948.
Habitat. Araneae, 857-858 (2211). Peripatus,
3014. Tulidae, 1626. Hexapoda, $56 (2211). Or-
thoptera, 1792. Anisolabis, 3022. Phaneropteridae,
1491. Psocina, 3037. Brachycentrus, 1935. Rhyn-
PSILCHEY
chota, 1797. Phylloxera, 3014. Blissus, 2208. Cole-
optera, 1697, 1744, 2882, 2883, 2889, 2905 (2904).
Doryphora, 1987. Stenotomis, 1721. Anthrenus,
1540. Nebria, 1744. Diptera, 855 (2211). Antho-
myidae, 2856. Glossina, 2065. Sarcophagidae, 2857.
Tipulidae, 3065. Pulicidae, 2005. Cecidomyia, 2207.
Lepidoptera, 1594, 1693, 1728, 2034, 2190, 2316, 2318.
Pterophoridae, 2978, 2979. Tineina, 851-855 (2211).
Pronuba, 2723. Crambidae, 1933. Crambus, 2853.
Nephopteryx, 2923. Noctuidae, §50 (2211), 2514,
2846. Leucania, 1755, 1784, 1845, 1846, 1848, 1902,
2523. Hadena, 2306. Mamestra, 2850. Thyrido-
pteryx, 3042. Pyrrhopyga, 1674. Papilio, 2115, 2955.
Colias, 2934. Agraulis, 1602. Juni nia, 2934, Lim-
enitis, 2934. Satyrus, 1817. Apis, 2961.
Immigration [introduction or spiead of species],
1461, 1476, 1598. Pulvinaria, 1989. Phylloxera,
1589, 1825, 1826, 1833, 1947, 1984. Doryphora, 2581,
2596, 3022. Anthrenus, 1540, 1598. Aletia, 1875.
Attacus, 2117. Pieris, 1682. Apis, 2197.
Migration: Flights [see also 59155. Swarms],
1804. Acridiidae, 1748. Caloptenus, 1680, 1781, 1975,
2998. Acridium, 1680. Odonata, 1494, 1710, 2030,
2068. Libellula, 1998. Lepidoptera, 2036. Aletia,
1875, 2206. Callidryas, 1816, 1895. Pieris, 1974.
Vanessa, 1493, 1706.
FAUNAE.
59194. Fauna of Europe, 1473, 1487, 1585,
1615 (2032), 1761, 2024, 2922, 3023. Great Britain,
2533, 2955. France, 1494, 1537, 1588, 1663, 1664,
1706, 1768, 2006, 2027 (2032), 2038, 2104, 2302, 2552,
2955, 2975, 3022. Belgium, 1974, 2286. Germany,
1770, 2319, 2703, 2951, 3044. Switzerland, 2003.
Alps, 1668 (1714), 2175, 2549-2551, 2553-2555, 2558,
2781, 3009, 3012, 3023. Austria, 1582, 2030. Russia,
1482, 1748, 1998. Portugal, 2399. Spain, 3022.
Italy, 2266. Sicily, 1493. Cyprus, 3008, 3022.
59195. Fauna of Asia, 3002. Armenia,
1748. Smyrna, 2580. Angora, 2774. India, 1544.
1696, 1748, 2182, 2184, 2189, 2790, 2814. Ceylon, 1626,
2810, 2811, 3006, 3024. Batavia, 2871. China, 1912,
2103. Japan, 2001. Wrangell I., 2772.
59196. Fauna of Africa, 1447, 1595, 1626,
1823, 2065, 2080, 2085, 2215, 2479, 2482-2484, 2794,
3010. Egypt, 3023. Nubia, 1552. Soudan, 1552.
Sierra Leone, 1691. Cape Colouy, 3006. Canary Isl.,
1536 (1566), 1702 (1711), 1873, 1976, 2806.
59197. Fauna of North America [in
general, nearly all the paragraphs], 571 (2210), 814
(1840), 855-856 (2211), 1473, 1491, 1540, 1561, 1594
(1600, 2984), 1599, 1730, 1731, 1744, 1867, 1868, 1900,
1932, 1942 (2831), 1943 (3032), 1964-1965 (2849),
1999, 2172, 2190, 2308, 2309, 2314, 2502, 2753, 2846-
2848, 2850, 2856, 2857, 2889, 2901, 2942, 2960, 2978-
2979, 3001, 3009, 3026, 3033, 3078, 3100. Eastern
North America, 1680, 1682. Newfoundland, 2998.
New Brunswick, 1475, 1967, 2285. Nova Scotia,
2300, 2523. Canada, 1961, 2500 (3087), 2915, 2918,
2927. Montreal, 3030. Ontario, 1477, 1496, 2015,
2115, 2880 (2888). Toronto, 2932. Nelson & Churchill
Riv., 2029, 2100. United States, 1682, 1724, 1785,
1817, 1866, 1963, 2120, 2246, 2307, 2319, 2625, 2832,
2864-2869, 2897, 3037. New England, 2115, 2285.
Maine, 1645, 1899, 2015. 2034, 2523. New Hampshire,
1459, 1583, 1784, 2523, 2906. Vermont, 2523. Mas-
sachusetts, 1495, 1710, 1848, 1902, 1933, 2004, 2015
FOR GEL
2025, 2068, 2303, 2306, 2523, 2585, 2854, 2934, 2946,
2948, 2951, 2955, 3026. Rhode Island, 1644, 1780
(1865). Connecticnt, 1672, 1902, 1935, 2523, 2815,
2821, 2927, 2955. New York, 1845-1846, 1900, 1935,
1973, 1987, 2170, 2171, 2300, 2306, 2318, 2330, 2331,
2508, 2523, 2951, 2991, 3022. New Jersey, 1841,
1846, 2040, 2523, 2526, 3026. Pennsylvania, 1685,
1911, 2523, 2693, 3026. Maryland, 1798, 2951, 3026.
Virginia, 2587. North Carolina, 1570, 3022. West
Virginia, 2115. Mississippi valley, 1568, 2749. Ohio,
1952, 2015, 2170, 2289, 2318, 2959. L[llinois, 1463,
1592, 1593, 1603-1605, 1622, 1624, 1918, 2115, 2171,
2183, 2186, 2191, 2259, 2301, 2833, 2916, 2948. Michi-
gan, 1572, 1973, 1991, 2881-2883, 2889. Wisconsin,
1983, 2171, 2172, 2924, 2951. Iowa, 1645. Western
United States, 568 (2209), 855-856 (2211), 1723, 1785,
2314, 2775, 3026. Missouri, 2220, 3071. Kansas,
1646, 1722, 1933, 2108. Nebraska, 2264. Dakota,
1792, 1797, 1857. Montana, 1728, 1792, 1797. Idaho,
1744. Wyoming, 1788, 1790, 2815, 2927, 2955. Col-
orado, 572-573 (2210), 850-853 (2211), 857-858 (2211),
1697, 1788, 1900, 2171, 2176, 2314, 2315, 2318, 2915,
3026. Rocky Mts., 1744, 2693. Utah, 573 (2210),
854 (2211), 1693, 2314, 2578, 2911, 2955. Nevada,
1450, 2493, 2824, 2910 (2909), 2911, 3026. Alaska,
2315. British Columbia, 3027. Vancouver Isl., 1933,
3026. Oregon, 1933, 2314, 2911, 2946, 2955. Wash-
ington Terr., 2815, 2955. California, 1468, 1469, 1476,
Special
593. PROTOZOA; RADIATA.
59316. FLAGELLATA, 3022. Pyrsonympha, 2955
59319. GREGARINA, 2955.
594. MOLLUSCA.
Bryozoa, 2952.
595. ARTICULATA.
59501. Philosophy of entomology. Im-
portance of entomology, 2174. Principles of classi-
fication, 1741, 1792, 2170, 3032. Significance of char-
acters, 1559. 1707, 2512, 2845, 2966; of appendages of
proboscis, 1564; of copulatory organs, 1626; of lar-
val structure, 2951, 2955; of legs, 2253; of mouth-
organs, 2253; of stigmata, 2512. Specific differences
[see 575. Criteria of genera and species].
595038. Dictionaries of entomology [see
also O16]. Nomenciators, 2953. Lepidoptera
heterocera, 2847. Tineina, 1867. Hymenoptera, 2813.
OrIsMOLoGyY, 1491, 1818, 1876 (2834), 1963.
59504. Essays on entomology, 1588
(1824), 1657, 1805, 1988, 2010, 2181 (2486), 2525, 2777.
For Elementaryand popularwritings, see 59507. ]
9505. Periodicals of entomology. Amer
entom., 3013. Papilio, 3011. Psyche, (2914), 2945,
2950, 2973, 2974, 2987, 2999, 3000, 3005, 3008, 3022,
8023, 3024, 3055, 3057. Revue coléopt., 3018. Wien.
entom. zeitung, 3017.
5947.
445
1730, 1899, 1933, 1968, 1975, 1984, 2009, 2014, 2018,
2082, 2171, 2244, 2272, 2313, 2314, 2340, 2364, 2578,
2911, 2916, 2928, 3023, 3026. Arizona, 1693, 1781,
1930, 2313-2314, 2792, 2911, 2928. New Mexico, 1781,
2021, 5026, 5091. Southern United States, 1474.
Texas, 1704, 1752, 1866, 1933, 2047, 2306, 2314,
3041. Louisiana, 1569, 2306, 3066. Alabama, 1816,
2501 (3087). Georgia, 1816, 2951. South Carolina,
1895. Florida, 1756, 2007, 2077, 2177, 2200, 2289,
2292 (2733), 2293, 2306, 2314, 2316, 2318, 2324, 2899,
2900, 2904, 2905, 2951, 2998, 3026. West Indies,
3026. Cuba, 1581. Jamaica, 2250. Dominica, 1977,
Antilles, 2900. Antigua, 3028. Mexico, 1491, 1560,
1626, 1652, 1674, 2079, 2101, 2314, 2514, 3026. Yuca-
tau, 1479 (1481), 1649, 1653 (1670), 1654. Central
America, 1674. Guatemala, 2079. Nicaragua, 2248.
Costa Rica, 2101, 3026.
59198. Fauna of South America, 1602,
1674, 2101, 2625, 3010. New Grauada, 2101. Vene-
zuela, 2095 Brazil, 1478, 1636-1638, 1641, 1643, 1763,
1764, 1767, 1768, 2544, 2556, 2573, 2699. Uruguay,
1626. Bolivia, 3022.
59199. Fauna of Oceanica, &c. Austra-
lia, 1626, 2272, 2288, 2513, 2794, 3014. New Cale-
doiia, 3008. New Zealand, 1483, 1969, 2349, 2350,
2735, 3010. Chatham Isl., 2197. New Guinea, 1703.
Kerguelen Isl., 2041. Philippine Isl., 1626. Sand-
wich Isl., 3026.
Zoology.
ADVERTISEMENTS: of Can. entom., 3081; of
Entom. nachrichten, 2990; of Papilio, 2992.
CorRECTIONS: of Psyche, (2963).
Lists, 1610, 2179.
5 Prosprectusss: of Papilio,2169; of Psyche, 2976,
2980.
59506. Societies of entomology [see also
506], 3022, 3093. Cambr. entom. club, 2945. En-
tom. soc. Ontario, 1822. Entom. soc. Ontario—Mon-
treal branch, 1466, 1928, 2093, 3030.
ADVERTISEMENTS: of Brooklyn entom.
2942, 3084; of Cambr. entom. club, 2944, 3000.
History, 3017, 38024: of Acad. nat. sci. Phil.—
Entom. sect., 1914; of A. A. A S.—Entom. subsect.,
3012; of Cambr. entom. club, 2950, 2973, 2976, 2999,
3010, 3020, 3023, 3054; of Deutsch. entom. gesells.,
3018; of Entom. club A. A. A.S., 1916, 2069, 3003,
3004, 3012; of Entom. soc. Lond., 3016; of Entom.
soe. Ontario, 3024; of N. Y. entom. club, 3011; of
Schweiz. entom. gesells., 3015; of Soc. entom. Belg.,
3013, 3014; of Soc. entom. France, 2999.
Lipranies [see also O20]: of Cambr. entom. club,
2946, 2950, 2999, 8057; of Entom. soc. Ontario—Mon-
treal branch, 3030; of Schweiz. entom. gesells., 3000.
Lists, 1610.
Procerepines: of Acad. nat. sci. Phil—Entom.
sect., 1915 (3026); of A. A. A. S.—Entom. subsect.,
2274; of Bost. soc. nat. hist.—Entom. sect., 3027;
of Cambr. entom. club, 2943, 2945-2955; of Entom.
club A. A. A. §., 1558, 2069, 2181, 2486, 2896, 2998;
of Ent m. soc. Lond., 3014, 3024, 3028, 3029; of En-
tom. soc. Ontario, 2604; of same—Montreal branch,
3030.
soc.,
446
Pusiications [see also 59505] Proc, Entom.
sect. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 1914. Bull. Brooklyn en-
tom. soc., 1726, 3013, 3084. Rept. Cambr. entom.
club, 3023.
UNDERTAKINGS: of Cambr. entom. club,
3023, 3057; of Entom. soc. Lond., 2061, 3002.
59507. Education in entomology [see
also 507], 3012. Elementary information, 1487,
1725 (3062), 1828, 1982 (3063), 1993, 1996, 1997, 2011,
3021,
2064, 2321, 2607. Entomological ignorance, 1864,
3023. Exhibitions, 3018. Expeditions, 2021, 3012.
Illustrations, 2193,
writings, 1679, 1701, 2805.
2539, 2805, 3018, 3053. Popular
Prizes, 2999, 3002, 3004,
3021. Schools, 1946, 3012.
59509. History of entomology, 2181
(2486). Fertilization of flowers, 1769, 2045. Library
insects, 1529 (1533).
mata, 2874. Pulvinaria, 1989.
phora, 2581, 2596. Cecidomyia,
1875, 2206. Nephelodes, 2330.
5951. VERMES.
Strongylus, 3002.
Malpighian vessels, 1787. Stig-
Blissus, 2208. Dory-
2207, 2319. Aletia,
Cynipidae, 3039.
Strongylidae. Sclerostoma,
3002.
Filaridae. Filaria, 2949.
Gnathobdellidae. Hirudo, 2964.
Lumbricidae. Lumbricus, 2257.
Aphroditidae. Aphrodite, 2952.
5952. ARTHROPODA.
[See also 5953-5957].
5953. CRUSTACEA,
1747, 2777.
5954. ARACHNIDA,
1582, 1790, 1862 (1863), 2625, 2777. Fossil, 2951.
TARDIGRADA.
Arctiscoidae. Macrobiotus, 1645, 1921.
ACARIDA,
1617, 1779, 2091, 2495 (2521), 3003, 3099.
Phytoptidae, 1689.
Sarcoptidae. Sarcoptes, 1567 (1604).
Tyroglyphidae. Tyroglyphus, 1473, 2607.
ciphagus, 1612.
Gamasidae, 3048.
Hydrachnidae, 2278. Hydrachna, 2955.
Trombidiidae. Tetranychus, 2607, 3080. Lep-
tus, 1990. Trombidium, 2041.
ARANEIDA,
857-858 (2211), 1489, 1752, 1901, 1919, 2262, 2298,
2504, 2519, 2520, 2612, 2730, 2800, 2925, 2943, 2972,
3024.
Attidae.
Lycosidae.
Tnomisidae.
Gly-
Salticus, 2041.
Tarentula, 1712, 3026.
Xysticus, 1821.
PST CHE.
Theridiidae, 3047. Steatoda, 2842. Erigone,
2772.
Linyphidae, 3047. Linyphia, 3100.
Epeiridae, 3047.
PHALANGIDA.
Phalangiidae, 1631, 1749, 2228, 2972. Phalan
3017.
gium,
PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA.
Chernetidae, 1599. Chernes, 2732.
SCORPIONIDA.
Androctonidae. Buthus, 2975
PEDIPALPI.
Phrynidae, 1742.
SOLPUGIDA.
Solpugidae [ = Galeodidae], 1741, 3022, 3056.
Solpuga, 1578.
5955. ONYCHOPHORA.
Peripatidae. Peripatus, 1559, 3014.
5956. MYRIOPODA,
1582, 1698 (2188), 1747, 1790, 2025. Fossil, 2951-2952.
PAUROPODA,
1685. .
DIPLOPODA.
Iulidae, 1626, 1716. Trichopetalum, 1911.
Polydesmidae. Fontaria, 2939 (3024).
CHILOPODA.
Scolopendridae. Scolopendra, 1547, 2104, 2955,
2975. Scolopendrella, 1688, 2955.
Geophilidae, 2514. Geophilus, 1618.
Lithobiidae. Lithobius, 1687.
Scutigeridae. Cermatia, 1495, 1780 (1865), 1980.
5957. HEXAPODA,
[in general, nearly all the paragraphs].
59571. THYSANURA,
2954, 2955.
Campodeidae. Campodea, 2948,
Lepismatidae, 2953. Lepisma, 1759, 1787, 2946.
PSLCHE .
59572.
ORTHOPTERA,
565 (2209), 569 (2209), 57
1792, 1870, 2192, 2265, 27
2 (2210), 1658, 1787, 1790,
34, 2842, 2929, 3002.
DERMATOPTERA.
Forficulidae, 571 (2210). Anisolabis, 3022.
Chelidura, 3002.
ORTHOPTERA GENUINA.
BLaAtTropEA, 2949, 2951, 2953.—Hemimerus, 1691.
Corydidae. Corydia, 2985.
Periplanetidae [Blatta], 1449, 1480, 1527, 1529,
1609, 2231, 2287, 2367, 2492, 2595.
Ectobidae. LEctobia, 2770.
PHASMODEA. Breyeria, 1665, 1719.
Phasmidae, 2985.
AcripiopEA. Acridiidae, 1450, 1467-1469, 1482,
1659-1660, 1680, 1707, 1748, 1781, 1999, 2461, 2517,
2600, 2774. 2775, 2985, 3014, 3022. Caloptenus, 1943,
1975, 2204, 2527, 2535, 2998, 3007, 3059, 3077.
LocustTopEA.
Phyllophoridae.
eentrum, 2763.
Phaneropteridae, 1491.
Locustidae. Locusta, 2820.
Gryllacrididae. Gryllacris, 2951.
GRYLLODEA.
Gryllidae, 1500, 1596.
3015. Gryllus, 1673, 2277.
59573. PSEUDONEUROPTERA,
1787, 1790, 3049.
Lithymnetes, 1788. Micro-
Oecanthus, 2586, 2946,
; ANOPLURA.
Mallophaga, 1827, 1849, 2063.
PHYSOPODA,
567 (2209).
Thripidae. Thrips, 2352, 2373, 2442, 3075, 3080
CORRODENTIA.
Termitina, 2955, 3012. Termes, 1529, 1544, 1823,
1954, 2184, 2243, 2875, 2951, 3022.
Psocina, 1473, 2951-2952, 2954, 3037. Clothilla,
2955. Psocus, 1448. :
AMPHIBIOTICA.
Ephemerina, 1814, 2099, 2953. Ephemera, 2970.
Palingenia, 2099. Teloganodes, 3024. Prosopistoma,
2105-2107, 2212, 2253, 2254, 3005.
Odonata, 1710, 1881, 2068, 2124 (2094), 2030,
2505. Libellulina, 1494, 1620, 1783, 2522. Libellula,
1998. <Aeschnina. Aeschna, 2537. Gomphina, 2955.
Agrionina, 2099, 2946. Agrion, 2970. Dysagrion,
1788.
59574. NEUROPTERA,
2985.
PLANIPENNIA.
Sialidae. Corydalus, 2951. Corydalites, 1788.
Hemerobiidae, 2955. Mantispa, 2948. Dilar,
2753.
MAT
Myrmeleonidae.
Panorpidae. Panorpa, 2261.
Myrmeleon, 2985.
Holeorpa, 1788.
TRICHOPTERA,
2544.—Indusia, 1788.
Phryganeidae, 1637-1640, 1764, 2069, 2819, 2985.
Phryganea, 1787.
Sericostomatidae.
Hydropsychidae.
Brachycentrus, 1935.
Tinodes, 2003.
59575. RHYNCHOTA,
568 (2209), 1454 (2238), 1797, 2186, 2265, 2790, 2985,
3027.
PARASITA,
1856.
Pediculidae. Pediculus, 1703, 1729.
HOMOPTERA,
3082.
Coccidae, 1476, 1615, 1912, 1930, 2012, 2057, 2272,
2787, 2841, 2948, 2951, 2960. Aspidiotus, 1989. Pul-
vinaria, 1918, 1989. Lecanium, 1572, 1622. Coccus,
1479, 1481, 1536 (1566, 1873, 1976), 1649, 1653-1654,
1670, 1702, 1711, 2182, 2189, 2773, 2792 (2760). Icerya
3023. Dorthesia, 3006.
Phylloxeridae. Phylloxera, 1589, 1591, 1623,
1659-1660, 1667, 1743, 1825 (1833), 1826, 1884, 1890,
1908, 1947, 1966, 1968, 1984, 2009, 2018, 2078 (2084),
2082, 2083 (2078), 2112, 2255, 2302, 3001, 3006, 3007,
3014, 3024.
Aphididae, 1488, 1615, 1745-1746, 1785 (1724),
1843, 2024, 2031, 2032, 2954, 2955, 2985, 3021, 3076,
3095. Schizoneura, 3023. Pemphigus, 2027 (2032).
Lachnus, 1571.
Psyllidae, 2952. Psylla, 3000.
Tettigonidae. Petrolystra, 1788.
Fulgoridae. Lithopsis, 1790.
Cicadidae, 1596. Cicada, 2951.
HETEROPTERA,
2953.
Corisidae Corixa, 2099.
Notonectidae, 2953.
Nepidae. Nepa, 2684.
Belostomatidae. Belostoma, 1796, 2203.
Reduviidae. Reduvius, 1820, 2324.
Acanthiidae. Acanthia, 1923.
Capsidae. Miris, 2095.
Lygaeidae. Blissus, 1624, 2108, 2208.
Coreidae. Coreus, 1791. Metapodius, 2769.
Pentatomidae. Pentatoma, 2929. Stiretrus,
1570.
59576. COLEOPTERA
570 (2210), 1451, 1456 (2240), 1473, 1529, 1588, 1599,
1634, 1646, 1697, 1740, 1744, 1761, 1786, 1787, 1790,
1837, 1869, 1931, 1978, 2006, 2021, 2029, 2037. 2041,
2049, 2186, 2217, 2246, 2265, 2326, 2332, 2403, 2463,
2604, 2673, 2719, 2880, 2882, 2883, 2889, 2899, 2904-
2905, 2908, 2918, 2929, 2982, 3004, 3010, 3012, 3021,
3023, 3026, 3044, 3045, 3066, 3082.
RHYNCHOPHORA,
2325, 2901.
448
Scolytidae, 1585.
Calandridae, 2092, 2864. Sitophilus, 1486.
Curculionidae. Balaninus, 1893. Conotrachelus,
1806, 1879. Cionus, 1770, 2971. Curculio, 3028.
Otiorhynechidae. Aramigus, 2059.
STREPSIPTERA,
Stylopidae, 2234.
COLEOPTERA GENUINA,
Meloidae, 2868, 2985. Oenas, 3022. Cantharis,
2329. Lytta, 1751, 2271, 2940. Epicauta, 2604 (2605).
Nemognatha, 1768, 3027. Tricrania, 1722.
Pyrochroidae, 3067.
Mordellidae. Mordella, 2803.
Oedemeridae. Nacerdes, 3068.
Pythidae, 3026.
Mycteridae, 5026.
Melandryidae, 3026. Lacconotus, 3026. Penthe,
2321.
Cistelidae. Capnochroa, 1835.
Tenebrionidae, 2014, 2321.
Bruchidae. Bruchus, 2056. Caryoborus, 2289.
Chrysomelidae, 2263, 2985. Oedionychis, 1560.
Galeruca, 2526. Diabrotica, 1864, 2079. Agelastica,
1994, 2591. Lina, 2985. Chrysomela, 1994, 2289.
Doryphora, 1583, 1659-1660, 1705, 1896, 1987, 2026,
2193, 2285, 2286, 2305, 2581, 2596, 3014, 3022, 3025,
3029. Eumolpus, 2985. Adoxus, 2524. Donacia,
2951.
Cerambycidae, 2801. Saperda, 2582, 2804.
Monohammus, 1562. Stenotomis, 1721. Parolamia,
1788. Psenocerus, 1996. Rhagium, 3017. Desmo-
cerus, 3026. Clytus, 2064. Elaphidion, 2821, 2977.
Callidium, 1606. Prionus, 2077, 2520.
Scarabaeidae. Cremastochilus, 2866. Eury-
omia [Cetonia], 2585, 2606. Strategus, 2820. Oryc-
tes, 1979 (2270), 2534. Scarabaeus, 2765. Melolontha,
3022, 3025. Phyllophaga [Lachnosterna], 1777, 1937,
2305, 2951. Macrodactylus, 2026, 2108. Aphodius,
2953. Canthon, 1565.
Lucanidae. Lucanus, 3053.
Lymexylidae. Micromalthus, 2881.
Bostrichidae, 2869.
Ptinidae. Anobium, 1775.
Malachiidae. Anthocomus, 2329.
2329, 2985.
Lampyridae, 2033, 2515, 3001, 3028. Lampy-
ris, 2067. Photuris, 3096. Pleotomus, 3041. Pho-
tinus, 3096. :
Throscidae, 3026.
Cebrionidae, 3026.
Elateridae, 3026.
Limonius, 1795. Elater, 2090.
locera, 3026.
Eucnemidae, 3026.
Dascyllidae, 3026.
Parnidae. Psephenus, 3049.
Lathridiidae, 3026.
Monotomidae, 3026.
Nitidulidae, 3026. Ihps, 1794.
Histeridae, 2897. Hister, 2591.
Dermestidae. Anthrenus, 1471, 1540, 1598,
Malachius,
Pyrophorus, 1652, 3096.
Alaus, 2888. Ade-
PSYCHE,
1617, 2054, 2951, 2977, 3092.
Perimegatoma, 3083.
Mycetophagidae. Propalticus, 3026. Myceto-
phagus, 2321.
Cucujidae. Inopeplus, 2250. Catogenus, 2977.
Krotylidae. Triplax, 2321. Megalodacne, 2321.
2321.
Coccinellidae, 2589, 2985. Megilla, 2763.
Staphylinidae, 2985. Atemeles, 2008.
Silphidae. Silpha, 2328.
Hydrophilidae. Laccobius, 3065. Hydrophilus,
1487; 1950, 2267, 2838, 2948, 2970.
Gyrinidae. Gyrinus, 3009.
Dytiscidae, 2953, 2985.
1487, 1619.
Carabidae, 860 (2211), 1839, 2589, 2948, 2953.
Anisodactylus, 2867. Selenophorus, 2865. Harpa-
lus, 2615, 2948, 3053. Brachinus, 2985. Platynus,
2942. Dicaelus, 18538. Pasimachus, 3026. Elaphrus,
1840. Calosoma, 1828, 2948. Carabus, 1453. Omo-
phron, 2120.
Cicindelidae. Cicindela, 1839, 1993, 2926. Am-
blychila, 1459, 1897 (1903).
Trogoderma, 3092.
Dytiscus [Dyticus],
59577. DIPTERA,
855 (2211), 1451, 1452 (2236), 1458 (2242), 1474, 1632,
1713, 1723, 1787, 1790, 1929, 2041, 2213, 2217, 2300,
9335, 2358, 2363, 2371, 2376, 2403, 2432, 2440, 2458,
2643, 2673, 2674, 2681, 2682, 2685, 2697, 2709, 2726,
Q747, 2892-2893, 2951, 2955, 3000, 3021, 3038, 3082.
Hippoboscidae, 2955.
Phoridae. Phora, 2263.
Agromyzidae. Leucopis, 2818.
Trypetidae, 3078.
Sciomyzidae, 2815.
Anthomyidae, 2856, 3018.
Muscidae, 2096. Musca, 1753, 2602, 2860, 2985,
3049, 3052, 3091. Pollenia, 3052. Calliphora, 1656,
2002. Glossina, 1447, 1595, 2065.
Sarcophagidae, 2857. Sarcophaga, 1616, 2206,
2722, 3027.
Tachinidae. Belvoisia, 2206. Meigenia, 2263.
Tachina, 2206, 2263.
Oestridae. Oestrus, 1704, 1802.
Conopidae. Poliomyia, 1790.
Syrphidae, 2424-2495, 2574. _ Eristalis, 2081,
3025. Syrphus, 2087 Microdon, 3052.
Bombyliidae, 2600, 3077.
Nemestrinidae. Palembolus, 1788.
Asilidae. Stenocinclis, 1790. Erax, 1569.
Tabanidae. Tabanus, 1613.
Tipulidae, 3065.
Chironomidae. Tanypus, 3046. Chironomus,
2099, 2201.
Culicidae. Corethra, 2066, 2283, 2951, 2952.
Culex, 1539, 1703, 1737 (1972), 1760, 1966, 2201, 2822,
2949, 2966.
Blepharoceridae, 1855. Liponeura, 2817.
Blepharocera, 2946.
Simaliidae. Simulium, 2749, 2859.
Pulicidae [= Suctoria], 2005 (1959). Pulex,
1598, 1632.
Mycetophilidae. Sciara, 2951, 3038.
Cecidomyidae. Cecidomyia, 1486, 2110, 2207,
2319, 2326, 2404, 2854, 3080.
PRLPCHE.
59578. LEPIDOPTERA,
1457 (2241), 1541 (3074), 1542, 1563, 1564, 1592,
1593 (1603), 1594 (1600, 2984), 1602, 1628, 1641,
1650 (1666), 1713, 1725 (3062), 1763, 1764, 1766, 1783,
1787, 1790, 1859, 1871, 1876, 1951, 1967, 1985, 2036,
2100, 2116, 2169, 2186, 2190, 2215, 2265, 2276, 2506,
9549, 2550, 2557, 2604, 2617 (2603, 2608), 2772, 2819,
2918, 2929, 2931, 2946, 3003, 3006, 3009, 3016, 3021,
3023-3026, 3034, 3044, 3045, 3082, 3097.
HETEROCERA,
1877, 1981, 2041, 2307, 2312, 2318, 2395, 2553, 2693,
2847.
Auucitina. Pterophoridae, 2023, 2832, 2978-
2979, 2985, 3023.
TINEDNA, 851-853 (2211), 1866-1868, 2324, 2956,
2958.
Nepticulidae. Nepticula, 2956 (2957).
Lyonetidae. Cemiostoma, 1977.
Lithocolletidae. Lithocolletis, 1805, 2948.
Gracillariidae. Gracilaria, 2269, 2988.
Oecophoridae. Oecophora, 1473.
Gelechiidae. Gelechia, 1672.
Prodoxidae. Pronuba, 1992, 2459, 2631, 2644,
2693, 2723. Prodoxus, 2783, 2955.
Tineidae, 2269, 2858, 3100. ‘Tinea, 1461, 14738,
2894.
Torrricina. Tortricidae, 1546, 1942 (21738,
2831, 2843), 1943 (3032), 3033. Carpocapsa, 1476,
1991, 2012, 2807, 2962, 3023. Phoxopteris, 3031.
Steganoptycha, 2959. Proteoteras, 2959. Eudemis,
3071. Retinia, 2946. Tortrix, 2097, 2393-2394. Ar-
gyrolepia, 1622. Teras, 2311.
CRAMBINA.
Crambidae, 1933. Crambus, 1900, 2853.
Phycidae. Nephopteryx, 1973, 2923. Acroba-
sis, 2170.
Galleriidae. Galleria, 1557, 1752, 2962.
PyraLipiIna. Pyralididae, 1731, 2171. Gym-
nancyla, 2263. Euryereon, 2060 (2108), 3090. otis,
2015, 2016.
GEOMETRINA. Phalaenidae, 2304, 2955. Ab-
raxas, 1891. Anisopteryx, 1886, 2088. Eugonia,
1770, 1889, 2955.
Nocrumwa. Noctuidae, 850 (2211), 1470, 1730,
1899, 1963-1965, 2172, 2309, 2314, 2422, 2721, 2836,
2848, 2849, 2908, 2916, 2985. Platyhypena, 2206. Hy-
pena, 2809. Ophideres, 2288. Catocala, 1996, 2282,
2301, 2507, 2845, 2886, 3026. Xanthoptera, 2722.
Eustrotia, 1898, 2172. Thalpochares, 1932. Tar-
ache, 2308. Heliothis, 1875. Aspila, 2206. Anarta,
3023. Plusia, 1706, 1891, 2206, 2275. Aletia, 1644,
1875, 1970, 2118, 2206, 2247, 2597, 2609, 2949.
Cucullia, 2533, Calocampa, 1770. Graphiphora, 2916.
Leucania, 1755, 1784, 1845-1848, 1889, 1902, 2260,
2330, 2523, 2597, 2769. Arzama, 2951. Gortyna,
1622, 1830. Nephelodes, 2330. Oncocnemis, 2308.
Homohadena, 2308. Hadena, 2306, 3025. Mames-
tra, 2317, 2850. Agrotis, 1861, 1874, 1887, 2844, 2915.
Apatela, 2915. Acronycta, 2839. Charadra, 2317.
Bompycixna. Bombycidae, 1717, 1955, 2249,
2846, 2938, 2985, 2997, 3098 [see also G38]. Hepia-
linae. Hepialus, 1483. Xyleutes, 1776. Cossus, 1885,
1906-1907, 1973, 3030. Lachnetinae. Lasiocampa,
449
3024, 3043. Ceratocampinae. Dryocampini. An-
isota, 2924. Dryocampa, 2997. Ceratocampa, 1893.
Hemileucini. yperchiria, 2955, 2981. Attacinae.
Stauropus, 1770, 3048. Aglia, 1627. Saturnia, 2799,
3043. Callosamia, 2997. ‘Samia, 2578, 2855. Atta-
cus, 1630, 1696, 1772, 2117, 2746, 2802, 29388, 2955,
2997. Actias, 3026. Telea, 2997. Bombycinae. Bom-
byx, 1460, 1586 (2020), 1675, 1676, 1708, 2230, 2320,
2493, 2593, 2610, 3001, 3025. Ptilodontinae. Cerura,
2194, 2835. Harpyia, 2964. Heterocampa, 1688.
Notodonta, 2195. Psychiinae. Thyridopteryx, 2220,
3042. Cochlidiinae. Packardia, 2303. Dasychirinae.
Lagoa, 2955. Porthesia, 2229. Liparis, 1537, 1951.
Orgyia, 1497. Arctiinae. Euchaetes, 2327. Hy-
phantria, 2505. Spilosoma, 1909, 1920, 1997, 2985.
Arctia, 1831, 2176, 2177, 3006, 3025, 3029. Callimor-
pha, 2933, 3026. Lithosiinae. Crocota, 2313. Hy-
poprepia, 3072. Nola, 2313.
Zygaenidae, 2998. Ctenucha, 145a (2449). Ed-
wardsia, 2047, 2178. Alypia, 1878, 3030.
Aegeriidae, 2508. Aegeria, 1996, 2887. Trochi-
lium, 1778, 2055.
Sphingidae, 1561, 2488, 2573, 2721, 2998, 3035.
Sphingini [Euryglottini]. Sphinx, 1853, 1889, 1892,
1910, 2632, 2946, 2964. Macrosila, 1812, 2699. Choer‘o-
campini [Deilephilini]. Philampelus, 2191, 2502.
Deilephila, 3079. Macroglossint {Sesiini], 1561.
Macroglossa, 2552, 2632. Thyreus, 2606, 2955. He-
maris, 2852. Sesia, 2463.
RHOPALOCERA,
573 (2210), 1584 (1815), 1636, 1663, 1693, 1728, 1829,
1872, 2034, 2043, 2046, 2101, 2121 (2111), 2183, 2245,
2259, 2264, 2331, 2444, 2445, 2500-2501 (3087), 2551,
2552, 2554, 2555, 2910 (2909), 2911, 2912, 2934, 2951,
2952, 2985, 2997, 2998, 3009, 3011, 3027, 3085, 3086.
Hesperiidae. Pyrrhopyga, 1674. Hesperia, 3040.
Pamphila, 1464, 2259, 2293, 3026. Lerema, 2180.
Papilionidae, 2951. Papilioninae. Papilio,
1475, 1477, 1496, 1717, 1841, 2115, 2463, 2829, 2837,
2854, 2932, 2948, 2955, 2991, 2996, 3011, 3025, 3026,
3099. Ornithoptera, 2013, 3025. Thais, 1909. Par-
nassius, 2315. Numenia, 1643. Pierinae. Antho-
charis, 2948. Colias, 1664, 1728, 2004, 2955. Calli-
dryas, 1816, 1895, 2316, 3070. Pieris, 1682, 1692,
1757, 1861, 1974, 2229, 2316, 2422, 2594, 2955, 3001.
Terias, 2830, 2948.
Lycaenidae. Lycaeninae. Chrysophanus, 2051,
2291. Lycaena, 1756, 2290, 2316, 2996.
Lemoniidae. Lemoniinae. Apodemia, 2291.
Libytheinae. Libythea, 2828.
ymphalidae. Nymphalinae. Apatura, 1810,
2827, 2951, 2994, 2998. Basilarchia, 2851, 2906.
Limenitis, 1465, 2004, 2244, 2292, 2733, 2913, 2993,
2995. Diadema, 1810, 2013, 2316. Epicalia, 1762.
Prodryas, 1788, 3053. Junonia, 2004, 3026. Pyrameis,
2862, 2955. Vanessa, 1493, 1662, 1706, 2190, 2952,
3029. Grapta, 1819, 2946, 2996. Phyciodes, 2996.
Melitaea, 1961. Argynnis, 1728, 1818, 1958, 2757,
2910 (2909), 2951. uptoieta, 2294. Agraulis, 1602,
2825. Heliconinae. Vhyridia, 1763. I[tuna, 1763.
Heliconia, 2757,-2826, 3026. Morphinae. Morpho,
3026. Satyrinae. Coenonympha, 2824. Hipparchia,
3026. Satyrus, 1817 (1956-1957, 2834), 2951. Dan-
ainae. Euploea, 3099. Danais, 1463, 1859, 1983,
2007, 2955, 3028, 3099.
450
59579. HYMENOPTERA,
1453, 1455 (2239), 1588, 1590, 1787, 1790, 1850, 1925,
1945, 1938, 2002, 2048, 2186, 2252, 2265, 2296, 23552,
2359, 2368, 2385, 2401, 2427, 2429, 2431, 2437, 2469,
2475, ae 6, 2519, 2620, 2631, 2674, 2675, 2696, 2701,
2717, 2813, 2875, 2891 (2969), 2926, 2948, 2953, 3021,
3025, 3030, 3047.
Uroceridae, 1938, 2216. Oryssus, 3026.
Tenthredinidae, 3039. Ath: alia, 2263. Em-
phytus, 1622. Nematus, 1807, 2854. Cimbex, 2985.
Cynipidae, 2688, Tbalia, 3026.
3014, 3018, 3039.
Trichogramma, 2206, Cir-
Cynips, 1642, 2221, 2581.
“Chalecididae, 3039.
rospilus, 2206. Euplectrus, 1790, 2609. Pteromalus,
2594. Eupelmus, 2324, 2898. Antigaster, 2898.
Chalcis, 2206.
Proctotrupidae, 1677, 2927. Didictyum, 2206.
Braconidae. Phanerotoma, 2170.
Ichneumonidae, 1662, 1889, 3024. Metopius,
3026. Pimpla, 2206. Cryptus, 2206. Ichneumon,
2594, 2862.
Evaniidae. Aulacus, 3026. Trigonalys, 3026.
Evania, 2235.
Chrysididae, 2927.
3026.
Formicidae} 1548, 1732, 1734, 1752, 1754, 1803,
1904, 1939, 1949, 2008, 2042, 2044, 2052, 2090, 2198
(2199), Boots 2385, 2597, 2403, 2419, 2457, 2461, 2470,
2487, 2497, 2542, 2583, 2725, 2791, 2949, 3005, 3026,
3029, 3076, 3095. Pheidole, 2040, 3046. Atta, 1581,
2310, 2538, Stenamma, 1672. Crematogaster, 2951.
Pogonomyrmex, 2200 (2199), 3026. Anomma, 2085.
Myrmecoeystus, 3029. Formica, 1451, 1556, 1843.
Mutillidae. Mutilla, 1568, 3026.
Cleptes, 3026. Parnopes,
Nyssonidae. Stizus, 2951. Larra, 2268.
Crabronidae. Eucereeris, 3026. Philanthns,
3026.
Masaridae. Euparagia, 3026.
* Eumenidae. Pterochilus, 3026.
Vespidae, 1499, 1655, 3069. Polistes, 1798, 2055.
Vespa, 2050, 2233, 2789, 2951, 3091.
Andrenidae, 2086. Colletes, 3077. Halictus,
1629 (1882-1883), 2711, 3077. Andrena, 2600, 3077.
Apidae, 2549, 3026. Osmia, 2536. Megachile,
3073. Anthidium, 2951. Xylocopa, 2080, 2366, 2928,
3064, 3073. Euglossa, 2367, 2645. Bombus, 1587,
1668 (1714), 1684, 1851, 1924, 1969, 2202, 2218, 2219.
2280, 2333, 2342, 2348- 2350, ‘2367, 2373, 2376, 2409,
2413, 2422, 2493, 2433, 2447, 2448, 2453, D457, 2489,
2516, 2531, 2532, 2554, 2557, 2559, 2560, 2678, 2686,
2692, 2758, 3006, 3025. Apis [see “also 638], 1520,
1523, 1525, 1534, 1557, 1568-1577, 1601, 1621, 1671,
1686, 1766, 1793, 1794, 1809, 1813, 1953, 1962, 1969,
2039 (2337), 2297, 2974, 2295, 2345, 2366, 2376, 2392,
2406, 2418, 2430, 2433, 2494, 2510, 2511, 2518, 2532,
2536, 2559, 2560, 2579, 2592, 2611, 2624-2626, 2630,
2634, 2646, 2678, 2687 (2705), 2690, 2694, 2698, 2724,
27 28, 2751, ¢ 2737, 2744, 2745, 2752, 2754, 2758, 2778,
2797, 2811, 2814, 2820, 2870-2873, 2875-2879, 2902,
2961, 2962. :
596. VERTEBRATA,
Fe rCae:
597. ICHTHYOPSIDA.
PISCES.
5975. Trverostet. Gasterosteus, 1796. Ethe-
ostomatinae, 2099.
5976. AMPHIBIA.
5978. Anura, 1752.
979. Uropexa. Triton, 1950.
598. SAUROPSIDA.
5981. REPTILIA.
59811. Lacerriia. Phrynosoma, 1752.
5982. AVES,
1603, 2434, 2604, 2618, 2739.
59827. ScaNnsores. Sphyrapicus, 2804. Picus,
2294, 2746.
59828. Insessores. Trochilidae, 1590. Chor-
deiles, 2322. Corvus, 2750. Cardinalis, 2026. Hy-
demeles [ser. Hedy meles]. 2026. Spizella, 1692. Pas-
ser, 1692, 1705, 2957, 2833. Troglodytes, 2485.
599. MAMMALIA,
1553.
5993. Ropentia. Sorex, 1597. Talpa, 1758.
5997. Carnivora. Mephitis, 2305.
5999. Bimana. Homo, 2777.
[END OF SPECIAL ZOOLOGY. ]
6. USEFUL ARTS.
GOG. Societies of useful arts.
Exutpirions: General germ. patent exhib., 3018.
61. MEDICINE.
614. Public health. Dissemination of in-
fection by diptera, 1737 (1972). 2682.
615. Therapeutics, 1962. Consumption, 1834.
Dropsy, 1449, 1480. Parasitic diseases, 2777.
Materia medica. Blatta, 1449, 1480, 2492.
Cantharides (cantharidin), 2940, 3023. Honey, 1834.
Poison of Apis, 1962.
619. Veterinary medicine. Cure of ‘foul
brood”? of bees, 1519, 1577, 1771, 1913. Cure of
silk-worm diseases, 3001.
63. AGRICULTURE,
2186.
PS TKCHE.
6305. Agricultural societies.
Exinrpirions: of Soc. centr. d’agric. et d’insecto-
logie de France, 1800.
ProcerpinGs: of Cal. state hortic. soc., 1948; of
Mo. state agric. soc., 1991; of Mo. state hortic. soc.,
1682; of Moscow agric. soc., 3023.
6307. Agricultural education.
1971, 3003, 3005.
632. Agricultural pests and hindrances,
and means against them. Causes of increase
of pests, 1461.
MEANS AGAINST
3001.
MEANS AGAINST INJURIOUS ANIMALS [see also
the respective species]. Acarus, 2091. Hexapoda,
1804, 1858, 2108, 2736, 2947, 3023. Borers, 1844,
1t60, 2224. Acridiidae, 2774, 3008, 3022. Caloptenus,
1792, 2998, 3007. Mallophaga, 1827, 1849, 1856. Ter-
mitina, 1954. Coccidae, 1476, 2057, 2787, 2&41. Ice-
rya, 3023. Pulvinaria, 1918, 1989, Phylloxera, 1884,
1908, 1968, 1984, 2009, 2082, 2112, 2255, 2302, 3001,
3003, 3024. Schizoneura, 3023. Blissus, 2208. Coreus,
1791. Sitophilus, 2092. Conotrachelus, 1806, 1879.
Doryphora, 1987, 2286, 2581, 2596. Bruchus, 2056.
Cecidomyia, 1486, 2207. Lepidoptera, 1592 (1603).
Carpocapsa, 1991, 2012, 3023. Euryereon, 2060. Anis-
opteryx, L&86, 2088. Heliothis, 1875. Aletia, 1875,
2206. Leucania, 178+, 1846-1848, 2260, 2330. Agrotis,
1861. Macrosila, 1812. Pieris, 1692. Nematus, 1807.
Vespidae, 2050, 27£9.
Administrative measures, 1890, 1984, 2009, 2082,
2302, 223, 3003, 3007, 3014, 3022-3024.
Cultivation of resistant plants. Gossypium, 2756.
Vitis, 2255, 2302, 3008.
Electricity, 3001.
Insecticide animals [see also 59164].
Insecticide plants [see also 58164]. Fungi, 1634
(1£80, 2019), 1659 (1660, 2028, 2062, 2087), 1812, 1936,
2062, 2087, 2890.
Insecticide substances [see also Poisons], 2841.
Ashes, 1791. Carbolic acid, 1918, 2808. Carbolic
soap ,1856. Carbon disulphide [CS2], 2091, 2092.
Dust, 1791. Hellebore, 1807. Hot water, 1860, 3023.
Kerosene, 1827, 2063,2787. Lime, 1827, 1849. Neri-
um, 1614. Petroleum, 2057. Potash sulphocarbonate
[Kz So CS], 2112, 3023. Pyrethrum, 1690, 1864, 2736,
2812. Soap, 1844, 1918, 2808. Soot, 1791. Sulphu-
rous anhydride [SO,], 1827, 1&84. Tar, 1844. To-
bacco, 1614, 1844. Turpentine, 2056.
Insectipells |“insectituges’’]. Abrassin oil, 3001.
Voleanic sand, 1908.
Insectitracts [baits], 1812.
Lawsuits, 3014.
Poisons, 1812, 18°6. London purple, 1750, 3002.
Traps, 1879, 2068, 3018, 3023. .
633. Field crops. Chrysanthemum, 148).
Pyrethrum, 1480, 2299, 2812, 2885.
636. Domestic animals, 1539, 1567 (1604),
1779, 1802, 1827, 1849,-1856, 2053.
638. Insecticulture.
APICULTURE, 1490, 1492, 1534, 1694, 1735, 2274,
2295, 2592, 2745, 2863, 2962, 3007, 3017.
Bee-jownals. Deutsch. bienenfreund, 2816,
Diseuses of bees. Foul brood, 1519, 1577,
1913.
Enemies of bees, 1525, 1553, 1557, 1568-1570, 1597,
1752, 1969, 2002.
Fertilization of bees, 1531,
Prizes,
INJURIOUS PLANTS. Oidium,
1771,
Food of bees, 1521, 1571, 1572, 1671, 1686,
1850, 2532, 2625, 2626, 2678, 2587, 2754, 2962,
Honey, 1535, 2884.
Hlunting wild bees, 2797,
Manuals of apiculture, 1485, 1543 (1683), 1801,
2039 (2337), 2494.
Variety af honey bees, 1522, 1523, 1809, 2511, 2579,
2731, 2810, 2811, 2814, 2870-2872, 2876-2879, 2961,
3017.
BLATrICULTURE, 1480.
COCcCIDICULTURE. Coccus cacti, 1536 (1566, 1873),
1702, 1711, 2€06. Carterin lacea, 2182, 2189, 2773,
2792.
SERICULTURE, 1607, 1971, 2001, 2230, 22738, 2610,
2755, 2786, 2788 (2785), 2798, 3019, 3023.
Diseases of silk-worms, 3001.
Sericulture schools, 2058.
Sericulture societics. Women’s silk cult. assoc.,
2058, 2755, 2798.
Variety of silk-insects, 1630, 1696, 1717, 1772, 1955,
2001, 2108, 2117, 2249, 2493, 2799, 2802, 2935-2938.
64. DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
.
MEANS AGAINST HOUSE INSECTS, 2947. Borax,
2770. Carbolized paper, 2054. Quassia, 2590. Rici-
nus, 3024.
Noxiousness of house
59167.]
66. -CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY.
661. Preduction of chemicals.
Caloptenus, 2527; from Doryphora, 2284.
667. Bleaching, ete. Of insects, 2952.
67. MANUFACTURES.
674. Wood manufacture. Means against
timber-insects. Termes, 1954.
676. Paper manufacture. By wasps, 1655.
677. Textile manufacture. Silk-reeling,
1484, 2784.
Sulphurous anhydride [SO.], 2947. [For
insects, see 59166 and
From
7. FINE ARTS.
7O9. History of fine arts.
Greek art, 2046,
74. DRAWING AND DECORATION.
Nature printed butterflies, 1829.
76. ENGRAVING.
769. Collections of engravings. Of insects,
2193, 2539, 3018. Of W: Saunders, 1545.
77. PHOTOGRAPHY.
779. Collections of photographs. Of
insects, 3053.
Butterfly in
78. MUSIC.
ee Vocal music. Let the cockroach giggle},
8. LITERATURE.
American poetry, 1500, 1526, 1542.
9. HISTORY.
91. GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVELS.
9106. Geographical societies.
Procerptnes: of Roy. geog. soc., 2065. ;
917. Geography of North America,
811.
452 PSTOA GE.
Canada, 2500. Ute Mt. (Colorado), 1729. Alabama,
2501.
DirEecrorigs, 1651.
919. Geography of Oceanica, etc.
Trave.s. New Guinea, 1703.
92. BIOGRAPHY.
Donors to Permanent publication furd of Psyche,
2944.
9203. Biography of encyclopaedisis.
Champlin, 2011.
9204. Biography of publishers. Fried-
laender, 3024.
922. Biography of theologians. Siewers,
H: F., 3022.
925. Biography of scientists, 2190, 2967,
3061.
Adler, 2683. Allgewahr, 1744. Ashmead, 2955.
Atkin, 2125. Aurivillius, 3016. Austin, 2945, 2950-
2952, 3010.
Baird, 3039. Barnes, 2948. Bassett, 3039. Beadle,
2991. Bell, R., 2029. Berce, 2126, 3003. Billings,
1854. Blackburn, 2657. Blackwall, 2656, 3016.
Boisduval, 2127, 2648, 3003, 3013. Boll, 1926, 1927,
2143, 2948. DE Bormans, 3002. Bowditch, 1744.
Bowles, G: H., 3030. Bowles, G: J:, 3030. Brandt,
J. F., 1501. Buckland, 2144. Burgess, 1946, 2945,
2950, 2952, 3010, 3012. Butler, 3016.
Call, 2955. Cassino, 2955. Castelnau, 2145. Caul-
field, 3030. Chadbourne, 2953. Chapman, 1502,
2128. Chapuis, 1503, 2649. pr Chaudoir, 2658, 3015.
Chavannes, 1504. Chenu, 1505, 2129, 2650. Cole-
man, 2955. Comstock, J: H:, 2948. Cook, 3005.
Cooke, C., 2146, 3006. Cooper, 2130. Coues, 1728,
1792, 1797. Couper, 3030. Cox, 2147. Cresson, E.
T., 3026. Cresson, G: B., 3026.
Dalmas, 3001. Davis, 3022. De Garmo, 2991.
De Grey [lord Walsingham], 3002. Dimmoc k, G:,
2955, 2999, 3023. Dubrony [pseud.], 3002. Duméril,
3039. Dutrieux, 3010. Dyche, 2021.
Eaton, C. C., 2946, 2950, 2952, 2999, 3010. Tid-
wards, H:, 3011. Edwards, W:, 2951. Edwards,
W: H:, 3026. End, 2659.
Fedrizzi, 1506. Fish, 2955. Fitch, 1507, 2131,
3004. Fletcher, 3021. Forbes, H. O., 3046. Forbes,
S. A., 3022. Fritsch, 2132, 2651, 3003.
Gabb, 3026. Garneys, 2660. Gastaldi, 1508. Ger-
vais, 1509. Giebel, 2661. Goureau, 2133, 2652. Gra-
ber, 1657. Greening, 2134. Grote, 3011. Grube,
2148. Guenée, 2149. Guenther, 2150.
Haag-Ruthenberg, 1555, 2135. Hagen, 2102. Hal-
deman, 2151. Hamm, 2152. Harrington, W: H.,
3021. Hartig, 2153. Hartmann, 2154. Henshaw,
2945, 2955. v. Heyden, L., 3018. Higginson, 2955.
Hind, 2662. Hnateck, 2155 Horn, 3026. Howard,
2955.
Jack, R., 3030. Joly, E., 3005. Jones, T: R.,
2156. Jousset de Bellesme, 3022.
Kawall, 2663. Kiesenwetter, 2157. Kingsley, 2950,
2955. Kirchner, 2136. Kirschbaum, 2158. Kless,
2664. Koch, 2665, 3016. Krancher, O. P., 3008.
Lawson, 3025. Le Conte, J: L., 3018, 3026. Lem-
mon, 2364, 3077. Lewis, 3026. Lintner, 2076, 2109,
3004, 3024. Loew, 1510, 2137. Lokaj, 2159. Lyman,
3030.
McLachlan, 3013. Malpighi, 3039. Mann, B: P.,
2945, 2950, 2952, 2955, 2973, 3010, 3017, 3023. Mark,
2945, 2950, 2952, 3010. Marshall, 3012. Mead, 2998,
3011. Meade, 2856, 2857. Menge, 2150. Mneszech,
3018. Mocquerys, 1512, 2653. Moncreiffe, 1511. Moz-
ley, 2021. Mueller, Alb., 3012, 3015. Mueller, Fritz,
2955. Mulsant, 2161, 2999, 3013.
Neumvegen, 3011.
Ormerod, 2061. Osten Sacken, 3013. Ougspurger,
2162, 3012. Owen, F., 2163.
Palmer, 1693. Peabody, 2950. Pearson, 3030.
Pictet, E., 1513. Plieninger, 2138. Preudhomme de
Borre, 3018. Putnam, J. D., 2666, 3010, 3022, 3056.
Reichenbach, 1514, 2139. Rey, 2999. Ridings, 3026.
Riley, 3013, 3017, 3039, 8077. Rolleston, 2667. Ron-
dani, 1515, 2140. Rosenhauer, 2668. pr Rougemont,
2669. Ryder, 2948.
DE Saulcy, 2654. Saunders, W:, 1545. Saunders,
W: W., 1516, 2141. Scheffer, 3018. Schmid, 2670.
Seudder, 2950, 2952, 3010. De Selys-Longchamps,
3014. v. Siebold, 3039. Siewers, C: G., 3022. Smith, —
Emily A., 2948, 3005, 3016. Smith, F:, 1517, 2142,
3016, 3026. Smith, G: D., 2164, 2655, 3054. Smith,
H. H., 3010. Snellen van Vollenhoven, 2165, 3013.
Snow, 2021. Spagno!ini, 2166. Speerschneider, 3015,
Standish, 2168. Stauffer, 2167. Steck, 3015. Stokvis,
3004. Swammerdamm, 38004.
Thomas, C., 3022. Thommen, 2948. Tournier, 3065. ~
Trelease, 2950-2952, 2955, 3023. Tyrrell, 3021.
Van der Wulp, 3000. Vayssiére, 3005. Verrall,
3018.
Wahnes, 2671. Wailly, 3024. Walsh, 3039. Wat-
kins, 3016. Weston, 2672, 3016. White, A., 1518.
Wilkinson, 3025. Williston, 2948. Winter, 3018.
Zaddach, 3016.
Lists of’ scientists, 1610 (2984), 1651, 1917, 2499
(2509). 3010.
Notice of private collections of insects, Aaron,
E.M., 3011. Anderegg,3009. Austin, 2953. Belfrage,
3026. Bramson, 3021. Fitch, A., 1995, 2098. Grote,
3017. Gundlach, 3026. Hagen, 2258. v. Heyden, I..,
3018. Hill, W. W., 3014. Holden, 3017. Jaensch,
3024. Krancher, O. P., 3016. Kiinow, 2955. Mnes-
zech, 3018. Mocquerys, 2037 (2982). Myers, 3013.
Nason, 3024. v. Ougspurger, 3012.. Owen, E. T.,
3024. Riley, 3019. Scheffer, 3018. Smith, G: D.,
2164, 2953, 3011, 3054. Snow, 3021. Speerschneider,
3015. Spiess, 3023. Verrall, 3018. Whitman, 2946.
Zeiller, 8015. Zeller, 3032.
Notices of private libraries, see O20.
926. Biography of economists. Becker,
3018. Carpenter, I. C., 3023. Cooke, M., 3023.
Hollister, 3023. Lepper, 1971. Ransom, 1879.
Apiculturists. Benton, 2961. Cori, 2961. Dunn,
2223, Jones, A..D., 2961, 3077. Kolowrat, 2961.
Krancher, L., 3008. Quinby, 1485. Root, A. L.,
1543. Root, L. C., 1485.
State entomologists. New York, 1507, 2076, 2109,
3004. Illinois, 3016, 3022. Missouri, 3013.
Typographers. Prentiss, 2950, 2973, 3055.
927: Biography of artists. Blake, J. H.,
2951, 3027.
93. ANCIENT HISTORY.
932. Ancient history of Egypt, 3069.
97. HISTORY OF NORTH AMERICA.
9744. History of Massachusetts. Cape
Cod, 1467.
PAGING OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD OF PSYCHE, VOL. 3.
RECORD PAGE RECORD PAGE RECORD PAGE RECORD PAGE
Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos.
1447-1453 8 1914-1928 129 2323-2337 226 2702-2717 F 332
1454-1469 9 1929-1942 130 2338-2350 248 2718-27338 333
1470-1487 10 1943-1957 139 2351-2363 249 2734-2748 B34
1488-1501 21 1958-1978 140 2364-2373 250 2749-2764 344
1502-1518 22 1979-1992 141 2374-2382 251 2765-2780 345
1519-1535 45 | 1993-2007 142 2388-2895 252 2781-2800 346
1536-1555 46 2008-2019. 151 2396-2409 253 2801-2815 305
1556-1573 55 2020-2085 152 2410-2426 254 ff 2816-2832 356
1574-1593 56 2036-2049 153 2497-2439 255 2833-2853 B57
1594-1608 57 § 2050-2068 154 2440-2455 256 2854-2869 308
1609-1628 58 2069-2079 163 2456-2470 ° | 257 2870-2879 370
1629-1646 70 2080-2094 164 2471-2484 258 2880-2891 382
1647-1656 78 2095-2109 165 2485-2498 280 2892-2899 405
1657-1667 79 2110-2124 166 2499-2512 281 2900-2906 406
1668-1688 80 2125-2140 176 2513-2527 282 2907-2914 418
1689-1707 81 2141-2155 ilies 2528-2539 283 2915-2926 419
1708-1723 82 2156-2168 178 2540-2552 284 2927-2938 420
1724-1735 90 2169-2179 187 2553-2571 285 2939-2950 421
1786-1755 91 2180-2196 188 2572-2583 286 2951-2966 422
1756-1774 92 2197-2208 189 2584-2597 | * 287 2967-2984 428
1775-1788 93 2209-2215 190 2598-2613 288 2985-2996 424
1789-1804 94 2216-2228 200 2614-2625 289 2997-8025 425
1805-1821 105 2229-2244 201 2626-2635 301 3026-3040 426
1822-1840 106 2245-2259 202 2636-2647 302 3041-3054 427
1841-1855 115 2260-2272 212 2648-2662 313 8055-3071 428
1856-1872 116 2273-2290 213 2663-2676 314 3072-3086 429
1873-1891 117 2291-2310 214 2677-2686 330 3087-3100 430
1892-1913 118 2311-2522 225 2687-2701 331
[Bind this page (453) so that it can be unfolded to be read when the
volume is closed. |
OT. aa
: Bey ro PS al «2G, ,
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO PSYCHE, VOL. 3.
BY GEORGE DIMMOCK.
Heavy face figures refer to articles in the body of the journal; italic figures to advertisements; plain figures
to the Bibliographical record (by pages). Genera of animals not belonging to arthropoda are indicated by
brackets in which the divisions to which the animals belong are indicated.
Systematic index, under 58 and 591538.
Abraxas grossulariae, 117.
Acalles, 405.
Acallodes, 405.
Acamptus, 405.
Acanthocinus, 57.
24, 48, GO, 155.
Acanthocnemes, 116.
scapulella, 116.
Acarus, 58, 93, 164.
Acerra, 419.
Acheta campestris, 93 (v. Gryl-
lus ¢.).
Achrastenus. 406.
Acidalia enucleata, 214.
Acilius suleatus, 8.
nodosus, 27,
fusco-
Aciptilus lobidactylus, 887,
389-390, 404. montanus,
404, 415.
Acmaegenius, 406.
Acneus, 104.
Acoptus, 406.
Acraea, 396, 401.
Acridium, 40. americanum, 80.
Acritus, 405.
Acrobasis, 90. angusella, 187.
caryae, 187. demotella, 187. tri-
colorella, 90.
Acrolophitus hirtipes, 81.
Acronye‘a aceris, 357. populi,
188.
Actias luna, 82, 104, 112 (vy.
Attacus 1.). selene, 82, 139.
Acvlophorus, 405.
Adelges, 333.
Adelocera, 104.
Adelops hirtus, 104.
Adelpha sophax, 165.
Adonisea pulchripennis var.
languida, 225.
Adoxus vitis, 282.
Aeaea ostryaeella, G4.
riellu, G4-65.
Aedis funa'is, 90.
Aegeria acerni, 188, 281, exiti-
osa, 281. pictipes, 281. pini, 251,
382. pyri, 281. tipuliformis, 142,
281. tricincta, 281.
Aegialia, 382.
Aeletes, 405.
Aeschna, £40, 283, 376.
Affa bipunctella, 130.
purpu-
Agasphaerops, 406.
Agathidium, 382.
Agelastica alni, 212, 287.
ensis, 142.
Agelena, 419.
Aglais urticae, 263, 274-275,
297-298 (v. Vanessa u.).
Aclia tau, 58, 420.
Agraulis vanillae, 160, 356 (v.
Argynnis v.).
Agrion puella, 326.
Agrionina, 77.
Agronus, 406.
Agrotis, 90, 116, 117, 184, 357.
campestris, 357. citricolor, 140.
decolor, 357. hilaris, 140. lub-
ricans, 117. stellaris, 140. ver-
nilis, 419. vocalis, 419.
Alaus, 57, 382. gorgops, 382.
oculatus, 382.
Aletia, 186, 202, 287. argilla-
cea, 70, 117, 140, 166, 189, 287, 288.
Allandrus, 406.
Allantus, 419. basilaris, 419.
dubius, 419.
Allomimus, 406.
Alucita hexadactyla, 404.
Alyca, 406.
Alypia maccul!ochii, 69, 117.
Amara, 287. cylindrica, 91.
Amblychila cylindriformis, 9,
39, 118.
Amblyptilus acanthodactylus,
403. cosmodactylus, 403. ulo-
dactylus, 403.
Amblystoma [vertebr.], 329.
Amnesia, 406.
Amorbia humerosana, 128.
Ampeloglypter, 406.
Amphicerus, 358.
Amphigerontia, 222-223.
Amphientomum, 196, 219.
Anabrus haldemanii, 334.
Analcis, 358.
Anametis, 406.
Anaphora texanella, 116.
Anapleus, 405.
Anarsia, 116.
Anarta myrtilli, 371.
Anceryx scyzon, 114.
Anchastus, 405.
hal-
For genera of plants see the
Anchodemus, 406.
Andrena, 290, 382.
ana, 164. labialis, 2&8.
Anerasti», 90.
Anesychia hagenella, 116.
Anisodactylus, 287, 358. im-
manis, 358. nivalis, 358. pilosus,
358.
Anisolabis maritima, 359.
Anisopteryx, 117.
Anisota bisecta, 419.
Annaphila, 90. arvalis, 225.
aurantiaca, 225. divinula, 90.
pustulata, 225. salicis, 225.
Anobium, 45, 93.
Anomadus, 406.
Anomala, 405.
Anomma arcens, 164.
Anthaxia deleta, 91.
Antheraea, 81. paphia, 82, 139,
346 (v. Attacus mylitta).
Anthidium, 382. cognatum,
277. strigatum, 92.
Anthocharis olympia, 84, 96,
162. stella, 160, 418. thoosa,
418.
Anthocomus fasciatus, 226.
Anthophora, 382.
Anthrax, 290.
Anthrenus, 10, 58,342. scroph-
ulariae, 10, 46, 57, 154. varius,
277, 352.
Anthribulus, 405.
Antigaster, 405. mirabilis, 226.
. Antispila, 63, 64, 149. am-
pelopsiel'a, 149, 276. cornifoli-
ella, 63, 149. hydrangeaeella,
149. isabella, 149. — nyssae-
foliella, 63, 149. viticordifoli-
ella, 63, 149. e
Apate rufipennis, 333.
Ap.atela americana, 225. dis-
tans, 419. falcula, 225. lobeliae,
225. pallidicoma, 90. parallela,
419. superans, 225.
Apathus, 162.
Apatura, 105,160, 279. ali-
cia, 114, 1238-127, 160. cel-
tis, 114. 126, 127,159. cly-
ton, 114, 159. flora, 114,
160, 356.
hattorfi-
456
Apenes, 406.
Aphaenogaster, 46. treati, 189.
Aphis, 93. persicae, 400.
Aphodius, 91, 369.
Aphrodite [vermes], 328.
Apis, 45, 142, 184-185, 250,
283, 285, 301, 330, 331, 370 [see also
Systematic index under 638 Api-
culture]. dorsata, 198, 355, 370.
indica, 198, 355. meillifica, 8,
55, 58, 80, 94, 139, 140, 200, 213,
248, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 283,
288, 289, 301, 330, 331, 3354, 344,
356, 370, 406.
Aplecta, 397.
Apodemia, 214.
Aporia, 397.
Aragnomus, 406.
Aramigus, 406.
tessellatus, 154.
Arctia caja, 279, 407. deter-
minata, 187. figuzata, 106. flam-
mea, 187. fuliginosa, 107, 279.
virguncula, 225.
Argopistes, 405.
Argynnis, 105, 273, 278,
8397, 418. alcestis, 105. atlan-
tis, 277. chitone, 418. clio,
90. aphrodite, 159, 247. bel-
lona, 159, 161. —columbina,
247. cybele, 140, 159, 247.
diana, 159. egleis, 159. hip-
polyta, 418. idalia, 159. laura,
418. myrina, 159, 161, 344
(v. Melituea m.). nitocris, 418,
vanillae, 246 (v. Agraulis v.).
Argyresthia undulatella, 66.
Argyrolepia quercifoliana, 58,
Arsilonche henrici, 117.
Arta, 90.
Arzama, 278. diffusa, 90.
Asopia, 90.
‘Aspidiotus, 85. ancylus, 141.
citri, 212. concbiformis, 151.
harrisii, 151.
Aspidisca, 64, 148-149. luci-
fluella, G4. saliciella, 64, 147,
149. splendoriferella, G4, 149.
Aspila virescens, 189.
Aspilota alba, 53.
Atemeles cavus, 151.
Athalia spinarum, 212.
Athous, 405.
Atropos, 96, 402.
Atropus, 10,
Atta, 214, 283. insularis, 31,
fulleri, 154.
56.
Attacus, 81, 389, 420. atlas,
174. carpini, 82. cecropia, 334,
387-392, 398, 415, 416 (v.
Samia c.). cynthia, 70, §2. 92,
166 (v. Bombyx c.). luna, 288,
416 (v. Actias 1.). mylitta, 70,
82, 113, 139, 355 (v. Antheraea
prphia). pernyi, 70, 82, 1135.
polyphemus, 415, 416 (vy. Telea
p-). promethea, 188,413, 416.
PSYCHE.
(v. Callosamia et Samia p.). pyri,
82 (v. Saturnia p.). rovlei, 82.
spini, $2. yama-mai, 70 (v. Satur-
nia et Sericaria y.).
Attagenus, 10.
Aulacus pallipes, 104.
Aulobaris, 406.
Axenus, 225.
Bidister, 382.
Buetisea obesa, 202.
Balaninus, 118, 358.
Barilepton, 405, 406.
Baropsis, 406.
Basilarchia, 357. arthemis, 406
(v. Limenitis a.).
B:trisus, 382.
Begunna xanthoides, 128, 30.
Belostoma, 94, 189, 346.
Belvoisia bifasciata, 18).
Bembidium, 282. bowditchii,
91. scudderi, 91.
Blapstinus, 405.
Blatta, 38, 45, 213, 250. ger-
manica, 45, 284 (v. Ectobia g.).
orientalis, 8, 10, 45, 58, 201, 280
(v. Periplaneta o.).
Blepharocera, 77.
Blissus ieucopterus, 58, 165, 189.
Boarmia crepuscularia, 420.
Bolitotherus cornutus, 225.
Bombus, 37, 40, 42, 80, 115,
129, 140, 142, 162, 189, 200, 215,
226, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255,
256, 257, 280, 282, 283, 285, 330,
331, 344, 370, 407. — lapidarius,
56, 248. mastrucatus, 80, ¢2. mus-
corum, 8, 254, 283. terrestris, 248.
Bombylius, 235, 290. major,
268.
Bombyx, 287. arrindi, 9. cyn-
thia, 2&7 (v. Attacus ¢.). mri,
56, 80, 82, 201, 225. quercicus,
280. quercus, 407. trifolii, 82.
vinula, 340-341 (v. Harpyiav.).
Bomolocha, 357.
Bostrichus, 358.
Botis, 90. albiceralis, 90. dis-
sectalis, 151. oppilalis, 151. osci-
talis, 151. penitalis, 117. sub-
medialis, 151. _talis, 90.
Brachinus, 278, 353, 392.
crepitans, 400.
Brachyacau.tha, 406. ursina, 287.
Brachycentrus fuliginosus, 130.
Brachypep us, 405.
Brachys, 406.
Bradycellus, 287.
Breyeria borinensis, 79, 82.
Broto!om'a meticulosa, 420.
Bruchus pisi, 288.
Bryophila, 397.
Bufo americanus [vertebr.], 418.
Butalis, 116.
Buthus, 40. occitanus, 380.
Byrrhodes, 405.
Cacoecia transiturara, 130. tri-
ferana, 130. velutinana, 130.
Cacozelia, 90.
Cactophacus, 406.
Caecilius, 195-196, 207,
219. lasiopterus, 196. pedic-
warius, 195-196.
Caenis, 190.
Caenocera, 405,
Calandrinus, 406.
Calathus, 287.
Callichroma splendidum, 77, 24,
48, 60.
Callidium variabile, 57.
Callidryas, 118. agarithe, 225.
eubule, 105, 160, 198 (v. Colias
e.). trite, 70.
Callimorpha, 89, 244. inter-
ruptomarginata, 420.
Calliphora, 142. vomitoria, 78
(v. Musca v.).
Callipterus, 93.
Cal'ithomia panamensis, 165.
Callophrys rubi, 307-308.
Callosamia promethea, 159,
161, 171-174 (v. Attacus p.).
Callotermes flavicollis, 417.
Calocampa ex: leta, 92.
Calopsocus, 219.
Caloptenus, 27, 39, 42, 282.
spretus, 80, 93, 94, 114, 119,
189, 283, 378-380.
Calosomn ealidum, 106. seru-
tutor, 106. wilcoxii, 162.
Calotermes, 219.
Calpe canadensis, 117.
Calyptillus, 406.
Campodea, 162.
Camponotus, 279. meleus,
46, 89.
Canifa, 382.
Cantharis, 358. deserticola,
104. fusca, 226. puberula, 358.
viridana, 358.
Canthon, 55.
Capnochroa fuliginosa, 106.
Capua lentiginosana, 130.
Carabus, 8, 420. — intricatus,
283.
Carpocapsa inexpertana, 130.
latiferana, 130. pomonella, 10,
141, 151, 183, 355, 372.
Caryoborus arthriticus, 213.
Castnia, 32.
Cataclysta, 167.
187.
Catoecala, 214, 382. amatrix,
89. amica, 225. dulciola, 225.
editha, 89. fratercula, 225. fred-
erici, 357. insolabilis, 84, 96.
nebraseae var. som:ius, 213. ultro-
nia, 142. unijuga, 281. walshii,
89.
Catogenus rufus, 341-342.
Catorama, 405. ;
Cecidomyia, 358. carbonifera,
253. destructor, 10, 189; 225.
oryzae, 226. leguminicola, 381,
trifolii, 166. tritici, 10.
medicinalis,
Cemiostoma coffeellum, 140.
Cenopis demissana, 128, 130.
diluticostana, 130. gracilana, 130.
niveana, 130. pulcherrimana,
128, 130. j
Centrinus concinnus, 226.
Centrocleonus, 406.
Ceratocampa imperialis, 420 (v.
Dryocampa i.). regalis, 118.
Ceratomia amyntor, 368.
Cermatia, 81. forceps, 21, 93,
116, 141.
Cerophytum, 104.
Cerura, 391, 393. borealis,
357, 400. multiscripta, 188.
occidentalis, 357, 400.
Ceryle aleyon [vertebr.], 369.
Cetonia inda, 287.
Chaetechus, 406.
Chaetocnema, 382, 405, 406.
Chaetophloeus, 406.
Chaitophorus, 93.
Chalcis ovata, 189.
Chaleodermus, 358.
Chalepus trachypygus, 226.
Chalicodoma, 383.
Charadra propinquilinea, 225.
Chelidura, 59.
Chelifer, 57, 279.
Chelostoma, 382.
Chelymorpha cribraria, 419.
Chernes, 40. cimicoides, £0,
Cheyletus, 224.
Chilo crambidoides, 130.
Chionaspis, 278.
Chironomus, 165, 188.
Chlaenius, 287.
Chlamys, 382.
Choerocampa tersa, 368.
Choragus, 382.
Chordeiles popetue (—virgini-
anus) [vertebr.], 225.
Chrysis martia, 420.
420.
Chrysobothris carinipennis, 91.
Chrysocorys erythraeella, 402.
felicella, 402. festaliella, 402.
Chrysomela, 406. brunsvicen-
sis, 142. decemlineata, 213 (vy.
Doryphora d.). juncta, 213 (v.
Doryphora j.). montivagans, 91.
populi, 400 (v. Lina p.).
Chrysopa, 416
Chrysopeleia purpuriella, 64.
Chrysophanus americanus, 154,
160. nais, 214.
Chrysops discalis, 82.
Chthonius, 57.
Chytolita morbidalis, 117.
Cicada, 277. {
Ciciudela, 93, 106, 142, 419.
generosa, 142. hirticollis, 142.
longilabris, 419. purpurea, 142.
sexguttata, 142. vulgaris, 142.
Cimbex, 391, 398.
verticalis,
PSPCHE.
Cimbocera, 406.
Cimex lectularius, 400.
Cionus scrophulariae, 92, 411-
«
Cirrospilus esurus, 189.
Cleodora, 116.
Cleonaspis, 406.
Cleonopsis, 406.
Cleophane, 397.
Cleptes aliena, 420.
89. purpurata, 89.
Clisiocampa americana, 188. syl-
vatica, 188, 288.
Clothilla, 10,414.
Clubiona, 419.
Clytus, 154. pictus, 154. robi-
niae, 154, 188 (v. Xyleutus r.).
speciosus, 154,
Cnemogonus, 406.
Cnethocampa processionea, 139.
Coccotorus, 406.
Cochylis [ser. Conchylis, q. v.]
campicolana, 130. dilutana, 130.
fernaldana, 130. intsuctana, 130.
latipunctana, 130. parallelana, 130.
parvimaculana, 130. saxicolana,
130. transversana, 130.
Coccinella novemnotata, 287.
Coccus, 10, 46, 118. adipofera,
78, 80. cochinillifera, 10. lacca,
188, 345, 346.
Coelioxys, 382.
Coelocnemis magna, 151.
Coenonympha elko, 356. inor-
nata, 114.
Coleophora, 65, 116.
Colias agarithe, 114. caesonia,
247. delia, 247. diara, 247.
edusa var. helice, 79. eriphyle,
90. eubule, 247 (v. Callidryas
e.). eurytheme, 142, 159, 420.
nicippe, 247 (v. Terias n.). phil-
odice, 142, 159, 188, 247, 417
(v. Eurymus p.). santas, 417.
Colletes, 290, 382. succincta,
164.
Colopha ulmicola, 93.
Conchilodes platinalis, 46.
Conchylis, (v. Cochylis) 128.
floccosana, 130. invexana, 130.
scissana, 130.
Condylolomia, 90.
Conotrachelus, 405. nenuphar,
117, 288.
Corethra, 278, 328. plumi-
cornis, 154, 213.
Coreus tristis, 94.
Corixa, 165.
a pas americanus [vertebr.],
4.
Corydalis [ser. Corydalus],375.
brongniaitii, 188, 277.
Corydalites fecundum, 93.
Corydia, 393, 395. caruncu-
ligera, 395.
Corymbites planulus, 91.
americana,
457
Cosmopteryx quadrilineella, 116.
Cossus, 37, 69, 118, 140. lig-
niperda, 9, 93, 420.
Crambus, 118, 357. anceps,
130. attenuatus, 130. dissectus,
130. duplicatus, 118. edonis, 130.
exesus, 130. goodellianus, 130.
laciniellus, 130. occidentalis, 130.
oregonicus, 130. repandus, 118.
Craponius, 406.
Cratacanthus, 287.
Cratypedes putnami, 334,
Cremastochilus, 358. saucius,
104. westwoodi, 358.
Crematogaster lineolata, 279,
311.
Cricula trifenestra, 139.
Crocota ostenta, 225.
Crossidius allgewahri, 91.
Cryobius surgens, 91.
Cryphalus, 405.
Cryptobium, 405.
Cryptocephalus sericeus, 93. vi-
tis, 282.
Cryptolechia, 116.
culella, 116.
Cryptorhynchus, 405.
Cryptus nuncius, 189,
Ctenophora, 190.
Ctenucha virginica, 256.
Cucullia, 397. umbratica, 283.
Culex, 35, 81, 92, 140, 153,
186, 189, 231-241, 356. cilia-
tus, 233, 235, 236. pipiens,
93, 233, 235, 239, 283. ru-
fus, 233, 235.
Curculio, 153.
pales, 188.
Curtonotus cylindrica, 91.
Curupira, 115. torrentium, 115.
Cychrus, 93.
Cyclonotum, 406.
Cylas formicarius, 11, 24, 48, 60.
Cynips quercus-batatus, 329.
quercus-folii, 286. quercus-oper-
atola, 329. quercus-operator,
329. quercus-rileyi, 200. sali-
cis-strobili, 196. spongifica, 80.
Cynthia cardui, 246 (v. Pyra-
meis et Vanessa c.). huntera,
246 (v. Pyrameis h.).
Cyphomimus, 406.
Cyphon, 405.
Dahana atripennis, 114.
Dakruma, 90. turbatella, 90.
Dauais, 408. archippus,9, 20,
116, 141, 142, 159, 174, 246,
278, 414 (v. plexippus). bere-
nice, 160. chrysippus, 408.
limniace, 408. plexippus, 20,
263-273, £408 (v. archippus).
Daptoneura lycimnii, 70.
Darapsa choerilus, 368. versi-
color, 368.
Dasycera nonstrigella, 116,
Dasycerus sulcatus, 104.
obscuroma-
cleonus, 20.
458
Dasypoda, 382
Datana ministra, 1£8.
Debis portlandia, 159.
Decticus, 93.
Deilephila chamaenerii, 368.
euphorbiae, 356. lineata, 333,
342, 367-368.
Deilinea, 357.
Deltocephalus configuratus, 94.
Dendroides canidensis, 76. con-
color, 76.
Depressar'a, 116. eupatoriiella,
116. fernaldella, 116.
Dercetis, 90. pygmaea, 90. vit-
rea, 90.
Dermestes, 10, 45, 314.
Desmocerus auripennis, 104.
Desmoris, 406.
Diabrotica, 405. duodecimpune-
tata, 116. fulvosignata, 163. in-
terruptofasciata, 163. nigripes,
163. sexmaculata, 163.
Diadema bolina, 105, 151, 225.
Diamimus, 406.
Dianthoecia, 334, 357, 419.
Diaperis hydni, 225,
Dicaelus dilatatus, 106.
Dichelia californiana, 130. de-
missana, 128 (v. Cenopis d.).
fureatana, 130. pulcherrimana,
128 (v. Cenopis p.). tunicana,
130.
Dichopetala, 21.
Dichoxenus, 406.
Dichrorampha radicicolana, 130.
Dicranopselaphus,. 104. ed-
wardsii, 104.
Didasys belae, 114.
Didictyum, 189.. zigzag, 189.
Didonis biblis, 70.
Dignamptus, 405.
Dilar americanus, 344.
Dineutes, 405.
Dinoderus, 358.
Diplocoelus, 382.
Diplotaxis, 405.
Dircaea, 382, 405.
Dirotognathus, 406.
Dolba hylaeus, 368.
Donacia, 278, 405.
Dorcatoma, 405.
Doryphora decemlineata, 56, 81,
118, 141, 152, 188, 213; 214, 215,
286, 287, 359. . juncta, 287, 407
(v. Chrysomela j.).
Drepanosiphum, 93.
Dromius, 93.
Drosophila, 41, 70.
Dryobota opina, 90.
Dryocampa imperialis, 174 (v.
Ceratocampa i.).
Dryomyza, 355,
Dryotribus, 358.
Dynastes tityus, 11, 24,48, 60.
Dysagrion fredericii, 93.
Dyschirius, 382, 405.
Dysticheus, 406.
PSYCHE.
Dytiscus, 32, 39, 40, 58. har-
Yisii, 10.
Eacles imperialis, 420 (v. Dryo-
campa i ).
ictobia germanica, 345 (v. Blatta
g.).
Ectopria, 104.
Edwardsia brillia s, 153, 187.
Elachista staiitonella, 116. tex-
anella, 116.
Elaphidion, 356.
341-342.
Elaphidium, 405.
Elaphrus, 106.
Elassoptes, 358.
Elater, 164.
Eleodes, 33. gig intea, 151.
E'ephantomyia, 311.
Elipsocus, 196, 207-208.
aphidiodes, 208. _ laticeps, 207.
unipunctatus, 207, 208. west-
wood i, 196. q
Ellema harrisii, 868.
Empheria, 196, 219.
Emphytus maculatus, 58.
Emprepes nuchalis, 90.
Encalus, 406.
Endromis versicolora, 82.
Epargyreus tityrus, 8320-321
(v. Eudamus t.).
Ephemera diptera, 326. vul-
garis, 8326. vulgata, 93.
Epicalia acontius, 92.
Epicauta, 358. callosa, 358.
caviceps, 358. cinerea, 419. fune-
bris, 358. pardalis, 358. pedalis,
358. pe rsylvanica, 288. sericans,
358.
Epilachna borealis, 287.
Epipaschia, 90.
Epipsocus, 402.
Epitrix, 406.
Erastria, 187.
Erax, 55.
Eresia tex-na, 160, 418.
Erigone, 345.
Eriosoma, 162. ulmi, 188.
Eriphin albalineella, 116. nigri-
lineella, 116.
Eristalis, 41, 235, 407-408.
florens, 835. floreus, 93. tenax,
30, 35, 70, 93, 164, 407.
Erotyla, 10.
Eubria, 104.
Eucera, 382.
Eucerceris, 104.
Euchaetes, 406.
egle, 226.
Eucrostis chloroleucaria, 214.
Eucyllus, 406.
Endamus bathyllus, 160, 247.
lycidas, 160. tityrus, 160, 247
(v. Epargyreus t.).
Eudemis botrann, 276.
Euglossa, 250, 302.
Eugonia. alniaria, 92, 415.
susignaria, 117.
parallelum,
collaris, 226.
Eumolpas pretiosus, 392, 400.
Eupactus, 406.
Eupagoleres, 406.
Euparagia scutellaris, 89.
Eupelmus, 405. floridanus, 226.
mirabilis, 226. reduvii, 226,
Kuphaea, 130.
Euphoeades, 275. troilus, 274,
319-320, 321 (v. Papilio t.).
Euplectrus comstockii, 140, 288,
Euplectus, 405.
Euploea, 408.
Euprepia, 35, 93. caja, 93, 420.
Euptoieta claudia, 159, 214.
Eurea, 104.
Eurhoptus, 406.
Euros, 225. proprius, 225,
Kurosta solidaginis, 58.
Eurycreon rantalis, 127, 154.
Eurymycter, 406.
Eurymus philodice, 308-309,
(v..C lias.p.).
Euryomia inda, 288.
Eurypauropus, 29. spinosus, 80.
Eurysphingus, 382.
Eusphyrus, 406.
Eustrotia, 187. aeria, 187. ~ car-
neola, 225. secta, 118.
Eutrapela transversata, 214.
Eutreta diana, 538.
Euxenus, 405, 406.
Evania appendigaster, 201.
Evarthrus, 287.
Exartema concinnanun, 128.
griscoalbanum, 128, 130. puncta-
num 130. sericoranum, 130.
Exyra, 10.
Eylais, 29-30.
Filaria [vermes], $1, 186.
Fontaria, 383, 421.
Forficula minor, 284.
Formica, 55, 115, 370. fusea, 46,
189. rufa, 8,30, 93. sanguinea,
46, 1&9. schiufussii, 46, 189.
Fruva, 10. accepta, 225. acerba,
225.
Galerita, 287.
Galeruca xanthomelaena, 282.
Galleria cereana, 55, 184.
Gamasus coleoptratorum, 224.
crassipes, 224. marginatus, 224.
Gasterosteus [vertebr.], 94, 189,
Gastropacha, 388.
Gaurodytes, 382. nanus, 91.
Gaurotes cyanipennis, 305.
Gelechia, 65, 116. gallaesoli-
daginis, 80. pseudacaciella, 64-
65, 65.
Geoderces, 406.
Geodromicus ovipennis, 91. .
Geophilus, 36, 81. electricus,
58.
Geotrupes, 95, 405. julianus,
225. sylvestris, 93. vernalis, 420.
Glaea, 90. ;
Glipa, 406.
Gliphipteryx, 64.
%
Glomeris, 28, 36, 82.
Glossina morsitans, 8, 57, 154.
Glyciphagus, 58.
_ Glyptoscelis longior, 91.
Goes tessellatau, 17, 24, 48, 60.
tigrina, 17, 24, 48, 60.
Gonatopus contortulus, 420,
Gononotus, 406,
Gonops, 406.
Gonotropis, 406.
Gortyna flavago, 82. nebris, 106.
nitela, 58, 106.
Gracilaria, 66, 67, 99-103.
negundella, 6G. stigmatella, 212.
syringella, 99-103, 212.
Graphiphora, 419. contrahens,
90. garmani, 419. perbrunnea,
419.
Grapholitha americana, 130. ap-
icana, 130. caeruleana, 130. con-
versana, 130.- discigerana, 130.
divisaua, 130. exvagana, 130,
lunatana, 130. metametana, 130.
refusana, 130. _ solivitana, 130.
strenuana, 130. trossulana, 150.
vitrana, 130.
Grapta c-ulbum, 246, (v. com-
ma). c-argenteum, 246.) c-au-
reun, 246. comma, 159, (v.
e-ulbum). faunus, 77. interro-
gationis, 15-19, 76, 159.
progne, 105, 159, 246,(v. Vanes-
sa p.). satyrus, 160.
Gryllacris, 1£8. ungeri, 188.
Gryllotalpa, 34. vulgaris, 93.
Gryllus, 80. campestris, 283,
420, (v. Acheta c.).
Gymnancyla canella, 212.
Gyrinus natator, 143.
Habrocerus, 382.
Habrostola, 397.
Hadera, 90. confederata, 214.
pisi, 407. .-
Hagno, 116.
Halictes, 70, 117. lineolatus, 70.
sexcinctus, 70.
Halictus, 290, 333, 382.
Hallomenus, 382.
Haltica nemorum, 93.
Hamadryas, 271, 274. io,
275, 295-298.
Harpalus caliginosus, 2, 74, 26,
50, 62, 74, 86, 98, 110, 122, 162,
287, 289. cla destinus, 91. com-
par, 162. fatnus, 162. p nn-
sylvanicus, 162.
Harpyia, 391, 3893-394,
398. vinula, 340-341, 391,
397.
Heliconia, 89. charitonia, 160,
B44, 356.
Heliconius, 396.
Heliophila dia, 419. unipuncta,
115, (v. Leucania u.).
Heliothis armigera, 117.
Heliothrips dracaenae,
haemorrhoidalis, 381.
381.
ASTCHE.
Hemaris buffaloensis, 357.
Hemileuca, 389. maia, 388.
Hemimerus talpoides, 81.
Hemiptychus, 405.
Hendecastema cuneanum, 128,
130.
Henicops, 81.
Hepialus, 8397.
377. virescens, 10.
Hepiolus hamuli, 9.
Hesperiacatullus, 247 ethlius,
3822-324. orcus, 247. phy-
laeus, 247. tessellata, 247.
Hetaerius, 382.
Heterocampa pulverea, 117.
Heteropterus libya, 81. mar-
ginatus, 247.
Hibernia leucophaearia, 420.
Himantarium, 28, 81, 282.
Himella, 419.
Hipparchia, 104. alope, 246,
(v.Satyrusa.). andromacha, 246.
areolata, 246. eurythris, 246.
gemma, 246. sosybius, 246.
transmontana, 246.
Hippiscus liveatus, 334.
Hippodamia convergens, 287.
Hirudo medicinalis [vermes],
341.
Hister helluo, 287.
Holcorpa maculosa, 93.
Homeosoma, 90.
Homohadena, 214.
Homoptera rubi, 225.
Honora, 90. mellinella, 90.
Hoplocephala bicornis, 225,
Hormaphis spinosus, 93.
Hormops, 406.
Hormorus, 406.
Hydrachna, 29-30, 415. .
Hydrobius, 382.
Hydrocampa, 187. pacalis, 187.
Hydrophilus, 162, 324-526.
piceus, 10, 139, 212, $25. trian-
gularis, 10, 326, 357.
Hydroporus, 382, 405. congruus,
ite
hecta, 32,
Hyla versicolor [vertebr.], 407,
418.
Hylurgops, 406.
Hylurgus rufipennis, 333. tere-
brans, 188.
Hymenorus, 406.
Hypena scabra, 117, 355.
Hypera rumicis, 412.
Hyperaspis, 406.
Hyperchiria, 389, 398. __ io,
388, 391-392, 415, 429, (v.
varia ct Saturnia i.). varia, 352-
353, (v. io).
Hyphantria textor, 188, 281.
Hypomolyx, 406.
Hyponomeuta evonymella, 93.
zelleriella, 116.
Hypophloeus, 405.
Hypoprepia fucosa, 117.
pack-
ardil, 243-244.
459
Hystrichophora leonana, 130.
Hystrichopsylla, 142.
Ibalia montana, 104.
104.
Icerya purchasi, 372.
Ichneumon, 287. humilis, 413.
rufiven ris, 358.
Idiographis fulviplicana, 130.
Indusia calculosa, 93.
Inopeplus aeneomicans, 202.
Ips fasciatus, 94.
Ischnocera infuscatus, 77, 24, 48,
60.
Isomira, 406.
Ithycerus, 358.
Ithomia aesion,
165. jucunda, 165.
Ituna ilione, 92.
Jassus twiningi, 94.
Julus, 28, 29, 36, 58.
Juno tia coeria, 142, 420. la-
vinia, 104.
Laccobius thermarius, 211.
Lacconotus, 89.
Laccophilus, 382.
Lachesilla, 222.
Lachesis, 222.
Lachnosterna, 214.
quercina, 279.
Lachnus, 343. caricifex, 55.
Laemophloeus, 406.
Lagoa, 415. crispata, 388.
opercularis, 388. F
Lampyris, 154.
Languria, 406.
Lasiocampa quercifolia, 364.
trifolii, 383.
Lasius flavus, 189.
Lathridius, 382.
Lathropus, 406.
Laverna gledit-chiaeella, 66.
Lebia, 406.
Lecanium, 35.
188. tulipiferae, 55.
Leiobunus rotundus, 70, 91.
Lepisma, 34. saccharina, 77,
92, 93.
Leptostylus, 405.
Leptura erythroptera, 77, 24, 48,
60.
rufipes,
165. caedia,
rhene, 165.
fusea, 93.
acericola, 58,
Leptus americanus, 141.” irri-
tans, 141.
Lerema accius, 188. pattenii,
188.
Leucania, 117, 8397. —pseudar-
gyria, 357. unipuncta, 91, 93, 115,
118, 212, 226, 282, 287, 345.
Leucanthiza, 148.
Leucopis puncticornis, 356.
Leucoma salicis, 8395, (v. Lipa-
ris's.)-
Libellula, 375-376. flavomac-
ulata, 142. quadrimaculata, 142.
Libythea bachmani, 159, 336.
motya, 247.
i 160, 418, 419. ar-
Limenitis Ie
themis, 9, 87, 142, 159, 246,
460
418, 420, (v. Basilarchia a.). bred-
owii, 201. disippus, 9, 114, 159,
160, 174, 418. eros, 160, 214,
333. misippus, 333. proserpina,
174. ursula, 246, 418.
Limonius, 94.
Lina, 393. dorsalis, 393.
populi, 392-393, (v. Chrysomela
p.). scripta, 393. tremulae, 212.
Linyphia obscura, 224. tere-
bricola, 150. zebrina, 224.
Lioptilus helianthi, 404. holo-
leucos, 404. homodactylus, 404,
413. kellicottii, 404. sericid-
actylus, 389-390, 404.
Marpissa, 419.
Megachile, 343, 382.
Megalodacne, heros, 225.
Megalosoma elephas, 17, 24, 48,
60.
Megilla maculata, 287, 344.
Meigenia bombivora, 212. _ bis-
ignata, 212.
Melamomphus, 406.
Melanomma, 90.
Melanoplus, 142.
Melicleptria belladonna, 225.
elaborata, 225. perminuta, 225.
Meligethes, 334.
Melipotis stygialis, 99. tenella,
225.
Melitaea, 273, 397. baroni,
418. chalcedon, 160. myrina,
247, (v. Argynnism.). pbaeton,
140, 159, 247. rubicunda, 160.
tharos, 247, (v. Phyciodes t.).
Melolontha vulgaris, 8, 93, 359,
407.
Melyris atra, 91. flavipes, 91.
Mephitis mephitica, [vertebr.],
214.
Mesites, 405.
Mesopsocus, 207.
Metachroma, 406.
Metamasius, 358.
Metapodius femoratus, 345.
Metopius, 104.
Micracis, 382.
Micralcinus, 406.
Microcentrus retinervis, 344.
Microcholus, 406.
Microdon globosus, 379.
Microgaster utilis, 117.
Microhyus, 406.
Microma 'thus, 382. debilis, 382.
Micromastus, 406.
Microphotus, 47.
Microrhopala, 406.
Mimeseoptilus mictodactylus,
389-390. phaeodactylus, 389,
390.
Minyomerus, 406.
Miris maidis, 165.
Mitostylus, 406.
Mochlocera, 90.
Monohammus, 419. confusor,
288. dentator, 55. scutellatus, 288.
PSYCHE.
Mordella, 355, 405.
Mormo, 32.
Morpho, 104.
Musca, 234, 391. domestica,
70, 91, 288, 339, 390. famil-
iaris, 3878. vomitoria, 41, 70,
358, (v. Calliphora v.).
Mutilla coccinea, 55. gabbii,
Mycetinalimbata, 104.
Mycetochares, 382.
Mycetophagus, 382. punctatus,
25
Mycterus, 89.
Myrmuica, 164.
Myrmecodia echinata, 69. gla-
bra, 69.
Myrmecocystus, 279. mexi-
canus, LO4.
Myrmeleon, 393, 397.
Myrmica, 31.
Mytilaspis citricola, 346. glov-
erli, 346. pomicorticis, 288, 346.
Nacerdes melanura, 68.
Nathalis iole, 247.
Nebria, 91.
Nematodes, 405.
Nematus, 105.
Nemicelus, 406.
Nemognatha, 54, 92.
melina, 92.
Neoclytus ascendens, 91.
Neominois dionysus, 81.
Neonympha canthus, 159. eu-
rytris, 159. gemma, 159, 160.
sosybius, 159
Neoptocus, 406.
Nepa, 330.
Nephelodes violans, 226.
Nephila, 279.
Nephopteryx, 90. scintillans,
187. zimmermani, 140, 419.
Nepticula, 66, 116, 135-137,
147-148, 149, 276. castan-
eaefoliella, 66. ciliaefuscella,
136. fuscotibiaeella, 136, 137,
147. nyssaefoliella, 66. pteli-
aeella, 137, 147, 276. quer-
cicastanella, 66.
Nesaea, 29-30.
Nocheles, 406.
Noctua, £0.
Nola anfracta, 225.
161.
Nomaretus, 93.
Notiphilus, 282. maximiliani,
82.
erichsoni, 358.
chryso-
centonalis,
Notodonta dictaeoides, 188. ri-
mosa, 188. tremula, 188.
Notolomus, 406.
Notozus marginatus, 420.
Numenia acontius, 70.
Ochthebius, 405.
Ochyria designata, 214.
Odonata, 117.
Odenestis potatoria, 9.
Odontosphindus, 382.
Oecanthus 227, 287. niveus,
yi
Oecophora, 10.
Oedaspis gibba, 538. polita, 53.
Oedematophorus ambrosiae,
403. cretidactylus, 413. grises-
cens, 403. inquinatus, 403.
occidentalis, 403.
Oedionychis, 55, 405.
latii, 55. recticollis, 55.
Oedipoda carolina, 334.
erata, 334.
Oenas afer, 360.
Oenectra inconditiana, 180. ru-
dana, 130. xanthoides, 128.
(v. Terax x.).
Oeneis, 405.
Oenosanda noctuiformis, 114.
Oestrus bovis, 94. Ovis, 81.
Olibrus, 406.
Oligostigma obscuralis, 187.
Omileus, 406.
Omophron, 166.
Oncocnemis, 214.
Onota, 405.
Onychilis, 406.
Onychobaris, 406.
Ophideres fullonica, 33, 213.
Ophion, 93.
Orchestes, 358, 382.
Orgyia, 393, 395-396. anti-
qua, 9. auriflua, 395. leucos-
tigma, 31, 396, 401, 420. nova,
395. pudibunda, 139.
Oribates, 225. limbatus, 225.
muirii, 225.
Orimodema, 406.
Ornithoptera, 151, 407.
Ornix acerifoliella, 188. pruni-
vorella, 67.
Orobanus, 91. simulator, 91.
Orthoperus, 382.
Orthoris, 406.
Oryctes, 283.
212, 359.
Oryssus mexicanus, 89. occi-
dentalis, 89.
Osmia, 283, 382.
Osmodermz eremita, 35.
Otidocephalus, 358.
Oxyprora, 21. ‘
Oxyptilus hieracii, 404. ni-
grociliatus, 403. _ periscelidac-
tylus, 390, 403.
Oxytelus, 314.
Oxytherea, 314.
Ozognathus, 405.
Pachybaris, 406.
Pachygnatha, 419.
Pachylobius, 406.
Pachyscelus, 406.
Packardia nigripunetata, 214.
Paederus, 405.
Paedisca abbreviatana, 130. ab-
Tuptana, 130. albangulana, 130.
agricolana, 130. argentialbana,
130. atomosana, 130. basipunc-
chevro-
oblit-
nasicornis, 141
tana, 130. biquadrana, 130. bo-
landerana, 130. canana, 130. cata-
clystiana, 130. crambitana, 130.
culminana, 130. diffinana, 130.
fulminana, 130. glomerana, 130.
graduatana, 130. grandiflavana,
130. hirsutana, 130. illotana,
130. inquietana, 130. irroratana,
130. larana, 130. luridana, 130.
maculatana, 130. nigralbana, 130.
palpana, 130. passerana, 130.
perdricana, 130. primulana, 130.
pulveratana, 130. radicana, 130.
rectiplicana, 130. shastana, 130.
subflavana, 130. subplicana, 130.
terracoctana, 130.
Palaeocampa anthrax, 328.
Palaminus, 405.
Palembolus florigerus, 93.
Palingenia, 165.
Paltostoma, 115.
Pamphila byssus, 114, 214.
cernes, 160, 247. dion, 9, 84,
96,114. dukolum, 89. ethlius,
160. hobomok, 160. huron,
160. otho, 247. paniscus, 247.
peckius, 247. pontiac, 84, 96.
pottawattomie, 202. ursa, 202.
verna, 160.
Panorpa communis, 212.
Panorpes edwardsii, 89.
Panurgus, 382.
Papilio, 115, 159, 393-394,
397, 398, 407, 415. ajax,
5-6, 15-19, 75-76, 114, 159,
179, 247, 289. . alexanor, 82.
aliaska, 415. asterias, 159,
179, 247, 257, 394, (v. P.
polyxenes). asteroides, 418. bair-
dii, 418. brevicauda, 160. cal-
chas, 247, 355, (v. P. palamedes).
cresphontes, 21, 89,- 159, 162,
166, 327, 357,416, (v. P. thoas).
daunas, 415. machaon, 82, 93,
160, 394, 415. oregonus, 415.
palamedes, 160, 356, (v. P. cal-
chas). pammon, 408. phileuor,
159, 179, 247, 358. podilarius,
82. polyxenes, £17, (v. P. asteri-
as). rutulus, 415. thoas, 10,247,
327, 420, (v. P. cresphontes).
troilus, 159, 179, 247, (v. Eu-
phoeades t.). turnus, 159, 179,
247,415. zolicaon, 415.
Paragoges, 406.
Paraponyx plenilinealis, 187,
Pararga egeria,289. megaera, 420
Parasa fraterna, 225.
Parnassius corybas, 225. evers-
manni, 225. smintheus, 225. thor,
225.
Parolamia rudis, 93.
Paromalus, 382.
Paropsis sexpunctata, 212.
Parorgyia clintonii, 117, 396.
Pasimachus, 89.
Passalus, 57.
Passer domesticus [vertebr.],
202, 357, 387.
forces.
Pauropus, 29.
Pediculus, 81, 90.
Pedilophorus, 382.
Pelopaeus [ser. Pelopoeus, q. v.].
Pelopoeus, 94.
Pempelia, 90. pravella, 90.
Pemphigus, 152. acerifolii, 93.
fraxinifolii, 93. populimonilis, 93.
populiramulorum, 93. populitrans-
versus, 93. ulmi, 58. ulmicola,
188. vagabundus, 188.
Penta‘oma, 420.
Penthe obliquata, 225. pimelia,
225.
Penthina conditana, 130. con-
sanguinana, 130. dealbana, 130.
griseoalbana, 128, (v. Exarte-
ma g.). habesana, 128. resump-
tana, 150. subnivana, 130. trans-
missana, 130.
Pentilia, 405.
Perientomum, 219.
Perigrapha, 357.
Perimegatoma
408.
Peripatus, 328. capensis, 29,
55. edwardsii, 215. novae-zea-
landiae, 215.
Periplaneta europaea, 93. orien-
talis, 93, 201, 284, (v. Blatta o.).
Peripsocus, 219.
Peritaxia, 406.
Peritelopsis, 406.
variegatum,
Perla bicaudata, 93. maxima,
419.
Perothops, 104.
Petrochelidon lunifrons [ver-
tebr.], 402.
Pipetite gigantea, 93. heros,
93.
Pezotettix, 142. obesa, 142.
Phacepholis, 406.
Phalaena, 330.
Phalangium, 290, 380. cor-
nutum, 70, 91, 200. longipes, 200.
opilio, 200. parietinum, 70, 91.
rotundum, 200. urnigerum, 91.
Phaleria, 405.
Phanerotoma tibialis, 187.
Phausis, 47, 382.
Pheidole javana, G9. pennsyl-
vanica, 153.
Phengodes, £7.
Philampelus, 113, 281, ache-
mon, 113, 368. fasciatus, 113.
labruscae, 113, 188. lycaon, 113.
osticatus, 113. satellitia, 113,
368. vitis, 113.
Philanthus, 104.
Philothermus, 405.
Phloeothrips, 8369, 381.
Phoenicobius, 406.
Pholisora catullus, 160.
cus, 418.
Phora, 212.
Photinus, 51-52, 405. pyralis,
309.
Photuris pensylvanica, 309.
Phoxopteris angulifasciana, 88.
ori-
461
Phoxopteryx cometana, 1380.
muricana, 130. pacificana, 130.
Phryganea flavicornis, 93.
Phthoroblastis texanana, 130
(155).
Phyciodes cassiopea, 165. ful-
gora, 165. harrisii, 159. nyc-
teis, 159. poltis, 165. sosis, 165.
tharos, 4, 19, 159, (v. Melitaea
t.). vesta, 418.
Phycocoetes, 406.
Phyllocnistis, 63, 67, 105,
135, 136. ampelopsiella, 67.
erechtitisella, 116. liriodendro-
nella, 68. magnoliaeella, G7. vi-
tifoliella, G7. vitigenella, 67.
Phyllophaga, 130.
Phyllotreta, 382.
Phylloxera, 39, 47, 56, 58,
1065 LOT, 117, 15, 09> 139,
140, 151, 163, 164, 166, 202, 214,
383. vastatrix, 141, 215.
Phymatodes, 382.
Phyrdenus, 406.
Phyton pallidum, 27, 24, 48, 60.
Phytoptus, 81.
Picus villosus [vertebr.], 334.
Pieris beckeri, 160. brassicae,
47, 263, 283, 287, 420, (v. Pon-
tia b.). crataegi, 92, 201. ilaire,
114, 225. menapia, 416. napi,
140, 289. oleracea, 159, (v. Pon-
tia o.). protodice, 159. rapae,
80, 81, 116, 140, 159, 254, 287,
288, 420. sisymbri, L160.
Pierotus [ser. Pterotus, q. v-],
Pimpla conquisitor, 189.
Pinipestis, 90. abietivorella, 90.
Pityophthorus, 382, 405.
Placonycha, 104.
Plagiodera scripta, 393.
Platydema, 405.
Platyhypena scabra, 1sf.
Platynus, 72, 91, 405. -jejunus,
91.
Platyptilus bertrami, 405.
bischoffii, 403. carduidactylus,
403, 413. ochrodactylus, 403.
orthocarpi, 403. shastae, 403.
Plectrodera scalator, 77, 24, 48,
60.
Pleotomus, 47. pallens, 51-
53.
Plinthodes, 406.
Plocamus, 406.
Plocetes, 406.
Plusia dyaus, 189.
117. precationis, 213.
Pnigodes, 406.
Poaphila irrorata, 90.
90.
Podabrus brevipennis, 91.
Pogonocherus mixtus, 355.
Pogon myrmex barbatus, 89.
erudelis, 189. occidentalis, 104.
Polia aedon, 140.
Poliomyia, 94.
Polistes, 94, 370. fusca, 154.
gamma, 81,
placata,
462
Pollenia rudis, 378.
Polycaon, 358.
Polydesmus, 29.
Polyergus lucidus, 46.
Polygonia comma, 246, (v.
Grapta c.). faunus, 246, (vy.
Grapta f.). interrogationis, 246.
Polyommatus lucia, 247. phlae-
as, 289, (vy. Lycaena p.). pseudar-
giolus, 247, (v. Lycaena p.).
Polyxenus, 32.
Pomphopoea, 358.
unguicularis, 358.
Pontia brassicae, 93, (v. Pieris
b.). oleracea, 247, (v. Pieris 0.).
Porthesia chrysorrhea, 201 (v.
Liparis c.).
Prionus coriarius, 225.
ris, 163.
Prochobola, 211.
Proctorus, 406.
Proctotrupes crenulatus, 420.
Prodenia lineatella, 357.
Prodoxus, 414, 415. decip-
iens, 346, 414.
Prodryas, 2, 14, 26, 50, 62, 74,
86, 98, 110, 122. persephone, 93.
Pronuba yuccasella, 141, 257,
301, 302, 331, 333.
Propalticus oculatus, 104.
Prorasea simalis 90.
Prosopis, 382.
Prosopistoma, 165, 190, 202.
punctifrons, 95, 165, 190, 202.
variegatum, 202.
Proteopteryx emarginana, 130.
Proteoteras aesculanum, 366-
367.
Prothymia, 10.
Psenocerus supernotatus, 142.
Psephenus, 377.
Pseudobaris, 406.
Pseudoglossa lubricalis, 117.
Psilocofsis, 116.
Psocus,.10, 196, 209-210,
219-223, 279, 402. aflinis,
196, 221. citricola, 8. geolo-
gus, 195. immunis, 207. lich-
enatus, 223. moestus, 223.
nebulosus, 221. pusillus, 196.
salicis, 195. signatus, 207-
208. variegatus, 222, 223.
venosus, 209-210, 221.
Psychoda, 35.
Psylla celtidis-mamma, 188.
pyri, 23.
Pterochilus, 104.
Pterodela, 195, 207.
Pteromalus puparum, 287, 288,
329.
Pterophorus, 404.
texana, 358.
pocula-
cineridac-
tylus, 404. monodactylus, 390,
403-404. __ pergracilidactylus,
404. °
Pteroplatus variabilis, 27, 24,
48, 60.
Pterostichus, 287. surgens, 91.
Pterotus, 47 (155).
Ptinus, 10. fur, 45.
PSYCHE:
Ptychodes vittatus, 77, 24, 48,
60.
Ptychopterina, 211.
Pulex, 42. irritans, 57, 70, 142.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 129,
141.
Pyrameis atalanta, 159 (v.
Vanessa a.). cardui, 139, 358, (v.
Cynthia et Vanessa c.). huntera,
159, 417, (v. Cynthia h.).
Pyrochroa flabellata, 76.
Pyrophorus noctilucus, 78, 309.
Pyrhopyga, 80.
Pyrrhia angulata, 225.
Pyrrhocoris aptera, 283.
Pyrsonympha agilis [protoz.],
Quedius, 405.
Reduvius novenarius, 226. ser-
ratus, 105.
Retinia argyrospila, 130. dup-
lana, 77. frustrana, 77. geor-
giana, 130. subcervinana, 130.
Rhadine, 91.
Rhagium inquisitor, 291.
Rhagoletis pomonella, 53.
Rhagouica fulva, 93.
Rhexius, 405.
Rhinoscepsis, 405.
Rhizophagus, 382.
Rhodobaenus, 406.
Rhopalosiphum, 93.
Rhoptobaris, 406.
Rhyacionia juncticiliana, 130.
Rhynchocephalus sackenii, 82.
Rhynchopsylla pulex, 142.
Rhypodes, 406.
Rhyssa humida, 419.
Rhyssomatus, 358.
Ritsemia pupifera, 58.
Sacium, 406.
Salebria, 90.
Salticus, 153.
Samia ceanothi, 112, 113,
286, 420. cecropia, 82,112, 113,
420, (v. Attacus c.). cynthia, 166,
(v. Attacus et Bombyx c.). glov-
eri, 82, 112, 113, 286, 420.
promethea, 82,112, 358, (v. Atta-
cus et Callosamia p.). ricini, 166.
Sandalus niger, 11, 24, 48, 60.
Saperda bivittata, 355. cretata,
286.
Saprinus, 314, 405.
Sarcophaga, 54. carnaria, 8,
58, 93. sarraceniae, 189, 333.
Sarcopsylla galliuacea, 142.
penetrans, 142.
Sarcoptes suis, 55.
Sarpedon scabrosus, 104.
Saturnia, 388. io, 82, 352-
353, (v. Hyperchiria .varia).
maia, 82. pyri, 363, (v. Atta-
cus p.). yam t-mai, 346, (v. Atta-
cus et Sericaria y.).
Satyrodes eurydice, 246.
Satyrus, 105, 139, 357. alope,
105, 159, 160, 161, 277, (v.
Hipparchia a.). nephele, 105,
277.
160.
Scarabaeus hercules, 345,
Scepsis edwardsii, 225.
collis, 117.
Schizoneura americana, 93. lan-
igera, 872. ulmi, 152.
Schizotus cervicalis, 76.
Sciaphila afflictana, 130. basi-
plagana, 130. confixana, 130.
ferriferana, 130. hebesana, 130.
horariana, 130. implexana, 130.
improbana, 130. perductana, 130.
perstructana, 130. puncticostana,
130. trigonana, 130.
Sciara, 111, 278. nigra, 111.
Scierus, 406.
Sciopithes, 406.
Sclerostomasyugamus [vermes],
paulus, 418. — silvestris,
fulvi-
Seolopendra, 81, 165. electrica,
46. morsitans, 380, 417.
Scolopendrella, 80, 414-415.
americana, 415. ryderi, 415.
Scoparia libella, 90.
Scydmaenus, 406.
Scymnus, 405. nigripennis, 91.
Selenophorus, 358, 405. brevi-
usculus, 358.
Semasia amphorana, 130. ar-
genticostana, 130. artemisiana,
130. columbiana, 130. decem-
punctana, 130. elongana, 130. gri-
seocapitana, 130, infuscana, 130.
lapidana, 130. minimana, 130.
oregonana, 130. pallidicostana,
130. parangustana, 130. parvana,
130. radiatana, 130. scalana, 130.
stramineana, 130. sublapidana,
130. tenuiana, 130.
Sepedon, 355.
Sericaria mori, 82, (v. Bombyx
m.). yama-mai, 82, (v. Attacus
et Saturnia y.).
Sericoris auricapitana, 130.
chalybeana, 130. concinnana,
128. dilutifuscana, 130. foedana,
128. instrutana, 366-367.
vetulana, 150.
Sesia, 257, 344.
Sialis, 287.
Sicus, 41. ferrugineus, 70.
Silpha opaca, 226.
Silvius pollinosus. 82.
Simulium, 344, 358.
Sinoxylon, 358.
Siphonophora, 93.
Siredon [vertebr.], 329.
Sirex columba, 130, (v. Tremex
¢c.). gigas, 130.
Sitophilus granarius, 10.
Smerinthus excaecatus, 368.
geminatus, 368. modestus, 368.
Smicrips, 405.
Solpuga, 56.
Sorex [vertebr.], 57.
Spalacopsis suffusa, 226.
Sphaeroderma, 405.
Sphenophorus, 405.
Sphinx, 77. atropos, 301. caro-
lina, 117. chersis, 868. chion-
anthi, 113, (v. Macrosila rustica).
convolyuli, 93, 334. eremitus,
368. drupiferarum, 368. gor-
dius, 8368. kalmiae, 368. ligus-
tri, 118, 420. luscitiosa, 368 ocel-
lata, 341. quinquemaculata, 115.
Sphyrapicus varius [vertebr.],
355.
Spilosoma, 398. acrea, 396.
fuliginosa, 118. virginica, 129, 142.
Spirobolus, 58. cupulifer, 58.
Spirostreptus, 58.
Spragueia, 10.
Stauropus fagi, 92, 364.
Steatoda bipunctata, 357.
ata, 150.
Steganoptycha biangulana, 130.
claypoleana, 367. lagopana, 130.
liturana, 130. purpuriciliana, 130.
Stemmatophora nicalis, 90.
Stenamma gallarum, 80.
Stenocinclis, 94.
Stenocorus putator, 188.
Stenotomis cornutor, 82. macu-
lata, 82. norrisi, 82.
Stethobaris, 406.
Stiretrus dinna, 55.
Stizus, 277.
Stomoxys, 339.
Strategus julianus, 225.
Stratiomys chameleon, 8.
Strigoderma, 406.
Strongilus pergracilis [vermes],
59.
Strongylium, 405, 406.
Stylops, 37. melittae, 201.
Suphis, 382.
Syllisis, 219.
Sylvanus, 10.
Synchloe thoosa, 61.
gut-
Syneda adumbrata, 225, has-
tingsi, 225. seposita, 225.
Synedoida inepta, 225. mor-
bosa, 225. sabulosa, 225.
Synnoma lynosyrana, 130.
Syrphus, 40, 41, 164, 286. bal-
teatus, 70. ribesii, 8.
Systena, 406.
Systoechus, 288, 290.
288.
Tabanus, 40. autumnalis, 41,
58.
Tachina aletiae, 189.
212.
Talpa [vertebr.], 92.
Tanypus maculatus, 69.
Taphrocerus, 405, 406.
Tarache, 214. erastroides, 225.
sedata, 225. semiopaca, 90. su-
trix, 140.
Tarantula nigrina, 82.
Tarentula tigrina, 104.
oreas,
villica,
Tegenaria, 419. domestica,
150.
Telea polyphemus, 82, 112,
ae 174, 420, (v. Attacus
p-)-
£STCAL.
Teloganodes tristis, 8383.
Temnopsophus, 406.
Tenebrio molitor, 93.
Tenthredo, 37, 196.
Teras albaniana, 130. connex-
ana, 130. directana, 130. foleana,
130. nivisellana, 130. obsoletana,
130. permutana, 225. pulvero-
sana, 130. restitutana, 130. ros-
trana, 130, simpliciana, 130. xan-
thoides, 130, (v. Oenectra x.).
Teretriosoma, 405.
Terins nicippe, 159, 162, 356,
(y. Colias n.).
Termes, 45, 46, 278, 370. fla-
vipes, 417.
Tetanocera, 355. lineata, 355.
montana, 355. pubescens, 355.
Tetragnatha, 279.
Tetralopha, 90.
Tetraneura alba, 152. ulmi, 152.
Tetranychus telarius, 288, 381.
Tetrapriocera, 358.
Tettigonia viridis, 93.
Thais hypsipile, 118. polyxena,
118.
Thalpius dorsalis, 72, 24, 48, 60.
pygmaeus, 71, 24, 48, 60.
Thalpochares, 130, 187.
Thecla comyntas, 247, (v. Ly-
caena ¢c.). falacer, 247. favo-
nius, 247. hyperici, 247. mop-
sus, 247. poeas, 247.
Thinoxenus, 406.
Thricolepis, 406.
Thricomigus, 406.
Thrips, 196, 249, 250, 254, 256,
369, 381.
Thymele brizo, 247.
Thyreus abbotii, 288, 368,
416.
Thyridia megisto, 92.
Thyridopteryx _ephemeraefor-
mis, 200, 241-248.
Thysanoes, 406.
Thysanocnemis, 406.
Thysanura, 34.
Tinea, 10. biselliella, 9.
ella, 9. pellionella, 9, 405. sep-
temstrigella, 116. tapetzella, 9.
Tinodes lurida, 142.
Tischeria, 68. aenia, 68. lati-
penella, 116. malifoliclla, 68.
marginea, 68. pulvella, 116.
querci‘ella, G8. quercivorella, 68.
Tipula, £0.
‘Tithorea pinthias, 165.
Tomarus, 406.
Tomicus, 382.
Toripalpus, 90.
Tortrix, 252.
fumiferana, 165.
Toxotropis, £06.
Tremex columba, 130, 188.
Tribslister, 405.
Tribolium, 10.
Trichalophus, 406.
Trichischius, 406.
Trichobaris, 406.
crin-
trabalis, 187.
conflictana, 130.
patulana, 130.
463
Trichogramma pretiosa, 189.
Trichopetalum lunatum, 118.
Trichostegia varia, 356.
Tricrania stansburii, 82.
Trifureula, 276.
Trigtyphus, 406.
Trigonalys laeviceps, 89. mex-
icanus, 89. nevadensis, 89.
Trimium, 405.
Triodites, 288, 290.
Triphyllus, 382.
Triplax thoracica, 225.
Triton punctatus [vertebr. ], 139.
Trochilium denudatum,93 (155),
281. denutatum [ser. denudatum,
q. v-]. polistiformis, 154.
Troglodytes aedon [vertebr.],
280.
Trogoderma tarsale, 351-352.
Trombidium, 29, 153, 224.
Trypeta, 53.
Tv lopterus, 406.
Typhlopsylla, 142.
Typocerus, 382.
Tyroglyphus, 10. siro, 288.
Ufeus unicolor, 90.
Vanessa, 397. antiopa, 159,
188, 246, 328. atalanta, 246,
(v. Pyrameisa.). cardui, 21, 81, (v.
Cynthia et Pyrameis ¢.). fureil-
lata, 246. j-album, 246. lev-
ana, 289. polychloros, 420. progne,
188, (v. Grapta p.). urticae, 9,
79, 263, 279, (v. Aglaisu.).
Vespa, 40, 154, 370. maculata,
162, 277, 339. occidentalis,
3ea9. vulgaris, 201.
Volucella, 37.
Wollastonia, 358.
Xanthidia delia, 247. jucunda,
247.
Xanthium spinosum, 107.
Xanthoptera, 10. semicrocea,
333.
Xiphydria attenuata, 419.
Xyleborus, 382.
Xylesthia clemensella, 65-66.
Xyletinus, 352.
Xyleutus robiniae, 93, 188, (v.
Clytus r.).
Xylocopa, 164, 250, 298, 343,
420. fimbriata, 420. micans, 420.
varipuncta, 420.
Xylomiges, 357.
tabulata, 90.
Xylophilus, 405, 406.
Xysticus, 105.
Ypsolophus, 116.
Yuccaborus, 406.
Zabrus gibbus, 287.
Zaglyptus, 406.
Zanclognatha minimalis, 90.
Zaplous, 405.
Zascelis, 406.
Zotheca tranquilla, 90.
Zuphium americanum, 77, 24,
48, 60.
Zygaena, 273. trifolii, 9.
Zygobaris, 382, 406.
dolosa, 118.
A Pole
aes ~arhel
PERO. 465
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(See v. 1, p.. 246, and v. 2, Index, p. 19. The corrections given below are
in addition to those already given.)
The passages indicated should read as follows.
In volume 1. 64 1 —6... Glyphipterygidae,
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--the hybrid nature...
--by Julius Victor Carus...
.-28 giugno 1868.].--
of angraecum..--
cross fertilization..
..the successor of.-.
.- NEPTICULA PTELIAEELLA,...
-- Corydalus
.- Wissenschaft und Kunst, .
--Bo6ttner, Hartmann....-
..Keferstein, George Adolf...
--Krancher, Oskar Paul....
.--Latzel, Robert..
-- Theorie Darwins. -.
--ative embryology. (Amert....
..-leaf cutting ant.
--p. 44-46, 8 fig.)
.-Miiller, Hermann....
Reprint, entitled, ‘‘Carnivo-
rous plantsand their prey.”
(Hardwicke’s science gos-
sip, Dec. 1874, v. I0, p.
272-275, fig. 179-182.)
Riley C: Valentine. Car-
nivorous plants and their
prey. (Hardwicke’s science
gossip, Dec. 1874, v. 10, p.
272-275, fig. 179-182.)
a bruised finger, -.
-- Museum,
Jones, of Breton,.-..
chauffour. [Biog....
OBERTHUR, C:...
-- (Aphrodite, etc.)
-- 1881.
15+ 141
-[June] 1882, v 3,--
: ‘pees: Alexander..
--soc., Edinburgh, 9 Dees. :
--vote or to hold
-- Strange habit of mef-
New insects injurious to...
= ALOOLs Vie L3e Pas =
.--Osborn, of Ames..
369
386
386
408
414
Rw Ne NM HS NY HN Wt
wb NS NH RR NY YN eS NY HF DN WN
467
6..-Annexe to André’s
8 pondence is...
27 tera, Coleoptera,.--
6 tomologische..-
—6...in Danats archippus.
—12 Mr. R. Hayward showed...
6..-383, 2cm.)
—14-.-the mouth-parts
I1-.-pterophoridae of North
America. :
—25 fly. (Psyche,..
24, 25+++405-406, 418-430. )
28...1882 [15 Jan...
—22. Weir, ]:---
--12 win, C:, 1671, 1810,..
18...W: H:, 1463-1465,.--
24.-.G:, 2393 (2394),---
—17-+-+2875, 3043 (3023), 3044.
—8...2515, 2888 (2880), 2889,
6...-Lubbock, (1732), (1734),
—I5 2920 (2907, 2919), 3032.
I..-2360; of Brit...
Insert at end of page:
060, General societies.
British mus., 1942, 3016-
3017. Centennial Expo-
sition [Philadelphia],
1822. Genootsch. t. bevord.
v. nat. genees. en heelk. t.
Amsterdam., 3004. Germ.
nat. and physicians., 3022,
3065. Middlesex inst.,2951.
Royal mus. Stockholm,
3016. Smithsonian inst.,
3019.
2. RELIGION.
290. Non-christian Re-
ligions. Worship of in-
sects, 1588.
3. SOCIOLOGY.
343. Criminal law. Pros-
ecution of collectors, 3014,
3029. Prosecution of in-
sects, 3014.
12... Add Phylloxera congress,
3007.
19 --- Add ot Cal. viticult. comm.,
1984, 2009, 2082.
118
118
129
139
139
RwN DNDN YF BY = Ds = YH HN DH YD HN
ho
bo
iS}
PSYCHE.
Insert after line —18:
39. CUSTOMS.
3916. Care of the person,
1703, 1729.
3917. Ornaments. Pyro-
phorus, 1652.
3933. Embalming. Mum-
my of 2 wasp, 3069.
10-11 58153. Food habits of
plants.
Capture of animals by
plants for food, 2347,2407.
By leaves. Sarracenia, 285
(2599), 2598 (2599), 579---
—14 This line should not begin a
new paragraph.
17 --- Asclepias, 1574, 2227, 2510,
28 2175, 2366,...
—I4 5819. GEOGRAPHICAL DISs-
TRIBUTION.
—5 2558. Portugal, ...
23 Insert before this line:
591. PHYSTOLOGICAL
- ZOOLOGY.
13. Diadema, 2013. Epicalia,
1762. Numenia, 1643.
—18 ... 2962; of cold. ..-
20 Parasitism. By fungt,...
—4... Phalangiidae, 2228.
44... Xyleutes,
—12 ... Acridiidae, 2775. ...
—2 Apis, 1794, 1969, 2197, 2536,
2624, 2646, 2678, 2724,2728,
2762,
ded
2h
- . G: D. (1479)
. B: P. M. (1487)
M. Mocquerys, coleopterist,. . .
. or fruit-buds.
. nicotiana rustica. . .
. G: D. (1602)
. of aphididae and. . .
sptrobolus; one. . .«
optera injurious. . .
; name, the." < *.
. is saprolegnia ferox,. . .
from Pall Mall Gazette. . .
. canton of Aargau,. . .
- antheraea paphia. . .
Correction to the author’s . . .
142
151
152
152
153
154
154
155
5. . .ctctndela; notes
—17.. .iSasyn-
—9. . . Hedymeles ludoviciana. . .
—7... G: D. (2026)
—i1g.. .Commission impériale
Siquer osu.
—i1.. . silk cul-
—2. . .its habits are those of a.
—I19 Satay 15 2
10 Phosphorescence of a. ,
14 Joly, Emile,. . .
12)... < PRec. 2t2t.
BOP so Gry Lay GALES)
—9 teMIbere. Lyn ols
—10 Herr Hartmann,...
3... lerema acctus and .
—19. ..psylla celtidis-mamma,.. .«
—I3 campa silvatica, .
28. . . corydalus brongniartil (Au-
—17.. .B: P.M. (2207)
—24 eatwigs. 1. mifiiecs =e. %
23... . into imagos resembling. . .
25 an insect ofthe same. . .
—5 Planta-Reichenau. .. .
8 Authorization ofthe. . .
16 opment. Similar...
—19,—10, Germ. tr., by J. V. Carus, of. .
—22 fertilize angraecum...
—15 of ants and grasshoppers. .
11. . . mauritia carara
—3.. . cissus, eucomts,
11. . . notiphilodes, based
—§.. hibernation in houses.
—4. . .pyrrhocoris apterus.. .
28... . bélievine” inthe, -.:
—15.. .gomphocarpus, etc.
—5.. .[Rec., 2637], showing. . -
14... .in the Sachsischen. . .
24... .by diptera. The pollina-
19). jos PERGEx BOOK 2, 2) =
5 sostigma” (Nature,. . .
3n. . ~honey-bees” (Proc) «7
gS. pe andes? : Fee
AZ cvs leapelsal Proc at pae
—10..
20. . . G:D. (2908)
archéolo-
. Microcentrum retinerve eat. .
HILL
ne eens
Se mR eee en Sn
= 3 — 7) Pa oS a satan Baigent none
ee ae ‘ ; ~ hist i
a + ae,
*~
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